ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance W.B.Yeats and Purohit Swami: An Interface

Abstract This paper is an attempt to investigate the interface between W. B.Yeats and Purohit Swami who went to England in 1931 and lived there for five years. Purohit Swami introduced The Upanishads and Hindu lore to Yeats. Yeats found support for his thoughts from this knowledge. This may be seen in A Vision (1937) and in his long poem Supernatural Songs. During his stay Purohit Swami wrote five books which were published in England. Yeats was associated with these books in one way or the other. The five books which Purohit Swami wrote include An Indian Monk (1932), The Holy Mountain (1934), The Geeta (1935), The Ten Principal Upanishads (1937), and Aphorisms of Yoga (1938). It is noteworthy that The Ten Principal Upanishads (1937) which is a translation of The Upanishads was co-authored by Yeats. For all these books Yeats either wrote Introduction or Preface. During his last years Yeats became deeply interested in Indian philosophy and lore. In several of his poems the influence of Indian philosophy and lore is Krishna Gopal visible. This paper sincerely highlights this fact with illustrations from Lecturer, Department of Yeats' work. Applied Sciences, (English) Rama Institute of Engineering and Technology, Introduction Mandhana, Kanpur. (U.P.) ―We make out of the quarrel with others, rhetoric, but of the [email protected] quarrel with ourselves, poetry‖. - W.B. Yeats You were silly like us; your gift survived it all: The Parish of rich women, physical decay, Yourself, Mad Ireland hurt you into poetry. - W.H. Auden (1907– 73), 'In Memory of W.B. Yeats'. (1940) A literary artist does not work in isolation. He substantially draws from the social, cultural, political, religious and philosophical milieu. And eventually makes his contribution to these areas of society. In the poems of his later years, say 1931 onwards, Yeats' poems have references to Vedanta and Indian philosophy. One may wonder about the source of this influence on poems and plays of Yeats. The credit for introducing Indian philosophy and Vedanta to Yeats goes to an Indian monk name Purohit Swami. It is pertinent to know a little more about Purohit Swami before going into the detailed study of Yeats' poetry that bears influence of Vedanta and Indian philosophy. It is on record that Yeats met Purohit Swami in 1931.The meeting took place at the house of Sturge Moore. Purohit Swami went to England in 1931 with a mission to 'interpret the esoteric phase of Indian life to the West‘, on the instruction of his master Sri Hamsa. Yeats was attracted towards Purohit Swami. They became friends. Their friendship lasted till Yeats died. Purohit Swami lived in Europe for five years and wrote five books. The two even lived together for sometime. Yeats held Purohit Swami in very high esteem. Yeats himself wrote: ―…..I have of late I think come to some coherent grasp of reality and whether that will make me write or cease to write I do not know. I have learned a good deal from the Swami who suddenly makes all 1 wisdom if you ask him the right question...... ‖ Before coming to England on his holy mission, Purohit Swami had worked as a school teacher and also with a business firm. He was an educated man with a university degree. He had also qualified in law. Due to his interest in spirituality he studied religious books and spent time with saints. Eventually he renounced the world including his family- wife and children and became a mendicant.

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance 3 Purohit Swami was fifty when he met Yeats in will take years.‖ England. India and Indian philosophy were already In his introduction Yeats describes the four known to Yeats through his contact with Mohini states of the soul as described in the Mandukya Chatterji and Rabindranath Tagore. Purohit Swami Upanishad. Naturally he had learnt all this in the revived Yeats' interest in India. Yeats accepted company of Purohit Swami. The introduction makes Purohit Swami as a friend, philosopher and guide. an interesting reading and also enlightens us about The association between the two affected Yeats in a Yeats' knowledge of Upanishads. Yeats Writes: very subtle manner. In A Vision which Yeats wrote in ―.....the waking state, corresponding to the letter 'A', 1937 and in his long poem 'The Supernatural Where physical objects are present, the dreaming Songs'. there is visible influence of Hindu lore and state corresponding to letter 'U', where mental The Upanishads. objects are present, the state of dreamless sleep On Yeats' request Purohit Swami wrote five corresponding to the letter 'M' where all seems books in England on Indian subjects. The first book darkness to the soul, because all there is lost in to be published by Purohit Swami was An Indian Brahma, Creator of mental and physical objects; the Monk (1932). It is an autobiography of Purohit final state corresponding to the whole sacred word Swami. He narrates his spiritual experiences in the AUM, consciousness bound to no object, bliss book. Yeats happily wrote Introduction to the 4 book. Yeats considered the book to be a bound to no aim, Turiya, pure personality.‖ masterpiece. He wrote to Mrs. Yeats, 'I have According to Hindu belief attaining the just had the first 3rd of that Indian Monk's fourth state must be the goal of a monk. Purohit autobiography - a masterpiece. A book the like of Swami claimed that his master Shri Hamsa had 2 attained the fourth state whereas he himself hand which does not exist,.....' reached only upto the third state namely the In his introduction to the book Yeats Sushupti. predicted that An Indian Monk will prove to be as The book describes Shri Hamsa's journey important as Tagore's Gitanjali. That was his to the Himalayas. The journey was full of adventures perception about the book. However time proved and perils. The book is a simple and straight forward him wrong. The book failed to appeal to the readers narrative. It narrates how at a cold snowy place the of the west. A possible reason for Yeats' liking for traveller (Shri Hamsa) hears the chants of The Purohit Swami could be that unlike Mohini Chatterji, Mandukya Upanishad. He also noticed some Purohit Swami did not subscribe to the philosophy of footprints in the snow. The footprints led him to a Samkara (Adi Sankaracharya) who considered the cave at the end of a difficult climb. In the cave he world to be an illusion. Both of them believed in the found a naked sage. The sage directed Shri Hamsa reality of the world. to the spot where his initiation was to take place. In An Indian Monk Purohit Swami tells us Shri Hamsa sat there and meditated for long. At the the story of his own initiation and narrates his end of his long and deep meditation Lord Dattatreya experiences. He received his initiation at Mount appeared to him in the physical form as claimed by Girnar in a temple. He tells us that he reached the the author. The Lord initiated him and gave him the temple after climbing 7000 steps. In one of the name Hamsa which means the swan. Readers may rooms in the temple a bed was kept. It is believed recall that according to the Indian lore a swan has that Lord Dattatreya visits that room every night to the capability to separate milk from water. It sleep there. Purohit Swami spent the night in the symbolizes the fact that such a person can room to witness this event. In the book he tells us differentiate good from bad, evil from holy and the that at midnight he heard sound of the pattens. He truth from falsehood. A few miracles are also also heard the creaking sound of the bed as if some narrated in the book in such a way that even a one lay there. But he did not see Lord Dattatreya in sceptic would not doubt their authenticity. All that physical form. In the morning he found the bed Purohit Swami wrote appealed to Yeats and he sheets and coverings in a ruffled state. However the accepted it without raising a voice of dissent. author does not make any claim of seeing Lord Purohit Swami's third book was The Geeta Dattatreya in physical form. published in 1935. He dedicated the book to Yeats Purohit Swami's second book The Holy on the latter's seventieth birthday. The book was an Mountain came two years later. Basically it was an English translation of the original Sanskrit book. English translation of a book that his Master had The fourth book was English translation written in Marathi. In this book his Master of some important Upanishads. It was published in describes his pilgrimage to Mount Meru in Tibet 1937 as The Ten Principal Upanishads. The book and to Lake Mansarowar. Once again Yeats bears the names of both Purohit Swami and W.B. contributed a long Introduction to the book. He also Yeats as authors. Yeats also wrote a short preface wrote about the book in a letter to Mrs. Shakespeare to the book. In his preface Yeats wrote: in 1934. He wrote: "Shree Purohit Swami and I offer to some young man ―I have just sent back final proofs of The Holy seeking like Shakespeare, Dante, Milton, vast Mountain and have just read it all through. It seems sentiments and generalizations, the oldest to me one of those rare books that are fundamental. philosophical compositions of the world… Whatever For generations writers will refer to it as they will to the date those forest sages began everything; no An Indian Monk. Two such books will shift for those fundamental problem of philosophy, nothing that has who move others the foundation of their thought but it disturbed the schools to controversy, escaped their

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance 5 notice." used as symbolic representations of his philosophy. Yeats' preface to The Ten Principal In 'Supernatural Songs' there are three Upanishads also informs us about his aim in poems based on an imaginary character The hermit translating the Sanskrit texts into English. From what Ribh.Yeats studied all the famous psychological and he says in the Preface, it surfaces that he metaphysical thinkers of the world. The second translated The Upanishads to understand them to version of A Vision contains a long and impressive clarify various difficult concepts and in his own words list of their names. But he realized that his own 'to confound something in myself‘. By the time the 'system' concerning the movement of the soul or the translation was completed Yeats had clearly individual and the race or the civilization in a cyclic understood the message given in The Upanishads and pre-determined order of rise and fall into that the individual self was the Supreme Self. In the brightness and gloom, found support in The preface Yeats clearly mentioned it. He said: Upanishads and the Hindu lore. "Continental investigators, who reject the spiritism 'Suprnatural Songs' of Yeats bear influence of Lodge and Crookes, but accept their of Purohit Swami on his poetry. These songs first phenomena, postulate an individual self possessed appeared in The King of the Great Clock Tower of such power and knowledge that they seem at (Cuala Press, Dublin) in 1934. They were also every moment about to identify it with that Self included in A Full Moon in March (Macmillan and without limitation and sorrow, containing and Co., London) 1935 with certain changes in the contained by all, and to seek there not only the subtitles. The last poem of 'Supernatural Songs' in 6 both these collections however is 'Meru'. In 'Meru' living but the dead." Yeats is inspired by Indian philosophy which he In 1938 Purohit Swami's fifth book titled learnt in his association with Purohit Swami. Yeats Aphorisms of Yoga was published which is describes the state of Turiya which is the state of English translation of Patanjali's Yoga Sutra. As absolute consciousness and complete detachment usual, for this book too Yeats contributed an from all experience. The following lines from 'Meru' Introduction. In his Introduction Yeats tells us about will explain it. his understanding of Yoga and he also compares the "Hermits upon Mount Meru or Everest, Covered in thoughts and ideas of Yoga with those of Swdenborg night under the drifted snow, or where that snow and and Boehme. Yeats wrote: winter's dreadful blast Beat down upon their naked "In the seventeenth century conscious Samadhi re- bodies know. That day brings round the night, that appeared in the 'waking trance' of Boehme … and in the before dawn His glory and his monuments are eighteenth , much contaminated by belief in the literal 8 inspiration of Scripture, in the vision of Swdenborg. gone." Possibly I should deny to the visions of Swedenborg… He is an imaginary critic of St. Patrick. Yeats the character of conscious Samadhi …… But we may, I tells us in the "Commentary on Supernatural Songs' 7 think, concede to Swdenborg an impure Samdadhi." how he created the hermit Ribh. Here also Yeats acknowledges influence of Purohit Swami and India In Aphorisms of Yoga. Yeats found the synthesis of Eestern and Eastern, thoughts. He Yeats wrote: found support for his own 'system' from The "I said that for the moment I associated early Unpanishads and Hindu lore through his close Christian Ireland with India; Shri Purohit Swami, association with Purohit Swami. protected during his pilgrimage to a remote Yeats' own book A Vision (1937) was also Himalayan shrine by a strange great dog that rewritten during the years when he was in contact disappeared when danger was past, might have with Purohit Swami. As we know A Vision contains been that blessed Cellach who sang upon his death- Yeats' own philosophy. The story of how Yeats wrote bed of bird and beast; Bhagwan Shri Hamsa's this book is very interesting. The communications pilgrimage to Mount Kailas, the legendary Meru, to Lake Manas Sarowar suggested pilgrimages to which Mrs. Yeats received in the form of the 9 automatic writing or in that of the spoken word in her Croagh Patrick and the Lough Derg." sleep between the years 1917 and 1920 are In his poem 'A Dialogue of Self and Soul' (1929) included in it. Later on Yeats took up the task of Yeats wrote: piecing together these scattered sentences. He was "Fix every wandering thought upon 10 forbidden to read any philosophy until the exposition That quarter where all thought is done.‖ was complete. Therefore till 1926 when he wrote And in the end eventually he says that: ―'The Tower”, he did not study any philosophy.. 11 In 1928 Yeats' health suffered general "Hatred of God may bring the soul to God." breakdown. He met Purohit Swami soon after his This idea is in conformity with what Mohini recovery. The reason for Yeats' going to various Chatterji had taught Yeats: 'even our desire of sources of philosophy was that perhaps he would be immortality was no better than our other desires'. able to draw from every one of them something that Therefore even the desire for nirvana or to become could serve his purpose. He knew that the one with God is after all a desire. In the same way philosophy/ thoughts given in A Vision can not be thought of God is nothing but a thought and the soul backed by the simple authority of "Unknown does not endure a thought. Therefore the soul Instructors". Therefore he studied The Upanishads should withdraw from all thought even the thought of and Hindu lore between the years 1931 and 1938 in God. However I wish to inform the readers that here the hope to find support for his own system. As a hatred has a different connotation. It is not the result we find that words like Girnar and Meru are ordinary hatred as we know the word. Here it is

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance closer to renunciation or non- attachment. References: In his poem 'A dialogue of Self and Soul', 1. A.N. Jeffares, W.B. Yeats: Man and Poet, 1949, Yeats writes: pp. 280-1, Yeats' letter quoted. "Such fullness in that quarter overflows 2. J.M. Hone, W.B. Yeats, 1942, p. 425, Yeats' And falls into the basin of the mind letter quoted. That man is stricken deaf and dumb and blind, for 3. Purohit Swami, (Ed.) The Holy Mountain, 1934, intellect no longer knows Yeats' Introduction, pp. 22-3. 12 Is from the Ought, or Knower from the Known..." 4. A .N. Jeffares, W.B. Yeats: Man and Poet, 1949, These lines especially the philosophic parts p. 286, Yeats' letter quoted. are influenced by An Indian Monk (1932) and The 5. Purohit, Swami,and W.B.Yeats, (Ed.) The Ten Holy Mountain (1934) Yeats in these lines is talking Principal Upanishads, 1934, Yeats' Preface, p. about identity of the individual self with the Supreme 10. Self. This is what Purohit Swami told Yeats. Soham - 6. Ibid, p. 9 (That am I and I am That). 7. Purohit Swami,(Ed.). Aphorisms of Yoga, 1938, ―What Magic Drum?‖ is the seventh song Yeats' Introduction, pp. 19-20. (Suprernatural Songs). Here once again Yeats 8. W.B.Yeats, The Collected Poems, 1950, p. 436. mentioned state of Shushupti. In Bachchan's view 9. W.B.Yeats, A Full Moon in March, 1935, the fifth, sixth and seventh songs form a kind of Preface, p. VI. trilogy. He wrote: 10. W.B. Yeats, The Collected Poems, 1950, p. 330. ―We can therefore argue that the fifth, sixth and 11. Purohit Swami, (Ed.) The Holy Mountain, 1934, seventh songs form a trilogy in themselves, dealing Yeats' Introduction, p. 29. with the flight of the soul through the three states of 12. W.B.Yeats, The Collected Poems, 1950, p. 266. Samadhi to the forth state and back to the third; 13. H.R.Bachchan, , W.B. Yeats and Occultism, which is the only one in which Yeats finds himself at 1965, p. 180. 13 14. PurohitSwami, (Ed.) The Holy Mountain, 1934, peace.‖ Yeats' Introduction, p. 40. The fourth state Turiya which Yeats described in his Introduction to the Holy Mountain: ― Turiya- full moon mirror- like bright water, Mount Meru.‖14 In this state soul is completely detached from the world and eternal whirl of Time. Yeats appears to be in a fix. Though he aspires to achieve the state of Turiya yet he evades it. In the end I would like to say that this has been established beyond doubt that Yeats acquired the knowledge of the four states of Samadhi through his close contact with Purohit Swami.

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance Translation: A Gateway to Globalization.

Abstract Translation is a both-way process of de-coding and coding of ideas. The network of connotations associated with the term translation leads to the notions of transferring or linking, conveying, or moving from one place to another, the meaning of a source to an equivalent target. Translation brings cultures closer. The process of translation into vernacular languages in the present era have boosted-up the cultural productions of any region and they now, have reached to the readers outside that particular place, receiving additional values. Tagore, a pearl in the galaxy of writers in world literature wrote in vernacular language got recognition after getting his works translated into some other language (English). Globalization addresses the business issues associated with taking a product global. Product may be in the form of literary and non- literary texts, culture, technology etc. In the context of literature, Globalization is recognition by others. Globalization has always been an important aspect of translation. At present, the process of globalization is moving faster than even before and there is no indication that it will stall any time soon. The objective of this paper is to highlight how translation (in the form of text, culture, ideas, ideologies, lifestyle etc.) helps in spreading ideas and ideologies and lead them towards globalization. Introduction: Few days back while walking through a street, I heard two boys talking about a famous Hollywood movie ‗Jurassic Park‘. The physical appearance of the two boys gave me the impression that they did not have English knowing background. They would not have enjoyed the movie fully, had it not been in Hindi version. The movie appealed millions of viewers across the world after being dubbed in Md. Jakir Hossain, many vernacular languages. The above incident is just an example of Research Scholar, how translation opens to the idea of globalization. This story made me Department of English, realize how present and pervasive the effects of globalization are as A.M.U., Aligarh-202002. they reach into and affect the lives even of people belonging to the lower classes. So, what, it may be asked, has globalization brought [email protected] (many would say wrought) that is new?? To quote one of Beckette‘s narrators: Has anything happened? Has anything changed? I think the answer to this question must be yes‘: globalization has indeed brought about, or is bringing about, a situation which is different from what existed in past, during colonization, for example. Etymologically the word ―Translation‖ derives from the Latin ―translatio‖ which itself comes from ‗trans‘- and ‗fero‘, the supine form of which ―islatio‖, together meaning "to carry across" or "to bring across". Translation is a both-way process of de-coding and coding of ideas. The network of connotations associated with the term translation leads to the notions of transferring or linking, conveying, or moving from one place to another, the meaning of a source to an equivalent target.( "Translation is a transfer of the message from one language to another.") Even before one specifies what sort of transfer this may be, it is hard to refrain from asking about the message. The source and the target of Translation may be ideas,

signs, symbols, texts and language, culture and cultural practices, food habits, dressing style etc. John Dryden (1631-1700) regarding the present subject said that ―Translation is the judicious blending of two modes of phrasing {Meta-phrase (literal translation) and Paraphrase (rephrase)} when selecting in the target language, counterparts or equivalents for the expression used in the source language‖. Translation is the process of converting written text or spoken word to another language. It requires

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance that the full meaning of the source material be importance today. Now, I would like to talk about a accurately rendered into the target language with reality television singing competition show ‗Indian Idol‘ special attention paid to the culture nuance and style. ,contestants were selected on the basis of auditions The translation, therefore, operates criteria that conducted in different Indian cities, with three judges. transcend the purely linguistic, and a process of ―Indian Idol‖ is the Indian version of the decoding and recoding takes place. Eugene Nida‘s American reality television singing competition, model of the translation process illustrates the stages ―American Idol‖ , with the same format, the music and involved. the same set. Globalization, yes, but also adaption to local realities. Therefore, globalization addresses the business issues associated with taking a product global. Product may be in the form of literary and non- literary texts, culture, technology etc. In this context I would also like to add the production of movies, TV programs, with the ideas from literary texts. The movie producers are interpreting the verbal signs and after that both by verbal and non-verbal signs they are producing movies which are rendering the ideas of the text but not in the same form. For reference I would like to talk about the Indian movie Maqbool (Hindi: ed+cwy Urdu: ), a 2004 Indian film directed by Vishal Bhardwaj, starring Pankaj Kapoor, Irfan Khan, Tabu and Masumeh Makhija is an adaptation of the play

Roman Jakobson's famous taxonomy of Macbeth . It is a transmuted (Reference to Roman translation, distinguishes three types of Translation on Jakobson) version of the famous tragedy by the greatest literary artist Shakespeare. The director of Linguistic Aspects and they are as follows:- the movie adapted the idea and changed it in his own 1. Intra-lingual Translation or Re-wording is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other way to give an impression of Indianness. Especially in signs of the same language most explicitly the movie I would like to talk about the picturization of the three witches, was done by two male characters introduced by phrases such as translation that namely Nashiruddin Shah and Om Puri. The idea occurs when a composer puts words to music or about witches is the same but the presentation is even more notably when the musical sound completely replaces the verbal code. different, a transmutation, form of translation. Now how the transmutation of the Macbeth into Maqbool is 2. Inter-lingual Translation or Translation Proper is related to globalization? Thanks to the fast developing an interpretation of verbal signs by means of media technology that has made available the Indian other languages. 3. Intersemoitic Translation or Transmutation is an version of Macbeth which is easily available in the market and is seen as an event of entertainment to all interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of the classes of the society and to all the different non-verbal sign system (Jacobson, 1959/2004: people of different study branch. A boy of physics 139, Emphasis in Original). Only the second category, “Interlingual would never have time or desire to go through the text of Macbeth. But by seeing the movie as a piece of translation‖, is deemed 'translation proper' by entertainment the Macbeth is being transferred to him Jakobson. According to the Jakobsonian taxonomy, which is a form of globalization. Today the concept of one who translates "legal language" into common parlance would be performing an Intra-lingual transmutation is much more in use than ―translation proper‖ in transfer of culture and practices which is translation, while one who offers a commentary on an leading to more globalization. obscure artwork would be engaged in an ―Intersemiotic” translation. Only someone who Power hunch in a globalized society is a very translates a text from one language to another would common phenomenon and access to power in a be doing “Translation proper” (Inter-lingual globalized society can be gained through the use of Translation). effective tools as Language. If we take up the process of colonization by Britishers we can see that the Rather than attempting to work out a definition of globalization as such, I would like to elucidate some of destruction of a native language in the hand of the foreigners is a common phenomenon.‖Destroy the its characteristics, putting aside for the moment the language and rule the country‖ --- this very notion question as to whether these are specific to gave them control over the power. Though the globalization or not. One such characteristic is the weakening of the nation-state. Another is the rise of colonization by the Britishers left many negative multinational corporations. A third is the strengthening impacts in those colonized countries but in the positive side introduced the English language, a new on ignorant phase of globalization. and local ties. All of these are interrelated, of course. Now I want to focus on the link between But in addition to the three characteristics already globalization and translation, for the following reasons: mentioned, there are others, one of the most i. Globalization has had an enormous impact on our important of which is the development of world media lives and cutlers; spaces. There is no question that the development, and consolidation, of the media worldwide is of major

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance ii. Globalization has had an enormous impact on Nobel Prize in 1913 for his magnum-opus ‗Gitanjali‘, of translator‘s lives and works. course though it was not known to the world. Like iii. Translation is becoming a more and more important Tagore, a galaxy of writers in world literature wrote in tool to enhance understanding between cultures. vernacular languages got recognition after getting their iv. Cultures that were not known much have become works translated. It includes writers like Gunter Grass in more familiar as a result of globalization. Germany, Gabriel Garcia Marque in Colombia, Orhan v. The practice of ―foreigning‖ or ―exoticing‖ translation Pamuk, in Turkey and many more. The role of translation has changed as a result of globalization. in the spread of religion is in itself an early process of Both globalization and translation have been globalization of ideas and ideologies. key factors in the history of the Western universities. Globalization can be seen as a consequence of Scholars have always been involved in the mixing of technologies reducing the costs of communication. This societies, sharing of languages and literatures, and the reduction has led both to the rise of English as the teaching of their findings and understandings. Those, international lingua franca and to an increase in the such as Renaissance Humanists, who were involved in global demand for translations. Furthermore, internet these ecumenical efforts, have achieved a great deal that services have become a way of life, and with the has enriched cultures for centuries. Here I would like to increased demand on such services, there will be a quote about Martin Luther (November 10, 1483 - demand on translation and translators. Earlier there were February 18, 1546), a German reformer of Christian no subtitles but now-a-days, foreign movies are being theology. He translated the Bible in to German language, provided with English subtitles with the help of German Pentateuch (1523) and German New Testament translators, have broadened its scope. One of the (1529). After a proper translation of the text he significant aspects of globalization is that it impacted confronted the tradition of selling the ―freedom paper literary translation. These texts will become, if not already form sin‖ by the religious orthodox- personalities. The have, out of the ordinary and as a result, these proper translation of the text helped the German translations will be needed to provide a better Christians to know the ideology very thoroughly and thus understanding of other cultures. It becomes very Protestantism came as a revolt against Catholic apparent these days that we are in a rush to do orthodoxy. everything, and translation can be done anywhere in the This description of the effects of globalization- world. With the pursuit for globalized strategies, there will the value accorded English, the delinking with the local be an increase on the quality of translation, i.e. and regional language and culture and its subsequent translation of advertisements. In a changing world marginalization --- could perhaps explain the trends in economy, translation will always be on the rise and translation. Translation into English gives value to the translators will always be involved in cross cultural local and regional: those texts are considered worthy of translations. Thanks to advances in technology, which translation, of publication often by national publisher make all of this easy. (Macmillan, Orient Longman, HarperCollins, Penguin, The simultaneous movement on both fronts is Rupa, and the National Book Trust etc.) and are explained by the divergent communication strategies considered to be of interest to readerships composed of informing the production and distribution of information, Indians from other linguistic backgrounds. Through this where translation can only be expected to remain process of translation into English cultural productions of significant in the latter. The fundamental change in the any region- because they now reach to the readers resulting communication patterns is the emergence of outside that particular place- receive additional values. one-to-many document production processes, which are ―Why This Kolaveri Di‖ (English: Why This Murderous displacing the traditional source-target models still used Rage, Girl), an Indian song that too a ‗Tanglish‘ in the process of translation. But in-spite of all, thanks to (portmanteau word of Tamil and English) one, becomes Translation and globalization I can connect to my utopian the most searched YouTube video in India and an new place today and know about their world which had internet phenomenon across Asia. Translation leading to seemed just another part of world-shut and closed in globalization makes it possible for the huge popularity of former times. It‘s the time to bridge gaps and celebrate this song within a shorter period of time. Globalization the great phenomenon of living in a ―Global Village‖! has always been an important aspect of translation. Reference Translation brings cultures closer. At present, the 1. Bassnett, Susan. Translation Studies (3rd ed). process of globalization is moving faster than ever before London and New York: Routledge, 2002. and there is no indication that it will stall any time soon. It 2. Baker, Mona and Gabriela Sladanha, ed. Routledge opens ways for people of every class, even an Encyclopedia of Translation Studies (2nd ed). New uneducated labor gets a chance to work in Saudi Arabia York: Routledge, 2009. and Canada, and even Indian nurses and doctors can be 3. St-Pierre, Paul, and Prafulla C.Kar. In Translation easily found in USA and UK and other European Reflection, Refraction, Transformation(ed).New countries. Delhi:Pencraft International,2005. With the process of colonization, the colonizers 4. Leacher, Frank J, and Ghon Boli. The Globalization translated many native literary and non-literary texts in Reader(ed).Australia:Blackwell Publishaing,2004. order to know the native culture better. Even, they 5. Venuti, Lawrence: The Translator’s Invisibility. A translated many European texts into vernaculars to History of Translation, London and New York, impose their superiority in wisdom and knowledge. Routledge, 1995. Stories like Arabian Nights, Ali Baba Chalis Chor and 6. http://www.ccel.org/ccel/luther fairy tales would not have got to the market, had it not 7. www.translationdirectory.com/article127.htm been translated in vernacular languages and through 8. www.motionpoint.com/www.anthealanguages.com/p translation it reaches to the masses across the world. ub/L10n_definitions.pdf This is another side of marketing through translation. Globalization has made possible the marketing of literature after translation. Rabindranath Tagore bagged

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance MobiCash – A Mobile Wallet Facility: Especially in SBI

Abstract MobiCash is a complete mobile payment platform that offers anyone with a mobile phone (even the oldest of mobile phones) a convenient, simple , flexible & easy to use mobile payment and banking at low transaction fees With MobiCash, one can use his cell phone to make purchases both online and offline with flexibility and paying is surprisingly easy At MobiCash, an attempt has been made to leverage the ubiquity and power of the standard mobile phone as a payment platform, delivering more customer convenience. Due to its simplicity MobiCash mobile payment has wide appeal, is easy to deploy and open to everyone – there are no complicated software downloads necessary and no restrictions to enrolment. Introduction: What is MobiCash? With MobiCash, every phone represents a payment account. You can easily load, transfer, pay, give or retrieve cash from your phone with very simple and user friendly IVR based services or through the MobiCash website. No more Wallets! No more Purse! No more Cheques! No more Plastic Cards! No more POS Terminals! Dharma Veer No more Wired Networks! Assistant Professor No more Paper Money! Department of Commerce Govt. P.G.College, Harakh Barabanki, U.P. [email protected] MobiCash offers Anyone with a cell phone (even the oldest of cell phones) a convenient, simple , easy to use mobile payment and banking at low transaction fees regardless of the device or the mobile network operator you use.

MobiCash is a complete mobile payment platform that works immediately on every existing cell phone. Transactions are securely signed with NSDT™ (Near Sound Data Transfer), a technology that sends ―crypto sounds‖ through the phone‘s audio channel to enable contact-less mobile payment. Due to its simplicity MobiCash mobile banking has wide appeal, is easy to deploy and open to everyone – there are no complicated software downloads necessary and no restrictions to enrolment. Your money is protected by your mobile phone, your

MobiCash PIN code and NSDT™ technology. The MobiCash model is extremely flexible and can accommodate a continually growing range of value added services. Through use of a modular architecture MobiCash can offer a number of value added services on the platform such as money transmission, loyalty, electronic voucher distribution and a complete mobile transaction solution. How Mobile Wallet is different from mobile banking? Mobile Banking is a channel which is linked to the customer Bank‘s account, whereas Mobile Wallet is a prepaid payment instrument and

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance is not linked to any Bank Account. Any person without advantages MobiCash has to offer. a Bank account may also apply for a Mobile Wallet. Simplicity: Your MobiCash account is created How does it work? instantly when you call the MobiCash number. MobiCash offers a tripod relationship MobiCash automatically registers the number you between a user, a mobile operator & a bank for the are calling from and uses it to identify your most unique and flexible way of money transaction account. There is virtually no simpler way of where - opening an account. You can add money to your  User, Bank – ‗Payment System Participant‘ MobiCash account by paying your MobiCash  Bank – ‗Payment Service Provider‘ merchant and calling the same MobiCash number.  Mobile operator – ‗Payment System Operator‘ To make purchases using your MobiCash account, Registration for MobiCash is very simple- call the same MobiCash number and, once just a SMS containing a valid account number along connected, dip your phone into the MobiPad with the bank name and sending it to the mobile terminal. Your transaction is signed in a few operator. With MobiCash, one can use his cell phone seconds and you will be notified of the amount to make purchases both online and offline with transacted and your current account balance by flexibility and paying is surprisingly easy: a simple text message. Crediting and paying with MobiCash SMS containing a PIN Code, recipient‘s mobile is simple: just call, dip, and check your texts. number, amount to be paid and an option whether the Speed: To make payments just call MobiCash, the amount will be debited from the mobile balance or same number every time. Save the MobiCash bank account. Both the sender and the recipient will number in your phone for an even quicker get a confirmation SMS after successful transaction. MobiCash experience. Then just dip your phone in The amount will be debited from sender‘s account & the merchant‘s mobile payment terminal (MobiPad) deposited into recipient‘s registered bank account. until the call is disconnected. Both the sender & recipient must be registered to Free: Opening and using your MobiCash account enjoy this service. is free for a limited time. There is no extra cost How to access MobiCash? when you call MobiCash to make a transaction— MobiCash can be accessed using three all you pay are a few seconds of call time towards alternative ways: a land line.  Through SMS(any mobile phone will do) Loyalty: MobiCash accounts are best when  Through mobile applications(JAVA supported opened with your favourite merchants. By using mobile phones required) your cell phone to store your prepaid account and  Dedicated web site for using MobiCash make purchases, you are easily rewarded for your Is MobiCash secured? loyalty with personalized and exclusive benefits. The secure authentication and payment MobiCash gives merchants a way to show their appreciation for their most loyal customers. validation technology underlying MobiCash is Control: The MobiCash prepaid account service IPCryptSIMTM Technology. IPCryptSIMTM resides on allows you to track and control you‘re spending in the SIM card of every type of mobile device to allow real time. With MobiCash, you can better budget anyone to secure SMS messages. Its ease-of-use your spending and improve your finances. interface offers a simplified method of data input to Interactivity: Thanks to MobiCash 100% multi- make it a ―simple-click operation‖ with remarkable channel payment service, clients can pay and user friendliness. Each time one makes a transaction communicate with their favorite merchants in person, by phone, and on the web. requested, encrypted information is sent to the Shareable: With MobiCash, it is also possible to payment server through the mobile phone‘s wireless open joint accounts that can be debited using channel. This encrypted message is blindly signature several different phones. New numbers can be by the MobiCash system and sent to the bank for added to a MobiCash account on the MobiCash account authentication. At the bank, the message is website. It is also possible to share MobiCash by decrypted using RSA technology. So the message sending a gift credit to another phone number, content is kept hidden and no third party intrusion can even if the recipient does not have a MobiCash account. The recipient receives a personalized text occur for this double layer of encryption. With just a message and can use their gift credit as soon as mobile phone number, a PIN Code and a valid bank they wish to. account, MobiCash customers can make secure State Bank MobiCash Facility: cashless transactions. State Bank MobiCash is a pre-paid wallet on Mobile MobiCash Benefits phone. State Bank launches State Bank MobiCash in There are many advantages to using MobiCash partnership with M/s Oxigen Services (India) Private over other payment methods. Ltd. (launched in Mumbai, Delhi, Surat, Accessibility: We all have a cell phones and Pune and Jaipur). MobiCash provides a payment solution that is Features: technically accessible to all. There is no need to  Cash Deposit change phones or to download software. As long  Cash Withdrawal as your phone (even the oldest of cell phones) can  Fund Transfer from Wallet to Wallet make a call, you have instant access to the many  Fund Transfer from Wallet to SBI account

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance  Fund Transfer from Wallet to another Bank . Person to person (P2P) domestic money account transfers (Wallet to Wallet)  Mobile / Utility Bill Payments . Top up/recharge of prepaid phones, DTH,  Recharge of prepaid Mobile / DTH / Broadband Broadband data card etc. Business Rules for Mobile Wallet over GPRS . Pay Mobile / Utility bills. . Anyone with valid identity and address proof as . Send money to banks‘ account (State Bank and per RBI guidelines may apply for a Mobile Wallet. other Banks) through Interbank Mobile Payment . Subscribers of all telecom service providers are Service (IMPS). eligible to apply. . Quick, real time and secure transactions . Transaction limit per customer per day is Rs.10, . Service delivery at CSPs beyond banking hours 000/- with a limit of Rs.25, 000/- in a calendar too month. Conclusion . Person to Person (P2P) money transfer per day MobiCash can be used towards making is up to Rs. 5000 /-. positive impact on development by taking . Cash out at CSP per day is up to Rs. 5000 /-. consideration of the country‘s socio-economic . Maximum Wallet balance at any point of time is condition and a vision to make sustainable up to Rs. 50,000 /-. development. Business Rules for Mobile Wallet over SMS References: . The daily transaction limit is Rs. 1000/-. 1. www.sbi.co.in . The monthly limit is Rs. 5000/-. 2. MobiCash-Flexible & EasiestPayment Solution Facilities by: Mohammad Sajidur Rahman. . Cash-in (Cash Deposit) and Cash out (Cash Mobile Banking Solutons : The Indian Banker, Withdrawal) at CSPs September 2006, pg.16. and CST Magazine, India-2008, pg.

