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Asian Resonance W.B.Yeats and Purohit Swami: an Interface

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Asian Resonance W.B.Yeats and Purohit Swami: an Interface ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance W.B.Yeats and Purohit Swami: An Interface Abstract This paper is an attempt to investigate the interface between W. B.Yeats and Purohit Swami who went to England in 1931 and lived there for five years. Purohit Swami introduced The Upanishads and Hindu lore to Yeats. Yeats found support for his thoughts from this knowledge. This may be seen in A Vision (1937) and in his long poem Supernatural Songs. During his stay Purohit Swami wrote five books which were published in England. Yeats was associated with these books in one way or the other. The five books which Purohit Swami wrote include An Indian Monk (1932), The Holy Mountain (1934), The Geeta (1935), The Ten Principal Upanishads (1937), and Aphorisms of Yoga (1938). It is noteworthy that The Ten Principal Upanishads (1937) which is a translation of The Upanishads was co-authored by Yeats. For all these books Yeats either wrote Introduction or Preface. During his last years Yeats became deeply interested in Indian philosophy and lore. In several of his poems the influence of Indian philosophy and lore is Krishna Gopal visible. This paper sincerely highlights this fact with illustrations from Lecturer, Department of Yeats' work. Applied Sciences, (English) Rama Institute of Engineering and Technology, Introduction Mandhana, Kanpur. (U.P.) ―We make out of the quarrel with others, rhetoric, but of the [email protected] quarrel with ourselves, poetry‖. - W.B. Yeats You were silly like us; your gift survived it all: The Parish of rich women, physical decay, Yourself, Mad Ireland hurt you into poetry. - W.H. Auden (1907– 73), 'In Memory of W.B. Yeats'. (1940) A literary artist does not work in isolation. He substantially draws from the social, cultural, political, religious and philosophical milieu. And eventually makes his contribution to these areas of society. In the poems of his later years, say 1931 onwards, Yeats' poems have references to Vedanta and Indian philosophy. One may wonder about the source of this influence on poems and plays of Yeats. The credit for introducing Indian philosophy and Vedanta to Yeats goes to an Indian monk name Purohit Swami. It is pertinent to know a little more about Purohit Swami before going into the detailed study of Yeats' poetry that bears influence of Vedanta and Indian philosophy. It is on record that Yeats met Purohit Swami in 1931.The meeting took place at the house of Sturge Moore. Purohit Swami went to England in 1931 with a mission to 'interpret the esoteric phase of Indian life to the West‘, on the instruction of his master Sri Hamsa. Yeats was attracted towards Purohit Swami. They became friends. Their friendship lasted till Yeats died. Purohit Swami lived in Europe for five years and wrote five books. The two even lived together for sometime. Yeats held Purohit Swami in very high esteem. Yeats himself wrote: ―…..I have of late I think come to some coherent grasp of reality and whether that will make me write or cease to write I do not know. I have learned a good deal from the Swami who suddenly makes all 1 wisdom if you ask him the right question......‖ Before coming to England on his holy mission, Purohit Swami had worked as a school teacher and also with a business firm. He was an educated man with a university degree. He had also qualified in law. Due to his interest in spirituality he studied religious books and spent time with saints. Eventually he renounced the world including his family- wife and children and became a mendicant. ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance 3 Purohit Swami was fifty when he met Yeats in will take years.‖ England. India and Indian philosophy were already In his introduction Yeats describes the four known to Yeats through his contact with Mohini states of the soul as described in the Mandukya Chatterji and Rabindranath Tagore. Purohit Swami Upanishad. Naturally he had learnt all this in the revived Yeats' interest in India. Yeats accepted company of Purohit Swami. The introduction makes Purohit Swami as a friend, philosopher and guide. an interesting reading and also enlightens us about The association between the two affected Yeats in a Yeats' knowledge of Upanishads. Yeats Writes: very subtle manner. In A Vision which Yeats wrote in ―.....the waking state, corresponding to the letter 'A', 1937 and in his long poem 'The Supernatural Where physical objects are present, the dreaming Songs'. there is visible influence of Hindu lore and state corresponding to letter 'U', where mental The Upanishads. objects are present, the state of dreamless sleep On Yeats' request Purohit Swami wrote five corresponding to the letter 'M' where all seems books in England on Indian subjects. The first book darkness to the soul, because all there is lost in to be published by Purohit Swami was An Indian Brahma, Creator of mental and physical objects; the Monk (1932). It is an autobiography of Purohit final state corresponding to the whole sacred word Swami. He narrates his spiritual experiences in the AUM, consciousness bound to no object, bliss book. Yeats happily wrote Introduction to the 4 book. Yeats considered the book to be a bound to no aim, Turiya, pure personality.