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Bhakti: a Bridge to Philosophical Hindus Andrews University Digital Commons @ Andrews University Dissertation Projects DMin Graduate Research 2000 Bhakti: A Bridge to Philosophical Hindus N. Sharath Babu Andrews University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dmin Part of the Practical Theology Commons Recommended Citation Babu, N. Sharath, "Bhakti: A Bridge to Philosophical Hindus" (2000). Dissertation Projects DMin. 661. https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/dmin/661 This Project Report is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Research at Digital Commons @ Andrews University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertation Projects DMin by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Andrews University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT BHAKTI: A BRIDGE TO PHILOSOPHICAL HINDUS by N. Sharath Babu Adviser: Nancy J. Vyhmeister ABSTRACT OF GRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCH Dissertation Andrews University Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary Title: BHAKTI: A BRIDGE TO PHILOSOPHICAL HINDUS Name of researcher: N. Sharath Babu Name and degree of faculty adviser: Nancy J. Vyhmeister, Ed.D. Date completed: September 2000 The Problem The Christian presence has been in India for the last 2000 years and the Adventist presence has been in India for the last 105 years. Yet, the Christian population is only between 2-4 percent in a total population of about one billion in India. Most of the Christian converts are from the low caste and the tribals. Christians are accused of targeting only Dalits (untouchables) and tribals. Mahatma Gandhi, the father of the nation, advised Christians to direct conversion to those who can understand their message and not to the illiterate and downtrodden. The Task The task of this dissertation was to develop a culturally contextual approach to Philosophical Hindus. The Method The Method is to use bhakti as a bridge to Philosophical Hindus. The bhakti path to salvation is the most familiar path and is centered in monotheism. The worship is centered in the incarnate god. There is no need of sacrifices or rituals. Bhakti is open to all the castes, irrespective of gender, age, and language. Unlike the other paths, bhakti provides liberation in this life. Bhakti literature and the Hindu scriptures mention Christ and exalt Him. Hence, bhakti is chosen as a bridge to lead Philosophical Hindus from what they know about Christ in their scriptures to the Bible, which tells more fully about Jesus. Andrews University Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary BHAKTI: A BRIDGE TO PHILOSOPHICAL HINDUS A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Ministry by N . Sharath Babu September 2000 BHAKTI: A BRIDGE TO PHILOSOPHICAL HINDUS A dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor o f Ministry by N. Sharath Babu APPROVAL BY THE COMMITTEE: Q_. Coordinator, India D.Min. Program, on L. Dybdahl Dean, SDA Theol John K. McVay Clfyul V.Aool Date approved TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . .................................. vii Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................ 1 Problem 1 Justification.................................. 1 Statement of the Task.......................... 3 Philosophical Hindus .......................... 3 Overview of the Dissertation .................. 4 Definition of Terms ........................ 6 2. THE BIBLICAL CONCEPT OF SALVATION .................... 8 Salvation: The Special Provision of God........ 8 Definitions.......................... 9 The Objects of Salvation................... 10 The Source of S a l v a t i o n ................... 11 The One Supreme G o d ................... 11 The Powerful, Ever-present God .... 12 The God Who F o r g i v e s ................. 14 God's Gracious Initiative ................ 17 Pursued in L o v e ....................... 17 Based on G r a c e ....................... 18 The God who Gave His Life for Human B e i n g s ............................... 22 Incarnation........................... 22 Sinless L i f e ......................... 23 Resurrection ........................ 25 The God Who Comes A g a i n ................... 28 God Desires Fellowship and Response .... 31 The Human Response to God's Provision of Salvation.................................. 32 Recognition of N e e d ....................... 32 Repentance................................. 32 D e finition ........................... 33 The Role of G o d ....................... 34 The Results of Repentance............. 35 F a i t h ..................................... 35 iii Definition........................... 36 Source of F a i t h ....................... 37 Means of F a i t h ....................... 37 Results of F a i t h ..................... 38 Acts of L o v e ............................... 