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance EMERGING RETAIL SECTOR IN INDIA: Challenges before Educators and Trainers

Abstract Indian Economy is witnessing the Indian organized Retail sector‘s drastic expansion, despite facing opposition from a number of local vendors and political Parties. The Indian Retail sector has been declared as an attractive destination for the major Retail biggies from all over the world and is successful in attracting huge investments from not only the national players like Reliance, Raheja‘s, RPG, Bharti etc but also from the International Retail giants like Wal-Mart and Carrefour. But being a developing country Indian retail is still in its Infancy. With major problems like Infrastructure constraints, political pressure, big rural share and Human Resource problems. Indian Retail sector is still dominated by a 95% share of the Unorganized sector. These factors serves as an attractive ground for people who want to pursue their careers in Retail, as the emergence of retail sector is definitely going to create big employment opportunities in the country and as a result the demand for retail Management as a separate course is coming up which definitely is not free from problems, The article throws light on certain important aspects of retail along with the challenges and problems faced by educators and trainers in Imparting retail Management education to the Management aspirers. Introduction Indian is an emerging economy, where all the sectors are growing with leaps and bounds. One such sector which is growing and has immense potential for future growth is the Indian Retail Sector. The concept of retailing is not strange or new to the Indians. Retail can date back since the inception of Economic activities. Man has been selling through different Retail formats since a number of years. Retailing started in India with weekly haats or gathering at a Puneet Saxena small market place(still existing and quite common in rural areas), Asst. Professor which was followed by Local Mom and Pop stores and small kirana Faculty of Commerce stores. But Now an altogether new aspect of the Indian Retail Sector can be seen to be emerging, which has forced the marketers and big D.A-V. (P.G.) College, business houses to put their foot forward into the matter and thereby Dehradun (U.K.) accelerating the Research work in this particular field. [email protected] Indian Retailing can be divided into organized and Unorganized sector. With 97% of its business being run by the unorganized retailers like the traditional family run stores and corner stores, Indian retail sector is dominated by unorganized retail sector. According to a study conducted by Associated Chambers of

Commerce and Industry of India (Assocham), the rapid growth in India will further continue and total sales will touch $365 bn in 2008, as against $300 bn in 2007. With the present contribution of a meager 5% ($16 bn) share of the organized retail in the total retail sales, the figure is nearly negligible when compared to major economies like US, Taiwan, Malaysia etc, where the contribution of organized retail sales is of the volume of 80% in the total retail sales(Exhibit ), the contribution of organized retailing in India is expected to be more than double over the next five years. The organized retail is expected to grow at a rate of approximately 35% per annum till 2010. The growth of organized retail sector in India is evident from the simple fact that Organized retail players occupied a space of 14 million sq ft by 2007 as against just 1 million sq ft in the year 2002.

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance These figures are expected to rise up to 16 fact that the current contribution of Retail in the Indian million sq ft by the year 2008. GDP is 8-10% and this rate is expected to increase Retailing is the biggest private sector Industry from the current share to around 22% by the year in the world. With a significant contributor to the GDP 2010. Another fact worth considering is that the in major economies of the world like USA, Taiwan, expected investment in the organized retail segment Malaysia, China and Indonesia Retail sector also will be in the reign of $25 bn to $28 bn and which is provides good employment opportunities to the expected to rise up to as huge as $70 bn by the year people. Retailing alone is employing 16% of the work 2010 while the major share of investments will be force in USA, 15% in Brazil, 12% in Poland and 7% in enjoyed by the Urban sector, it is forecasted that the China. investments in the rural retail sector will be only The tremendous growth opportunities and around 7% in the next 6-7 years. Format wise it is untapped market potential has forced major expected that the major Investments will be for setting International players and India‘s own existing giants to up Supermarkets and Hypermarkets experiment new gameplans to woo the Indian Another Face of the Indian retail Industry is Consumers‘ heart. India is witnessing the entry of the Rural Retail sector. It has been estimated that the major retail players in the last few years. Big rural retail sector will continue to be dominated by the International Retailers like Wal-Mart, Carrefour are unorganized retail sector for at least a few years to already considering entering into India in a big way. come, and grow to $36 bn by 2008 to $45 bn in 2015, There are numerous factors responsible for attracting from the present size of $30 bn. Nearly two thirds of these international players in the Indian Economy. the stores are located in rural areas. Rural retail Some of these factors are industry has typically two forms: "Haats" and ―Melas". 1. LPG policy of the Government of India Haats are the weekly markets which serve groups of 2. Impact of Foreign Direct Investment and 10-50 villages and sell day-to-day necessities to the Regulatory framework rural people while Melas are larger in size and more 3. Industry Potential (The Indian market for sophisticated in terms of the goods sold. consumer goods is expected to reach $400 bn by FDI In Retail 2010, making it one of the five largest markets in 100% FDI in Retail is yet to be allowed in the world) India. FDI in Retail can be allowed in three phases in 4. Low cost of Infrastructural setup India. First Commerce and Industry Ministry may 5. Emergence of Indian Consuming class. propose allowing FDI in consumer electronics and 6. Cheap Availability of Human Resources sports goods retail and it might happen before the Around 53% of the population in India is common wealth games.(since the local retailers will below 25 Years of Age and 70% is less than 35 years, not be affected by this step hence there is a negligible these factors provide immense growth opportunities possibility of opposition from these local retailers). and act as attractive destination for major retail In the second phase the government is Biggies in our home land. considering hiking the FDI limit in single brand outlets Hence, above mentioned are certain factors to 100% from the present 51% (considering the above responsible for attracting International Players in into two steps the government will consider the third India. Despite being an attractive market for phase). That is allowing FDI in Multi-brand retailing. International players the national players have already Currently India allows Multi-brand retailers to enter the made their presence felt in the organized retail sector. market through franchise agreements. 51% FDI in Big Business Houses like Raheja Group, Future Single brand retail and 100% FDI in cash and Carry is group, RPG group etc have all made it big into the allowed in India. organized retail sector with new retail formats like Employment Opportunities In the Retail Departmental stores, Own brand store, super Sector markets, hypermarkets etc. Textiles sector with Indian Retail sector offers considerable companies like Bombay Dyeing, Raymond's, S opportunities for employment as well. It is presently a Kumar's and Grasim first saw the emergence of retail source of employment for more than 41 million chains individuals. Retail sector is expected to generate huge Reliance is a new entrant in the retail sector. employment opportunities for the younger generation It has reportedly entered into a strategic alliance with as well as the senior citizens. Jobs of department Bata India so as to get the widest reach for its retail managers, assistant store managers, buyer trainee, vertical. Reliance Fresh stores have already been set merchandising assistant, customer service up through out the length and breadth of the country representative, and management trainees are despite being opposed by various political parties and available in the retail sector. local vendors. Bharti Enterprises Ltd. (Bharti), a Retail sector is considered to be the second leader in telecom sector has tied up with Wal-Mart, largest in terms of employment opportunities after the world‘s renowned retailer from USA. Carrefour, a Agriculture. It is said that around 15% of India‘s work French retail major is reportedly considering options force is engaged in retailing. of entering into the Indian Retail Market. It may enter A study by KSA- Technopark reveals that the into India in Partnership with Mahesh Ambani‘s organized sector business may create additional Reliance Retail. employment of 3 – 3.5 million jobs directly and large Thus, the Indian retail sector is no doubt one number of jobs are also expected to be created in of the fastest emerging sectors of the Indian related Industries. It also estimates that an entry level economy. Its growth can be judged from the simple professional in retailing would earn around 3-5 lakh

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance per annum, middle level professional with three to five Short Duration Courses- There are very few courses years of experience will earn somewhere around 7-13 which are offering full-fledged 2 years courses in lakh p.a, while a senior level management with 5 to 10 Retail. While majority of the Institutes are offering years of experience will earn around 15-20 lakh p.a. courses for only a year or half. Educators and trainers whereas functional heads and CEOs can earn close wont be helpful if these short term courses continue to to 70-200 lakh be in existence. Because a subject as diverse as The total Employee base in the organized Retail cannot be studied in 6 months or one Year retail is currently one million, while personal rather it should be fully Introduced as a separate PG requirement at the front end alone is 1.25 million course at all the Places. which is expected to go up to 3.25 within the next few Limited Number of Institutes: The quality of years. Reliance alone is planning to recruit half a education also depends on the availability of good million people, while Industry estimates predict that educational Institutes as well. There are only 15 to 20 only 1 to 1.5 million trained employable people will be Big Institutes offering a course in Retail Management available. while the number is quit big when compared to There is also an increase in the number of Management Institutes in our Country. Since Retail is retail management programmes and institutes. This an Emerging sector quick steps should be taken up to will help in bridging the gap in availability of talented match the demand and supply in the Indian Retail professionals at the middle and lower levels. As a Sector result these retail organizations are hiring senior level Improper development of Course Content: Certain employees from foreign countries or Indians working subjects like THE RETAIL ENVIRONMENT, abroad on a contractual basis, possessing higher DIFFERENT RETAILING FORMATS, skills. Retail has hired around 30 experienced MERCHANDISING BASICS, EFFECTIVE professionals from major retail chains across the COMMUNICATION, PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT, globe. Including Wal-Mart and Carrefour. INTRODUCTION TO RETAIL OPERATIONS etc With this have come an altogether new forms the course content of these retail Institutes. phase in The Indian Retail Sector. It is the Retail While mor emphasis should be laid on topics like Management education. Many Institutes Imparting Consumer behavior, because consumer behavior is Retail Management courses are coming up in different something which is never constant. And along with it forms, some with a diploma while the others are more stress should be laid on topics like Operations offering short term courses in Retail. Retail and supply Chain Management. Management is a new sought after course in India. Unavailability of efficient trainers: Another problem With the progress of Retail sector the current and being faced by these educators and these Institutes is potential need for Retail professional and their the unavailability of qualified trainers. More people scarcity has already been realized in our Country. from the Industry should be hired for Imparting Institutes offering retail education are mushrooming all Education. Unless the students have a first hand over the country. interface with the market that wont be able to face the There are many Institutes offering courses in practicalities of Life. Retail Management in India like Welingkar Institute of Dominance of the Unorganized Sector: 95% of the Management, Mumbai,K J Somaiya Institute of Indian retail is dominated by the unorganized sector. Management Studies & Research, Mumbai,RPG With a diverse and difficult to understand markets it is Institute of Retail Management,SP Jain Institute of nearly impossible to provide training to students Management and Research, Mumbai ,Birla Institute of seeking education. With hundreds of new formats of Management Technology, New Delhi,Indian Institute doing business in the unorganized sector. The subject of Retail, New Delhi,The Retail Academy, Ahmedabad matter becomes complicated and difficult to etc. understand. Despite such facilities only a handful of No On-the-job-training- There is lack of On-the-job Institutes are offering such courses in retail. There are training in institutes offering retail management enormous problems which come in the way of Faculty courses. With only small summer and live projects, trainers at such Institutes. With all such things since a the students will only get a glimpse of the real formal education and training in the new area of Retail problems in the Industry. Hence Proper on-the job has just begin it will definitely take some time to training should be provided to students pursuing such emerge as big as MBA training in our country. An courses. attempt has been made to highlight such problems in Infancy in Organized Retail Sector- More job reference to the Indian Educators and Trainers. Some requirements are coming up in the organized retail of these Factors have been discussed as under sector. While the Organized Retail Sector in India is in Lack Of Infrastructure: There is a lack of Its growth phase. Hence very less is left to the Infrastructure in such Institutes. Those that are educators to strategically impart content to the already established are smoothly running with no students. problems as the Infrastructure cost is shared by two Lack of good Candidates: The number and quality divisions one of which can be the MBA department. of candidates required for the course are not Hence the tools like LCD projectors, Laptops etc are available. Those that are good prefer doing an MBA certain basic requirements which should be fulfilled for and exploring a number of options for them rather efficient imparting of education, and which is than limiting themselves to just Retail. Hence, the sometimes quite unavailable at certain Institutes, talent pool is not available as it should be there. specially those which are not financially well off.

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance Rural Markets: Indian Retail is predominated by Indian Economy in a big way. Pre-dominated by the unorganized retail and more than one-third of the unorganized retail sector the Indian Retail sector will retail outlets are in villages. Even the marketers are take quite some time to come in full form. With moving towards these markets and trying to tap the opposition from political parties and local vendors the untapped potential at such places. But understanding Indian organized retail sector is always confronted rural markets is a big complexity, which in turn is with some or the other challenge. But with the future posing a problem before the educators of these growth and prospects already predicted, the Retail institutes sector will undoubtedly be one of the biggest sectors Applicability of Theory into Practices: Another of the Indian economy, whether it is in terms of Sales, major problems with the Retail Management Size, GDP contribution or Generating Employment education is that the theories and practices being Opportunities. But for this a big pool of talent will be taught find little or no application in the Indian Retail required and which can be to a great extent be fulfilled Sector as majority of the sector is Unorganized and by the Retail Management institutes setup in our traditionally bound. Country, but the need of the hour is that these Less Emphasis on Consumer Behaviour: institutes work wholeheartedly in making the required Consumer behavior is very important to be studies. talent available for these corporates by overcoming But very less emphasis on is paid to the consumer the shortfalls in their syllabus content and teaching Behaviour part in retail education. Even though it pedagogy. The world is definitely about to witness an forms the subject matter of study, only a few aspects altogether new India coming up in some years to of consumer behavior like only the buying behavior is come. considered while certain important aspects like CRM Refrences: etc are ignored which are very important. 1. CII-A T Kearney Report “ Retail in India: Above mentioned are certain challenges Getting organized to drive growth” being faced by educators and trainers in India. Retail 2. Study conducted by Associated Chambers of education has to go a long way in time to come. Commerce and Industry of India(Assocham) Efforts should be made to overcome such problems 3. A study by McKinsey as soon as possible. And it should be made sure that 4. Technopark Analysis whatever is taught to the Retail Management 5. Study conducted by Associated Chambers of aspirants is pertinent and relevant to these people. Commerce and Industry of India(Assocham) Hence the retail sector in India is in its 6. www_valuenotes_com-one-time-one time_Indian Infancy stage and it will probably boom like anything RetailSector_11oct06.htm in the years to come. Companies like Reliance India, 7. Retail Association of India Pantaloons, RPG Group, Titan, Raymonds, Westside, 8. FDI in Retail Sector : India – Author : Arpita Barista, Bata, Caffe Coffee Day, Crossword, Food Mukherjee & Nitisha Patel World, Nilgiris and Trent are some of the big Indian 9. Indian Retail Sector : A Primer – Author : Nitin companies who have opened their retail chains in Mehrotra India. This has created huge employment 10. www_valuenotes_com-one-time-one- opportunities for trained retail management time_IndianRetailSector_11oct06.htm professionals. 11. www.rai.net.in/Retail Management Course.htm Multinational companies like Macdonald's, 12. http://www.indiainbusiness.nic.in/ Pizza Hut, Dominos, Levis, Nike, Adidas, Beneton, 13. http://www.technopark.com Sharp, Kodak and Sony, are recruiting retail management professionals as Store Managers, Exhibit: Comparative Penetration of Organized Customer Care Executives, Merchandise Officers, Retail in various Economies of the World Public Relations Executive, Store Manager, Inventory Monitoring Officer, Marketing and Sales Executive. A flair for communication and a burning zeal to sell with an aggressive go getter attitude is a must for applying for managerial and administrative jobs in these Companies. Therefore proper steps should be taken up and it should be made sure that the various limitations that act as a hindrance in imparting education and training should be done away with and a healthy and fruitful learning environment should be developed. Conclusion: Indian economy is an emerging economy. Source: Ernst &Young, The Great Indian Retail Story, 2006 Which carries with it a huge potential for taking India to new heights. Indian retail sector is one such sector which is contributing significantly to the growth of the

ISSNISSN No. No. 0976 0976-8602-8602 VOL. VOL.-1-1, ,ISSUE ISSUE-IV,-IV, OCTOBER OCTOBER-2012-2012 AsianAsian ResonanceResonance Scheduled caste Women in Contemporary Indian Situation

Abstract The scheduled caste constitutes about 16.2% of the total population in India. Although there is a large volume of anthropological literature describing the characteristics of and differences among the various schedule castes in India, little inter-disciplinary research has been . done to uncover the status of women among the schedule castes population in India. This paper will analyze the status of women among the schedule castes in India. Frequent comparisons will be made to the social and cultural practices of the schedule castes, mainstream Hindus, as well as the scheduled caste population. Through this analysis, we will show the distinctiveness of the schedule castes cultures and the fact that many women from the schedule castes face less discrimination than Hindu women. . Introduction The schedule castes constitute about 16.2% of the total population in India (166,635,700 according to Census of India, 2011). About 93.80% live in rural areas and 6.20% live in urban areas. The term ―schedule castes‖ is a term used for administrative purposes to confer certain constitutional privileges and protection to a group of people who are considered to be backward and disadvantaged and they are often perceived as backward people who live in remote and isolated regions and Kumud Sharma engage in primitive occupations, Assistant Professor The schedule castes, scheduled Tribes and other backward Department of Anthropology Classes together constitute about 60 % of India population. They together University of Rajasthan, form the Dalit Category. Caste discrimination has a unique and specific impact on Dalit women who suffer multiple forms of discrimination. Dalit Jaipur women are especially vulnerable to violence by the police and private [email protected] actors. As the majority of landless laborers, Dalit women come into greater contact with landlords and enforcement agencies than ―upper-caste‖ women, rendering them more susceptible to abuse. Dalit women have unequal access to services, employment opportunities, and justice mechanisms as compared to Dalit men. In relation to employment opportunities, Dalit women are allotted some of the most menial and arduous tasks and experience greater discrimination in the payment of wages than Dalit men. In relation to services, Dalit women have less access to education and health facilities, ensuring that their literacy, nutrition, and health standards fall far below that of Dalit men and non-Dalit men and women. The number of Dalit women in decision-making positions is also very low. Investment in projects targeted to the development of Dalit women is also far lower as compared to those for men. Violence against women remains rife across all communities but Dalit Women are worst affected despite very stringent laws and constitutional safeguards. There is often pressure upon Dalit women complainants to compromise or conciliate in the interest of protecting the family because the integrity of the home is deemed to be more important than their dignity of the women. In cases of complaints of rape and sexual molestation, Dalit women often find themselves being objectified and treated with disdain. Instead of being treated with consideration and sensitivity, they are sometimes blamed-even by the court-for having contributed to commission of the offence. This, coupled with the low rate of conviction in crimes against women leaves a large majority of Dalit women unable to secure effective protection from the criminal justice system.

In addition to the trauma of rape itself, Dalit victims have to suffer further agony during legal proceedings as complaints are handled roughly; victims are more often than not humiliated by the police; and the experience of giving evidence in court is so distressing that it puts severe psychological stress on them.

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance Vulnerably positioned at the bottom of India‘s discriminated against by the Hindus, the former has caste, class and gender hierarchies, Dalit women been integrated into larger society and share some experience endemic gender-and-caste discrimination common customs and traditions with the Hindus. and violence as the outcome of severely imbalanced The status of women among the schedule social, economic and political power equations. Their castes population in India socio-economic vulnerability and lack of political Generally, schedule castes women have voice, when combined with the dominant risk factors enjoyed greater freedom and higher status than Hindu of being Dalit and female, increase their exposure to women .Schedule castes women get married potentially violent situations while simultaneously relatively later than Hindu women. Additionally, widow reducing their ability to escape. Violence against Dalit burning (sati), occupational segregation, and a women presents clear evidence of widespread hierarchical family structure with women placed in the exploitation and discrimination against these women lowest rung of the social order have been absent from subordinated in terms of power relations to men in a many schedule castes communities across centuries. patriarchal society, as also against their communities Many schedule castes societies are matrilineal and based on caste. women in such social structures enjoy inheritance The schedule castes—a brief background rights and privileges that are absent in patriarchal It is important to emphasize that when we societies. Women in patriarchal societies often do not use the term ‗schedule caste,‘ we are not addressing have economic independence and are therefore a homogeneous culture. The different castes in India subjugated to lower household and social status. are dispersed across the whole country, living in Decisions regarding marriage, fertility, and divorce on different physical environments, exhibiting different the women‘s part are severely constrained. lifestyles, social habits, religious beliefs and cultural Mean age of marriage and fertility rate among patterns. In some areas of India, the tribal population schedule caste women- constitutes a large proportion of the total population One important manifestation of a patriarchal whereas in many regions they are a minority. society is its effect on fertility. The decision of a Additionally, some castes are in contact with the woman to have a child often rests in the hands of the mainstream Hindu population and other scheduled husband or older family members. The lack of caste population whereas in some areas the castes financial independence also leads many dependent are completely isolated. Thus, the environment and wives to please their husbands by giving birth to a proximity to mainstream Hindu population are often male child. Some studies have analyzed the two important variables that shape modern schedule relationship between family structure, female status castes cultures and their economic activities. within the household, and fertility level and confirmed They are dispersed all across the country. Each the direct relationship between patriarchy and fertility schedule caste has its own religion, culture, and the inverse relationship between autonomy of occupations, and life style. Thus, it is important to women and fertility. Significant regional differences in emphasize that these people do not constitute a fertility exist among the these caste population based homogeneous community. on environmental conditions, social and hierarchical With the extinction of forests and wildlife, structures within families, economic activities, and many schedules castes have shifted their occupations proximity to the mainstream population. It is from hunting and gathering to agricultural activities. interesting to note that while the fertility level among The vast majority of the schedule castes population is different tribes residing in a particular region may vary engaged in the primary sector and work as cultivators due to different socio-cultural backgrounds, the same and agricultural laborers. With the disappearance of tribe residing in a different region may exhibit different many traditional crafts, many schedule castes are fertility patterns. Often problems associated with resorting to newer occupations. The schedule castes comparing the fertility trends of the tribal population lie are predominantly non-vegetarian. They eat pork, in the lack of a standardized measurement of fertility beef, rice, and wheat and drink alcohol. The different and concluded that tribal fertility was much higher schedule castes speak diverse languages and than the general population in India. The higher dialects with the vast majority of them being bilingual. fertility of the schedule caste, partly to the primitive In general, all schedule castes display absence of habits of the aboriginal groups and their greater occupational specialization, lack of hierarchy in their toleration of widow remarriage, early marriage of social structures, absence of consumerism, and very women is closely related to a high fertility level. close ties to nature and their environment. Literacy among schedule caste women- Isolationism and assimilation of the schedule Literacy is considered to be a powerful tool in castes population- determining the position of women in any The schedule castes are not perceived by society.Literacy leads to social, cultural, and the mainstream Hindus in the same way as the economic development. Additionally, it gives women scheduled tribes‘ population. The caste system that moreautonomy and freedom. Although the literacy characterizes the Hindu culture is based on the rate for scheduled tribe women is generally quite low, existence of a hierarchical social class, barriers to it varies significantlyby different regions. Although entry in privileged occupations, and notions of purity tribal women lag behind the total population in most and dirt based on the individual‘s social background. states, The scheduled caste population is often considered to Work-participation rate of schedule caste be impure and unclean by mainstream Hindus. women- Although the scheduled caste population has been

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance Schedule caste women, in general, have underwritten by layers of trauma, hindering their rights higher labor force participation than women in SC to live with dignity and reach their full potential. groups. In many caste societies, ―a woman is Courage, Strength and Resilience of Dalit considered an economic asset and considerable Women value is placed on a hard-working, industrious and Despite all these experiences of violence dutiful wife. The workers include both main and that leave grave marks on Dalit women‘s lives and marginal workers. The work participation rates for dominant caste perpetrators constantly reiterating tribal females are higher than both the total gender-based caste norms and Dalit gender Population. The scheduled caste population has Subordination, the narratives of the Dalit women also developed an aversion to work, especially to menial evidence their courage, strength and resilience to work and is quite status conscious when it comes to assert their right to live a life with dignity. Apart from participating in different categories of jobs. the courage that Dalit women have shown during Forms of Violence violence, their resilience in the post-violence phase is Twelve major forms of violence are prevalent manifested in two respects: first, their determination to , nine being violence in the general community – pursue a course of action, whatever may be the physical assault, verbal abuse, sexual harassment expected or unexpected outcome, to set right the and assault, rape, sexual exploitation, forced harm done by the violence; secondly, the tenacity prostitution, kidnapping and abduction, forced they have shown in their various attempts to sustain incarceration and medical negligence – and three their lives against all odds, refusing to let their lives being violence in the family – female feticide and disintegrate further as a result of the violence they infanticide, child sexual abuse and domestic violence have experienced. Whether this was done with from natal and marital family members. success or otherwise in terms of achieving a legal Dalit women are seen as sexually available remedy for the injustice they had faced or improving as they move in gendered public spaces and engage their living conditions, what is significant are their in productive labour. Sexual violence is understood in efforts to survive and sustain their lives in some form caste ideology as ennobling ‗lower‘ caste women; that or another. It is ironic that instead of the Indian State is, dominant caste perpetrators of sexual violence being the custodian of constitutional rights, it is Dalit against Dalit women expect their ―victims‖ to be women themselves who often dare to uphold the rule grateful for the sexual attention they are receiving of law in the face of the ―rule of caste‖. This is evident from ‗higher‘ caste men. Sexual violence is also a tool from cases where Dalit women assert their rights to utilized by dominant caste men to reinforce the caste equality and fundamental freedoms of life, and also ‗impurity‘ of both the Dalit woman and her community, where they approach established legal justice given the hegemonic discourse of women symbolising mechanisms instead of taking the law into their own the group identity and bearing the honour of their hands as the perpetrators have done. And yet, in only community. a few cases does the state rise up to meet Dalit Almost as frequently identified a causal women‘s expectations of justice. Therefore, what Dalit factor for violence in the general community lies in the women look to is not a paternal way of providing them area of Dalit women‘s civil rights; The violence is remedial justice, but support mechanisms that clearly either a response to the Dalit women‘s alleged breach establish and uphold their rights, and bring them into of caste norms by exercising their freedom of mainstream society with dignity. expression in speaking out on an issue, or seeking to Governmental efforts protect her family or community, or as a means used As the National Commission for Women has to reinforce their submissiveness and voicelessness commented, ―in the commission of offences against… as demanded under the caste system. scheduled caste [Dalit] women the offenders try to Effects of Violence establish their authority and humiliate the community Violence against Dalit women causes social, by subjecting their women to indecent and inhuman physical and mental trauma to women, much of which treatment, including sexual assault, parading naked, is long-term suffering. Where violence is committed using filthy language, etc. Hence, violence, which with impunity, aided by the failure of the police to serves as a crucial social mechanism to maintain Dalit effect arrests and prosecutions, the fact of the women‘s subordinate position in society, is the core perpetrators and their colluders in the violence freely outcome of gender-based inequalities shaped and moving about the village and often intimidating the intensified by the caste system. This situation exists in woman and her family has a deep psychological India today despite constitutional guarantees of non- impact. Significant are feelings of the futility of legal discrimination on the basis of caste and gender justice and fatalism about positive changes to address (Article 15(1)), the right to life and security of life such violence. (Article 21) and the constitutional directive to Thus, the harm caused to Dalit women by specifically protect Dalits from social injustice and all violence does not stop at the act itself; it has long- forms of exploitation (Article 46). Moreover, the Indian termand multiplying social, psychological and physical State has enacted a series of laws protecting the effects that are not being addressed. Outside of the rights of Dalits and women, acknowledging the social movements and organization‘s working with the prevalence of discrimination and violence against community, little supportive or counseling these sections of society. A key law in this regard is mechanisms exist in India today to deal with caste- the Scheduled Castes/ Scheduled Tribes (Prevention and-gender based violence meted out to Dalit women. of Atrocities) Act 1989. The presence of laws, The result is that the lives of many Dalit women are however, without concomitant implementation to