‖ masterpiece. He wrote to Mrs. Yeats, 'I have According to Hindu belief attaining the just had the first 3rd of that Indian Monk's fourth state must be the goal of a monk. Purohit autobiography - a masterpiece. A book the like of Swami claimed that his master Shri Hamsa had 2 attained the fourth state whereas he himself hand which does not exist,.....' reached only upto the third state namely the In his introduction to the book Yeats Sushupti. predicted that An Indian Monk will prove to be as The book describes Shri Hamsa's journey important as Tagore's Gitanjali. That was his to the Himalayas. The journey was full of adventures perception about the book. However time proved and perils. The book is a simple and straight forward him wrong. The book failed to appeal to the readers narrative. It narrates how at a cold snowy place the of the west. A possible reason for Yeats' liking for traveller (Shri Hamsa) hears the chants of The Purohit Swami could be that unlike Mohini Chatterji, Mandukya Upanishad. He also noticed some Purohit Swami did not subscribe to the philosophy of footprints in the snow. The footprints led him to a Samkara (Adi Sankaracharya) who considered the cave at the end of a difficult climb. In the cave he world to be an illusion. Both of them believed in the found a naked sage. The sage directed Shri Hamsa reality of the world. to the spot where his initiation was to take place. In An Indian Monk Purohit Swami tells us Shri Hamsa sat there and meditated for long. At the the story of his own initiation and narrates his end of his long and deep meditation Lord Dattatreya experiences. He received his initiation at Mount appeared to him in the physical form as claimed by Girnar in a temple. He tells us that he reached the the author. The Lord initiated him and gave him the temple after climbing 7000 steps. In one of the name Hamsa which means the swan. Readers may rooms in the temple a bed was kept. It is believed recall that according to the Indian lore a swan has that Lord Dattatreya visits that room every night to the capability to separate milk from water. It sleep there. Purohit Swami spent the night in the symbolizes the fact that such a person can room to witness this event. In the book he tells us differentiate good from bad, evil from holy and the that at midnight he heard sound of the pattens. He truth from falsehood. A few miracles are also also heard the creaking sound of the bed as if some narrated in the book in such a way that even a one lay there. But he did not see Lord Dattatreya in sceptic would not doubt their authenticity. All that physical form. In the morning he found the bed Purohit Swami wrote appealed to Yeats and he sheets and coverings in a ruffled state. However the accepted it without raising a voice of dissent. author does not make any claim of seeing Lord Purohit Swami's third book was The Geeta Dattatreya in physical form. published in 1935. He dedicated the book to Yeats Purohit Swami's second book The Holy on the latter's seventieth birthday. The book was an Mountain came two years later. Basically it was an English translation of the original Sanskrit book. English translation of a book that his Master had The fourth book was English translation written in Marathi. In this book his Master of some important Upanishads. It was published in describes his pilgrimage to Mount Meru in Tibet 1937 as The Ten Principal Upanishads. The book and to Lake Mansarowar. Once again Yeats bears the names of both Purohit Swami and W.B. contributed a long Introduction to the book. He also Yeats as authors. Yeats also wrote a short preface wrote about the book in a letter to Mrs. Shakespeare to the book. In his preface Yeats wrote: in 1934. He wrote: "Shree Purohit Swami and I offer to some young man ―I have just sent back final proofs of The Holy seeking like Shakespeare, Dante, Milton, vast Mountain and have just read it all through. It seems sentiments and generalizations, the oldest to me one of those rare books that are fundamental.
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