39 Nurture Closeness .................... 40 Share the F a i t h .......................41 Summary......................................... 41 3. THE HINDU PATHS TO SALVATION............................ 43 The Concept of K a r m a .......................... 4 4 Categories of K a r m a .................. .. 46 Kinds of K a r m a ............................. 47 The First Three Paths to Salvation ............ 48 Karma Yoga, The Path of Good W o r k s ......... 48 Caste Duty and K a r m a ................. 50 Karma Yoga and Sacrifices............. 51 Limitations of Karma Y o g a ........... .53 Jnana Yoga, the Path of K n o w l e d g e ......... 54 Scripture as Source of Knowledge . 56 How Knowledge W o r k s ................... 56 Limitations of Jnana Marga .......... 58 Raja Yoga, the Kingly P a t h ................. 60 Aids to Raja Y o g a ..................... 60 Results of Raja Y o g a ................. 62 Limitations of Raja Y o g a ............. 65 Bhakti Yoga, the Way of L o v e ................... 65 Definitions of Bhakti .................... 65 The Nine-fold Bhakti ...................... 69 Passive Bhakti ...................... 69 Active Bhakti ...................... .72 Relational Bhakti .................... 74 Atmanivedanam ........................ 76 Madhura Bhakti ...................... 78 Barriers to Bhakti......................... 80 External Barriers .................... 81 Internal Barriers .................... 84 Superiority of Bhakti .................... 89 Forgiveness and Grace ................ 90 Means of G r a c e .................... 91 Divine Grace Is for A l l ............ 92 Grace and L i b e r a t i o n .............. 92 Transformation of the Most Wicked . 93 Openness to A l l .................... 94 Ease of Sacrifice.................. 98 M i r a c l e s .......................... 99 Visions and Revelation ............ 102 IV Summary 103 4. HINDU CONCEPTS OF G O D ................................ 105 Hindu P o lytheism.............................. 105 Vedic M o n o t h e i s m .............................. 107 Incarnation.................................... 110 Ten Incarnations of V ishnu .......... 112 Animal Incarnations ................ 114 Human Incarnations.................. 116 Worship of the Incarnate God .... 118 Christ Through Indian Eyes........ 120 Pratap Chander Mozoomdar .......... 120 Keshub Chunder S e n .................. 121 Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa ........ 122 Vivekananda.......................... 124 Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ........ 125 Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan .......... 126 Hindu Objections to Christ................ 127 Summary . ....................................... 128 5. BRIDGES .................................. ..... 130 Bhakti Bridges .............................. 130 Madhura Bhakti .......................... 132 Sin and the Transformation of the Wicked . 133 Openness to A l l .......................... 134 Sacrifice . ............................... 135 Miracles.................................. 135 Prophecy and Visions...................... 135 Other Hindu Bridges............................ 137 Vegetarianism .......................... 137 G r a c e ..................................138 End of the W o r l d .......................... 139 Monotheism................................ 139 Incarnation as a Bridge...................... 140 General References ...................... 141 Specific References to Jesus Incarnated . 143 References to the Suffering and Death of C h r i s t .............................. 145 6. STRATEGIES............................................. 148 Round Table Conference ...................... 149 Philanthropic W o r k ............................ 150 Lifestyle Evangelism in the Community ......... 151 Stage 1: Credibility...................... 153 School Ministry .................... 153 D i spensary .......................... 155 v Stage 2: Closer C o n t a c t .................. 155 Stage 3: Conversation . .................. 156 Stage 4: C o m p a r i s o n ...................... 157 Stage 5: C o n v i c t i o n ...................... 158 7. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............ 161 Summary........................................ 161 C o n c l u s i o n .................................... 164 Recommendations .............................. 166 APPENDIX: HINDUISM AND CHRISTIANITY COMPARED ........... 168 BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................... 176 vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I praise the Lord for His infinite love and marvelous blessings which He has showered upon me. God says through the prophet Isaiah: "For as the heavens are higher than the earth, so are my ways higher than your ways, and my thoughts than your thoughts" (Isa 55:9).
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