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance ensure personal security to Dalit women, and without the Indian state and Indian society for failing to concerted efforts to emancipate the Dalit community respect, protect and fulfill Dalit women‘s rights. and eradiate entrenched gender-and-caste biased Remedial Action for Justice notions of (in) equality and (in) justice, is not enough. The Indian Government has an obligation The Indian government has itself acknowledged that under international human rights law to act with the institutional forces – caste, class, community and duediligence to prevent, investigate and punish acts family – arraigned against women‘s equal rights are of violence against Dalit women in both the general powerful and shape people‘s mindsets to accept community and in the family, at the hands of state or pervasive gender inequality. If human rights are the non-state actors.vi Any case of violence against a legitimation of human needs, then the needs of Dalit Dalit woman has to pass through the hands of the women for personal security, socio-economic local police and the judiciary in order for the woman to development and social justice receive justice under the law. Safeguarding the In order to understand, therefore, the reality impartiality of this process, the Indian Constitution of Indian society in general, and the Dalit community stipulates in Article 14 that all Indian citizens have the and Dalit women in particular, an analysis of caste- right to equality before the law. However, deeply class-gender dynamics is imperative. It is only by ingrained normative values of appropriate gender and adopting this three-fold lens focusing on the cultural caste roles and behavior patterns influence and material dimensions of the intersection of gender government officials, police and even judges who and caste discrimination that a true comprehension of have the power to interpret and actualize rights. key social relations and social inequalities in India These socio-culturally-religiously rooted biases emerges. This analytical lens, grounded in Dalit enforce the discriminatory status quo to the detriment women‘s subjective experiences, highlights how these of Dalit women‘s right to justice where violence takes women become instruments through which the social place. As the United Nations Special Rapporteur on system replicates itself and systemic inequality is Violence against Women has noted with regard to the maintained: violence against Dalit women is situation in India, ―constitutional and legislative systematically utilized to deny them opportunities, provisions that have been enacted to protect women choices and freedoms at multiple levels, undermining from discrimination have not proved to be an effective not only Dalit women‘s dignity and self-respect, but deterrent. Moreover, the Indian government‘s also their right to development. An intersectional caste consistent inaction in protecting, promoting and class- gender analysis also fulfills the need to make fulfilling rights for its Dalit women citizens – evidenced Dalit women visible to the public eye through in official data indicating the increasing rates of crimes exposing their reality of violence and against women and Scheduled Castes, its failure to disempowerment intrinsically related to their social resister many cases of violence against Dalit women, position, in recognition of their selfhood and human and low disposal rates of Scheduled Caste atrocity dignity. cases combined with low conviction rates – all points Moreover, analyzing these social relations to structural injustice being perpetuated and the which convert ―difference‖ into systemic oppression Indian state‘s failure to comply with its international and violence enables not only policy makers, but also human rights obligations. women‘s movements and Dalit movements, to better The overall performance of the Indian State, strategies and implement policies and programs therefore, comes into serious question when towards the protection of Dalit women‘s rights: that is, measured against the standard of due diligence to programs that facilitate wider processes of change, prevent violence against Dalit women. This is true for that ensure the comprehensive eradication of caste violence at the hands of both non-state actors, as well and gender discrimination and violence, and enable as state actors themselves. Giving effect to Dalit Dalit women to be mainstreamed into the planned women‘s rights requires not only building structures of development process in India. At the international protection - including investigation, prosecution, fair level, examining patterns of violence against Dalit punishment and compensation for violence – but also women can contribute towards an enhanced human rigorously implementing laws and policies designed to rights understanding of racial and gender facilitate the enjoyment of equal citizenship rights for discrimination, as interacting factors perpetuating the Dalit women in the country today. violence against radicalized and often marginalized Taking into account the situation of rising women. And yet, very little information or government rates of crimes against Dalits, combined with failure of data exists today as regards the specific situation of the state machinery to check this rise with stringent Dalit women in the country. action, the Parliamentary Committee on the Welfare Dalit women endure violence in both the of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes has general community and in the family, from state and stated that atrocities on Scheduled Castes and non-state actors of different genders, castes and Scheduled Tribes constitute an internal disturbance socio-economic groupings. An overview of the forms, under Article 355 of the Indian Constitution, and has frequency and locations of violence, perpetrators and called for Central Government intervention under causal factors for violence highlights the incongruence various provisions to take strict action against between Dalit women‘s reality and the universal right offending states. The Committee has also castigated of women to freedom from any gender-based violence the Home Ministry for using "police and public order" that results in physical, sexual or psychological harm. being "state subjects" as an excuse for absolving This data, therefore, serves as an indictment of both themselves of the responsibility implied under Article 355. Finally, the Committee recommended taking

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance "extreme steps" wherever warranted to protect the their mainly dominant caste employers. There are Dalit community and punish perpetrators of violence also interconnections between denial of Dalit women‘s against it. socio-economic rights or right to livelihood, and the Conclusion denial of their civil rights; that is, their ability to protest In contravention of both national laws and and protect themselves depends to a great extent on international human rights standards that prohibit their having a sound economic base. Finally, the lack anyphysical, sexual or psychological violence against of civil and political freedoms, including the right to women, varying forms of violent acts specifically justice and protection of the law in the event of targeting Dalit women are occurring on a large scale violence taking place, reinforce the disempowerment across India today. That physical (affecting bodily of Dalit women at all levels. Such violence is crucial to integrity), verbal (affecting the psyche), and sexual the maintenance of caste structures and unequal (affecting bodily/sexual integrity) violence are the power relations in society, which serves to highlight most common, and often combined, forms of violence key areas requiring urgent intervention to safeguard suggests that at every level Dalit women‘s personae Dalit women‘s fundamental rights. Similarly, the is being attacked. Moreover, given that most of this multiplicity of causal factors for violence in the family violence is occurring in public spaces, the additional suggests the reproduction of the larger patriarchal humiliation of being violated in public drives home a caste system‘s norms in Dalit women‘s personal lives message not only to each Dalit woman, but also to and interactions in their community. her family and community, that she is not considered Finally, the culture of impunity built into the worthy of being treated with honour, respect or human caste system has wide-ranging implications as far as dignity. As Dalit women also experience violence in violence against Dalit women is concerned. Impunity the family, they are effectively left with no safe spaces for violence reinforces that caste-based notions of in which to freely express themselves and reach their (in)justice prevail over democratic rights and the rule full potential. Dalit women would appear to be of law in the country. Justice itself becomes defined in extremely vulnerable to aggression primarily by terms of caste-and-gender privileges, with violence dominant caste persons in their villages and towns. serving to reinforce caste law and order at the heavy Dominant caste status, often combined with expense of Dalit women‘s rights. Violence against patriarchal status and reinforced by a dominant class Dalit women thus presents one of the greatest position (for example, being a landlord), effectively challenges to the social justice system in the country, legitimises many dominant caste men‘s exercise of calling for immediate and holistic remedial action at all power, authority and force over Dalit women. levels of the government, law and order agents, the Moreover, reading through the 500 Dalit women‘s judiciary and civil society. narratives reveals the pan-religious element in that References:- perpetrators of violence come from all major Indian 1 Chandra, R.C.: spatial Dimensions of Scheduled religions – Hindus, Muslims, Christians and Sikhs, castes in India, Delhi, Intellectual Publishing indicating that even in non-Hindu traditions the caste House,1988 hierarchy trumps religious ideals of equality and 2 Chatterji, Skoma A.: The Indian women‘s search respect for all human beings. for an Identity, Delhi Vikas Pub. House, 1988. The range of causal factors for violence in 3 Hutten, J.H.: Caste in India, Bombay, Oxford the general community is directly attributable to University Press, 1961. systemic caste-class-gender factors that ascribe Dalit 4 Jain, Shashi: Status and Role Perception of women‘s low status in society and consequent middleclass women, New Delhi, Puja Publication, disempowerment and exploitation. At the core is 1988 patriarchy, which is gender-based and gender-biased 5 Murtthy, B.J.: Depressed and Oppressed, New against women. Male exercise of patriarchal power to Delhi, S.Chand, 1972. subjugate women is overtly manifested in their attacks 6 Patnaik, N.: Caste and Social Change: an on Dalit women‘s sexual and bodily integrity, as well Anthropological study of three Orissa villages, as their rights in inter-personal relationships with men. National Institute of Community Development, At the same time, patriarchy in India is influenced by Hyderabad, 1969. the caste system and its inherent inequalities arising 7 Rao, M.J.U.: Deprived Castes in India, Allahabad, from hierarchal structuring of the system. Dalit women Chugh Pub. , 1981. become specifically targeted for violence as an outcome of their positioning at the bottom of both gender and caste hierarchies, which condone violence against those Dalit women who contravene caste and untouchability norms by asserting their right to equality, or criminalises Dalit women‘s actions, or deems it socio-culturally acceptable to perpetrate sexual violence on Dalit women. Moreover, reinforcement of Dalit women‘s lack of or denial of access to land and other economic resources through violence points to their effective class subordination in order to retain them as an exploitable labour force for

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance Study of solar features and transients in association with geomagnetic storms

Abstract Fifty nine geomagnetic storm sudden commencement (SSCs) with planetary index (Ap) ≥20, peak value of disturbance storm time (DST) index < -50 n T and horizontal component of Earth magnetic field (H)≤250γ have been identified for the period 1978- 1994 and their possible solar causes are looked upon. It is noticed that the coefficient between II, IV radio spectral burst, radio flux with sun spot number have been found to be >0.7 for study period of each solar cycle. Further, it is found that the GMSs and SSNs are high correlated during 22nd Solar cycle. Solar features e.g. Hα, X-ray solar flares and active prominence and disappearing filaments (APDFs) have been found to occur more in lower helio latitude regions and produce interplanetary shocks that may lead to the occurrence of SSCs at the Earth. The major SSCs (66% of the fifty nine SSCs) are caused by coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and the shocks that they generate. The ejecta is intercepted only when the solar event (Hα, X ray solar flares) originates with the 40° of the Sun's central meridian (helio latitude range). Further, it is found that, there is an symmetry in the distribution of APDFs in both northern and southern helio latitude regions. The transit time of solar event from the sun to the near Earth space lies in between 53 to 126 Hrs. Key Words : Sun spot Numbers, geomagnetic storms, Solar flares, coronal mass ejection, П, IV radio burst, radio flux, solar cycle. PACS Nos: 96.40 Kk: 96.40 cd; 96.60 Rd . Mahendra Pratap Yadav Introduction Department of Physics, Solar research of the last few years has revealed the kind of Govt. Tilak College, flares most closely associated with phenomena occurring in the high Katni (M.P.) – 483501 corona and the interplanetary medium namely soft x ray long duration [email protected] events. They are found to be associated with optical ≥ 1 flares, coronal mass ejections [1], metric type II and type IV burst [2]. Although the physics of long duration events has yet to be understood, the empirical results are useful in identifying the kinds of solar flares responsible for interplanetary shock my lead to the occurrence of geomagnetic storms. CMEs from the Sun derive solar wind disturbances in terms of magnetic field, speed, density which in turn cause magnetic disturbances at the Earth. In early studies, interplanetary solar wind data, particle data have been used to indirectly infer the nature of solar sources of geomagnetic storms [3, 4, 5, 6]. There are in general two kinds of solar sources namely, CMEs and co rotating interaction regions (CIRs). The CMEs counter parts in interplanetary space can be verified by various solar wind signatures including magnetic clouds [7] and bidirectional electron fluxes [8]. Interplanetary CMEs are geoeffective because of either the enhancement of an interplanetary magnetic field compressed by CME driven shock or the presence of strong magnetic fields carried by CMEs themselves or both [9]. The CIRs are compressed solar wind structures that occur when a fast speed stream originating in open magnetic field coronal holes catches up with a preceding slow speed stream originating from a relatively closed magnetic structure [10]. Geomagnetic disturbances are generally represented by

geomagnetic storms (GMSs) , sudden ionospheric disturbances (SIDs) and ground level enhancement (GLEs). GMSs can be classified in two ways;such as storm gradual commencement (SGCs) and SSCs. SGSs arise from magnetically open long lived, high speed solar wind streams (HSSWs) emitted from coronal holes and are usually small in magnitude. SSCs are associated with flare generated stream and are

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance caused by shock waves propagating from the sun investigated 54 hrs ≤Δt ≤125 hrs prior to the through the interplanetary medium generated stream occurrence of GMSs at Earth from SGD reports. Here and are caused by shock waves propagating from the Δt is the transit time of solar event from the Sun to the Sun through the interplanetary medium [3,11].The near Earth space which depends on initial speed of transient phenomena at the sun surface and in the CMEs event. lower atmosphere such as flare- spray and eruptive Result and discussion prominence are often associated with huge mass The classification of geomagnetic storms motion. It is found that not all types of coronal have been made on the basis of different transients generate CMEs [12].Solar flares occurring geomagnetic indices [3,11,15]. In this paper we use magnetically complex regions; where the field often those geomagnetic storms which are defined by the H strongly sheared. The mechanism of energy release ≤250 γ along with, DST < - 50 nT, planetary index Ap is associated with magnetic reconnection. Many ≥ 20. According to Garcia and Dryer, a storm is minor workers have shown the association of different types if 30 < Ap < 50, major if 50 < Ap < 100 and severe of GMSs with solar flares [13,3]. The solar output in ifAp> 100. Among 59 ≤250 nT events the 37, 15, 07 term of particle and field ejected out into are the minor, major and severe geomagnetic storms interplanetary medium influences the geomagnetic respectively. Clearly, there are significant differences field condition. The radiant electro magnetic and between sets of geomagnetic storms defined by two corpuscular radiation produce disturbances at various indices. locations; such as polar, mid latitude and equatorial Comparative study of different solar regions. These geomagnetic disturbances are parameters with sunspot numbers measured by different geomagnetic indices AE, Kp or For most of the studies in the field of solar Ap and equatorial disturbance storm time (DST) index terrestrial relationship (STR) initially the sunspot [14,15]. The solar disappearing filaments (DFs) have numbers were used. Sunspot numbers (SSNs) were linked with geomagnetic activity and also available for long time. Later on, II, IV radio burst, interplanetary shocks [16]. The CMEs related shocks radio flux (10.7 cm) have also been used for STR accelerate solar energetic particles (SEPs) causing studies, particularly for ionospheric disturbances. large geomagnetic storms [4,15].Geomagnetic storms However, in last 25 years, many other solar indices have been found to be particularly sensitive to the have also been used by many investigators [11,21]. presence of an intense south ward interplanetary Actually , now the position has further improved with magnetic field that allows efficient energy from the the availability of data on solar indices through the solar wind into the Earth magnetosphere through internet and hence it is pertinent to investigate the magnetic reconnection [17]. In this paper, firstly a relationships amongst these solar indices and stress comparative study of different solar parameters with to define the best fit parameter for different studies in SSNs has been performed. Secondly, an attempt has STR, For this purpose author have used the annually been made to unambiguously identify solar sources of averages of solar indices. geomagnetic storms basis on a comprehensive set of The cross correlations between SSNs and II solar, interplanetary and geomagnetic observations. radio spectral burst yield high correlations, which have Further, GMSs and their association with various solar been found to be 0.763 and 0.944 for 21st and 22nd features have been investigated during the period of solar cycle respectively as depicted in Figl(a). The study. yearly occurrence of II, IV radio spectral burst, solar Data Analysis flux ( 10.7cm) and geomagnetic storms with SSNs Fifty nine geomagnetic SSCs with Ap ≥20, have been plotted histographically in the Fig 1 peak value of DST < - 50 nT and H ≤ 250 γ have been (a,b,c,d). Thus,we conclude that SSNs and II radio identified for the period 1978-1994 by using solar wind spectral burst is highly correlated in 22 nd solar cycle. plasma (SWP), Interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) The correlation coefficient between SSNs and IV radio data from IMP-8 satellite and comprehensive solar spectral burst have been found to be 0.792 and 0.796 geophysical data (SGD) reports.The II,IV spectral for 21s and 22nd solar cycles respectively as shown in radio burst data have been taken from web: www. Figl (b). It is noticed that the variation of IV radio burst ngdc. gov.The SWP and IMF data are compiled by with SSNs is almost same in both solar cycle.The King and Couzen in different volumes of coefficient of correlation between SSNs and radio flux interplanetary medium data book from national space have been found to be 0.981 and 0.980 for the 21st science data center (NSSDC) [18]. For the study and 22nd solar cycles respectively as indicated in Fig period the space craft particle data are taken from the l(c). From the study of all the plots between SSNs and Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) experiment on 10.7 cm solar flux (21st, 22nd ) , it is obvious that for IMP 8 [19] examined simultaneous near earth solar any STR studies either SSNs or 10.7 cm flux can be wind data from NSSDC to see whether the solar wind used, as either of them will yield the same result conditions are consistent with particle data. We have because SSNs and 10.7cm flux arc very highly seen that, there is very good agreement between correlated. solar wind and particle data representing that our The coefficient correlation between SSNs method of inferring the association of events is valid. and GMSs have also been calculated and found to be To identify ejecta material, we primarily relied on the 0.220 and . 0.680 for 21st and 22nd solar cycle plasma temperature and how it related to the respectively. The variation of GMSs with SSNs have expected temperature determined from flow speed as been depicted in Fig 1 (d). Here.it is noticed that described by Richardson and Cane[20], On the basis GMSs are poorly correlated with SSNs during 21" of solar wind velocity (V) the solar features have been solar cycle. One peculiar result has been observed

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance during year 1982 and 1993 that SSNs decreases for producing GMSs are lying between (20-30)° N and rapidly white GMSs increases significantly. The 38% (20-30)°S. In the helio-latitude range (0-30)°N and (0- of the total GMSs have occurred during maximum 30)°S, there is concentration of 89% of APDFs activity period ( years 1989.1990) of 22nd solar cycle associated with GMSs. No APDFs occurred beyond The occurrence of maximum number of GMSs during 60°N and 60°S in association with GMSs. Further 4 the years 1982,1989 1990 is may due to the (b) shows that 44% and 56% APDFs occurred in the occurrence of maximum number of II radio spectral eastern and the western helio-longitude are burst during these years . Thus we conclude that, it is associated with GMSs respectively which shows not necessary always that maximum number of GMSs asymmetry in distribution in APDFs. Furthermore, 61 have occurred during maximum activity period. This % APDFs occurred at the heliographic longitude in the result is agree with earlier findings[6]. range ( 0-60)°E and (0-60)° W are associated with Identification of solar features responsible GMSs. A peculiarity has been observed that 14% of for GMSs APDFs occurred in helio- longitude range (80-90)° W Akasofu and Yoshida [22] , Lockwood [13] are associated with GMSs. Thus, it may be inferred and Pudovkin and Chertkov [23] have shown the that APDFs, occurred with in lower heliographichal association of different types of GMSs with solar latitude are associated with GMSs on Earth. This is flares. The associations of GMSs with Hα, X ray solar similar to earlier results [6,11] . Finally, the association flare and active prominences and disappearing of solar features with GMSs has been investigated. filaments have been studied. A frequency histogram Out of 59 GMSs, the 27,36,39 GMSs are associated of Hα solar flares with heliographic latitude/longitude with solar flares ( Hα and X-ray ), APDFs and CMEs associated with GMSs have been plotted in Fig 2 respectively. Thus, we conclude that 66% GMSs are (a,b). It is observable from Fig 2 (a) that 43% Hα solar associated with CMEs. This result is consistent with flares occurred in northern helio latitude and 57% Hα earlier observations [4,5,15,26]. Three GMSs are not solar flares occurred in southern helio latitude are associated with any solar features which shows that associated with GMSs. At that helio latitude in the some solar features occurring on the back side of the range(0-30) °N to (0-30)° S, there is concentration of solar disc are also contributing this cause. In many 96% of Hα solar flares are associated with GMSs. It is cases the transit time between the explosion on the observable from Fig. 2 (b) that 49% and 51% Hα solar sun and maximum geomagnetic activity causing flares occurred in eastern and western helio GMSs is lying between 53 Hrs to 126 Hrs This result longitudinal zones are associated with GMSs. Further, is almost suit to the result obtained by earlier 70% Hα solar flares are associated with GMSs at the researchers.[27,28]. Statistically, it is found that CMEs heliolongitude in the range (0-60)° E to (0-60)° W. related events are not always accompanied with high Thus, it may be derived from here that the Hα solar speed solar wind streams. flares occurred with in lower heliographic latitude are Conclusions associated with large number of GMSs. A frequency 1. The coefficient correlation between П, IV radio occurrence histogram of X-ray solar flares with helio- spectral burst and solar flux with SSNs have been foundto be 0.763, 0.793 and 0.981 during latitude associated with GMSs have been plotted in st Fig. 3 (a, b). It is observable from Fig 3 (a) that 59% 21 solar cycle respectively. and 41% X-ray solar flares occurred in northern and 2. The coefficient correlation between II, IV and southern hello-latitude are associated with GMSs. At solar flux with SSNs have been observed to be the helio latitude in the range (0-30)° N to (0-30)° S, 0.944, 0.796 and 0.980 for 22"' solar cycle there is concentration of 90% of X-ray solar flares are respectively. associated with GMSs and no X-ray solar flares have 3. Statistically, it is found that 66% GMSs are occurred beyond 40°or 40°S. From Fig 3 (b) it is associated with CMEs. This result is consistent evident that 48% and 52% X-ray solar flares occurred with Hewish and Bravo (1986), Webb et al. in the eastern and the western heliolongitude (2000) and Zhang et al.(2003) observation and respectively are associated with GMSs. Further, 78% inconsistent with Garcia and Drayer ( 1987) X-ray solar flares occurred at the heliolongitude in the result. range ( 0-60)° W are associated with GMSs. Thus X- 4. Hα, X ray solar flares have occurred with in lower ray solar flares occurred with in lower heliographic helio graphic latitude ( 0-30)° N and ( 0-30)° S are latitude are associated with GMSs. This result is associated with maximum number of GMSs, No consistent with earlier findings [5,6,11]. Fig 2,3 shows Hα, X ray solar flares have occurred beyond the asymmetry in the distribution of events associated 40°N or 40°S. with SSCs. This agrees with the view of earlier 5. CMEs are more related with APDFs than other workers [5,6,22]. This means That the shocks effect in solar features and they occur at low helio latitude. certainly asymmetric, because draping field lines It isobserved that CMEs related GMSs are not around the ejecta leads to an asymmetry in the post always associated with high speed solar wind shock compression region[24]. This finding is agree streams. with cane et al.[5] Dubey and Mishra[25] and Kumar 6. In helio latitude range (0-30)° N and (0-30)°S , and Yadav [6] results. A frequency occurrence 89% of APDFs are associated with GMSs, where histogram of APDFs with helio-latitude associated asthere is almost equal distribution of the APDFs with GMSs has been plotted in Fig 4 (a,b). It is evident in both northern and southern hemisphere. from Fig 4 (a) that 50% of APDFs occurred in each 7. In many events, the delay time interval between northern and the southern helio- latitude respectively the origination of solar events from the sun and are associated with GMSs. The most effective zone

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance the time Of SSCs seen at Earth is lying between 1 Yearly occurrence of II,IV radio spectral 53 hrs to 126 hrs. burst, solar flux (10.7cm) and geomagnetic Acknowledgements storms have been plotted histographically The authors are highly indebted to various with SSNs in (a), (b), (c) and (d) respectively experimental groups, in particular. Professor J.H.King during the period 1978-1994. for providing the data. References 1. Sheeley Jr N R, Howard R A , Koomen M J , Michels D J , Astrophys J , I'll ( 1983) 349. 2. Cane H V , Stone R G , Astrophys J, 282 (1984) 339. 3. Garcia H A , Dryer M, Sol Phys. 109 (1987) 119. 4. Hewish A, Bravo S, Sol Phys , 106 (1986) 185. 5. Cane H V, Richardson I G , von Rosenvinge T T, JGeophy Res, 101 (1996) 21561. 6. Kumar S , Yadav M P , PRAMANA JofPhy , 61 (2003) 21. 7. Klein L W . Burlaga L F . JGeophys Res , 87 (1982) 613. 8. Gosling J T, Baker D N , Bame S T. Feldman W C, Zwickl R D, Smith E J, JGeophys Kes 92 (19B7) S519. 9. Bothmer V, Schwenn R, Ann Geophys .16 (1998)1. 10. Gosling J T , Pizzo V J , Space Sci Re^'. 89 (1999) 21. 11. Kumar S , Yadav M P, IndJ of Radio & Space Phys . 31 (2002) 190. 12. Gosling J T, Heldner E , Mocqueen R M , Munro R H , Poland A I Ross C L, Sol Phys, 61 (1979) 201. 13. Lock wood J A, Space Sci Rev, 12 (1971) 658. 14. Rangarajan G K, Indices of Geomagnetic activity. Geomagnetism, 3 (1989) 324. 15. Zhang J , Dere K P, Howard R A , Bothmer V , Astrophys J, 592 (2003) 520. 16. Joselyn J A , Mclntosh P S, JGeophys Res , 86 (1981) 4555. 17. Gonzalez W D , Tsurutani B T, Planet Space Sci, 35 (1987) 1101. 18. KingJH,Couzen D A, Interplanetary Medium Date Book SuppLWSDC, GSFC ,3\ 4, 5(1986,1989,1994). 19. Me Guire R E, von Rosenvinge, Mac donaled F B , Astrophys J, 301 (1986) 938. 20. Richarsdson I G , Cane H V, JGeophys Res , 100 (1995) 23397. 21. Mishra V K, Tiwari D P, Tiwari C M, Agrawal S P, IndJ of Radio & Space Phys, 34 (2005) 13. 22. Akasofu S I, Yoshida S , Planet Space Sci, 15 (1967) 39. 23. Pudovkin K L, Chertkov A D, Sol Phys, 50 (1976) 213. 24. Cane HY , JGeophys Res, 93 (1988) 171. 25. Dubey S C , Mishra A P, IndJ of Phys 72B (1998) 171. 26. Webb D F, Cliver E W , CrookerN U, St Cyr 0 C , Thompson B J , JGeophys Res, 105 (2000) 7491. 27. GopalswanuN,Lara A, LeephigRP, Kaiser ML,BerdichevskyD and St Cyr OC.Gfeqpfr^J&s'Z^, 27 (2000)145. 28. Cane H V , Richardson I G, St Cyr 0 C, Geophys Res Lett, 27 (2000) 3591.

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance 2 Occurrence frequency of Hα solar flares 4 Occurrence frequency of APDFs have have been plotted (a) heliolatitude been plotted (a) heliolatitude (b) (b)heliolongitude histographically during heliolongitude histogralhically during the the period 1978-1994. period 1978-1994.

3 Occurrence frequency of X-ray solar flares have been potted (a) heliolatitude (b) heliolongitude histographically during the periond 1978-1994.

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance Impact of Job Stress: An Overview

Abstract Stress is a demand made on the adaptive capacities of the mind and body. If a given person can handle the demand and enjoy the stimulation involved, then stress is welcome and helpful. If they can't and find the demand debilitating, then stress is harmful. The stress faced by workers is substantial. For many professionals, it is intrinsic to the job itself, where competing demands and pressures cannot be escaped. This paper throws light on how management can provide invaluable assistance to employees as well as organisation by understanding and setting effective stress management techniques.

Keywords: Stress, Impact of Stress, Productivity

Introduction: Stress is the major problem for working people, many of whom are juggling work, home, and the care of children and often times aging parents. The sheer volume of work can also be overwhelming at times. Stress can develop into a living nightmare of running faster and faster to stay in the same place, feeling undervalued, and feeling unable to say 'no' to any demand but not working productively. Job stress poses a threat to the health of workers and, in turn, to the health of organizations. The concept of job Varsha Rokade stress is often confused with challenge, but these concepts are Assistant Professor not the same. Challenge energizes us psychologically and Department of Humanities, physically, and it motivates us to learn new skills and to Maulana Azad National Institute master our jobs. When a challenge is met, we feel relaxed and of Technology, satisfied; thus, challenge is an important ingredient for healthy and Bhopal productive work. The importance of challenge in our work lives is [email protected] probably what people are referring to when they say "a little bit of stress is good for you." Impact of job stress: Studies and Statistics indicate that too much job stress has

become a common and costly problem in the workplace like:  1 in 4 employees views their jobs as the number one stressor in their lives  3 in 4 employees believe that today's workers have more on-the- job stress than a generation ago  Problems at work are more strongly associated with health complaints than are any other life stressor - more so than even financial problems or family conflicts. According to study, 73 percent of workers said their performance in the workplace is affected by the level of stress they experience. The research also indicates the potential scale of the problem, with the number of mental and psychological claims rising by an alarming 88 percent over the past seven years. Following Figure 1 shows the percentage share of job stress on the employees of the organization. According to this statistics of office workers;  40 percent have experienced fatigue as a result of job-related stress or exertion.  35 percent have stress-related headaches.  27 percent have gotten back pain, while 26 percent have felt neck strain.  18 percent reported repetitive motion injuries as a result of at- work stress.

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance  33 percent had not experienced any physical add to the general stress felt by the problems due to job-related stress or exertion. population. Concern about friends, relatives and about "what if..." a disaster happens increases general stress, even if no disaster strikes. The media 33% constantly expose us to the gory details, often to the 40% Other point of total overload. Fatigue Physical Workplace Diversity: As the employee population Problem continues to reflect changing ethnic patterns, pressures to deal with different cultural styles 18%s and communication patterns increases stress. Repetitiv Many companies must institute multiple e language training programs and re-train Motion managers to be sensitive to many different cultures, while workload continues to grow. Injury Concerns about "offending" creates great 35% frustration (and occasional anger) from those who feel their space is being invaded by "outsiders." On Headach 26% the other side, "minority" populations feel es discriminated against and may exhibit defensive Neck 27% attitudes in the workplace. Strain Back Changing Male/Female Dynamics: Women Pain entering the workforce contribute to the challenge of Figure 1: Percentage Share of Job Stress male/female communication. Women competing with men may try to take on ―male‖ attributes which can be Short-lived or infrequent episodes of confusing to them and to the men around them. Men stress pose little risk, but when stressful and women sometimes have differing motivations; situations go unresolved, the body is kept in a often creating confusion and conflict. Women tend to constant state of activation, which increases the rate ask for help more readily, yet men may view this of wear and tear to biological systems. Ultimately, as weakness. fatigue or damage results, and the ability of the Dealing with Great Change: Many people feel the body to repair and defend itself can become world (as they knew it) has ended. The trauma of seriously compromised. As a result, the risk of injury change and the attendant changes it forces or disease escalates like; on us contributes to the level of pressure. We  Cardiovascular Disease: Many studies suggest must do things differently, react differently, and feel that psychologically demanding jobs that allow differently to survive in the new world. Fear of the employees little control over the work process unknown and fear of change touch our basic sense of increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. security and sense of self.  Musculoskeletal Disorders: Research suggests Causes of job stress that job stress increases the risk for development Job stress results from the interaction of the worker of back and upper- extremity musculoskeletal and the conditions of work. Working conditions play a disorders. primary role in causing job stress. Exposure to  Psychological Disorders: Several studies stressful working conditions (or job stressors) can suggest that differences in rates of mental have a direct influence on worker safety and health problems (such as depression and health. But individual and other situational factors can burnout) for various occupations are due partly to intervene to strengthen or weaken this influence. differences in job stress levels.  The Design of Tasks: Heavy workload,  Workplace Injury: Although more study is infrequent rest breaks, long work hours and shift needed, there is growing concern that stressful work; hectic and routine tasks that have little working conditions interfere with safe work inherent meaning, do not utilize workers' skills, practices and set the stage for injuries at work. and provide little sense of control.  Suicide, Cancer, Ulcers, and Impaired Immune  Management Style: Lack of participation by Function: Some studies suggest a relationship workers in decision- making, poor communication between stressful working conditions and these in the organization, lack of family- friendly health problems. policies. Types of stress  Interpersonal Relationships: Poor social The General Economic Climate: Many environment and lack of support or help from co- employees, their family members and/or friends who workers and supervisors. have lost their jobs, lost their homes, or seen  Work Roles: Conflicting or uncertain job reduced revenues in their businesses. Those expectations, too much responsibility etc. working may be afraid of losing their job, spending  Environmental Conditions: Unpleasant or valuable energy worrying instead of being productive. dangerous physical conditions such as crowding, As companies are forced to trim down, there is noise, air pollution, or ergonomic problems. more work for everyone and less money to go Stress, health, and productivity around. Some employers assume that stressful World-Wide Disasters: Massive catastrophes working conditions are a necessary evil - that

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance organizations must turn up the pressure on adequate time for sleep each day. workers and set aside health concerns to remain  Provide an organized and efficient work productive and successful. But studies show that environment. stressful working conditions are actually  Recognize and take action on legitimate associated with increased absenteeism, tardiness, complaints regarding supervisors. and intentions by workers to quit their jobs which  Provide more flexibility and worker participation in results in a detrimental effect. scheduling. Recent studies of healthy organizations  Ensure that the workload is in line with workers' suggest that policies benefiting worker health also capabilities and resources. benefit the bottom line. A healthy organization is one  Design jobs to provide meaning, stimulation, and with low rates of illness, injury, and disability and is opportunities for workers to use their skills. also competitive in the marketplace. NIOSH  Clearly define workers' roles and responsibilities. research has identified organizational  Give workers opportunities to participate in characteristics associated with both healthy, low- decisions and actions affecting their jobs. stress work and high levels of productivity which is  Improve communications to reduce uncertainty inclusive of recognition of employees for good work about career development and future performance; opportunities for career development; employment prospects. an organizational culture that values the individual  Establish work schedules that are compatible worker; and management actions consistent with with demands and responsibilities outside the job. organizational values. Prevention of job stress Strategies for effective control measures: Many organizations have design the It is suggestible to initiate an intervention strategy following strategies to reduce or eliminate the that results in a deterioration of the quality of identified stressors. working life. Some common problems are: 1. Increasing Employees' Sense of Control and  Spending considerable effort in identifying Participation in the Workplace: Strategies to stressors on the job, and then not addressing increase real control and participation by; them in a serious way. i. Using staff meetings more effectively to  Designing an intervention of insufficient intensity encourage participation and input. or duration. ii. Develop autonomous work groups  Making changes that have the net effect of 2. Increasing the Skill Levels of Employees: making employees feel more overwhelmed Healthy work is skillful work which allows for and confused than before. the ongoing development of new skills and  Implementing changes that undermine the the opportunity to use them. Possible existing collective bargaining process. workplace strategies are: There is no single approach for i. Increased skill based training. developing a stress prevention program. Program ii. Use of career ladders to reward skill design and appropriate solutions will be influenced by development. several factors, such as the size and complexity of the iii. Use of job rotation to expand skills. organization, available resources, and especially the iv. Use of job redesign to increase range of skill unique types of stress problems faced by the needed. organization. There are many ways to reduce the v. Healthy use of computers for skill level of workplace stress. development. Implementing successful workplace stress- 3. Increasing Levels of Social Support: Key management measures depends on: components to social support in the  Valuing your employees' well-being while they workplace are supervisory support and are at work, coworker support which includes following  Being flexible when tackling any workplace stress possible workplace strategies: problem, and i. Training in proactive supervision emphasizes  Creating and maintaining open lines of on positive feedback, employee growth and communication between you and your development, open lines of communication, employees. and strong levels of support. Following are the general methods used to ii. Training in conflict resolution and team reduced worker stress and job dissatisfaction. building.  Address work-related stressors, such as iii. Appropriate use of staff retreats. inadequate work space, unreasonable work load, 4. Changes that Improve Physical Working lack of readily available resources, inadequate Conditions: From the studies it is depicted that and unsafe equipment. poor physical working conditions contribute not  Establish stress management programs. only to physical hazards, but stress levels as well.  Provide readily available counseling from a Possible workplace strategies are: nonjudgmental source. i. Improving indoor air quality.  Provide flexibility and innovation by supervisors ii. Reducing levels of physical hazards such as to create alternative job arrangements. noise, toxins, chemicals, etc.  Provide adequate staffing. iii. Job redesign to reduce incidence of  Provide reasonable shift schedules to allow repetitive strain injuries (that is, reducing repetitive work, awkward work postures

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance and/or heavy lifting. process. When they feel they are part of the 5. Healthy Use of Technology: Use of latest and decision, they are more likely to take advanced technology includes; responsibility, rather than grumble about anything i. Healthy use of computers: While they can not favorable in their own mind. be a tremendous help in our work, they can 2. Encourage good time-management also increase stress levels if the computer techniques: Planning for important activities, work is poorly designed. scheduling them in advance, following up with ii. Staff involvement in choosing new others, and keeping good records, help people equipment: Allowing the end users to be to get things accomplished on time and able to make informed choices about the realize their value. Take time to note type of equipment to be purchased. This successes and projects accomplished. can have payoffs for both job satisfaction 3. Take short breaks after a particularly and productivity. stressful event: Encourage employees to take 6. Maintaining Job Demands at Healthy Levels: a 5 minute walk around the block or a few Human beings can become sick if they work minutes of quiet meditation to re-balance their too long at a high sustained pace. They are energies. Several short breaks throughout most productive and healthy if they can work at a the day can keep employees working at manageable level. Possible workplace strategies peak performance. are: 4. Rehearse and prepare: Being prepared reduces I. Reduced use of overtime stress. Be prepared in advance of stressful II. Caseload restrictions situations for all possible outcomes. III. Brake mechanism - an administrative group 5. Employee Assistance Programs (EAP): An designed to reduce the amount of change employee assistance program (EAP) can the organization initiates. improve the ability of workers to cope with IV. Formation of "What don't we need to do?" difficult work situations. Stress management committee - an internal group charged with programs teach workers about the nature and finding low priority or unnecessary tasks. Job sources of stress, the effects of stress on health, reduction is not a goal of this approach. and personal skills to reduce stress like time 7. Changes that Provide for Job Security and management or relaxation exercises. Career Development: Frequently, workplace 6. Organizational Change Programs: This is changes occur in a climate of job insecurity or done by adopting recommendations given by a downsizing. From the perspective of consultant to improve working conditions. This occupational stress, changes that are approach is the most direct way to reduce stress intended to eliminate jobs are usually at work. It involves the identification of incompatible with efforts to improve the stressful aspects of work (e.g., excessive quality of the working environment. workload, conflicting expectations) and the Employees are particularly resentful of design of strategies to reduce or eliminate participating in changes that may well lead to the identified stressors. Strategies include: their own job loss such as time and motion  Ensure that the workload is in line with studies. Following are the more positive workers' capabilities and resources. approaches attempt to use the skills of existing  Design jobs to provide meaning, stimulation, employees in a more effective manner: and opportunities for workers to use their I. Extension of career ladders. skills. II. Expansion of responsibilities and tasks.  Clearly define workers' roles and 8. Changes that Provide Healthy Work responsibilities. Schedules: Work schedules can have positive or  Give workers opportunities to participate in negative health consequences. A number of studies decisions and actions affecting their jobs. have associated poorer physical and psychological 7. Learn to say "no": When your schedule is functioning with rotating shifts. On the other hand, full, say "no" to activities you don't enjoy, to more flexible work schedules have the unrealistic demands, to responsibilities that potential of improving employee satisfaction aren't yours. Doing this with tact and diplomacy and reducing stress. Possible workplace strategies takes some practice and may require special are: training. I. Reduced use of forced overtime. 8. Set up employee recognition programs: II. Rotating shifts in a forward (day to night) Praising, Best employee award, Creative schedule. suggestion, Participation in decision making etc III. Use of flextime and other alternative work encourages people to do good job without stress. week schedules. Everyone needs a pat on the back and a Additional precautionary measures or sense of being a valuable person. guidelines to reduce job stress 9. Provide a sympathetic ear: Often stressful Management can provide invaluable assistance situations can be managed if there is someone to employees and organization by setting following who is willing to listen to the employee's effective stress management techniques. concerns and provide positive encouragement 1. Set realistic goals and priorities: Encourage that they will get through the problem. For employees to be part of the priority setting many people, 15 minutes of a sympathetic

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance listener can cancel out many days of otherwise people feel undervalued, unable to say 'no' to any unproductive worry. demand but not being productive. Workers should 10. MAINTAIN A SENSE OF HUMOR: As a wise make an increased effort to organize their life in order philosopher said, "Don't take life so seriously, to maintain balance between stressful situations and it's only a hobby". Try to remember what was job. stressful in your life six months ago or a year References ago. Chances are you can't. Know that this day 1. Haneman, H., and R.T.A. Haneman, (1997) will be just another day in history and whatever Staffing Organisations, 2nd edition, McGraw- seems traumatic now will fade into oblivion as Hill, New York. time passes. 2. Cascio W.F. (2003) Managing Human Conclusion Resources: productivity, quality of work Life The cost of stress related ailment is substantial; Profits, McGraw Hill New York. therefore a healthy business should complete a stress 3. NIOSH Safety and Health Topic: Stress at Work, risk assessment and develop/implement specific http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/stress/. control measures such as: 4. National Safety Council, (September 2005)  Increasing employees' sense of control and News Release - Work-Related Stress Emerging participation in the workplace as Major Global Occupational Health Hazard  Increasing the skill levels of employees Stress Creating Workplace Hazard as Damaging  Increasing levels of social support as Chemical and Biological Hazards,  Making changes to improve physical working http://www.nsc.org/news/nr092105i.htm. conditions 5. NT Work Safe Managing Stress in the  Healthy use of technology Workplace, A Practical Guide for Manager,  Maintaining job demands at healthy levels Revised (February 2003),  Job security and career development http://www.worksafe.nt.gov.au/corporate/publicati  Healthy work schedules ons/pub0003 The stress faced by professional workers 6. NIOSH, Stress...At Work, DHHS (NIOSH) is substantial on both a human and financial Publication No. 99-101, basis. While it is intrinsic to the job itself, stress http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/stresswk.html. often develops into a living nightmare of running faster and faster to stay in the same place, making

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance Business Ethics & Corporate Governance: The Inseparable Duo

Abstract The 21st century has witnessed several business scams like Xerox in USA, Enron in India. Falling stock markets, corporate failures, dubious accounting practices, abuses of corporate power, criminal investigations indicate that the entire economic system upon which investment returns have depended is showing signs of stress that have undermined investor‘s confidence. Many companies have been accused of malpractices and floundered some crores of people's sweat. This was not only limited to western countries but also practiced by some Indian companies board of directors and C.E.O's. Business ethics are very important for the interest of share holders, financial institutions , creditors of the company, and to government as well. In the face of such scandals and malpractices, there has been a renewed emphasis on corporate governance. The foundation of corporate governance is helping the above noted parties to aware of the rules, regulations, policies and procedures, practices and transparency. The term corporate governance became very popular in western countries, particularly in United States of America (USA) in late 20th century. Corporate governance is not a young one to the Indians. The great Indian books like the Ramayana, the Mahabharata Sadhvi Mehrotra, and the Gita dealt the code of conduct of business and all. But, the Assistant Professor, so called corporate governance in contemporary usage is new which College of Management Studies, got attention of the Indian corporate world by the early 21st century. Still, the need and practice is recognized by a few companies only, Kanpur. the rest of are not even aware of the same. The practice of corporate [email protected] governance in corporate world aids to obtain transparency, accountability and responsibility in business activities. This paper is an earnest attempt made to analyze the relevance & relationship of business ethics and corporate governance in Indian corporate sector.

Introduction Peter Drucker in 1981 raised the issue by commenting that there is neither a separate ethics of business nor is one needed (Pal, 2009). It is management that acts as head and heart of business and for conducting business with fairness, justice and equity management should behave ethically. However, it is not easy as it sounds in modern era, where we find people moving on the path of success using unfair means like corruption, red tapism, bribes, inspector raj etc. it is hard to survive as there is growing tendency to ignore values. Managers in organizations face ethical issues in everyday of their working lives. Seldom there‘s a decision without an ethical dimension or facet to it. In addition to facing ethical aspects in their decision making they confront ethical issues as they carry out their leadership responsibilities. As Business leaders, we can learn how to integrate personal & spiritual values into the workplace to stimulate quantum leaps in creativity, process improvement, customer service & other business & moral values. India is one of the few civilizations that had held on to its unbroken continuity of ethos & values. Our Ethos and Values are derived from the Vedas, the Ramayana, the Upanishads, Kautilya‘s ‗Arthashastra‘ & the Mahabharata. Philosophers who were the great managers of time and their values help & act as a guide for excellence in governance & management in different areas. Management is not new to India. From the times of Ramayana the

character of Lord Hanuman to the times of greats like Chanakya and Swami Vivekananda with many names like Lord Krishna, Mahavir, Buddha, Guru Gobind Singh & other Spiritual leaders were great organizers in between.

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance ‗Arthashastra‘ can be considered as a phenomenon, which means that the broad social foundation book for managers, some of the key norms and values need to be an inherent requirement management ideas can be traced in ‗Arthashastra‘- for the corporate system as a whole. such as decision making, financial administration etc. To incorporate & abide by the social norms The modern terms like authority and power were used and values ―Corporate Governance‖ emerged as a in ‗Arthashastra‘. The leader was advised not to buzzword in the era of globalization. Organizations misuse the power and authority at any cost. Kautilya are incorporating and are putting a sharper focus on suggested that the leader should have concern for the ethical practices for the benefit of their protecting the weak. He prohibits excessive use of performance & the benefit of society as a whole. power and authority entrusted to the individuals. He Two decades ago, the term ―Corporate warned that an unjust or improper use of authority Governance‖ had not been coined. The matter may lead to serious consequences, the most serious involved were of concern only to an esoteric branch of being revolt of the subjects against the ruler/leader. commercial law, limited generally to a narrow view of This can be applied to the modern management too how to ensure that managers protect the interests of as a technique of, coordination, cooperation and shareholders. Standards of corporate governance controlling, the people. Superior should not be guided structure & processes have been evolving slowly over by his personal self interest; he has to demonstrate a the last two decades. Firms that fail to adopt their genuine concern for the subordinates. governance structures to changes in the business Kautilya gave various issues of practical environment would supposedly face extinction, importance which are valid even today. Some of the leading to a natural selection of efficient points given by Kautilya are: organizational forms. - Make a large organization with discipline body India has the largest number of listed with cooperation. companies in the world, and the efficiency and well - In case of dilemma in decision making between being of the financial markets is very critical for the the principles and religion follow the principles economy in particular and the society as whole. specially the eternal principles. Hence, it is inevitable to design and implement a - Follow sacred law and not the precedents. When dynamic mechanism of corporate governance, which there is a dilemma a sacred law and rational law protects the interests of relevant stakeholders without follow the rational law of reason. hindering the growth of enterprises. There has been a - Kautilya advocated a strong bureaucracy who is sincere effort to make an effective frame work of well trained and who are righteous in their corporate governance in India. For this, many thinking and their working. initiatives were launched in India since the mid-1990s. - Kautilya also recommended strong penalties and The first was by the Confederation of Indian Industry punishments for unethical work and immoral (CII), India‘s largest industry and business behavior for officers holding responsible association, which came up with the first voluntary positions. code of corporate governance in 1998. The second The Vedantic ethical values are spiritual, was by the SEBI, now enshrined as clause 49 of the sacred and simple. Mahabharata sums up importance listing agreement. The third was the Naresh Chandra of ethical behavior in a sloka. Ethics is the science of Committee, which submitted its report in 2002. The human conduct and character. It is a study of what a forth was again by SEBI the Narayana Murthy man ought to do and to be. Committee which also submitted its report in 2002. Das & Ghosh (2009) said that on the basis of Research Process holistic vision, Indians developed the work ethos of To analyze the relationship and relevance of life, where all the work whether physical or mental, Business Ethics and Corporate Governance, I took managerial or administrative has to be directed help of ―IOM framework of Business Ethics‖. Prof. towards a single purpose – the manifestation of the Subhash Sharma (2010) propounded the model divinity in man by working for good and happiness of based on Individual, Organization and Market Ethics. others. Same concept can be explored by the modern During the ancient times the concept of Ethics in organizations. business or ‗Business Ethics‘ was expressed by the Corporate organizations though in different expression, Shubh – Labh i.e. ethical profits or the forms and structures, have been in existence for profits earned through ethical means. This idea many centuries now. The main aim for which each of remains valid even today even though the nature of these different forms of organizations came into being production system, organizational forms and was either wealth generation or service to the society. technology has undergone many changes. The idea According to Shah (2008) the most recent form of of shubh-labh also sums up the essence of the ethical corporate organizations, which has been in vogue for philosophy of the corporations. Why a sudden the last three centuries is the free enterprise system. concern about ethics? One reason is the vast gap Post, Preston & Sachs (2002) state that, the modern between the Ideal and Real we witness today. There corporation is the centre of a network of is a gap between the ‗statement of values and the interdependent interests & constituents for which each state of values‘. Ethical Dilemmas are part of are contributing for its performance & each Organizational reality. The literature suggests anticipating benefits as a result of the organization‘s following three approaches can help us in dealing with activities. Once as early as 1946, Peter Drucker says the ethical dilemmas: that the core image of the corporation is that the 1. Dialectics – this method identifies the corporate formed is socially created and not a natural contradictions and uses the contradiction to

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance clarify the situation of ethical dilemma. Its focus is Organizational Ethics on polarities and opposites. Earlier dialectics was It is also known as Corporate Ethics. It can be viewed viewed merely in the form of good and evil. It was in terms of an integral function of Individual ethical an ancient idea, Hegel gave it a sharper focus function of n decision makers. and Marx applied it to the social context. CE = n I dc 2. Dialogue – the second approach to ethical Collective Ethical Function =  (I1, I 2, I3…………) dilemmas is resolving through dialogue. Here, Wherein I1, I 2, I3……… represent the ethical functions of there is an engagement with the issue and there the key decision makers influencing the collective is a continuing discussion. The very process of ethics function. dialogue leads to new solutions, because in Market Ethics dialogue approach, the focus is on ―asking the It implies ethics of competition in the market right questions and raising the proper issues‖. place. According to Friedman ―Sole Responsibility of 3. Commentary – a commentary is written to Business is profit maximization‖ and this is best elaborate the viewpoint and provide a logical achieved through free markets. Today‘s market reality explanation. Through commentary ideas are shows the manipulations by the visible hands in many updated and brought to explain the current and forms. Monopolistic tendencies of the corporations, future context. Insider trading in the bourses, unethical advertising Given the above background on theories and etc. point to the failure of the ethical basis of the approaches to ethics, as well as methodologies of markets. It is indeed interesting that many new resolving ethical dilemmas, the IOM framework for phrases have found entry in the market lingo e.g. business ethics was proposed. phrases such as level field playing, terms of To build up interactive relationship & synergy competition, corporate governance etc. have acquired between the Individual, Organization & Markets Prof. common usage. Subhash Sharma (2007) proposed IOM framework of All of the above three are interconnected Business Ethics. IOM framework of business ethics with each other. where in, I = Individual ethics function, O – In a balance, one side is full of principles of Organizational ethics, M – Market ethics. All above Buddha, Mahavir, Krishna, Mohammad Ram & Jesus are related with an interactive relationship which can & other side there is a huge load of principles of large be expressed as follows: crowd of in disciplined, physical gain oriented, BE = IE*OE*ME uneducated corrupted mind owners giving push to Where BE stands business ethics and symbol ‗*‘ others. You see on one side only few are there & this indicates interactive relationships. This framework is to me appears that next 50-60 years would decide also expresses the relationship between socio-cultural the directions of winning half of this balance system of society as well as political system. The (Osho,1997). I have not lost the hope & I‘m sure very following figure explains the IOM framework. early some good simple way would be out to lead as on right path (the right side of intellectuality & spirituality) & takes crores of lives to the right half of this balance. But now we need large force one side of great leaders with their best of vision with best of human qualities Conclusion: Failure in corporate governance is a real threat to the future of every corporation, with effective corporate governance based on core values of integrity and trust companies will have competitive advantage in attracting and retaining talent and generating positive reactions in the marketplace – if you have a reputation for ethical behavior in today‘s IOM framework of Business Ethics marketplace it engenders not only customer loyalty (Source: Sharma, S, New mantras in Corporate but employee loyalty. Effective corporate governance corridors From Ancient routes to Global Routes, New can be achieved by adopting a set of principles and Age International Publishers, pp 451, 2010) best practices. A great deal depends upon fairness, Individual‘s Ethical Function honesty, integrity and the manner in which companies An Individual‘s ethical function can be expressed in conduct their affairs. the form of the following equation: The focus of the virtues in governance is to I =  (C1, C 2, C3) establish a series of practical responses which Wherein C1 = Character depend on the consistent application of core values C 2 = Conduct and principles as well as commitment to ethical C3 = Commitment to Values business practice. Virtues are powerful means to And C1 + C 2 + C3 = A rise in corporate ethical personal betterment and bring about social reform consciousness Because of its strong appeal to reason; it diffuses The ethical functions of two individuals intersect passion, prejudice, pride and self-interest and is a leading to synergy or negergy between individuals. civilizing force in bringing about justice. This is in turn has an impact on the organization and Companies must make a profit in order to society. survive and grow; however, the pursuit of profits must

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance stay within ethical bounds. Companies should adopt Asian Journal of Research in Business policies that include environmental protection, whistle Economics and Management, 2(2), 199-208. blowing, ethical training programs and so on. Such 4. Kautilya's Arthashastra. (2010). Mumbai: Jaico compliance mechanism helps develop and build Publishing House. corporate image and reputation, gain loyalty and trust 5. Osho (1997). ―Bharat Ek Sanatan Yatra‖, Jaico from consumers and heightens commitment to Publications, 2006ed, Mumbai. employees. 6. Pal, A. M. (2009, January). Ethics in Corporate Ethics is truly an essential ingredient for Governance: A Critical Review. Journal of business success and it will continue to serve as the Business and Economic Issues, 1(1). blueprint for success in the 21st century. Many of our 7. Post, James E.; Preston, Lee E. and Sybille S. traditional role models have fallen, and so it is more (2002). ―Redefining the Corporation – important for us to set a strong ethical example for Stakeholder Management & Organizational future generations. Wealth, Stanford, California‖, Stanford University References: press. 1. Business Ethics and Corporate Governance, 8. Shah, S., & Bhaskar, A. S. (2008). Corporate ICFAI Publication, ISBN 81-7881-677-6, Ref No. Stakeholders Management in India – An BECG -12 2k3 24, pp 4-5. Empirical Study, Sixth AIMS International 2. Das & Ghosh. (Feb 2009). "Stress at Workplace - Conference on Management, pp. 168-177. a mounting concern". Managing Careers, HRM 9. Sharma, S. (2007). New Mantras in Corporate Review , 35-41. Corridors: From Ancient Roots to Global Routes, 3. Gowri, M. V. (2012, February). Business Ethics New Age International Publishers, New Delhi, pp. and Corporate Governance in India: Retrospect . 451.

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance RTGS: A New Realm for Banking Industry

Abstract The global economy depends largely on the banking system to make payments and settlement of the transactions. Across globe, Banking sector is growing at a faster pace which has solved the problem of many customers as services are available to them at their convenience and they can avail these services anywhere at any time. The entire banking system is enhancing their performance as the paper –based payment systems has been replaced by Electronic Payments systems. With the passage of time, banks had started using IT –enabled payment systems such as Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS), National Electronic Fund Transfer (NEFT), and National Electronic Clearing Services (NECS), so that it becomes convenient for both banks and customers for performing remittance or payment transactions. RTGS improves the efficiency of the banking operations, reduces settlement risk and facilitates financial innovations. Now RTGS is becoming user friendly for customers for interbank large value fund transfer .It also reduces cost and minimizes the time of the customers. The RTGS system was introduced in India in March 2004 now extends to 77,093 branches at the end of June 2011. The present study focuses on the awareness and awakening of RTGS services provided by the banks. . Introduction An effective and efficient payment system works as a fuel in Mandakini Garg, lubricating the liquidity flow of the economy. Payment and settlement Assistant Professor, College of system is the backbone of the country. They work as arteries for conducting trade, commerce and other forms of business activities Management Studies, including remittance in various countries. It helps in enriching the Kanpur. economic growth and development. The payment and settlement [email protected] system is very important component for the financial development of any country. There are million transactions happening every single day all over the world. To maintain adequate flow of transactions, there are various payment systems used by different countries. With the passage of time interbank transactions have been increased dramatically due to tremendous financial innovation and globalization of financial markets. Example FEDWIRE and CHIPS account are used in US to transact around $2.6 trillion transactions daily. FEDWIRE is used to transmit most large value transactions in the US including transactions associated with settling retail payment system such as cheques and credit cards. In fact, Fedwire is the world‘s oldest RTGS system. To overcome the drawbacks of FEDWIRE, a new improvised system came into existence known as RTGS. In this payment system, instructions between banks are processed and settled individually and Mansi Shukla, continuously throughout the day as opposed to net settlement system Assistant Professor, College of such as paper clearing house. With the help of paper work, processing Management Studies, was carried out usually at the end of the day. But with the help of RTGS funds are transferred and processed with the same day. In Kanpur. 1985 only three banks have started this service in order to avoid the deferred payments. With lieu of time, 16 banks all over the world have started using this service. At the end of 2006, the use of RTGS systems had diffused to 93 of the world‘s 174 central banks. In today‘s scenario, 198 branches in India are using RTGS services. (RBI, 2012) CHIPS are used to settle the dollar legs of foreign exchange transactions. With due course of time, there is huge expansion of whole sale transactions in the banks. As wholesale transactions are taken care by the central bank so it becomes very difficult for the central bank to synchronize all the payment activities. Central banks tend to support the interbank system by infusing the NETTING system. In a netting system, the settlement

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance of payments is deferred for the end of the business information was directly transferred to receiving bank day. At the end of day, all payments are tallied up, by the sending bank. and money is exchanged on either a bilateral or In India, the RTGS has been implemented by multilateral net basis among the participants. Bech et RBI. It has decided to use Y shaped structure out of al (2007). the four messages flow structures (V, Y, L and T). RTGS can be defined as (http://220.227.161.86/9963237-242.pdf) A real-time gross settlement system is a To avail the service of RTGS, the following payment system in which all payments take the form documents are required as Amount to be remitted, of transfers of central bank funds from the account of Account number which is to be debited, Name of the paying bank to the receiving bank. (By contrast, under beneficiary bank, Name of the beneficiary customer, a multilateral net settlement system, payment Account number of the beneficiary customer, Sender messages are exchanged continuously, and information if any. And the IFSC code of the receiving participants‘ net positions vis-à-vis all other branch. The minimum amount remitted through RTGS participants are settled on a periodic basis, usually at is Rs 2, 00,000. There is no upper ceiling for any the close of business. Khan et al (1999) transactions. Basically in the process of RTGS two RTGS is a mechanism for fund transfer banks are involved i.e. bank transferring the amount is between two banks on a ‗REALTIME‘ and ‗GROSS known as remitting bank and bank receiving the bank BASIS‘. Settlement in real time reflects that payment is known as beneficiary bank. Remitting bank has to transfer does not depict any delay period i.e. proceed the payment within 2 hours after receiving transactions are processed as soon as they are the request for payment. Beneficiary bank are received. ‗Gross settlement‘ means the transactions expected to receive the funds in a real time as soon are processed on one to one basis without clubbing as funds are transferred by remitting bank. with any other transactions. It is basically for the large value transactions. The payee bank and their This diagram depicts the functioning of RTGS. customers receive the funds during the day itself. The lag time between the instruction process is minimized. Why RTGS? The main purpose behind the RTGS is as follows: 1. To widen and strengthen the customers base. 2. To protect the banking system i.e. brand name and recognition. 3. To reduce the prevalent transaction cost and to explore revenues for generating

additional income for the Banks. (Source:http://jeffreyandkristinleeinrwanda.blogspot.in There are three structure used in RTGS: /2011/02/ripps-rwanda-integrated-payment.html) 1. ‗V‘ shaped structure: In this system, remitting bank sends all the details to the central bank and Above diagram can be explained with the after processing the information, said information following steps. is reverted back to the receiving bank. Central 1. Firstly, the customer goes to the bank for the fund bank acts as a postman to deliver the transfer. information. 2. Sending of paying instruction/authority by the 2. ‗Y‘ shaped structure: In this system, remitting issuing/paying back to technical operator of the bank transmits the message to the central central processor. processor then it filters the information and send 3. On receipt of message by central processor, it it to central bank. After receipt of message central retains the original messages and forwards a bank verifies with the sending bank for the sub-set of information to the central bank for the sufficient balance. Central bank informs the settlement of the transactions. The subset of central processor about the status of the transfer. information includes amount, name of the issuing As soon as settlement is completed, information bank and receiving bank. regarding this is transferred to central processor 4. Irrevocable settlement of the transaction by the and then to receiving bank. In this structure, central bank in its records i.e. debit of the issuing information between sending and receiving bank bank‗s account and credit to receiving bank‘s is not shared by the central bank. account and passing the confirmation to central 3. ‗L‘ shaped structure: This structure follows the processor. same concept of Y shaped structure as 5. Payment message is send back to the receiving information regarding the transaction is forwarded bank with all the proper details. to system gateway and then it is transferred to (http://www.bankingindiaupdate.com/rtgs.html) central bank. If account has sufficient balance Literature review then the central bank informs the sending bank‘s RTGS helps to enable transfer of funds in gateway. On receipt of original message a cheque less environment: In 2005, RBI witnessed transaction will be completed. Devarajan(2006) the daily transactions worth Rs. 44000 crores through ‗T‘ shaped structure was also implemented the real time gross settlement system. Retail but due to its flaw it was discarded as in this system transactions cleared and settled was Rs. 9000 crores per day. Settlements were carried electronically as

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance instructions are communicated in the form of debit or In the net settlement system, the settlement credit transactions by individual‘s banks through of fund transfer occurs on a net basis according to the RTGS platform. ECS(electronic clearing systems) certain rules and procedures of the system and the followed a system of T + 5 which passage of time final settlement occurs at one or more discrete, pre- reduced to T+2 and now a day‘s T+0 is followed.T+0 specified settlement times during the processing day, was originally started in Mumbai and slowly it was while in real time settlement system, final settlement followed all over the country. is done on a continuous basis during the processing RTGS turned to be a boon for customers, but day. Therefore, the development of RTGS system is bane for banks one of the responses to the growing awareness of the According to the research, RTGS invited need for sound risk management in large-value fund immediate transfer of funds from one account to transfer systems. another due to which time involved was minimized. 100% The float is a lapse between the time a bank draft is 27.1 bought and the money becomes available to the 80% 32.8 35.3 beneficiary. RBI official once said that physical movement of cash invites more commission for the bank whereas in RTGS, very less commission is 60% volume charged. Bhasin(2012) Electronic Bank of India‘s general manager, IT, D 40% 72.9 Krishnamurthy (2005) said:‖ RBI may look at option to 67.2 64.7 volume Paper publish the rates charged by different banks on RTGS transactions to increase awareness among 20% customers.‖ Customized RTGS system 0% RTGS system themselves takes many different forms. Circumstances reflected through 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 these differences vary from country to country. So the From the above figure , it can be concluded arrangements made for the one country may not be that the volume of transactions processed by paper- appropriate for another. based payment system has been reduced to 64.7% Whether the central bank provides intraday in 2009-2010 from 72.9% in 2007-08, whereas the credit to the participants or not, it depends partially on volume of transactions processed by electronic-based whether the interbank fund transfer system are seen payment system had increased from 27.1% in 2007- simply as mechanism for settlement or whether the 08 to 35.3% in 2009-10. provision for intraday liquidity is seen as a provider of liquidity to the banking system. Extended intraday credit is also necessary to enable the system to 100% function smoothly. The message flow structure is often between 80% V- shape and Y- shape structures, but in India, the 60% RBI has adopted Y- structure which distinguishes 80.4 83.9 88.3 between the central Bank‘s core role as settlement 40% value Electronic agent and the rest of the system processing. Queuing refers to an arrangement whereby funds transfer 20% value Paper orders are held pending by the sending bank or by the 19.6 16.1 11.7 system in a certain order so as to prevent any limits 0% set against the sending bank from being breached or to manage liquidity more generally. In RTGS systems, queues are most commonly generated when sending banks do not have sufficient covering funds in their central bank account. From the above figure , it can be concluded RTGS proved as convenient source for the that the value of transactions processed by paper- customers based payment system has been reduced to 11.7% RBI has declared a convenient source for in 2009-2010 from 19.6% in 2007-08, and on the customers to conduct high value transactions with other hand, the value of transactions processed by average settlement amounting to Rs. 60000 crores or electronic-based payment system had increased from more. 80.4% in 2007-08 to 88.3% in 2009-10. Emergence of new payment system-RTGS (Source:http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/AnnualReport/P Earlier Paper-based payment system largely DFs/9PAYME240810.pdf) follows the deferred net settlement system, under According to the study by Mañalac et-al () which the net amount is settled between the banks on payment system is a mechanism agreed upon by a deferred basis. But from past ten years, number of buyer and seller in transferring values between them countries had decided to introduce the electronic- in order to consummate a particular transaction. based payment system i.e. real time gross settlement Payment is a transfer of value. . (RTGS) systems for large value inter-bank fund transfer.

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance There are generally two classifications of working capital management as counterparties are payment instruments: able to respond faster to a payment credit. It also  Cash payment instruments: generally paper helps in float reduction. In RTGS system, high based. turnover of funds is ensured as liquidity is available at  Non-cash payment instruments: cheque all times through the provision of collateralized payments, electronic funds transfer and card intraday credit to participants. No payment-related payments. information will be lost in RTGS. With the help of http://www.bsp.gov.ph/downloads/publications/20 previous researches, RTGS encompasses an efficient 03/BSR2003_03.pdf payment system for electronic banking as compared Principles of payment system to paper based payment systems. As RTGS 1. Payment system should work on country‘s legal encompasses many advantages but still there are few environment. areas which should be considered like public 2. The participants of system should be aware of awareness, minimum amount of remittances, the functional risks associated with the payment minimize transaction charges etc. to popularize this system. payment system. With the help of RTGS services, 3. Rules and procedures of the payment system online transactions can be settled effectively and should be according to prevailing trend in the efficiently on an instant basis which will help Indian international market. banking industry to grow its electronic banking on a 4. An appropriate mechanism should be developed large scale. for meeting the liquidity, market risk, operational References: risk, legal risk and credit risk. 1. Bhasin, N. K. (2012, January 1-4). Innovations in 5. The payment system should provide prompt E Banking - Real Time Gross Settlement. Ninth functional settlement on the value day preferable AIMS International Conference on Management , during the day. 11-23. 6. The payment system should be transparent, 2. Das, A. (2011, May 25). Electronic Remittance secured and operationally reliable. System in India– Rationalization. pp. 1-15. 7. An ideal payment should always focus on the 3. Devarajan, C. S. (2006). REAL TIME GROSS following criteria‘s. SETTLEMENT. The Chartered Accountant, (pp. a. A pool of security or collateral cash which are 237-242). appropriately valued. 4. Hobijn, M. L. (2007). Technology Diffusion within b. Committed lines of credit. Central Banking:the case of real time gross c. Fixing of maximum individual settlement settlement. International Journal of Central obligations. Banking , 3 (3), 147-181. d. Evaluation and standardization of system. 5. Murugavel, D. V. (2011). Empirical evidence on Research methodology customers perception towards RTGS services. This paper focuses on the awareness and Al-Barkaat journal of finance and management , 3 importance of the new payment system known as (2), 54-63. RTGS. Both the authors had reviewed the existing 6. NARAYANAN, G. (2012, july 17). Will banks and prevailing trends of RTGS. The study was benefit from real time gross settlement? business conducted with the help of secondary data. standard . mumbai, maharashtra, india. Conclusions 7. Peter Allsopp, B. S. (2009). THE EVOLUTION OF REAL-TIME. (pp. 1-58). Washington, DC RTGS is an inter-bank fund transfer system 20433, USA: publisher , world bank. (settlement) Settling funds on a transaction by 8. RBI. (2012, June). Bankwise volume in transaction basis (gross).Since with the introduction of ECS/NEFT/RTGS/mobile transactions. Retrieved RTGS, the number of branches using RTGS services July 23, 2012, from has increased from 11,172 to 66,178 in last eight http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/NEFTUserView.aspx years. The efficiency of RTGS system can be judged ?Id=50 from the peak volume of RTGS transactions, which 9. RBI bulletin. (2010, 08 24). PAYMENT AND touched 248 thousand transactions on March 30, SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS AND INFORMATION 2010 as compared to the last year‘s peak level of 128 TECHNOLOGY. Retrieved 07 30, 2012, from thousand transactions on March 29, 2009. Electronic www.rbi.org: based clearing system converts the high value http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/AnnualReport/PDFs transactions in a few seconds as compared to paper /9PAYME240810.pdf based clearing system. As it can analyzed from the 10. Roberds, C. M. (1999, November). Real-Time data depicted above that the volume of paper based Gross Settlement and the Costs of Immediacy. transactions had decreased from 72.9 % in 2007-08 Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta , 1-30. to 64.7% in 2009-10.RBI (2010). The value of 11. Wilhelmina C. Mañalac, A. M. (2003). REAL transactions had drastically reduced from 19.6% in TIME GROSS SETTLEMENT(RTGS) SYSTEM 2007-08 to 11.7% in 2009-10 which had reduced the AND IMPLICATIONS FOR CENTRAL BANKING. risks like bouncing and frauds of cheques, (B. S. Review, Ed.) Retrieved July 23, 2012, from mishandling of drafts, delay in payments etc. RTGS www.bsp.gov.ph: initiated transmission, processing and settlement of http://www.bsp.gov.ph/downloads/publications/20 instructions on continuous basis. It also reflects that 03/BSR2003_03.pdf no credit risk is involved as transactions are carried out instantly. It results in improvement of overall

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 ISSN No. 0976-8602 Asian VOL.-1, ISSUE Resonance-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance Price-Spread And Marketing Efficiency of Khowa in Allahabad District of East Uttar Pradesh

Abstract The present research study has attempted to find out Marketing Expenses, Price-Spread and Marketing Efficiency of selling Khowa in main marketing channels prevalent in Allahabad District of Eastern Uttar Pradesh. The study reveals that khowa marketing by Amit Kumar larger producers was more expensive in comparison of smaller khowa producers in case of selling khowa to traders. The study also reveals M.COM. MBA, D.Phil. that selling khowa to retailers was also expensive in case of larger Guest Lecturer, Sikkim Manipal producers of Khowa in the area under study. This study also clarifies University that marketing expenses in case of khowa being sold directly to 229, Nai Basti, Kydganj, consumers was quite negligible in the area under the study. The Allahabad producer's share in consumer's rupees was highest (100%) in channel-I (producers consumers). Thus, khowa marketing through channel-I was most efficient among the prevalent khowa marketing channels. The extent of market margin was also highest (Rs. 58 per Kg.) in channel-I. Thus, channel-I was most efficient channel of marketing Khowa. Therefore, the marketing infrastructure for khowa producers must be developed properly to keep khowa producers in further production of more khowa and sell directly to the consumers. Key Words: Price-Spread, Marketing Efficiency, Khowa, Allahabad District Introduction As per World Focus, Indian dairying is emerging as a surprise industry. India represents one of the World's largest and fastest growing markets for milk and milk products due to the increasing Prabhat Kumar Dwivedi disposable incomes among the 250 million strong middle class. The Asst. Professor, imports of milk products have reduced over the years wile the exports MBA Programme, Step-HBTI, have increased. This has made the amount of net imports, i.e. imports KANPUR, UP minus export in some of the recent years as negative. However, the [email protected] net imports of equivalent milk have been very small in relation to the total domestic milk production. Te net imports that were around one percent of the domestic milk production during the early nineties gradually reduced to less than 0.1 percent during 1990-91 to 1997-98. That is, the domestic consumption of milk has remained more or less equal to the domestic production of milk till now. (Indian Dairyman, Dec. 2000)

The upsurge in milk production has thrown up unprecedented challenge in the marketing of milk and milk products. The country is Sugandh Rathor blessed with an enormous domestic market which is attracting Guest Lecturer, Sikkim Manipal multinationals to India. The three groups of dairy products offering University exciting marketing opportunities are (1) Liquid milk (2) Cheese khowa, 33/4, PURA BALDI, Kydganj, Paneer and milk based sweets and (3) Milk powder, Ghee and Butter. Allahabad About 35 percent of the milk produced is consumed in urban areas, of this cooperatives supply 20%, private dairies 2%, Govt. managed dairies 2% and the significant share by private traders. According to P.C.D.F. (Pradeshik Cooperative Dairy Federation) Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, U.P. Allahabad. D.U.S.S. (Dugdha Utpadak Sahakari Sangh) unit acquired a significant place in Eastern U.P. in respect of sales of milk and milk products. In the area under study particularly the producers of milk and khowa who use to sell the same are either marginal and small farmers or landless poors and as such they really need profitable price for their produce to continue further in the

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance production of milk and khowa. In Eastern Region of U.P. Results and Discussion Allahabad District has the highest production of milk. After analysis of the data collected, following Keeping the above facts in view the present results have been found and the discussion over the research study entitled "Price Spread and Marketing results has been given below: Efficiency of Khowa in Allahabad District of East U.P." was Marketing Expenses in selling Khowa to Traders conducted with the following main objectives. The category-wise distribution of marketing Research Objectives expenses incurred in selling khowa to traders by sample 1. To find out the expenses in selling khowa through khowa producers given in Table-2 shows that the total main channels. expenses per producer was estimated to Rs. 510.00 on 2. To study the price-spread of khowa in main channels of an over all average of which the maximum expenses i.e. selling. Rs. 251.83 were incurred on account of labour charges 3. To find out the marketing efficiency of khowa in main against the minimum, i.e. Rs. 16.15 per producer on channels. account of other charges. Transport charge was the most Research Methodology important item of the marketing expenses in selling khowa This research study was confined to to traders. The expenses on utensils and tax as well as Allahabad District of East U.P having maximum milk fees were negligible. Accordingly, when the total and khowa production. The empirical data wee marketing expenses were estimated on per kg. basis, it collected from sample khowa producers and Traders was accounted to Rs. 0.56 per kg. on an overall average by survey method through schedules and of which the maximum i.e. Rs. 0.28 was on account of questionnaires on price-spread and marketing labour charges against minimum i.e. Rs. 0.02 was aspects. The sampling technique was multistage accounted as other charges. The average expenses on stratified mixed sampling. District Allahabad was account of transport charges was accounted to Rs. 0.15 selected purposively. Two blocks from total 20 namely per kg. Thus, labour and transport charges were the main Kaurihar and Koraon were selected. Again two items of the marketing expenses of Khowa. villages from each selected block were chosen The category-wise distribution shows that the total randomly. From these four villages list of Khowa marketing expenses per producer as well as per kg. of producers were prepared and categorized into three Kowa were increasing with the increase in the production categorise i.e. (1)up to 5 kgs (2) 5.01 to 10 kgs and of Khowa by various categories of khowa producers on (3) Above 10 kgs. Apart from this two khowa traders an overall average. The distribution of item-wise from two mandies were also chosen randomly. The expenditure also shows that the main items of marketing ultimate samples of Khowa producers and sellers wee expenses in case of Khowa being sold to traders were undertaken according to probability proportion to the labour as well as transport charges and these were also total no. in each category at the fourth stage of increasing with the increase in the Khowa production by sampling restricting the sample to 25 in all for in-depth sample khowa producers. The estimation of marketing study. The sampling design is contained in Table -1. expenses on the basis of per kg. of Khowa also indicates Table –I: Sampling Design that it was increasing with the increase in the khowa No. of Khowa Producers, Traders production in the area under study. Thus, it is safely in selected Blocks Villages concluded that the marketing of khowa by larger khowa

Kaurihar Block Koraon Block producers was more expensive in comparison of smaller

khowa producers.

Grand Total Grand

Khowa Khowa Producers& Traders Moha madp ur Pure ghasi Total Belh ut Pasa na Total Categoriesof Table -2

7 3 10 3 2 5 15 Category-wise Distribution of Marketing

I Expenses Incurred in Selling Khowa to Traders

-

ies (upto 5 kgs) Categor by Sample Khowa Producers.

3 2 5 1 1 2 7 (In Rs./Producer)

II

-

Catego ries to (5 kgs) 10

2 1 3 - - - 3

Total

Khowa Khowa

Labour

utensils

Charges Charges Charges

III

Transport

Expenses

Producers

-

Fees Fees Taxes

Categoriesof

OtherCharges

No. of Samples No. of

Categori es (Above kgs.) 10

3

12 6 18 4 3 7 25

Sub Sub Total

I

5.00 3.33

16.67 10.00 68.37

33.33

(0.28) (0.14) (0.08) (0.04) (0.03) (0.57)

i i

1 1

(upto kgs) 5

ad ad

har

urab

Kauri

Mans

Mand Mand

a a Trad ers Khow 2 - - - 2

7

1 1 2 - - - 2

Sub Sub Total

II

13 7 20 4 3 7 27

64.29 28.57 14.29

(0.31) (0.16) (0.09) (0.04) (0.02) (0.62)

221.43 117.86 446.43

(5.01 to (5.01 10 kgs)

Over all Total Reference Period: The reference period for this research study was agricultural year 2007-08.

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012

Asian Resonance

s s

s s of

Fees Fees

Total Total

Other Other

No. of No. of Taxes

Khowa Khowa

Labour Labour

Total

Utensils Utensils

Charges Charges Charges Charges Charges

Samples Samples

Producer

Khowa Khowa

Labour

Categorie

Transport Transport Expenses

utensils

Charges Charges Charges

Transport

Expenses

Producers

Fees Fees Taxes

Categoriesof

OtherCharges

No. of Samples No. of

3

II 3

kgs)

90.00 66.67 38.33 21.67 16.66

(0.32) (0.23) (0.13) (0.08) (0.06) (0.82)

233.33

(5.01 to (5.01 10

III

66.67 33.33

(0.33) (0.18) 0.09() (0.04) (0.02) (0.66)

541.67 308.33 150.00

1100.00

(Above10 kgs.)

III

1

1 kgs.)

70.25 41.50 24.00 19.25

(0.46) (0.32) (0.19) (0.11) (0.09) (1.17)

100.00 255.00

3 (Above10

71.64 31.92 16.15

(0.28) (0.15) (0.08) (0.03) (0.02) (0.56)

251.83 138.46 570.00

16

7.45

OverallAverage

79.38 57.51 22.28 10.25

(0.22) (0.16) (0.06) (0.03) (0.49)

176.87

(0.002) Overall N.B.: Figure in parentheses are per kg. of Khowa. Average Marketing Expenses in selling Khowa to Retailers Marketing Expenses in Selling Khowa to The category-wise distribution of marketing Consumers expenses incurred in selling khowa to retailers by The category-wise distribution of marketing sample khowa producers analysed in Table-3 indicates expenses incurred in selling khowa to consumers by that on an overall average the total expenses per sample khowa producers given in Table -4 shows that on producer was estimated to Rs. 176.87 of which the an over all average the total marketing expenses per maximum i.e. Rs. 79.38 were incurred on account of producer were estimated to Rs. 15.68 of which the labour charges, Rs. 57.51 on account of transport maximum expenses i.e. Rs. 9.50 were incurred on charge Rs. 22.28 on utensils, Rs. 10.25 as fees and account of labour charges, Rs. 3.12 on transport charge, taxes and the minimum i.e. Rs. 7.45 were incurred on Rs. 2.25 on utensils and the minimum i.e. Rs. 0.81 on account of other charges. The per kg. distribution of other charges. The tax and fees were not at all charged. marketing expenses on khowa shows that the total While the estimation of marketing expenses on the basis expense on an average was accounted to Rs. 0.49 of per kg. shows that total expenses on an overall average wherein the maximum i.e. Rs. 0.22 was estimated as was accounted to Rs. 0.41 of which the maximum i.e. Rs. labour charges, Rs. 0.16 as transport charges, Rs. 0.06 0.25 was accounted on account of labour charges, Rs. on utensils, Rs. 0.03 as tax and fees and the minimum 0.08 on transport charges Rs. 0.06 on utensils and i.e. RS. 0.02 per kg. of khowa was accounted on other minimum i.e. Rs. 0.02 per kg. on other charges. Thus, the charges. Thus, the major items of marketing expenses main items of marketing expenditures were quite in case of selling khowa to retailers by sample khowa negligible in case of khowa being sold to consumers. The producers were labour charges and transport charges. category-wise distribution shows that the marketing While the expenses on utensils, fees and taxes as well expenses incurred in selling khowa to consumers were as other charges were negligible in the area under decreasing with the increase in the khowa production by study. various categories. Thus, it is obviously clear that The category-wise distribution shows that the marketing expenses in case of selling khowa to total marketing expenses were increasing with the consumers was negligible in the area under study. increase in khowa being sold to retailers. The item-wise Table -4: Category-wise Distribution of Marketing break-up of marketing expenses incurred in selling Expenses Incurred in Selling Khowa to khowa to retailers also indicates that the marketing Consumers by Sample Khowa Producers.

expenses were increasing with the increase in the (In Rs./Producer)

khowa production in various categories. Thus, it is

clarified that selling khowa to retailers also was expensive in case of larger khowa producers in the area under study. Table -3: Category-wise Distribution of

Marketing Expenses Incurred in Selling

Fees Taxes Fees

Categories of Categories

Other Charges Charges Other

No. of Samples Samples No. of

Total Expenses Expenses Total Labour Charges Charges Labour

Khowa to Retailers by Sample Khowa Charges Utensils

Khowa Producers Producers Khowa Transport Charges Charges Transport

Producers

(In Rs./Producer)

I

-

6

10

3.33 2.50 0.83

16.67

(0.25) (0.09) (0.06) (0.02) (0.42)

(upto 5 kgs) 5 (upto

Fees Fees

Total Total

Other Other

No. of No. of Taxes

Labour Labour

Utensils Utensils

Charges Charges Charges Charges Charges

Samples Samples

of Khowa of Khowa

Transport Transport Expenses

Producers Producers

Categories Categories

-

II 2 8

2.50 1.50 0.75

I

12.75

(0.24) (0.08) (0.05) (0.02) (0.39)

12

6.25 4.17

54.17 16.67

(0.37) (0.27) (0.08) (0.03) (0.02) (0.77)

175.00 156.25

(upto (upto kgs) 5 (5.01 to 10 kgs) to 10 (5.01

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012

Asian Resonance

Channel-I Channel-II Channel-III

Sl. No. Sl. No.

%

Cost Cost Cost

Particulars

Fees Taxes Fees

1.1

Categories of Categories

Other Charges Charges Other

0.41 0.70 0.49 0.86 0.56 1.04

No. of Samples Samples No. of

Total Expenses Expenses Total

Labour Charges Charges Labour

Utensils Charges Charges Utensils

Khowa Producers Producers Khowa

Transport Charges Charges Transport

MarketingCost

------

1.2

Margin

III

9.31 5.77

Received

12.59 21.70 16.47 10.68

(Above 10 kgs.) 10 (Above

er

by by

1.3

-

8

58.00 54.80 96.99 51.33 95.05

100.00

9.50 3.12 2.25 0.81

15.68

(0.25) (0.08) (0.06) (0.02) (0.41)

Overall Overall

Average

Producers Paid or

Price Received Price by

Trader/Retailer/Oth

N.B.: Figure in parentheses are per kg. of Khowa

Price-spread and Marketing Efficiency of

Khowa in various Channels 2.0

58.00 54.80 96.99 51.33 95.05

The price spread and marketing efficiency in 100.00

Price Paid Price to Retailer/ Other

case of khowa producers in various channels of khowa Producerby Trad./ marketing analysed in Table-5 indicates that the

producer's share in consumer's rupees was highest i.e.

100 percent in channel-I against the lowest i.e. 95.05

- -

2.1

0.35 0.40 7.40 percent in channels-III and 96.99 percent in channel-II 0.20 Thus, the marketing of Khowa through channel-I was

most efficient among all the prevalent marketing MarketingCost

channels of khowa. The producer's cost in respect of

consumer's price was found increasing from 77.58

- -

2.2

Margin

2.65 2.27 4.20

percent in channel-I, 79.64 percent in channel-II, to 83.33 1.50 Received percent in channel-III respectively. The total marketing cost per kg. was found lowest i.e. Rs. 0.41 0.70% in

channel-I against the highest i.e. Rs. 0.96 1.77% in

channel -III. While in channel-II the total marketing cost

was Rs. 0.69 (1.22%).The total marketing margin per kg. 2.3

58.00 56.50 54.00

100.00 100.00 100.00

was highest i.e. Rs. 12.59 (21.70%) in channel-I against consumers er er or paidby

the lowest i.e. Rs. 8.04 (14.88%) in channel-III. Thus, in Price Received Price by

view of the extent of marketing margin also channel-I Trader/Retailer/Oth

was found to be most efficient in the area under study.

Regarding the prices received by producers

Total Total

0.70 0.69 1.22 0.96 1.77 was also found to be highest i.e. Rs. 58.00 per kg. in 0.41 channel-I against the lowest i.e. Rs. 51.33 per kg. in MarketingCost

channel-III. While in channel-II it was Rs. 54.80 per kg.

The prices paid by consumers was also highest i.e. Rs.

58.00 per kg. in channel-I against the lowest i.e. Rs.

Marketing

8.04

12.59 21.70 10.81 19.13 14.88 54.00 per kg. in channel-III. While in channel-II it was Rs. Margin

56.50 per kg. Thus, the prices received by producers as Total well as paid by consumers were highest in channel-I Channel - I -----> Producers -Consumers which was most efficient channel of marketing khowa in Channel - II ----> Producers -Retailers-Consumers the area under study. Channel - III ----> Producers -Traders -Retailers Consumers Table -5 Main Findings, Conclusion and Suggestion Price-Spread and Marketing Efficiency in Case of This research study reveals that labour and Khowa Producers in Various Channels of transport charges where the main items of marketing Marketing expenses of Khowa sold to traders and were increasing

(In Rs./Kg) with the increase in the khowa production by sample

Channel-I Channel-II Channel-III producers. Thus, it is safely concluded that khowa

marketing by larger producers was more expensive in

comparison of smaller khowa producers. In case of

Sl. No. Sl. No.

% %

% Khowa being sold to retailers by the producers the major

Particulars

Cost Cost Cost items of marketing expenses were transport and labour

charges. While the expenses on utensils, fees, taxes as

well as other charges were negligible in the area under

1.0

77.58 45.00 79.64 45.00 83.33 45.00 study. The marketing expenses were increasing with the

increase in the khowa production in various categories. ProducersCost

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance Thus, it is clarified that selling khowa to retailers was also 2. Kanith G.S. (1988) "Efficiency of Milk Marketing expensive in case of larger khowa producers in the area Channels in Amritsar District of Punjab", Indian under study. While in case of Khowa being sold directly to Journal of Dairy Research, 7(1), pp. 39-44. consumers by the producers the main marketing expense 3. Kumar A., Kulwant Singh, Singh K. (1993), "Impact of was labour charge. The other items of expenditures were Milk-Cooperatives on Rural Economy of Rajasthan", negligible. The category-wise marketing expenses were Indian Cooperative Review, 30:3, pp. 228-237. decreasing with the increase in the khowa production by 4. Kumbhar S.L., Patel R.K. (1982), "Price Behaviour of various categories. Thus, it is obviously clear that Dairy Products in Selected Markets," Indian Journal marketing expenses in case of khowa being sold directly of Dairy Science, 35(4), pp. 497-504. to consumers was quite negligible in the area under study. 5. Lohar N.S., Killedar N.S. (1997), "Economics and The producer's share in consumer's rupees was Marketing of Milk Products in Western Maharashtra highest (100%) in channel -I (Producers to consumers). Indian Dairyman, 49:7, pp. 23-25. Therefore khowa marketing through channel-I was most 6. Singh Rajiv (1981) "Economic Analysis of processing efficient among the prevalent khowa marketing channels. and marketing of Milk Products for a Commercial Milk The extent of marketing margin being highest i.e. 21.70% plant Annual Report N.D.R.I. Kernal, p. 149. the channel. I was also found to be most efficient. The 7. Vyas B.M. (2000) Compatibility of Indian Dairy prices received by producers as well as paid by Industry with Global market" XXX Dairy Industry consumers was highest (Rs. 58 per kg.) in channel-I. Conference, Calcutta, India, 8-9 December 2000. Thus, channel -I was most efficient channel of marketing Indian Dairyman 52:12 p. 125-126. khowa in the area under study. Therefore marketing infrastructure for khowa producers of the area under study must be developed properly to keep khowa producers in further production of more khowa and sell directly to the consumers. References 1. Arora V.K., Patel R.K. (1976), "Economics of Khowa Production in North West India," Indian Journal of Dairy Science, 29(2) ; pp. 147-149.

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance Rethinking Women‘s Education in Global Society: Towards Equality: Bridging Gender Divides

Abstract Education is the milestone for women empowerment because it enables them to respond to opportunities, to challenge their traditional role. It has a more significant impact on poverty and development than men‘s education. It is also one of the most influential factors in society. History of women‘s Higher Education clearly indicates that there are rare instances of women going for higher education. Those who went for higher education they belonged to a higher or elite section of society. But with the recent awakening and personal consciousness, about the value of getting educated women are on the move to secure higher education. But today in some cases, women have to study the courses, which are selected by their parents or families. In this paper stress has been given on the educational aspirations of rural and urban female youth of Agra city. The ―Descriptive Survey‖ method was employed. A sample of 120 units of under graduates of II year was selected through random sampling from the 2 colleges of Agra city. To collect the relevant data self made educational aspiration scale was used and to Rachana Saxena analysis and interpretate the data Mean, SD & t-Test were employed. Results of the study are : Lecturer 1. The study reveals the fact that the commerce students have high B.Ed. Deptt. level of Educational Aspirations than the Arts and Science students. R. K. College of Systems and 2. Urban female students have high level of Educational Aspirations Management than the rural students. Firozabad (U. P.) 3. Fine Arts and Designing & Multi Media & Management are the courses towards which urban female students were found attracted significantly than the rural female students. 4. Student of Commerce appeared to be satisfied with their career in the field of commerce. 5. The Arts students were found different. Urban girl students were

having high educational aspirations in comparison to rural student. Life Sciences course were preferred more by urban girl students than their counterparts. It can be summarized that the rural female students are not benefited by the social and psychological changes taking place in society. On the basis of major findings it can be concluded that if we really want to empower our women, we should give them opportunities to pursue higher education according to their wish. Govt. should provide job oriented courses in rural areas for upliftment of women. Introduction: Education is the milestone for women empowerment because it enables them to respond to opportunities, to challenge their traditional role and to challenge their lives. Similar ideas were supported in International Conference – 1994. It was said that Education is one of the most important means of empowering women with the knowledge, skill and self-confidence necessary to participate fully in the development process. Educating the women benefits the whole society. It has a more significant impact on poverty and development than men‘s education. It is also one of the most influential factors in society. Higher education is growing at a brisk pace; today there are 355 universities and 18064 colleges that cater to the rapidly growing demands for higher education in the country. Even then only fewer women attend higher education than men. History of women in Higher

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance Education clearly indicates that there are rare instances of women going for higher education. Those OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: who go for higher education they belonged to a higher 1. To study the educational aspirations of female youth. or elite section of society. But with the recent 2. To compare the educational aspirations of rural and awakening and personal consciousness, about the urban female youth. value of getting educated women are on the move to 3. To compare the educational aspirations of female youth secure higher education. The given below Table stream wise. shows an in-depth courses wise account of METHODOLOGY: participation / enrolment of women in higher The ―Descriptive Survey‖ method was employed. education. SAMPLE SELECTION: Table: Total Enrolment of Women in Higher Sample of 120 units of under graduates of II year were Education selected through random sampling from the 2 colleges of Total No. of Women Enrolled ( % ) Agra city. Courses 1970 – 1995 – 2004 - 2005 - SAMPLELING PROCEDURE: 71 96 05 06 Arts 64.323% 54.391% 51.07% 45.12% Commerce 1.932% 14.140% 16.45% 18.01% Science 25.699% 20.095% 20.08% 20.45% ARRANGE THE CLASS FOR ADMINISTRATING 3.171% 3.9111% 1.86% 1.46% Education THE TOOL Law .400% 1.805% 1.62% 3.05% Engineering / .138% 1.203% 4.15% 7.21 Technology THEN DIVIDED THE CLASS INTO 2 Other including 4.333% 4.452% 4.77% 1.53% SECTIONS Medicine,  One Side – Students who are living in Agriculture, the city Veterinary Science, Social  Another Side – Students who are living Work. in the rural area near to Agra like Total Enrolment 21.9% 34.1% 41.08% 46.11% :Etmatpur, Runakta, Tedi baghiya, Source : UGC Annual Report Bhandai etc.

Today we find that as the time is passing the percentage of women attending higher education is progressing and the interest area of women are also changing. Today the percentage of women is increasing in professional courses like commerce, SELECTED THE 50% STUDENTS OUT OF science, law and Engineering. Today commerce and THEM RANDOMLY Management is the first choice of the students because commerce students have better career opportunities in Marketing, Finance, and International Tool Business etc. That‘s why they have shifting their To collect the relevant data self made orientation from Arts, Education to other streams Educational Aspiration Scale was used. The main which can offer better opportunities. purpose to develop EAR (Educational Aspiration Women empowerment is not something which Record) is to know the Educational Preferences of could be made available in the form of a capsule to today‘s youth, their likes and dislikes in different those whom we think is in need of it. It is not just the educational areas or subjects. This record contains concept that could be defined with the help of some 128 educational subjects belonging to 8 broader universally accepted parameters. Empowerment is categories of educational pursuits/areas. the process and includes the following components: 1. Equal access to opportunities for using societies Eight Broader Categories of Educational resources Aspirations 2. Prohibition of gender discrimination in thought (1) Humanities (HU) and practice. (2) Commerce & Management (CM) 3. Freedom from domestic violence. (3) Agriculture (AG) 4. Participation in all decision making bodies. (4) Fashion Designing (FD) 5. Freedom of choice in matters relating to ones life. (5) Life Science (LS) (6) Applied Science / Technology (AT) Still today in some cases, female have to study (7) Mass media & Journalism (MMJ) the courses, which are selected by their parents or (8) Tourism and Hospitality Industry (THI) families. Through this paper I want to stress the Techniques educational aspirations of rural and urban female To analysis and interpretate the data Mean, youth of Agra city. SD and t- test were used. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA :

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance 1. TO STUDY THE EDUCATIONAL ASPIRATIONS OF FEMALE YOUTH EDUCATIONAL ASPIRATIONS OF FEMALE YOUTH TABLE : MEAN & SD OF EDUCATIONAL

ASPIRATIONS OF FEMALE YOUTH 50 STATISTICAL SCIE COMMERC 40 ARTS TECHNIQUES NCE E 30 20 N 40 40 40 MEAN 10 MEAN 30 30.9 45.2 0 SD 26.87 27.33 29.4161 ARTS SCIENCE COMMERCE STREAMS FIGURE: MEAN VALUES OF EDUCATIONAL ASPIRATIONS OF FEMALE YOUTH The above table and graph reveals the fact that the commerce students have high level of Educational Aspirations than the Arts and Science students. And least aspired are the science students. In olden time the students opting for Science stream were considered as brilliant students, Arts were the stream for creative students and the students opting commerce were consider as ordinary students. Now the criteria appear to have changed. Today in India there are number of multi national companies. And commerce graduates have more good job prospects than other streams that why today highly ambitious students studying in commerce stream. Educational Aspirations then the rural students. Urban 2. TO COMPARE THE EDUCATIONAL female students are more influenced by the changes `ASPIRATIONS OF RURAL AN taking place in the psyche of middle class. The t- URBAN FEMALE YOUTH value of Fine Arts & Designing and Multi Media & HS CM AG FD LS AT MMJ HMT TOTAL ST R U R U R U R U R U R U R U R U R U

N 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60

M 4.58 5.83 3.9 5.42 3.42 4.13 3.53 5.87 4.2 4.93 3.47 4.47 3.38 5.77 3.38 4.45 29.9 40.87

SD 3.97 4.39 4.62 4.43 4.63 3.87 4.11 4.46 4.1 3.39 4.48 3.84 4.04 4.94 4.16 3.93 29.7 26.66

T 1.69 1.84 1.17 2.98** 1.06 1.31 2.99** 1.45 2.13*

** Significant at .01 level, * Significant at .05 level FIGURE : MEAN VALUES OF EDUCATIONAL ASPIRATIONS OF RURAL & URBAN FEMALE YOUTH

EDUCATIONAL ASIRATIONS OF RURAL & URBAN Mgmt are significant at 0.01 level. It means there is a significant difference in these two areas among the FEMALE YOUTH 45 Rural and Urban female students. Fine Arts and 40 Designing & Multi Media & Management are courses 35 towards which urban female students are significantly 30 more aspired than the rural female students. The 25 reason of that, may be depend on the popularity and

MEAN 20 availability of the courses. Both two courses are 15 mostly available in the urban areas and more popular 10 in the urban areas. 5 The total mean of Educational aspirations of rural 0 and urban females are significant at 0.05 level. It R U R U R U R U R U R U R U R U R U shows that there is a difference between the HS CM AG FD LS AT MMJ HMT TOTAL Educational aspirations of rural and urban female EDUCATIONAL ASPIRATIONS students. The urban female students are more educationally aspired. The reason of that may be the in rural area there are no facilities for females to gain higher education and also they are less aware about An observation of above table reveals the fact the education as compare to urban female students. that urban female students have high level of

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance 3. TO COMPARE THE EDUCATIONAL ASPIRATIONS OF FEMALE YOUTH STREAM WISE TABLE : MEAN & SD OF EDUCATIONAL ASPIRATIONS OF RURAL & URBAN FEMALE YOUTH STUDYING IN ARTS STREAM

ARTS STREAM ST HS CM AG FD LS AT MMJ HMT TOTAL R U R U R U R U R U R U R U R U R U

N

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

M

4.45 7 1.85 4.5 2.25 5.05 2.25 6.55 2.15 5.05 1.55 4.1 2 5.6 2.2 4 18.77 41.3

SD

2.56 3.94 2.93 3.35 3.01 3.65 2.66 4.59 2.67 3.65 2.90 4.17 2.39 1.98 2.48 3.72 18.88 29.87

T 2.43* 2.66* 2.64* 3.61** 2.87** 1.98 5.19** 2.20* 2.99** SCIENCE STREAM ST HS CM AG FD LS AT MMJ HMT TOTAL

R U R U R U R U R U R U R U R U R U

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

N 20

3.5 3.65 3.35 3.95 3.85 3.8 4.05 4.65 3.8 4.65 5.6 3.05 3.55 3.45 3.05 31.1 30.7 5

M 3.85

4 4 3.94 4.98 4.26 4.72 4.42 4.05 3.34 3.72 4.07 3.65 3.76 3.65 3.11 28.1 26.5 5 SD 4.04 T .21 .24 .07 .23 .07 .80 .05 .04 .04 COMMERCE STREAM ST HS CM AG FD LS AT MMJ HMT TOTAL

R U R U R U R U R U R U R U R U R U

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

N 20

7 6.2 8.4 4.05 4.05 4.55 7 5.8 5.95 4.2 3.7 5.1 8.15 4.5 6.3 39.9 50.5 5

M 5.45

4.2 5.43 4.25 5.31 3.34 4.31 3.73 4.47 2.75 5.68 2.87 5 4.59 5.45 4.15 35.7 19.9 8 SD 4.81 T 1.08 1.43 0 1.14 .12 03 1.84 1.18 0.37 ** Significant at .01 level * Significant at .05 level class has opened new career opportunities. Of- The above table makes it clear the many facts that the course, this is restricted to heart of the cities only. present group of students is not different from the Likewise, Life Sciences like Bio-Technology are more change taking place in society. Science and preferred by urban girl students than their Commerce students whether urban or rural, their counterparts. Probably, rural students are coming educational aspirations for other fields are not very from the family background where parents are not significant. That is, student of Commerce appear to be very keen about the careers of their wards. satisfied with her career choice as she has already Commerce and Management (t- value: 2.66), chosen Commerce, a source of career. Similarly, Agriculture (t-value: 2.64), Humanities (t-value: 2.43) those believe in rituals of education they opted for and Hotel Management & Tourism (t-value: 2.20), all science and are satisfied with their educational are significant at .05 level, are the areas of planning. In fact, the students aspiring for engineering educational aspiration where urban girl students have and/or medical profession prefer science. Therefore, significantly shown their social consciousness they appear to be satisfied with science. compared to their counter parts. At least our But the Arts students are different. Urban girl assumption that rural girl student are coming from students are educationally more aspired compared to agrarian families. If Applied Science and Technology rural students (t-value 2.99 significant at .01 level). are not preferred by Arts students it is because there Urban female students are very much aspired to go is no option for joining by Arts students. for Multi Media and Management than their counter It can be summarized by rural female parts. This is a clear impact of the popularity of students are not benefited by the social and Electronic Media and Industrial growth. Fine Arts and psychological changes taking place in society. Designing are taking second lead after MMJ among Secondly, though Arts students have uncertain future Urban girl students (t – value 3.61 significant at .01), compared to Science and Commerce students but which are a confirmation that prosperity of middle

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance have open space to fly high as future appears to be of those who are open to challenge. In the end I would like to conclude with that if we really want to empower our women, so we should give them opportunities to take higher education according to their wish. And govt. should start job oriented courses in rural areas for their students. Reference 1. Balagurusamy, E (2004). Improving the Status of the Women. University News 42(17). pp: 14-15. 2. Census of India 2001. 3. Dhamija, N & Panda, Sushant K (2006). Women Empowerment through Education Role of University. University News 44(27), Jul.03-09, pp: 18-19. 4. Janki, D (2006). Empowerment of women through Education: 150 years of University Education in India. University News 44(48) Nov.27-Dec.03,pp-82-83. 5. Rao, K. Sudha (2005). Strategies for Girls Education. Edutrack, Nov. pp.19-20. 6. dwala, Tarun. (2006). The Youth : Their Thoughts and Aspirations (article). http://www.hind.com. 7. www.google.co.in

8. www.yahoo.com

ISSNISSN No. No. 0976 0976-8602-8602 VOL. VOL.-1-, 1ISSUE, ISSUE-IV,-IV, OCTOBER OCTOBER-2012-2012 AsianAsian Re Resonancesonance Globalization of Indian Higher Education through Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

Abstract The basic aim of this paper is to focus on the following aspects- to study the need and flow of FDI in higher education in India and to study the implication of the FDI and globalization of Indian higher education. The study is based on secondary data. Secondary data had been collected from various books and journals. The study covers the thoughts and writings of various authors in the stream of industry, education and research. Although investment in the Indian education sector is plagued with challenges, it offers great opportunity to investors. With about 51% of India’s population being younger than 25 years of age and the presence of a severe shortage of institutions delivering high quality education and training across segments, what is present before the investors is a timely opportunity. we understand that the Ministry of Human Resource Development is, at present, in strong favor of facilitating foreign direct investment (FDI) in India's education sector. Thus, a slew of measures assisting the same are also expected to be introduced in the near future. It is revealed that the need and demand of FDI in higher education sector is gradually increasing. It is also observed that the flow of FDI in higher education is significant. It is concluded that the implication of FDI in higher education in India is also significant after the Foreign University Bill. Thus the FDI play a key role in influencing the Indian higher education for globalization of education. Key Words: Globalization, Higher Education, Foreign Direct Md. Afroz Alam Investment, Foreign Universities Bill. Introduction: Senior Research Fellow Dept. of Education & Training The implication of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) into higher education is not a simple question as it has its bearing not only in the Maulana Azad National Urdu higher education perspective but also on the education sector and University more broadly on the whole process of generation of knowledge. Gachibowli, Hyderabad – 500032. (A.P.) Development being dependent on knowledge the implications of [email protected] liberalization have far reaching consequences. In the era of globalization, nations cannot simply remain isolated. The prospective and consequences of liberalization need to be understood before any policy decision. Higher education is assuming an upward significance for developing countries, especially countries including India which is experiencing service-led growth. Higher education is all about generating knowledge, encouraging critical thinking and imparting skills relevant to this society and determined by its needs. Education general and higher education in particular, is a highly nation-specific activity, determined by national culture and priorities. The growth of India's higher educational institutions has indeed been outstandingly rapid. The numbers of universities have doubled since 1990-91, and enrolment has become more than double. For India to maintain its economic growth in a global marketplace fueled by the knowledge economy, it needs to nearly double its number of students in higher education by 2012 as 51% of India‘s population is under the age of 25 years. India is one of the most attractive education markets. According to the National Knowledge Commission estimates, the country needs to build 1,500 universities within a period of five years to endow enough people with the skills to sustain rapid growth. Given this state of higher education in India, could liberalization of education be the way out? The major concern regarding such liberalization is that it can lead to commercialization of higher education which may have an effect on a large section of society adversely. This Paper would try to

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance look at the globalization of higher education in India education and training. Investment in higher education through foreign direct investment. sector in India by foreign institutions would not only Objectives of the Paper benefit Indian students but also help other countries in 1. To study the need and flow of FDI in higher getting skilled human resource for their economy. education in India Since the early 1950‘s higher education 2. To study the implication of the FDI and sector has diversified by extending its reach and coverage quite significantly. At the time of globalization of Indian higher education independence, 1947, the size of higher education Methodology of the Paper system in terms of number of educational institutions, The study is based on secondary data. Secondary and teachers was meagre but since that time there data had been collected from various books and has been an exponential increase in three indicators journals. The study covers the thoughts and writings of higher education, namely the number of of various authors in the stream of industry, education educational institutions, teachers and students. The and research. number of universities has increased from 20 in 1947 Higher Education in India to about 528 in 2010. With the growth in the Knowledge is the driving force in the rapidly educational infrastructure in terms of institutions, there changing globalized economy and society. Quantity will be improvement in the level of higher education in and quality of highly specialized human resources terms of aggregate access, access to disadvantage determine their competence in the global market. groups and the quality of higher education. The Emergence of knowledge as driving factor results in question is about the quality of outcome in terms of both challenges and opportunities. It is now well academic standard of student, quality of research, recognized that the growth of the global economy has innovativeness and creativity, in which foreign increased opportunities for those countries with good universities can play major role. It is difficult for the levels of education and vice versa. The benefits of Government alone to finance the educational needs of globalization accrue to the countries with highly skilled the country. The private sector has to come forward to human capital and it is a curse for the countries collaborate in higher education sector. Thus there will without such specialized human capital. India is no be a requirement of regulating such private sectors to exception to this global phenomenon. As part of participation without any political interference. globalization, the economic reform packages were FDI in Education introduced in India in the beginning of 1991. These Traditionally education is considered to be reform packages have imposed a heavy compression non-tradable. The government is used to fund on the public budgets on education sector, more education through domestic resource mobilization. specifically so on higher education. Following the Recently UPE and UEE required large foreign capital introduction of structural adjustment policies, that to be funded through World Bank loan. In the Higher include macro-economic stabilization and adjustment, Education 90 is the decade of falling percentage a fiscal squeeze is experienced in all social sector budgetary allocation on secondary, higher and investments in many developing countries, including technical education. The resource crunch in these India. This has down to public expenditure on sectors have adversely affected the public sector and education in general and higher education in promoted the private participation at almost all levels particular. of education. To raise the participation rate from 7% Expansion of Higher Education Institutes in to 10% targeted by the end of eleventh plan is also an India uphill task in view of impending financial shortage. It It is little more than half a century ever since may be argued that FDI may be used as a source of the Government initiated a planned development of investment at least in some selected sectors. Against higher education in the country particularly with the this view academia in education sector argue that establishment of University Grants Commission in foreign investment in education might lead to cultural 1953. Thus early 1950‘s is an important reference imperialism. Therefore, education should be national points from which one could look back at India‘s agenda purely funded through domestic resources. progress in higher education sector. A bill ―Foreign Argument in favor of FDI in Education is that Education Provider (Regulation) Bill 2010‖ has been foreign institutions can bring quality programs with introduced to facilitate operations of foreign market orientation. Besides updated curricula, educational institutions in India. The legislation would teaching learning processes, evaluation processes regulate the entry of foreign education providers as may be internalized within educational institution in per India's priorities. Though 100 percent Foreign India. It may also reap the benefits of improved Direct Investment (FDI) through automatic route is managerial and organizational skills to run the permitted in the education sector since 2000, but the institutions. It is also argued that FDI could promote present legal structure in India does not allow granting competitiveness in the education system as a whole. of degrees by foreign educational institutions in India. The critics maintain that the quality could be The need for global collaboration in higher maintained in certain specific sectors where FDI takes education is the best solution to face the challenges of place, whereas in mass education sector the spillover requirement of skilled manpower in 21st century. The effect of quality may not take place. In fact it might Foreign Education Providers Bill would facilitate lead to dualism in education. Hence critics maintain globally renowned institutes and universities to that there should be no liberal FDI policy in education. participate in India's higher education sector. It will It is also argued that there is a positive also bring in foreign education providers for vocational correlation between FDI and export. Hence it is

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance argued that allowing FDI in education might lead to according to Venture Intelligence, ―the FDI received export of Indian education abroad in which there are has been principally in companies providing large potentials in South East Asia, Africa and Latin professional training courses and at ancillary America etc. Education may, therefore, turnout to be opportunities in this area, such as private tutorial net exporter and earner of foreign exchange. It is, courses.‖ The lack of significant FDI can be attributed however, maintained that foreign institutions would be to the restrictive regulations imposed by the interested to exploit the large market in India, rather government. Considering that the higher education than exporting education from India. There is also no sector is in desperate need of additional resource empirical evidence to show the positive association allocation, the government needs to encourage the between FDI and export. Therefore, the FDI policy influx of not only foreign institutions but also foreign should be linked to specific sectors with specific investments in this sector. objectives. Importance of Foreign Universities and FDI in Foreign Universities Bill 2010 India The Union Cabinet cleared the Foreign Education is a regulated sector across the Universities bill for introduction in parliament in 2010. world. Most countries do not easily allow foreign The bill for the first time allows foreign universities to universities to operate in their country and if they do establish themselves in India. The hope is that this will allow, it is allowed with lot of regulations. The Foreign help India expand its capacity more quickly and save Education Providers (Regulation) Bill 2010 seeks to the country billions of dollars in foreign exchange regulate the entry, operation and maintenance of outflow. The bill as stated would allow 100 percent foreign education providers. Presently, there are foreign direct investment (FDI) in higher education. many foreign universities offering degree courses in Some of its other features, however, are less India in partnership with local universities. In future attractive to foreign universities. For example, a foreign universities may be able to offer independent foreign university will have to invest a minimum of $11 degrees, without tie up with any local university. One million before starting operations, and it is not of the benefits of this Bill is that it will save millions of supposed to make a profit or cross-subsidize other dollars of Indian students, as they will be able to study university operations from its Indian branch. Fee in foreign universities while staying in India. More than regulations that apply to Indian institutions would also 2, 50,000 students from India are studying in various apply to foreign ones. There would be salary caps, universities outside India. If foreign universities start affecting the kind of faculty these institutions could operating in India, it will give students a choice and attract. The bill includes a requirement to hire most also expand their higher education offerings in India. faculties locally. Especially for elite foreign There is a huge gap in the demand and supply in universities, this may make it hard to meet the bill‘s higher education sector and foreign universities will requirement that foreign universities provide the same reduce some gap. It is expected that, some of the quality of education in India that they provide in their foreign universities will also improve the culture of home countries. The universities will also be subject research in India. Some of the best universities in the to India‘s affirmative action programs. The fact that world are waiting to set up their base in India. admission could be determined by factors other than Students in India will get a better choice and merit often makes prospective universities competitive pressures will also improve the quality of uncomfortable. In conjunction with efforts to pass the the present education providers in India. bill, Kapil Sibal has announced the creation of 14 Top-notch foreign universities want to have ―innovation universities.‖ These universities are presence in India, as India moves further to supposed to attract talent from across the globe. Liberalize and reform the higher education sector. According to an article in the Business Standard, More than 150 foreign education providers already Yale, Harvard, and Princeton have volunteered to have tie-ups in India. Most of the investment is collaborate. Actually bringing these institutions into expected to come from the state and private sector, existence would require tackling all the challenges but there is growing significance being attached to the presented by the Foreign Universities Bill. role of foreign universities as well. Nearly 50 Beyond the establishment of foreign proposals from foreign universities, including Duke universities, the bill and the government must address University, Georgia Institute of Technology and the relationship between foreign direct investment and Imperial College London are expected to be waiting education. In 1995, the Indian government signed the for the Government‘s clearance. The majority desire WTO treaty the General Agreement on Trade in to enter the Indian education market either in Services (GATS). The agreement aimed to give the collaboration with domestic institutions or through international community access to the Indian services twining programmes where part of a Course might be sector by deregulating markets. According to GATS, taught in India and part in the parent institution. the private education sector qualifies as a tradable Harvard Business School is keen to find permanent service, and therefore the Indian government is premises for its executive education programmes required to remove any barriers to the trade of that instead of conducting classes at five-star hotels in service. Following these stipulations, in 2002, the prominent Indian cities. Columbia University has Indian government liberalized its policy on FDI in announced plans to set up a centre in New Delhi for services related to education. However, despite the its United States-based faculty and students to host liberalization and great demand for further educational workshops and undertake research in India. British funding, FDI in education in 2006 accounted for only universities - Imperial College London, University of 0.15 percent of all FDI in India. Furthermore, Glasgow, Keele University and University of Surrey -

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance signed agreements with their Indian counterparts from the liberalization of higher education services, recently to set up institutes in the country. The both unilaterally and multilaterally, on the import as Universities of Yale, Massachusetts Institute of well as export fronts. Technology and Boston, are keen to set up campuses Conclusion in India or have twinning arrangements with Although investment in the Indian education universities here. Keeping these views in mind, some sector is plagued with challenges, it offers great suggestion are as follows- opportunity to investors. A number of studies and 1. There should be public-to-public FDI flow. For reports indicate the strong returns that could be example, any foreign university willing to enter into a expected from the sector. With about 51% of India‘s joint venture with public institutions in India may be population being younger than 25 years of age and freely permitted to enter into an agreement allowing the presence of a severe shortage of institutions FDI without any restrictions. Similarly any public delivering high quality education and training across universities in India willing to invest abroad for the segments, what is present before the investors is a purpose of exporting education abroad may be timely opportunity. The regulatory issues associated allowed to invest. with investing, extracting returns and exiting are 2. Any foreign universities – public or private – willing indeed significant. However, with foresight, strategic to open overseas campus in India may be allowed to planning and by retaining legal counsel with prior do so under the regulatory control of Government/ experience in dealing with these issues, investors Government agencies. FDI should be guided by interested in investing in education can overcome minimum investment norms decided by the regulating these challenges and generate favourable returns authority. even in an unfavourable economy. Further, we 3. Any foreign public or private joint venture in understand that the Ministry of Human Resource partnership with Indian private sector may be Development is, at present, in strong favour of permitted with majority stake in Indian partner. facilitating foreign direct investment (FDI) in India's Besides educational joint venture programme should education sector. be strictly guided by the norms fixed by the It is revealed that the need and demand of Government/ Government agency. FDI in higher education sector is gradually increasing. 4. Any foreign private to public joint venture It is also observed that the flow of FDI in higher programme may also be allowed without any education is significant. It is concluded that the restrictions so far as FDI is concerned as public implication of FDI in higher education in India is also institution in India is already covered by the national significant after the Foreign University Bill. Thus the system of regulation. FDI play a key role in influencing the Indian higher India is under proposal to open up its higher education for globalization of education. So with the education sector to foreign providers and to end help of FDI may increase those facilities i.e. good public subsidies, with adverse consequences for the higher education institute, good teacher, conductive quality and affordability of higher education. The issue environment, right selection of courses and books, then is largely a domestic one. The impact of opening proper care of parents, information of various sources up higher education services is shaped not by the and resources. So, the proper implementation of FDI WTO but by domestic factors, including the domestic in higher education should be bridged up the gap regulatory framework and the stat of the domestic between Indian and foreign education system without education system in terms of quantity, quality, costs, further delay, if we really want to be a developed infrastructure and finances. This is not to suggest that nation. one should add more layers of regulation in higher References education. Already there a plethora of regulatory 1. Agarwal, Pawan (2007): "From Kothari bodies duplicating each other's functions, what is Commission to Pitroda Commission", Economic required is more effective registration and certification and Political Weekly, February, 17-23, Vol. XLII, systems, which prevent unapproved institutions from pp. 554-557. partnering, which protect and inform consumers, 2. Agosin, M. and R. Mayer (2000). ―Foreign enable good quality foreign institutions to enter the investment in Developing Countries: Does it Indian market, and which create a level playing field Crowd in Domestic Investment?‖ Discussion between domestic and foreign institutions so that the Paper No.146, UNCTAD, Geneva. former can compete effectively in a liberalized 3. Ahya, C. and M. Sheth (2006). ―India Economics environment. Once such a regulatory framework is in - SEZ Rush: 267 and Counting…‖ Morgan place, India needn't fear scheduling education Stanley Research Asia-Pacific, September 22. services under GATS. It could even inscribe additional 4. Ambani, M. and K. Birla (2001): Report on a conditions on the nature of foreign direct investment Policy Framework for Reforms in Education, (FDI) in higher education, something permitted under Government of India, New Delhi. Asher, M.G. GATS commitment structure. Finally, a point often lost (2007). ―India‘s Rising Role in Asia‖, on critics is that India also has gone on the offensive http://www.spp.nus.edu.sg/wp/wp0701b.pdf in education services. A growing number of Indian 5. Athreye, S. and S. Kapur (2001). ―Private Foreign educational institutions are beginning to export to Investment in India: Pain or Panacea?‖ The other markets. So, globalization of education services World Economy, 24, pp.399-424. should also be seen as an opportunity and the FDI as 6. Bhushan, Sudhanshu (2004): "Trade in a way to use this opportunity. In short, a pro-active Education Services under GATS Implications for rather than defensive approach is required to benefit

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance Higher Education in India", Economic and 14. Rani, Geetha. P. (2002): "Financing Higher Political Weekly. Education in India during the Post Reform Period: 7. Borensztein, E., J. De Gregorio and J. Lee Focus on Access and Equity", NIEPA Occasional (1995). ―How does Foreign Direct Investment Paper, No. 31, NIEPA, New Delhi, September, Affect Growth‖, Journal of International 2002. Economics, 45, pp.115-135. 15. Te Velde, D.W. (2001). Policies Towards Foreign 8. Dua, P. and A.I. Rasheed (1998). ―Foreign Direct Direct Investment in Developing Countries: Investment and Economic Activity in India‖, Emerging Issues and Outstanding Issues, Indian Economic Review, 33, pp.153-168. London: Overseas Development Institute. 9. Government of India (GOI), (2006). Foreign 16. Tilak, J. B. G. (2001): "Education and Direct Investment Policy, Ministry of Commerce Globalisation: The Changing Concerns in and Industry, Department of Industrial Policy and Economics of Indian Education, Editorial" Promotion. Perspectives in Education, Vol. 17. 10. Government of India (GOI) (2007). FDI Statistics, 17. UNCTAD (2007). World Investment Report 2007, Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Department of New York and Geneva: Oxford University Press. Industrial Policy and Promotion. 18. U.S. International Trade Commission (USITC) 11. IMF (2005). ―India: Selected Issues,‖ IMF Country (2007). ―Competitive Conditions for Foreign Reports No.05/87, IMF, Chapter 3. Direct Investment in India‖, Staff Research Study, 12. Nigavekar, A. S., (2001): GATS and Higher Office of Industries, Publication 3931, July. Education: What is at stake for India, Paper 19. World Bank (2004). ―India: Investment Climate circulated at a National -level Meeting on 'Trade and Manufacturing Industry,‖ Washington, DC: in Education Service under WTO Regime", World Bank. NIEPA, New Delhi. 13. Rajan, R.S. (2005). ―FDI, Trade and the Internationalization of Production in the Asia- Pacific Region‖, Asia-Pacific Trade and Investment Review, 1, pp.3-26.

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian ReResonancesonance The Role of Emotional Intelligence in Organization

Abstract This paper suggests that feelings (moods and emotions) play a central role in the leadership process. More specifically, it is proposed that emotional intelligence, the ability to understand and manage moods and emotions in the self and others, contributes to effective leadership in organizations. Four major aspects of emotional intelligence, the appraisal and expression of emotion, the use of emotion to enhance cognitive processes and decision making, knowledge about emotions, and management of emotions, are described. Then, I propose how emotional intelligence contributes to effective leadership by focusing on five essential elements of leader effectiveness: development of collective goals and objectives; instilling in others an appreciation of the importance of work activities; generating and maintaining enthusiasm, confidence, optimism, cooperation, and trust; encouraging flexibility in decision making and change; and establishing and maintaining a meaningful identity for an organization. Emotional intelligence, as concerned with how an individual recognizes and regulates his or her emotions, has been in limelight quite recently. The present study seeks to fill a small gap in the literature on emotional intelligence, together with foreign language Smita Bajpai anxiety and empathy. To this end, short literary readings are used in Asstt. Prof., a cognitive-affective reading-based course to see how emotional CS Dept. RIET (GBTU code 293) intelligence, foreign language anxiety and empathy are affected. Mandhana Rama City When it comes to happiness and success in life, emotional Mandhana, Kanpur intelligence (EQ) matters just as much as intellectual ability . [email protected] Emotional intelligence helps you build stronger relationships, succeed at work, and achieve your career and personal goals. Keywords: feelings, mood, decision making, change, emotions, cognitive, knowledge, cognitive-affective , foreign language anxiety, empathy, happiness and success in life, stronger relationships, goals. Introduction:

Emotional intelligence is an elusive property. It only got appropriate attention after the publication of Daniel Goleman's book "Emotional Intelligence." The year was 1995. During previous human history, emotional intelligence was virtually unknown to the Western world. Interestingly, native Americans have manifested deep wisdom (emotional intelligence) for millennium. The famous statement by Chief Seattle "All things are connected" manifests the expression of highly developed emotional intelligence in habits. Most non-native Americans have never been able to acquire this mode of thinking. They treat the environment with disregard or contempt. Although things are connected, this philosophy is often misapplied by people with low emotional intelligence. They typically

lose contact with reality and employ supernatural phenomena, which have no factual substance. This mental deficit can lead to the belief that people live on earth and, when their bodies die, their souls will continue living an eternal life in heaven. Or the people believe that they can become reincarnated and can live many lives on earth as different people. Life is believed to move in repetitive cycles, and a person's soul (whatever that may be) never ceases to exist. The delusion is not caused by a lack of education, scientific knowledge, or scholastic insight, but by misinterpretation of facts and by the inability to introduce higher emotional intelligence into the reasoning process.

Thus, reduced emotional intelligence is always associated with compromised checking of reality. In extreme cases, the outcome is

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance schizophrenia. In less profound instances, process. The first step to improving emotional psychopathology and belief-based reasoning emerge intelligence is to learn how to relieve stress. and control a person's life.  Your mental health. Uncontrolled stress can What is emotional intelligence? also impact your mental health, making you Emotional intelligence is the ability to vulnerable to anxiety and depression. If you are identify, use, understand, and manage emotions in unable to understand and manage your positive ways to relieve stress, communicate emotions, you‘ll also be open to mood swings, effectively, empathize with others, overcome while an inability to form strong relationships can challenges, and diffuse conflict. Emotional intelligence leave you feeling lonely and isolated. impacts many different aspects of your daily life, such  Your relationships. By understanding your as the way you behave and the way you interact with emotions and how to control them, you‘re better others. able to express how you feel and understand how If you have a high emotional intelligence you others are feeling. This allows you to are able to recognize your own emotional state and communicate more effectively and forge stronger the emotional states of others and engage with people relationships, both at work and in your personal in a way that draws them to you. You can use this life. understanding of emotions to relate better to other . Developing the five key skills of emotional people, form healthier relationships, achieve greater intelligence in organization success at work, and lead a more fulfilling life. The five skills of emotional intelligence can be learned Emotional intelligence consists of four by anyone, at any time. But there is a difference attributes between learning about emotional intelligence and  Self-awareness – You recognize your own applying that knowledge to your life. Just because you emotions and how they affect your thoughts and know you should do something doesn‘t mean you behavior, know your strengths and weaknesses, will—especially when you become overwhelmed by and have self-confidence. stress, which can hijack your best intentions.  Self-management – You‘re able to control In order to permanently change behavior in impulsive feelings and behaviors, manage your ways that stand up under pressure, you need to learn emotions in healthy ways, take initiative, follow how to take advantage of the powerful emotional parts through on commitments, and adapt to changing of the brain that remain active and accessible even circumstances. times of stress. This means that you can‘t simply read about emotional intelligence in order to master It. You  Social awareness – You can understand the have to experience and practice the skills in your emotions, needs, and concerns of other people, everyday life. pick up on emotional cues, feel comfortable socially, and recognize the power dynamics in a o Five key skills group or organization. Emotional intelligence consists of five key skills, each building on the last:  Relationship management – You know how to develop and maintain good relationships,  Emotional intelligence skill 1: The ability to communicate clearly, inspire and influence quickly reduce stress. others, work well in a team, and manage conflict.  Emotional intelligence skill 2: The ability to Why is emotional intelligence so important? recognize and manage your emotions. As we know, it‘s not the smartest people that are the  Emotional intelligence skill 3: The ability to most successful or the most fulfilled in life. You connect with others using nonverbal probably know people who are academically brilliant communication. and yet are socially inapt and unsuccessful at work or  Emotional intelligence skill 4: The ability to use in their personal relationships. Intellectual intelligence humor and play to deal with challenges. isn‘t enough on its own to be successful in life. it can  Emotional intelligence skill 5: The ability to help you get into college but it‘s that will help you resolve conflicts positively and with confidence. manage the stress and emotions of sitting your final . exams. Emotional intelligence skill 1: Rapidly reduce Emotional intelligence affects stress  Your performance at work. Emotional High levels of stress can overwhelm the intelligence can help you navigate the social mind and body, getting in the way of your ability to complexities of the workplace, lead and motivate accurately ―read‖ a situation, hear what someone else others, and excel in your career. In fact, when it is saying, be aware of your own feelings and needs, comes to gauging job candidates, many and communicate clearly. companies now view emotional intelligence as Being able to quickly calm yourself down and being as important as technical ability and require diffuse stress helps you stay balanced, focused, and EI testing before hiring. in control–no matter what challenges you face or how  Your physical health. If you‘re unable to stressful a situation becomes. manage your stress levels, it can lead to serious Develop stress busting skills by working health problems. Uncontrolled stress can raise through the following three steps blood pressure, suppress the immune system,  Realize when you‘re stressed – The first step to increase the risk of heart attack and stroke, reducing stress is recognizing what stress feels contribute to infertility, and speed up the aging

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance like. How does your body feel when you‘re signaling the opposite. Your nonverbal messages can stressed? Are your muscles or stomach tight or produce a sense of interest, trust, excitement, and sore? Are your hands clenched? Is your breath desire for connection—or they can generate fear, shallow? Being aware of your physical response confusion, distrust, and disinterest. to stress will help regulate tension when it occurs. Improving nonverbal communication:-  Identify stress response – Everyone reacts Successful nonverbal communication differently to stress. If you tend to become angry depends on your ability to manage stress, recognize or agitated under stress, you will respond best to your own emotions, and understand the signals you‘re stress relief activities that quiet you down. If you sending and receiving. When communicating: tend to become depressed or withdrawn, you will  Focus on the other person. If you are planning respond best to stress relief activities that are what you‘re going to say next, daydreaming, or stimulating. If you tend to freeze—speeding up in thinking about something else, you are almost some ways while slowing down in others—you certain to miss nonverbal cues and other need stress relief activities that provide both subtleties in the conversation. comfort and stimulation.  Make eye contact. Eye contact can communicate  Discover the stress-busting techniques interest, maintain the flow of a conversation, and that work for you – The best way to reduce help gauge the other person‘s response. stress quickly is by engaging one or more of Pay attention to nonverbal cues you‘re your senses: sight, sound, smell, taste, and sending and receiving, such as facial expression, tone touch. Each person responds differently to of voice, posture and gestures, touch, and the timing sensory input, so you need to find things and pace of the conversation. that are soothing and/or energizing to you. Use humor and play to deal with challenges For example, if you‘re a visual person you  Humour, laughter, and play are natural antidotes to life‘s difficulties. They lighten your burdens and can relieve stress by surrounding yourself help you keep things in perspective. A good with uplifting images. If you respond more to hearty laugh reduces stress, elevates mood, and sound, you may find a wind chime, a favorite brings your nervous system back into balance. piece of music, or the sound of a water Playful communication broadens your emotional fountain helps to quickly reduce your stress intelligence and helps you: levels.  Take hardships in stride. By allowing you to view Emotional intelligence skill 2: Emotional your frustrations and disappointments from new awareness perspectives, laughter and play enable you to Being able to connect to your emotions— survive annoyances, hard times, and setbacks. having a moment-to-moment awareness of your  Smooth over differences. Using gentle humor emotions and how they influence your thoughts and often helps you say things that might be actions—is the key to understanding yourself and otherwise difficult to express without creating a others Many people are disconnected from their flap. emotions–especially strong core emotions such as  Simultaneously relax and energize yourself. anger,sadness, fear, and joy. This may be the result Playful communication relieves fatigue and of negative childhood experiences that taught you to relaxes your body, which allows you to recharge try to shut off your feelings. But although we can and accomplish more. Become more creative. distort, deny, or numb our feelings, we can‘t eliminate When you loosen up, you free yourself of rigid them. They‘re still there, whether we‘re aware of them ways of thinking and being, allowing you to get or not. Unfortunately, without emotional awareness, creative and see things in new ways. we are unable to fully understand our own motivations Develop playful communication and needs, or to communicate effectively with others. It‘s never too late to develop and Nonverbal communication embrace your playful, humorous side. Being a good communicator requires more than just verbal skills. Often, what you say is less  Try setting aside regular, quality playtime. important than how you say it or the other nonverbal The more you joke, play, and laugh—the signals you send out—the gestures you make, the easier it becomes. way you sit, how fast or how loud you talk, how close  Find enjoyable activities that loosen you up you stand, how much eye contact you make. In order and help you embrace your playful nature. to hold the attention of others and build connection Practice by playing with animals, babies, and trust, you need to be aware of and in control of young children, and outgoing people who this body language. You also need to be able to appreciate playful banter. accurately read and respond to the nonverbal cues that other people send you. Resolve conflict positively These messages don‘t stop when someone Conflict and disagreements are stops speaking. Even when you‘re silent, you‘re still inevitable in relationships. Two people can‘t communicating non-verbally. Think about what you possibly have the same needs, opinions, and are transmitting as well, and if what you say matches expectations at all times. However, that needn‘t what you feel. If you insist ―I‘m fine‖, while clenching be a bad thing. Resolving conflict in healthy, your teeth and looking away, your body is clearly constructive ways can strengthen trust between

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance people. When conflict isn‘t perceived as just another management fad, it is important that threatening or punishing, it fosters freedom, creativity, practitioners try to follow guidelines based on the best and safety in relationships. available research. Only when the training is based on The ability to manage conflicts in a positive, sound, empirically based methods Will its promise be trust-building way is supported by the previous four realized. skills of emotional intelligence. Once you know how to Reference manage stress, stay emotionally present and aware, 1. Batcheldor, M. (2000) The Elusive Intangible communicate nonverbally, and use humor and play, Intelligence: Conflict Management and Emotional you‘ll be better equipped to handle emotionally- Intelligence in the Workplace. The Western charged situations and catch and defuse many issues Scholar, Fall, 7-9 before they escalate. 2. Sala, Fabio.Do programs designed to increase Conclusion emotional intelligence at work-work? Hay/McBer Organizations increasingly are providing 3. Cherniss, C., Goleman, D., Emmerling, R., training and development that is explicitly labeled as Cowan, K., & Adler, M. (1998). Bringing "emotional intelligence" or "emotional competence" emotional intelligence to the workplace. training. However, the guidelines presented here 4. Boyatizis, Richard E. (2000). Developing apply to any development effort in which personal and emotional intelligence social learning is a goal. This would include most 5. Bayne, R. (1990) Emotional Intelligence. HOPE management and executive development efforts as Learning Systems Ltd., T6J2W4 (403), 438-3899. well as training in supervisory skills, diversity, teamwork, leadership, conflict management, stress management, sales, customer relations, etc. If the current interest in promoting emotional intelligence at work is to be a serious, sustained effort, rather than

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian ReResonancesonance Assessment of Nutritional status and Iron Deficiency of school going children in Kanpur District Abstract The school going children are the most important segment of the society. Good nutrition to children is an indispensable component of healthy life. It is also determinant of healthy growth of mind and body. A diet inadequate in quantity and quality is a relevant factor affecting their growth and development. Their nutritional status is of great importance.

Key words:- Nutritional status, Nutrients, Assessment, Deficiency

Introduction: Iron deficiency disorder is undoubtedly biggest child health problem in our country. According to Mohammad (1999) iron deficiency i.e. anemia is one of the common nutritional problem affecting millions of people in both developing and developed countries. There is substantial evidence that anemia in children is associate with decreased physical and mental development, impaired immune function and reduced capacity of leucocytes to kill micro-organism. Iron is essential for Myelination- the process by which the brain produces a fatty insulation around the nerves. Iron has clear effects on the function of Seema Kanaujia Dopamine and probably Serotonin, two brain chemicals that help send Lecturer, and receive signals (neurotransmitters) and have many roles in the Dept. of Home Science brain. Children who suffered Iron deficiency anemia as infants have Mahila Mahavidyalaya evidence of brain differences 10years later. The deficiency of disorders Kanpur. the motor-development, social-emotional function and cognitive skills. In terms of social-emotional functioning, in early adolescence they are rated as showing significant symptoms of anxiety, depression, less engaged, less positive and inattention. The cognitive gap was also worse for those children form the most disadvantaged families who also Monika Shukla had chronic, severe iron deficiency in infancy. School years are Lecturer, characterized by improvement of functioning of most tissues and organ D.G. College, system. Considerable growth and development of both muscles and Kanpur. bones take place. Child growth and development can be seen as a series of steps, each one of which requires adequate amount of all nutrients. The child must have food for growth, maintenance and repair of body tissues. Malnutrition continues to be a public health problem in Priya Dwivedi India even after 50 years of independence (Raghavan, 1999). India in Research Scholar the world has a highest level of child malnutrition i.e. 63% (UNICEF, 1995). In view of the above mentioned facts the present study was taken up with those objectives:- Assess the socio-economic status of families of primary school children and assess the dietary intake of primary school children and assess the impact of Iron deficiency and its long term effect on mental, social-emotional functioning, motor-development and cognitive skills. Methodology The study was conducted in Kanpur district. One locality Azad Nagar was selected. One Hindi and one English medium school were selected in this locality. Thus 112 students were selected in class III, IV, V, and VI. Dependent and independent variables are used. Education, income, age, Anthropometric measurement, and clinical survey are used in the study. The statistical tools were used SD, correlation. Table: 1 Distribution of Parents According to Education S. No. Education level Father Mother N N% M M% 1 Illiterate 28 235.00 40 35.71 2 Up to class IX 26 23.21 22 19.64 3 Metric 23 20.54 24 21.43 4 Higher 35 31.25 26 23.22

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance

35.71% of the mothers were illiterate, 19.64 were poultry, flesh-food were 300gm, 22gm, 12gm, 25gm, 90gm, educated up to class IX and 23.22% got higher education. 70ml, 17gm, and 2gm respectively. About 25.00% of father were illiterate only 23.21% educated Table: 3 Correlation of Nutrient Intake with up to class IX and 31.25% got higher education. Different Variables

Table: 2 Consumption frequency of food

among school going children Fat

(Percent of Subjects) Iron

Vit. C Vit.

father

family

carotene

Energy

Protein

-

Calcium

Nutrients

Income of of Income

B

Family size Family

Education of of Education

---

Daily

Once

Twice

S. No.

Thrice

------

1000

Food Items Food

Protein Occasionally

1 Cereals ---

---

------

Fat

------

1000

100

0.171

---

2 Pulses ---

------

0.114 1.000

Energy

0.193**

---

22.3

53.57 24.10

---

------

3 Sugar & ------

0.072 1.000

0.408** 0.198**

Jaggery Calcium

------

100

---

------

Iron

0.271 0.037 0.051 1.000

4 Oil & fat --- 0.162*

------

---

100

------

0.278 0.314 0.096 1.000

0.173* 0.260**

5 Milk products --- Carotene

---

---

53.57 19.64 26.78

---

0.061 0.044 0.027 1.000

father

0.144* 0.134*

0.185** 0.183**

6 Meat, poultry 40.17 Educationof

and flesh-food

---

---

8.90

Size 0.89

26.78 24.10

0.037

0.139 0.124 0.173 0.207 0.173 0.184 1.000

-

Family

35.71

7 Fruit

0.071 0.201 0.144 0.084 0.071 1.000

family

0.153*

0.186** 0.181** 0.253**

Income of

8.92

15.17 22.32 17.85 * Significant at 5% ** Significant at 1%

8 Vegetables Table (3) reveals the correlation matrix between nutrient intake with a. green 8.92 26.78 37.6 26. --- 78 different variable like education of father, income of family and size leafy of family. vegetables --- 26.78 44.64 17.85 Statistically positive and highly significant correlation b. Roots & 10. between fat and calcium r (0.408), fat and energy r(0.193), energy tubers 71 and calcium r(0.198), iron and carotene r(0.260), education of father c. Others 53.57 26.78 19.6 --- and energy r(0.185), education of father and calcium r(0.183),

--- income of family and fat r(0.186), income of family and energy The total families surveyed 54.46% were vegetarian r(0.1812), income of family and vitamin C r(0.253). and 45.55% were non-vegetarian. The average in take of Conclusion cereals, pulses, green leafy vegetables, roots and tubers, On the basis of it may be concluded that the other vegetables, fruits, milk, sugar & jaggery, fat & Oil, meat education of mother and father increased, energy also increased because education of parents and energy highly

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance positively correlated. Same is the case with calcium and iron 1. Mohammad, M.R.; Syed, M.A. and Amal, M.K. also. Similarly as income of family increases, fat, energy V: t (1999): Long term supplementation with iron C positively highly correlated. does not enhance growth in malnourished Recommendations Bangladeshi children. The Journal of Nutrition, Nutrition education to the mothers as well as 124, 4:131p. children at school level is needed. It may include 2. Rana, K. and Hussain, M. (2001): Body weight information regarding the balanced diet, importance of status of preschool children belonging to high good nutrition or both physical and mental income group in relation to nutrient intake. Indian development of the children, nutrient deficiencies their Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics 3:236-241. consequences and available remedies. They may 3. Devdas, R.P.; Chandrashekhar, V.; Prem also be told about the public health center (PGC) Kumari, S. and Geeta, G. (1991): Female literacy acidities including immunization of the children. They and family improvement-part-II. Correlation may be encouraged to utilize these health care between female literacy and morbidity pattern facilities or the well being of their children. In order to among children. Indian Journal of Nutrition and increase the energy intake, higher consumption of Dietetics 28, 3: 70-76. cereals by the Primary School is recommended. References

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian ReResonancesonance Styles of skirt through CAD on the basis of their preferences and prevailing fashion scenario

Abstract Fashion CAD is an innovative approach to pattern making Anupma Pal provided in an integrated suite of software which includes Pattern C.S.J.M. University, Kanpur Design, Grading, Detailing, Marker Layout and a fully featured CAD drafting system. With Fashion CAD one can create a range of sizes or a made to measure sized garment from a standard pattern in seconds. It is quick powerful and accurate – yet provides the flexibility to match your unique requirements at an affordable price. If one understand the requirements of making up in different fabrics and know the fundamentals of pattern making and are frustrated with doing it manually then you will love fashion CAD. Key words : Style, CAD, Preferences, fashion Veena Nigam Introduction Reader & Head Fashion refers to the kind of clothing that is in a desirable Home Science Deptt style at a particular time. At different times in history, fashionable dress Juhari Devi Degree has taken very different forms. In modern times nearly everyone follow College, Kanpur fashion to some extent. A young girl would look odd if she wore the clothing that her grandmother had worn when young. However, only few people dress in the clothing that appears in high fashion magazines or on fashion shows runways. Methodology The study was conducted in Kanpur district. Five girls colleges (Intermediate and Graduate courses) in different field like art, science and home science were selected in this study. Total 200 girls were selected in same college in age group (12-18 years) in this study area. Dependent and independent variables were used such as age, education, income, preference, design, colour, Computer Aided Design. The statistical tools were used such as percentage, rank, weighted mean etc. Results Table 1 Distribution of respondents according to

Neelma Kunwar education Head of the Department, Education level Frequency Per cent C.S. Azad University of Up to Secondary 53 26.5 Agriculture and Technology, Up to High School 83 41.5 Kanpur. [email protected] Up to Intermediate 64 32.0 Total 200 100.0 Table 1 shows that education plays an important role of the respondents in preference of skirts In India high school is a grade of education which includes standards IX to XII standards of the girls who given her opinion about design of skirts. In this modern age, increased level of the dress consciousness of individuals has contributed to the development of innovative designs because it is the most important factor in consumer choice of clothes. Table 2 Distribution of school going girls according to type of skirts Types Frequency Per cent Novelty gathered 65 32.5 Two tied 108 54.0 Straight 76 38.0 A line 63 31.5 Gored 92 46.0

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance Types Frequency Per cent Table 4. Preferences on the basis of styles of Pegged 30 15.0 skirts

Hip rider 28 14.0 Style Frequ Somet Never Scor Ran Half circular 61 30.5 ently imes es k Full circular 77 38.5 Flared 82 90 28 1.27 I Tulip hemmed 20 10.0 (41.0) (45.0) (14.0) Wrap around 32 16.0 Tired 56 91 53 1.01 IV Accordion pleated 14 7.0 (28.0) (45.5) (26.5) Straight 85 70 45 1.20 III Drape 28 14.0 (42.5) (35.0) (22.5) Handkerchief 11 5.5 Full circular 32 82 86 0.73 X Layered 6 3.0 (16.0) (41.0) (43.0) Divided 150 75.0 Handkerchief 30 66 104 0.63 XI Shirred 17 8.5 (15.0) (33.0) (52.0) Yoked 64 68 68 0.98 V (32.0) (34.0) (34.0) Table 2 shows that 75.0 per cent of the A–line 50 84 66 0.92 VII respondents preferred divided type skirt is one piece (25.0) (42.0) (33.0) Gored 52 60 88 0.82 IX till the crouch point and divided below. This skirt can (26.0) (30.0) (44.0) have gathers or pleats all along its width. 8.5 per cent Pleated 76 90 34 1.21 II of the respondents preferred shirred type skirt, which (38.0) (45.0) (17.0) Half circular 55 60 85 0.85 VIII is gathered in the centre front the centre front line is (27.5) (30.0) (42.5) slashed and then gathered. Available in different Wrap over 62 66 72 0.95 VI fabrics like nylon, denim, synthetic, leather, knitted, (31.0) (33.0) (36.0) crepe, georgette, silks and organza, these skirts are (Figures in parenthesis indicate percentage of perfect wear for any parties or functions. Stitched in respective values) proportion to suit the size of the wearer, we offer our Table 4 shows that skirts have been in fashion range in different sizes from mini skirts, knee length since centuries, though their styles and patterns have got skirts to long slit skirts. evolved with the time. And the best part about skirts is Skirts are prevalent all over the world from one can wear them at any occasion, whether one have to the very beginning because it is comfortable. dress formally or simply chill out in casuals. Personality looks beautiful while dressing skirts and Floral designs in skirts are liked by most of the exposes body shape and figure. This is why adopters girls in casual wear which also provides them a delicate of different types of skirts in the country are much in look. In India, skirts have been in trend since times number. Dressing mini and micro skirts girls look very immemorial, and the cotton handloom skirts young.. manufactured here, are loved by every Indian woman. Besides these cotton handloom skirts, there are many Table 3 Preferences on the basis of types of other types of skirts available across the world. skirts Conclusion Prefer Freque Someti Never Weigh Rank Skirts are prevalent all over the world from the ences ntly mes ted very beginning because it is comfortable. Personality mean looks beautiful while dressing skirts and exposes body (X) shape and figure. Skirts have been in fashion since Mini 130 24 46 1.42 I centuries, though their styles and patterns have got skirts (65.0) (12.0) (23.0) evolved with the time. And the best part about skirts is Micro 110 52 38 1.36 II one can wear them at any occasion, whether one have to skirts (55.0) (26.0) (19.0) dress formally or simply chill out in casuals. Short 60 43 97 0.81 IV Recommendation skirts (30.0) (21.5) (48.5) 1. Easy type Pattern : An elastic waist band type of Long 50 64 86 0.82 III skirt is best for beginner sewers. There are many skirts (25.0) (32.0) (43.0) skirt patterns available with an elastic waistband. (Figures in parenthesis indicate percentage of Straight stitch is used and this type of skirt pattern respective values) could be completed in a couple of hours. 2. Difficult type Pattern : A skirt that requires a sewn Table 3 shows that school going girls given in waist band is more difficult and usually requires a more importance to appearance, colour, season, zipper and button hole. This type of skirt would be for a more advanced sewer. serviceability, texture and complexion while selecting References fabrics and style of skirts. Mini skirts can easily be 1. Hemant, Jain (2009). ―Trendy skirts : Suitable for All worn to present a trendy look both casual and formal Events‖. http:// www.Articlealley.com/article _1222367 in appearance. High quality short skirts enhance the _34.html. beauty of the wearer. Girls were demanded long skirts 2. Lutus, Real (2009). http://www..article available in superfluous designs and colours. Latest alley.com/article_1232976_34.html. design long skirts are available in vibrant patterns and 3. Mary Socker (2010). Hottest Summer Trends In Skirts‖. rich colours. Micro skirts are embellished with laces http://www. Articles natch.com/Article/Hottest-Summer- and beads to make them look attractive. Trends-In-Skirts/714088#ixzz0nyYq 53Uu. 4. Williams, J.D. (2010). ―The top 5 skirt trends of 2010‖. http://www.Article snatch. com/Article/The-Top-5-Skirt- Trends-Of-2010/1055387#ixzz0ny X5Gp3n.

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian ReResonancesonance Impact of Stress on Females During Pregnancy

Abstract The present paper attempts to explore the impact of stress on day –today life of common people especially pregnant women. Severe effect of stress has the power to shatter the person into pieces. It hampers and reduces the functioning of body organs. Negative effect of stress on hair, brain, mouth, heart, lungs, muscles, digestive tract, skin and reproductive organs are discussed in the paper. Stress in females when they are pregnant bring various negative outcomes e.g. premature birth of baby, low physical & mental growth of baby, mentally retarded babies, babies born with cerebral palsy or even resulted in miscarriages. Stressed out men have also been found to be behind recurrent miscarriage of their wives. Some stress reduction techniques are discussed in the paper which is helpful for mothers-to-be to cope with stress. Relaxation Response, Cognitive Restricting, Taking professional help, good support network and adopting relaxed lifestyle are discussed in the paper. Introduction: Stress is an emotional and physical reaction to changes. Stress is defined as the adverse relation of the people to excessive pressure or other types of demands placed on them (parry, 2005). Nowadays Stress has become an inevitable part of life which disrupts individuals‘ normal state of well being. These influences are capable of affecting health by causing emotional distress and leading to a variety Sapna Verma , of physiological changes. Stress occurs when pressure exceeds his or Associate Professor her perceived ability to cope (centre for stress management, 2004). Stress can also be defined as a process in which adaptive capacity Dept. of Psychology results in both physiological as well as biological changes that could DAV College, Kanpur place in a person (Cohen, et al. 1995). [email protected] Causes of stress may vary from person to person. Some common causes of stress can be a death, an illness or injury of one‘s family member. Apart from these, there are various ways of arousal of stress for e.g. - relationship changes, work or job changes, loss of money, divorce, a term in jail, retirement, reconciliation in a marriage etc. Stress can be positive and gives energy. Positive stress can Seema Kushwaha help children and adults develop the skills they need to cope with and Research Scholar, adapt to new and potentially threatening situations throughout life. It Dept. of Psychology can be called as healthy stress. Stress can be unhealthy when it DAV College, Kanpur affects the individual‘s health. When a high level of stress continues . for a long period, it may contribute to potentially serious health problems, such as lowered resistance to infections, high blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, irritable bowel syndrome, asthma, arthritis. Common signs of stress are- o Feeling nervous, o Sad or angry, o Fast pounding heartbeat, o Sweating, o Pain or tense muscles in the neck, shoulders and back, o Headache o Feeling tired or having trouble in sleeping, o Constipation or diarrhoea, o Lack of appetite or weight loss. Negative stress is of two types- Tolerable and Toxic stress. Tolerable stress- is adverse experiences that are more intense but still relatively short lived. It includes the death of a loved

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance one, a natural disaster, a frightening accident and According to new research stress experienced by a divorce if a child has the support of a caring adult, woman during pregnancy may affect her unborn baby tolerable stress can usually lead to a long term as early as 17 weeks after conception with potentially negative health effects. harmful effects on brain development and growth. The Toxic stress- is intense adverse experiences that may study is the first to show that unborn babies are be sustained over a long period of time weeks, exposed to their mothers‘ stress hormones at such an months or even years e.g. - child maltreatment which early stage in pregnancy (Ward. 2007). A recent study include abuse and neglect. Children are unable to found that maternal characteristics including effectively manage this type of stress by themselves. depression, panic disorder, drug use, domestic Stress response system gets activated for a violence and having two or more medical conditions prolonged amount of time. This can lead to permanent were associated with high levels of stress during changes in the development of the brain. pregnancy (Behrman and Butler, 2006). A number of Effect of stress on body parts— physical or mental studies suggest that high levels of stress in pregnancy stress may cause physical illness as well as mental or may affect the unborn baby and contribute to---- emotional problems. Here are few parts of the body  Premature birth, which are affected by stress.  Low birth weight of baby, Hair-Excessive hair loss and some forms of baldness.  Babies born too small, Brain- Stress triggers mental and emotional problems such as insomnia, headaches, personality changes,  Face health problems during the newborn irritability, anxiety, and depression. period, lasting disabilities (such as Mental Mouth- Mouth ulcers and excessive dryness. Retardation –which is a noticeable deficiency in Heart—Cardiovascular disease and hypertension are the development of motor, cognitive, social and linked to accumulated stress. language functions or Cerebral Palsy-in which Lungs- High levels of mental or emotional stress children have great difficulty in initiating and affect individuals with asthmatic conditions. Muscles—Spasmodic pain in the neck and shoulder, controlling their muscles and body movements) musculoskeletal aches, lower back pain, various and even death. minor muscular twitches and nerves are more Prenatal period is important for child‘s noticeable under stress. development. Many studies reported that if mother is Digestive tract—Aggravate diseases of the digestive stressed during pregnancy, it affects the development tract including gastritis stomach and duodenal ulcers, of the baby. There is reduced blood flow to the baby ulcerative colitis and irritable colon. through the uterine arteries which is the main source Skin- Stress with outbreaks of skin problems such as of blood and nutrition for the baby and hampers his eczema and psoriasis. growth as well. If mother has high levels of cortisol Reproductive organs—stress affects the which is the main stress hormone, it crosses placenta reproductive system causing menstrual disorders and from the mother to the foetus and affects foetal level. recurrent vaginal infections in women and impotence High level of cortisol affects the development of the and premature ejaculation in men. Frequent abortions brain and the future stress responses of the baby. may also be the due to stress. An American study reported that pregnant Effect of Stress on females during pregnancy- women who worked within 2 miles of the world trade It is found in various studies that high & prolonged centre in New York on September 11, 2001 had level of stress may pose some special risks for significantly shorter gestations and significantly pregnant women. Pregnancies are a time of many smaller babies than women who worked farther from changes for a woman in her body, in her emotions the site. Another study found that pregnant women and in the life of her family. Moreover pregnant who experienced a major earthquake had shorter women face many demands and challenges at home gestations than women who did not experience the and at work place if she is working. The finding of event. In short prolonged stress can have a bad CIGNA health care (2003) indicates that 64% of impact on pregnant women. The American Pregnancy expectant mothers feel that their lives are more Association found that psychological stress results in stressful than one year ago. Borders (2007) found that decline in semen quality and causes poor sperm 65% of expectant moms are concerned about the quality which leads to miscarriage. A study done by overpowering impact of stress upon themselves All India Institute of Medical Sciences reported that during pregnancy and upon the health of their baby. stressed out Indian men have now been found to be Bergman (2007) reported that if a mother is suffering behind recurrent miscarriages of their wives (Sinha & from stress during pregnancy, her baby suffers many Jha,2012). emotional or cognitive problems, such as risk of Stress reduction techniques— attention deficit hyperactive disorder, anxiety and Stress can have harmful effects on pregnancy delayed language development. Further they found (Lerner, 2009). A number of stress-reduction that if the relationship of pregnant lady with her techniques can be helpful for pregnant women. These husband is bitter, then 15% of emotional or include yoga classes for pregnant women, biofeedback, behavioural problems arouses due to prenatal stress and meditation and guided mental imagery. A health care provider may be able to refer a pregnant woman to local or anxiety. A report published by medical journal classes or experts. Childbirth education classes teach Lancet (2000) indicated that congenital disorders relaxation techniques and help reduce anxiety by affect 1.18% of pregnancies in women under extreme educating parents-to-be about what to expect during stress as compared to 0.65% of all pregnancies. labour and delivery.

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance A pregnant woman can cope better with the in infancy. American Journal of Child and stress in her life if she is healthy and fit. She should eat Adolescent psychiatry, vol 46(11), 1454-1463. healthy foods; get plenty of sleep; avoid alcohol, 5. Border,A.B.E.,(2007): chronic stress and low birth cigarettes and drugs; and exercise regularly (with her weight neonates in a low-income population of health care provider‘s OK). It is found that exercise helps women. Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol- keep pregnant women fit, helps prevent some common 109(1),331-338. discomforts of pregnancy (such as backache, urination, 6. Carolyn,J.S.(2003). Less stress for healthier mom, swelling, fatigue and constipation) and relieves stress. baby. Website available- Having a good support network, including the pregnant webmed.com/features/stress-during-pragnancy. woman‘s partner, extended family and friends can help a 7. Lederman, S.A.(2004).The Effects of the World pregnant woman relieve stress. Trade Center Event on Birth Outcomes among Term A pregnant woman should ask for and accept Deliveries at Three Lower Manhattan Hospitals. help from people who are close to her. For example, they Environmental Health Perspectives, vol 112 (17), can help her with routine chores and childcare, talk with her about her feelings and concerns, or go with her to 1772-1778. prenatal visits. Some studies suggest that having a good 8. Lerner, H.(2009). 12 tips for coping with stress support network reduces a woman‘s risk of having a low- during pregnancy. How to gain control of your life. birth weight baby. Each pregnant woman needs to About .com health’s disease and condition content is identify the personal and work-related sources of stress reviewed by the medical review board. website in her life and develop effective ways to deal with them. If available- she feels overwhelmed by stress, she should consult her Womenshealth.about.com/cs/pregnancy/a/misprestr health care provider. ess.htm. A close look at her lifestyle will be helpful. Some control over her busy and demanding lifestyle 9. Parry, J.(2005). Farmes, farm workers and work should be made by her and she should draw a line to related stress. Health and safety executive certain extent, so that coping with stress can be done published London, 3-18pp. Website available- easily by her. By giving herself permission to relax, she http://www.articlesbase.com/mental-health- can very well cope with stress. Benson and Domar articles/prevalence-of-stress-among-school-children- (2009) introduced a technique called ―Relaxation in-kerala-1868702.html Response‖, in which Learning to elicit a state of deep 10. Sinha,K. & Jha,D.N. (2012). Stressed out men also physical rest on command, both body and mind of responsible for miscarriage, published in The Times pregnant women return to a calm and relaxed state which results in dropping of Heart rate, blood pressure, of India, dt,7 sep, pg 5. stress hormone levels, and muscle tension. The mind 11. Ward, L.(2007): Mothers stress harms foetus. experiences a marked diminution in tension and the research shows. Science, guardian news and media perception of stress. limited. Website available- By learning this technique called ―Relaxation 12. Guardian.co.uk/science/2007/may/31/childrensservi Response‖, pregnant lady can cope very well with stress. ces.medicineandhealth ―Cognitive restricting‖ is important to cope with stress 13. Woods, S.M., Melville, J.L., Guo, Y., Fan, M.-Y. & where the validity of origins of negative emotions and Gavin, A.(2008). Psychosocial Stress During stress is tested. It is also a useful tool for coping with Pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and stress. Obtaining professional help is also important and Gynaecology (2010) vol-202(1), 61. helpful in coping with stress. Available from a b Conclusion  APA "Task Force on Mental Health and It is evident now that negative stress can have Abortion". American Psychological Association. bad impact on babies to-be-born. It is the first and  Website available- http://www.apa.org/releases/ foremost duty of pregnant lady to cope with stress abortion-report.pdf APA. Retrieved 2008-08-28. 10-- efficiently by adopting various techniques, so that she no a b can give birth to a healthy and normal baby.  ^ Carey, Benedict (2008-08-12). "Abortion Does References Not Cause Mental Illness, Panel Says". New York 1. American College of Obstetricians and Times. Gynaecologists (ACOG)(2006). Psychosocial Risk http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/13/health/research/ Factors: Prenatal Screening and Intervention. 13brfs-ABORTIONDOES_BRF.html. Retrieved ACOG Committee Opinion, no. 343. 2008-08-12. 11-no 2. Behrman, R.E. & Butler, A.S.(2006) Institute of  Coping with Stress: Developed through a partnership of Mount Carmel Health, Ohio State Medicine Committee on Understanding Premature University, Medical COhioHealth, and Columbus, Birth and Assuring Healthy Outcomes, Board on Ohio(2006).Www.healthinfotranslations.org.Coping_ Health Sciences Policy, (eds.). Preterm Birth: with_stress_hindi_final.pdf. Causes, Consequences, and Prevention.  The Effects of Childhood Stress on Health across Washington, DC, The National Academic Press. the Lifespan is a publication of the National Centre 3. Benson, H & Domar, A. (2009). Stress for Injury Prevention and Control of the Centres for during Pregnancy. A Dozen Techniques for Coping Disease Control and Prevention(2008). Website with Stress. Website available- available- childhood_stress.pdf.  ^ a b c "More on Koop's study of abortion". Fam Plann womenshealth.about.com. Perspect 22 (1): 36–9. 1990. doi:10.2307/2135437. 4. Bergman, k.(2007). Maternal stress during JSTOR 2135437. PMID 2323405. 6—no. pregnancy predicts cognitive ability and fearfulness

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian ReResonancesonance Stress and Locus of Control as a Risk Factors in Psychosomatic Disorder : Peptic Ulcer

Abstract The aim of this work is to present an empirical study to find out the role of stressful life events and personality varate in aggravating Peptic Ulcer. Two groups ( Peptic Ulcer- 50, Disease Free- 50 ) were tested on Singh, Kaur & Kaur’s “ Presumptive Stressful Life Event Scale and Hindi Adaption of Rotter’s Locus of Control by Kumar & Srivastava. The scores shows a significant difference on scores of both Groups and a positive correlation between PSLE and LOC, which shows that life events which one feel stressful, and Loc which direct ones behavior plays an effective role in the predisposition of Psychosomatic Disorder. Introduction: Now a day, it is being increasingly realized that the wellbeing of a person cannot be conceived as exclusively dichotomized categories of physical and psychological health. Researchers have shown that our emotions and thoughts can modify the way how our body reacts. One of our bodily reactions is, of course, disease. Psychosomatic disorder is defined as disorder of body (the soma), that is influenced by psychological states and vice-versa. Studies have repeatedly shown that mental and emotional process are somehow implicated both in good health and in most physical disease, ( R.M. Kaplan, 1990). Of course Peptic Ulcer are not exception to it. There are many factors which influence the manifestation of Sushma Sharma psychosomatic disorder. One of the most important factors, which can Lecturer, effect physical health and illness is Stress. Stress is a negative Department of Psychology, emotional experience accompanied by predictable biochemical, Dayanand Girls P.G. College physiological, cognitive and behavioural changes that are directed either toward altering the stressful event or accommodating to its Kanpur effects (A. Baum, 1990). Individuals differ in vulnerability to stressful events depending upon personality variables. Locus of Control (LOC) seems to be an important characteristic. Rotter (1966), defined LOC as an personality construct referring to an individual‘s perception of the locus Archana Varma of events as determined internally by his/ her own behavior vs. Head, Department of Psychology, external factor that is fate, luck, or external circumstances. Researches with psychiatric and psychomatic reveals that internals Dayanand Girls P.G. College are better adjusted than externals, (Rotter, 1966; Ferrante, 1969; Kanpur. Latha & Suresh, 2002). Researchers have revealed that stress can trigger or aggravates almost all major physical disorder such as peptic ulcer (Weiss, 1984), headaches (Kohler & Haimeri,1990), CHD (Adler & Mathews, 1994),hypertension (Pickering, Schwartz & James!995; Girdler et.al., 1996). There is dearth of studies in relation to stress and locus of control as a factor affecting psychosomatic disorders. So the present study aims to examine the roll of stress and locus of control in manifestation of Psychosomatic Disorder – mainly focused on Peptic Ulcer. Aim The major objective of the study is to ascertain how stressful life events and locus of control predispose an individual to peptic ulcer. Research Design and Methodology Present study is an ex-post facto research. Participant were selected on the basis of dependent variable- presence and absence of the disease and these groups were studied on the basis of independent variable i.e., life event and locus of control.

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance

Sample: The total sample compromised 100 shown a positive effect of stress on peptic ulcer participants. 50 in each two groups: Peptic Ulcer and (Levenstein, Ackerman, et.al. 1999). Disease free. The two group were selected from The result of the present work reveals that Kanpur city. The patient groups were pre diagnosed psychosomatic group (peptic ulcer) shows more by the respective medical professionals. The duration stress than disease free group. The groups of treatment was controlled, therefore only those significantly differ in their experience of stress. So, it patients who were getting treatment from six month to can be said that life events (which one feel stressful) one year were selected. The age range of the plays an important role in the predisposition of the participant was 35yrs. to 55 yrs. All participants were illness. literate. Individuals differ in vulnerability to stressful Tools: In the present investigation two psychological events depending upon personality variable. Several test were used – personality factors as suppressed anger hostility etc. 1. Presumptive Stressful Life Event Scale (PSLE), have been studied as risk factor in the development of developed by Singh, Kaur, & Kaur 1983. psychosomatic disorder (F. Alexander, 1950; 2. I-E Locus of Control Test (LOC), Hindi adaptation Benotsch, Christensen, & McKelvey, 1997; etc.). of Rotter‘s Scale, by Kumar & Srivastava. There is dearth of studies in relation to locus Method: The two groups were tested individually on of control (individual perception of events) and stress. both tests. On ―PSLE‖ scale subjects have to rate on The present study is designed to study the relation of four point scale – No Stress to Severe Stress. After stress and locus of control, the result revealed that administering PSLE scale, participants were asked to stress is significantly related to locus of control which respond on LOC test in which 29 items are shows that how person perceive the events in their categorized in two parts. Participant has to respond life, which effects the experience of stress. for a single category. Life can be viewed conceptually as having to Result and Discussion: principal characteristic, quality and quantity. Disorder TABLE 1:- Mean and SD of the two Groups of health can adversely affect both of these features. on the test scores. So, it became desirable to identify those who are at Test Group N Mean SD risk for specific disorder and the psychological factors PSLE Peptic Ulcer 50 27.26 11.10 which play an important role in enhancing the physical Disease Free 50 11.44 3.28 illness. LOC Peptic Ulcer 50 10.54 3.56 References Disease Free 50 9.48 2.21 1. Adler,N., & Mathew, K.A. (1994). Health and TABLE 2 :- t-Test conducted among two group Psychology: Why do some people get and some (Peptic Ulcer & Disease Free) on two tests. stay well? Annual Review of Psychology, 45, 229- Test df t Sig. 235. 2. Alexander, F. (1950). Psychosomatic Medicine. New PSLE 49 13.18 .01** York: Norton. LOC 49 9.89 .01** 3. Harrow, M., & Ferrante, A. (1969). Locus of Control Sig. - *.05, **.01 in Psychiatric Patients. Journal of Consulting and Result presented in table 2 shows a Clinical Psychology, 33, 582-589. significant difference among the groups on PSLE 4. Holmes, T.H., & Rahe, R.H. (1967). The Social t=(13.18), means that experience of stress differs in Readjustment Scale. Journal of Psychosomatic separate group. The personality variate also differs Research, 213-218. significantly t= (9.89), which reveals that the 5. Kaplan, R.M. (1990). Behaviour as the Central out- perception of life events produce stress among come in Patient decision making. Journal of Social people. The result reveals that life events which one Issue, 47, 69-90. feel stressful and LOC, which direct once behavior 6. Latha, & Suresh, A. (2002). Attitude, Practice (KAP). plays an effective role in the predisposition of Study on Coronary Artery Disease. Psychological psychosomatic disorder. Studies, 47, 1-3. Several researches have shown that stress 7. Levenstein, S., Ackerman, S., Glaser, J. K. & can trigger aggravate almost all major physical Dubois, A. (1999). Stress and Peptic Ulcer Disease. disorder. An early line of stress research focused on Contempo. Stressful Life Events. These range from cataclysmic 8. Rahe, R.H., Mahan, J.L. & Aurther, R.J. (1970). events such as the death of one‘s spouse to more Prediction of near-future health change from subjects preceding life changes. Journal of mundane and still problematic events. Holmes, & Psychosomatic Research, 14, 401-406. Rahe (1967) argued that when an individual has to 9. Rotter,J. (1966). Generalized expectancies for make a substantial adjustment to the environment, the internal versus external control of reinforcements. likelihood of stress is high. They developed an Psychological Monographs, 80. inventory the ―Social Readjustment Rating Scale‖, in 10. Singh, G., Kaur, D., & Kaur, H. (1983). Handbook of an attempt to measure stress, several studies has Stressful Life Event Scale. National Psychological made use of SRRS to predict illness (Rahe, Mahan, & Cooperation: Agra (U.P.) India. Arthur, 1970; Turner, & Avison, 1992). In the present 11. Weiss, S.M., Hard, J.A., & Fox, B.H. (1981). study PSLE developed by Singh, et.al. 1983, which is Perspectives on Behavioural Medicine. New York: based on SRRS and validated on Indian population is Academic Press. used to measure stress. Many studies have also

ISSNISSN No. No. 0976 0976-8602-8602 VOL. VOL.-1-, 1ISSUE, ISSUE-IV,-IV, OCTOBER OCTOBER-2012-2012 AsianAsian Re Resonancesonance Impact of Indian renaissance on Women Upliftment

Abstract Indian tradition always glorified the role of women as wives and mothers but it hardly recognized the individual dignity of her. It is indeed a paradox that Indian woman had been conferred with the status of goddess but in reality she was oppressed and subordinated to man. Afflicted womankind got a sigh of relief with a welcome shower of social reforms in nineteenth century. The medieval psyche of Indian Society that kept women in shackles for centuries was now experiencing a new light. Countless girls were killed at the time of their birth only, if they somehow survived the onslaught of infanticide the fear psychosis of cursed widowhood and self immolation with husband‘s pyre constantly haunted them..

Introduction: Subodh Saxena Except in early period of vedic times, woman was never assigned a position of equality with man. Law and religion did not Head, Dept. of History 1 D.A-V. College, recognize the equality and equal rights of man and woman . Society permitted man to have rights and freedoms from which woman was Kanpur excluded. Different standards were adopted to judge the individual and [email protected] 2 social conduct of man and woman . Women of upper classes were left to rot in generally inferior status, their enforced seclusion, their early marriage and lack of education increased their miseries3. So far as the labouring classes were concerned. their was not much difference in the status and privileges of men and women4. The system of child marriage was prevalent with its adverse effects. Young boys and girls. even children of one year were married, which resulted in the procreation of feeble progenies5. The greatest evil arising of child marriages was the growing number of child-widows. Without the economic means by which to sustain themselves, without benevolent treatment from their immediate relations, and being subjected to suspicion, social stigma and superstition, the girl widows lingered through their unfortunate existences6. Hari Keshawaji, the earliest champion of widow remarriage in Jyoti Saxena Bombay gave a moving description of the miseries of the Hindu Head, Dept. of History widows, He wrote in 1839: ‗She who was originally intended to be the D. G. College, inseparable companion of the man and to render him her assistance Kanpur according to the divine laws, is doomed to spend her days unprofitably in the state of widowhood; disgusted with her gloomy life, with here shaved head, and the continual mournful dress and her exclusion from the company of married females on the occasion of marriage and such other rejoicings7. The degraded deprived social state of Hindu widows gave a stirring jolt to the sensitive perception of enlightened social reformers. For rebuilding Hindu society and creating social renaissance, they contemplated reform movements aiming at the liberation and education of Indian Women. The crusade for emancipation of Indian

Women became the first tenet of the social reform every where in India8. Nineteenth century witnessed the dawn of Modern Indian Renaissance. It left an indelible mark in the history of Indian social Rajesh Kumar Shukla reforms and initiated the process of salvation for down trodden Indian Halim Muslim P.G. College women. The Human content and the rationalism of some broad Kanpur minded Indians and stringent administrative measures of some kind hearted British officials made the task easier. The first notable social measure was effected at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Lord Wellesley was the Governor General and Carey, the notable missionary of Serampore, drew the

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance former‘s attention to the custom of throwing children retire from the world, prove to be eunuchs or become into the water at the confluence of the Ganges and outcastes17. But the time was not ripe in the the sea. In August 1802, The Government prohibited eighteenth century to bring about a social change of the practice by law9. This practice was mostly so great importance. Later some rare individuals like prevalent due to unwanted girl infants and it was now Maharaja Shrischandra of Nadia tried to initiate the checked, up to some extent. measure, but failed18. In fifties of nineteenth century In Bengal Rammohan Roy and Brahmo another towering personality Ishwar Chandra Vidya Samaj Movement, as a whole took the cause of social Sagar, made modern Indian renaissance more freedom and cultural advancement of Hindu women, luminous. His tireles; work blessed hundreds of Rammohan Roy pleaded for the removal of legal and widows with marriage. Vidya Sagar fiercely social disabilities which Hindu Women had to suffer.10 campaigned in favour of widow marriage and Vigorous efforts were made to convince the common electrified the social scene. people to shed heinous practices like Sati. He therefore presented a petition to the Rammohan Roy, the pioneer of the crusade visited Government on behalf of about one thousand the burning ghats of Calcutta to try to persuade the prominent persons. Some notable landlords like relatives of the widows to give up their plan of self Maharaja Mehtab Chand of Burdwan and Maharaja immolation. He organized groups of likeminded Shrischanda of Nadia also submitted petition in people to keep a strict check on such incidents and support of the measure. On 26th July 1856, the Act prevent any attempt to force the windows to become XV was passed legalizing widow marriage and giving Sati11. He sought the support of the foreign rulers to the status of legitimacy to the children of the married check the evil social practices by means of widows19. progressive legislation and in this sphere he was the The first lawful Hindu widow remarriage forerunner of later social reformer such as Ranade among the upper castes in our country was and Gokhale12. Rammohan Roy cooperated with the celebrated on 7th December 1856 under the foreign rulers in forbidding the cruel practice of widow inspiration and supervision of Vidysagar. Widows of burning13. many other castes in different parts of the country This was the time when lord William Bentinck already enjoyed this right under customary law. An came as Governor General in the middle of 1828. observer has described the ceremony in the following Bentinck was a true representative of the era of words: I shall never forget the day. When Pandit reforms in this country and his coming was a happy Vidyasagar came with his friend, the bridegroom, at coincidence14. On 8th November 1829, he put before the head of the large procession, the crowd of the the council his minute for the abolition of sati. The spectators was so great that there was not an inch of council gave its consent saying, "We are decidedly in moving space, and many fell into the big drains which favour of an open, avowed and general prohibition, were to be seen by the sides of the Calcutta streets in resting altogether upon the goodness of the act and those days. After the ceremony, it became the subject our power to enforce it." of discussion everywhere; in the bazaars and the So on 4th December 1829, by regulation shops, in the streets, in the public squares, in XVII of the Government, the custom of Sati was students lodging houses, in gentlemen‘s drawing- declared illegal and punishable by the Criminal rooms, in offices and distant village homes, where Courts15. The prohibition drastically reduced the even women earnestly discussed it among number of such cases, it also compelled a large themselves. The weavers of Santipore issued a section of contemporary society to give a serious peculiar kind of womens sari which contained its thought towards this cruel practice. The cumulative borders the first line of a newly composed song which effect of Roy‘s Herculean efforts and Bentinck's firm went on to say ―May Vidyasagar Live Long20. stand in this matter stirred the mind of the people. Above mentioned description is a proof in They gradually realized the brutality of this practice. itself that efforts of Vidyasagr were well accepted and With every coming year cases of Sati were getting appreciated by the contemporary society which lesser and lesser. liberated many Indian women from doomed status of Reforms of marriage customs were widowhood. advocated on the following lines ‗option of marriage to After Widow Marriage Act, the Bengal be allowed to women in the same way as to men. No reformers become desirous of abolishing polygamy by girl to be married before 18 or at the earliest 16. No legislation. Vidyasagar was the master mind behind man to be married till he is able to maintain himself this move as well. In June-July 1856, Petition signed and his family. Removal of the religious and social by fifty thousand men and women were submitted to prohibition against the remarriage of a widow and the the Government to abolish polygamy21. On the other recognition of her claim to be socially treated in the hand Christian Missionaries also worked for the uplift same way as any other married women of her caste16. of the backward classes and for the amelioration of In 1756, Raj Rajballav of Dacca wanted to the women in India. They were very critical of the give his daughter in remarriage. She became a widow practices like Polygamy, early marriage and the at a very early age. The Raja gathered the opinion of ‗Kulinism which brought the women to a degraded the most learned pundits of Benares, Mithila and of position22. the south to learn if the Hindu Shastras actually did But there came a sudden turn in the social not sanction widow-marriage. The learned men gave policy of the British in India. The Rising of 1857 swept the unanimous opinion that, ‗women are at liberty to over the country. The new administration later marry again if their husbands be not of heard of, die, decided not to interfere in the social affairs of the

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance Indian people. Thus polygamy and child marriage 8. Hari Har Das & Sasmita Mahapatra, The Indian were left untouched23. Renaissance and Raja Rammohan Roy, Pointer lshwar Chandra Vidyasagar was also deeply Publisher, 1996 . Pg. 47 interested in the education of women. As a 9. P.N. Chopra, B.N. Puri, M.N. Das, A social, Government Inspector of schools, he organized 35 Cultural and Economic History of India, Vol. III, girls schools, many of which he ran at his own Macmillan India Ltd. Pg. 127 expense24. 10. Hari Har Das & Sasmita Mahapatra, The Indian John Elliot Drinkwater Bethune, member of Renaissance and Raja Rammohan Roy, Pointer Governor General‘s Council came to India in 1848. He Publisher, 1996 . Pg. 47 played a significant role in the sphere of female 11. Bipin Chandra, Modern India, N.C.E,R.T. education, He first wanted to establish an Publications. Pg. 126 experimental school in his private capacity. Some 12. Sankar Ghosh, The Renaissance to Militant important Hindus of Calcutta came forward to support Nationalism In India, Allied Publisher. Bombay. him in his noble venture. Bethune opened his first Pg. 18 school for girls in Calcutta on 7th May 1849 with 21 13. Anti-Sati petition to the House Of Commons, the little girls of 6 to 9 years of age, under the English works of Raja Rammohan Roy, Vol-I. Pg. superintendence of an English Lady, assisted by a 487-488 Pandit25. 14. P.N. Chopra, B.N. Puri, M.N. Das, A social, Modem Indian Renaissance undoubtedly Cultural and Economic History or India, Vol. Ill, began a process of reformation that had to go a long Macmillan India Ltd. Pg. 128 way. Women of India were now more secured and 15. P.N. Chopra, B.N. Puri, M.N. Das, A social, filled with greater confidence. Today‘s Indian women Cultural and Economic History of India, Vol. III. have registered a remarkable progress in all walks of Macmillan‘s India Ltd. Pg.129 life and made their presence felt at every level. 16. C.Y. Chintamani, Indian Social Reforms, Part- Reformation is a process that is to be at work I.Pg. 171 continuously as social evils keep on occurring with 17. P.N. Chopra, B.N. Puri, M.N. Das, A social, changed faces and so is the case with Indian Cultural and Economic History of India, Vol III. women‘s problems. Today Sati may not he prevalent Macmillan India Ltd. Pg.88 or window remarriage is no more a taboo, but how 18. Ibid. Pg. 130 can we be ignorant to growing domestic violence, 19. P.N. Chopra, B.N. Puri, M.N. Das, A social, suppression and brutal killings in the name of dowry, Cultural and Economic History of India, Vol. III, sexual harassment at work places and above all Macmillan India Ltd. Pg.130-131 killing of girl infants even before their birth? We are 20. Bipin Chandra, Modern India, N.C.E.R.T. indeed in need of people of selfless service with Publications. Pg. 131 strong will and moral values who can wage a fierce 21. P.N. Chopra, B.N. Puri, M.N. Das, A social, battle against these evils to liberate women from Cultural and Economic History of India, Vol. III, sufferings. Macmillan India Ltd. Pg 131 Reference 22. On the polygamy of the Kulin Brahmans‘ 1. Hari Har Das & Sasmita Mahapatra, The Indian Calcutta, Christian Education. Pg. 10-12 Renaissance and Raja Rammohan Roy, Pointer 23. P.N. Chopra, B.N. Puri, M.N. Das, A social, Publisher, 1996 Pg. 48 Cultural and Economic History or India. Vol. III, 2. A.R. Desai, Social Background of Indian Macmillan India Ltd. Pg. 131-132. Nationalism. Pg. 210 24. Bipin Chandra, Modern India, N.C.E.R.T. 3. Charls H. Heimsath, Indian Nationalism and Publications . Pg.131 Hindu Social Reform, Princeton University, Press, 25. P.N. Chopra, B.N. Puri, M.N. Das, A social, Princeton. Pg. 14 Cultural and Economic History of India. Vol. III, 4. Bimanbehari Mazumdar, History of Indian Social Macmillan India Ltd. Pg- 256-257. and Political Ideas: From Rammohan to Dayanand (Calcutta). Pg.-148 5. Hari Har Das & Sasmita Mahapatra. The Indian Renaissance and Raja Rammohan Roy. Pointer Publisher, 1996. Pg. 46 6. P.N. Chopra, B.N. Puri M.N. Das, A social, cultural and Economic History of India, Vol. III. Macmillan India Ltd. Pg. 85 7. Bimanbehari Mazumdar, History of Indian Social and Political Ideas: From Rammohan to Dayanand (Calcutta).Pg. 149

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian ReResonancesonance Madhyayugeen (Islamic) Philosophy, Law and Culture (Origin, Sources and Establishment)

Abstract We have at hand today as muslim philosophy, law and culture are an admixture of three concept the originenal,intermediary and modern.quran is evidently in herent in islamic philosophy(law and culture also).shariah or shariat as in pronounced in india means commands(ahkam)of god. The basic source of shariat is quran, which is supplemented by sunna and ahadees .the followers must believe these to be of devine origine, quran and islam. All the muslims follow the furu-e-deen:-namaz, roza, haj, zakat, jihad.ijma, ijtihad, fatwas, qiyas are other sources of islamic philosophy, law and culture. Islamic philosophy, law and culture came to india with islamic invaders who established muslim kingdom in this country.inmughal period out of many,fatwa-e-alamgiri was sort of legislation which prevailed on other authorities like hedaya in those times. One of most significant changes which took place through legislation was waqf laws.

Naushad Ali Siddiqui Introduction: Research Scholar What we have at hand today as Muslim, Philoshpy, Law and U.P.R.T.O.U. Culture, are an admixture of three concept the original (or classical), Allahabad. intermediary and modern. The original concept envisages that Muslim [email protected] Philosophy, Law and Culture are command of God as revealed to humans through Quran, saying and actions of the Prophet. No human, what ever his spiritual or otherwise status may be, has a right to change attar or amend these Laws and Philosophy.Quranic commands are clear and Primary, while Prophet‘s actions and sayings (Sunna and Ahadees) are included in the primary category because Quran says that prophet did not speak unless commanded. The utterances being the words of Gods. Though all the Primary elements of original concept are accepted in totality by the exponents of intermediary and modern concepts, they additionally profess that Muslim Law should be a growing organism.No doubt new problems may emerge, solutions of which could not be found in Quran, Sunna or Ahadees, but golden rule for such situations was given by none other than Prophet himself when he appointed Mu-az as governor of Yaman and asked him how he would give his judgments: by the Book (Quran), replied Mu-az . If you cannot find the answer in the Book? According to Sunna and Ahadees, was his replay. If they are silent too, what would you do? Mu-az submitted utmost care, caution, pondering and using using resoning in the light of all the three primary sources.Mu-az received a pat for this form the Prophet. The third reply of Mu-az is pure and simple definition of Ijtihad (not Qiyas), which was approved by the Prophet. Two conditions must be fulfilled –first being that for reaching the final judgment; it must be with utmost care and caution with application of analytical reasoning, intelligence and understanding (Fahem) and second being adhering to Quran ,Sunna and Ahadees at every step. For this reason, very exclusive knowledge of Quran, Sunna and Ahadees is a condition precedent, because the judgment should be within these parameters. Quran presents a concept of just and civilized society for which broad principles are laid down in the Book, which encompasses all individual human actions within the society, besides they also govern interactions between different societies. These rules are basic in nature and foundation of Shariat and as such primary of Quran is evidently in herent in Islamic Law.

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance Shariah or Shariat as in pronounced in India, Ahadees, pre- Islamic customs and usages should be means commands (Ahkam) of God, a code governing taken as a source. all human actions and be life. For all effects of Word Quran is derived from word ‗Qere‘ like individual and collective actions of humans. Causes ‗Qere–et‘. The first revelation started with the word are found in Shariat,All moral, legal, ethical, ‗Iqra‘(recite).Collection of all revelations are called. theological, philosophical and political problems are The Recital (Al Quran)‘, Each and every word used in dealt in Shariat and as such solutions of any problems the book is Quran. Quran was revealed during the last are religious in nature. 23years of life of Prophet of Islam at Mecca and The basic source of Shariat is Quran which Madina .Muslims believe Quran to be word of God, a is supplemented by Sunna and Ahadees.The similar claim is made by Torah, Bible and Vedas followers must believe these to be of divine origin, which claim to be Brahm Vokya.These divine Quran and Islam, though, doing not claim these revelations sent through Gabriel (Jibreel) are called guiding principles to have been revealed for the first ―Wahi‖. All these revelations which were written then time, Quran itself recognizes previous Shariats right and there were collected by Zaid bin Sabit who from Adam to Prophet of Islam. Quran says- himself was a companion of Prophet and crammed it ―The same religion we have established for by heart in the life time of Prophet. There is unanimity you as that which we had enjoined to Adam, Noah, of all concerned that the present text is original Abraham, Ismail, Issac, Jucab, The tribes, Moses, without any reservation what so ever. Because of all Jesus, Job, Jonah, Aaram, Soloman,David etc.Ye these facts Quran is the primary and supreme source should remain stead fast in religion and make no of Islamic philosophy and law. Even a Hadees which divisions therein.‖ ------―to each among you have does not conform with Quran is not accepted because we prescribed a law and open way.‖ Nothing is said to it is considered of dubious origin. three that was not said to the apostles before thee." Ahadees or Hadees is what was said by ―None of our revelations do we abrogate or cause to Prophet and Sunnat is his practice and actions. be forgotten but we substitute something better or Seerat is a wider term under which Hadees and similar.‖ Sunnat are studied and hundreds of books from very Islamic Shariat devised two sets of basic old times are available on these subjects. Sunnat and` principles First set it called Usul-e-Deen and the Seerat is that every care and caution is taken while Second Furu-e-Deen .The first is related to belief and recording Hadees and Sunnat but a Seerat Nigar the second set governs general actions and some times records narratives with not very sound obligations. foundation and for that he is criticized. Sunni Muslims profess three principles as Prophet of Islam is the only personality in Usul-e-Deen. Namely, (1) Wahadat (singular enfity of human history about whom every fact concerning him God) (2) Risalat (Proophethood.God sent Prophets and his life has been recorded in minutest detail. numbering one Lakh and twenty four thousand, last Biographies of about 13 thousand people who have being Prophet of Islam). (3) Qayamat (Doomsday). A met and seen the Prophet have been recorded in day of judgment when every individual would be Tabqat Ibne Saad, Kitabul Sahaba,Kitab Abdullah bin rewarded or punished for what he had done in this Ali binal Jarood,Kitabul Aqeeli, Kissa Sahaba, Kitab world. Abi Hatim,Kitabul Azraq etc. Shia Muslims consider two more principles in It is wrong nation that at the time of Prophet addition to above three, at number two (after Arabic language was not in developed form to be Wahadat) they place Adalat i.e., that God is just, and written. Hebrew, Asiryayee and Arabic languages before the last (Qayamat), they place Imamat. –they originated from some single language in distant believe that after Prophet, God had appointed Imams, unknown past. A highly developed language was for this reason sometime they are called ‗twelvers‘ available, passing through stages of evolution before The next step in action (Amal), the parallel the times of Prophet. Couplets of every noted person word used in Hindu religion in Karma, these actions of pre- Islamic history are available and old historians are defined under Furu-e-Deen and they are: like Ibne- Ishaq etc, have mentioned these couplets in 1. Namaz (prayers), 2. Roza (fasting), 3. Haj their treatises. Arabic script was there, proof of which (pilgrimage), 4. Zakat (departing a certain amount is that at the time of pre-Islamic Haj noted poets of from individual‘s income), 5. Jihad (holy war for the Arabian Peninsula used to write down their selected cause of god). Shias include khums also in the list works and paste them to walls of Kaba at Mecca, (another portion of income and savings, besides where people of all around collected in a particular Zakat which is strictly to be given to Imams).As in month. Ibnul Nadeem had written that he had seen a present times there is no one to receive this amount; document or pronote in the hand writing of Abdul hence jurists have deferred this item. Muttalib in the library of Mamoon Rasheed. Wider and extensive application of Other sources of Islamic philosophy, law and philosophical rules has created many schools. culture are – Inclusion of Qiyas (conjecture, analogy of speculation) I. Ijmaa (it is general concord or consensus opinion and Ijmaa in sources of Islamic law, besides inclusion on a particular point, where Quran and traditions of some new provisions by Ommayads and Abbasid of Prophet are silent .Sunni school recognize two dynastus (such as ‗tripleTalaq‘or Talaq- e-Bidat ) has kinds of ijmaa –a) Ijmaa of people or masses.b) given on opportunity to jurists, including the western , Ijmaa of scholars or Mujtahids (jurists). to devise new theories for interpretation and in some II. Ijtihad and Taqlead .Ijtihad is a power of cases even suggesting that instead of Sunna and independent interpretation of law which

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance sometimes extends to the limits of legislation. In these periods legislations had tried to Here again there is a deferring view among reform Muslim law. In Mughal period out of many, Sunnis and Shias .Sunni consider qualification of Fatwa-e-Alamgiri was a sort of legislation which a Mujtahid to be only learning and reputation of prevailed on other authorities like Hedaya in those the individual. According to Shia view, a Mujtahid times. In British India notably the Dissolution of is a jurist competent enough to dechece precise Muslim Act 1939 was passed to give Muslim women inference regarding the commandments from personal law (Shariyat) Application Act 1937 was Quran and Sunnat of Prophet by the process of legislated to that specifically Islamic Law would be Ijtihad. applicable to Muslims in certain matters ,eliminating III. Fatwas (Responsa)-(Fatwa are opinions on a the customary usages of localized nature. One of the particular point by a Jurist). most significant changes which took place through IV. Qiyas (Literally Qiyas means measurement. Qyas legislation was Waqf laws. means to speculate or consecture and Qiyas References means to extract a new statement by comparing 1. Fyzee and other western writers. two existing statements. 2. Tabaqat ―Mohd. Ibn Saad ―1051. V. Customs as source of philosophy, law and 3. Quran:Sura-4-A-163;Sura- 23–A-23;Sura- 42-A- culture. 13 Islamic philosophy, law and culture came to 4. Quran: Sura 5-A-51; Sura- 41-A-43; Sura- 2-A- India with Islamic invaders who established Muslim 106. kingdoms here and eventually became part and 5. Ayatullah Ibrahim Amint ‗Al-Imam-Al-Mehdi‘ p pareel of this country, Qazees were appointed to 221. administer law and cases were decided in criminal, 6. Qazalbash,Yawer ―Word of God‖ p-74 civil, personal law and laws of evidence were applied. 7. Ibid In civil matters, the Islamic law was applied to 8. Dr. Lee ‗Tammadun –e-Arab‘ Vol- 1 p-78 (Urdu Muslims and Hindu law to Hindus in accordance with Translation) the opinion of Maulvis and Pandits.attached to courts. 9. Shibli ,‘Seeratunnabi‘ P-9 This policy was followed by the British when they took 10. Qamoos (Dictionary) P-500 over. Regulation 11 of 1772 provides that in all suits 11. Misbahul Lughat (Arabic Dictionary) P-718 regurling in heritance, succession, marriage and 12. Fyzee P-49 caste, the law of Quran with respect to 13. Wilson –‗Anglo Mohammedans Law‘ P-25 Mohammedans and those laws of Quran with respect to Gentoos (Hindus) shall be invariably adhered to.

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian ReResonancesonance Mahatma Gandhi and Concept of NREGA in Rural Women Empowerment

Abstract Mahatama Gandhi always argued for development of villages , particularly with empowerment and upliftment of status of rural women in India. He deeply emphasized for equality of women with education and economic independence. Nearly 70% of country‘s population lives in rural India. So, in the modern age of globalization , the development of rural and remote areas is essential for overall development of the country. Among various programmes , organized by Govt. of India since independence , NREGA has proved to be one of the most effective tool Reena Singh for poverty removal and employment generation in India. It has also Assistant Professor, proved to be one of the most effective women empowerment programme Dept. of Sociology , achieving its ultimate goal for financial independence to rural women Smt. Indira Gandhi Govt. P.G. significantly . The present study is an attempt to evaluate the impact of College NREGA on empowerment of rural women . It also deals with a brief discussion of unique features of NREGA as a poverty removal and wage Lalganj, Mirzapur employment programme in India. Introduction:

Mahatma Gandhi always claimed that a women is completely equal to man and encouraged for social and economic empowerment of rural women believed that the difference between men and women was only physical and advocated that in many matters such as tolerance, patience and sacrifice the Indian women is superior to the male. He believed that Indian paternal society is the root cause of in quality between men and women. He said ―Intellectually, mentally, and spiritually, a woman is equivalent to a male and she can participate in every activity.‖ He felt that ―only when the women is liberated from the S.K. Srivastava slavery of the kitchen, that her true spirit may be discovered.‖ He was Associate Professor, of the view that the household responsibilities should be shared Dept. of Chemistry, among men and women; he encouraged women to outgrow the Smt. Indira Gandhi Govt. P.G. traditional responsibilities and also participate in national affairs. He College wrote, ―Men and women need to be educated equally in house work Lalganj, Mirzapur because the home belongs to both.‖ As we look back and compare the condition of women with present scenario of globalization, there is enormous progress in the social and economic condition of them in India, reflecting the fundamental agreement of equality between men and women. Women in India new participate in all activities lake politics, media, education, science and technology etc. Mrs. Indira Gandhi, who served as Prime Minister of India for an aggregate period of fifteen years is the world‘s longest serving women Prime Minister. In 1990s, grants from foreign donor agencies enabled the formation of new women oriented NGOs self help group and NGOs such as self employed women‘s Association (SEWA) have played a major role in women‘s rights in India. After declaration of year 2001 as the year of women‘s Empowerment (Swashakti), and National Policy for the empowerment of women in 2001 by the Govt. of India, the condition of women has gradually changed to better level. So many women can go to work in offices, banks, hospitals education institution factories, farmer etc without any fear and hesitation. In agriculture and allied sectors, large number of female labours are employed in rural India. According to a 1991 world bank report, women accounted for 93% of total employment in dairy production in India. Women constitute 51% of the total employed in forest based small scale enterprises. Gandhiji advocated that without development of rural India, Our nation will be in dark eclipse. He deeply emphasised for the need of women‘s economic independence in India. He always agreed for proposal to bearing women out of their traditional mental fetters and into a better more dignified life.

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance India is a country of villages. Nearly 70% of considerably with the increase in literacy rates and country‘s population lives in rural areas. So, the employment rates among women. planned and balanced development of rural and NREGA played a significant role in remote areas is essential for overall development of economically empowering the rural women and laying the country. Mahatma Gandhi had once said, ―India‘s the basis for greater independence, by generating way is not Europe‘s. India is not Calcutta and employment for women at fair wages in the village. At Bombay. India lives in her several hundred of an all-India level, women‘s employment as a villages.‖ Gandhiji always encouraged for improving percentage of total employment in NREGA works is the economic conditions of rural women by reforming more than 50%, indicating an impressive participation the village life. Since independence, keeping in view of women in it. Although it is vareying in different the overall development of villages and poverty states. In Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Rajasthan, Andhra removal from rural India, a large number of socio- Pradesh and Karnataka, the women are more economic welfare programs and schemes based on effectively participating in NREGA, with a minimum in health, education, housing, drinking water, sanitation Jammu and Kashmir. More than half of the population and toilets, employment, self-employment, land of Uttar Pradesh is below poverty line. NREGA has reforms, public distribution system, support prices for played a very important role in socio-economic agricultural crops etc. have been launched by the upliftment of status of rural people in U.P. Although it Govt. of India and different State Govts. through five is affected with corruption, but still it has cheeked the year plans and their budgets. With these migration of people from rural to urban areas developmental and welfare oriented programs our significantly. It has created reasons and opportunities country has made multi-dimensional growth in each for people to work and remain in their own villages. and every sphere of life. But, a large number of The strengthening of this perception in rural areas can people of rural India are still below poverty line. They have significant impact on questions of security, are migrating from rural to urban areas to achieve health and children‘s education. In last five years, their basic requirements and employment. Such 1.13 crores Job cards were made in U.P. and 8.22 migration has created a new setup to problems in the Lacs in Bihar, but there is less participation of women urban areas of the country. The percentage of rural in NREGA‘s worksite. population was 89.2 in 1951, which is reduced to NREGA has succeeded in making 68.84 in census 2011. The most ambitious and contribution to women‘s independence. By putting universal poverty eradication program introduced in cash incomes directly into the hands of rural women, India since independence is the National Rural it is creating a greater degree of economic Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS). The independence among women. The rural women are historic National Rural Employment Guarantee Act – found to be fully satisfied with NREGA works. They 2005 (NREGA) renamed in October 2009 as are satisfied as they have got assurance of 100 days Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment of jobs, with no fear of seasonal unemployment and Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) was launched on 2nd poverty. NREGA has enabled them to participate Feb. 2006 by the Govt. of India for poverty removal effectively in the civil society. The rural women believe and employment generation in rural areas. It ensures that it has enhanced their credit worthiness and they the livelihood security of the poor households in the could start saving some money because of it. Women rural areas by providing at least 100 days of workers are more confident about their role as guaranteed wage employment, to the adult members contributors to family expenditure and their work who are willing to do unskilled manual labour, in every decisions, and that they are also becoming more financial year. assertive about their space in the public sphere. The National Rural Employment Guarantee A majority of workers in rural India are Act is an historic event in the development of illiterate and unskilled, have few opportunities but to independent India. Independent India‘s serious efforts engage in agricultural activities. It appears that while to alleviate poverty began with the famous slogan men often manage to move out into other activities or ‗Garibi Hatao‘ of the 1970‘s. Since then, several wage migrate to other areas in search of work, women have employment programs to eradicate poverty; like fewer options. They remain as a flexible labour force National Rural Employment Program (RLEP), in agriculture as own account workers, casual Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY), Employment agricultural labour or unpaid family workers. Rural Assurance Scheme (EAS), Sampoorna Gramin female unemployment has also been on the rise, and Samridhi Yojana (SGSY) etc. were introduced in the is higher than rural men‘s unemployment rate. country. But NREGA is quite distinct from all its NREGA has great impact on the earnings of rural predessors. It is designed and framed with unique women because it provided an opportunity for women features having time bound action to fulfill guarantee to work in their villages with a minimum rate of wage. of work within 15 days of demand for work with NREGA has brought a significant change in accountability of the system through social audits. It the villages and the life style of rural women. The also promises from the perspective of women‘s women workers are receiving their wages in person empowerment as well. The act stipulates that wages rather than through husbands or other proxies. will be equal for men and women reflecting gender NREGA increased the income and purchasing power equality in real sense. It is also committed to ensuring of poor rural households, with significant impact on that at least 33 % of the workers shall be women. As poverty. For women workers in agriculture, the a result, the working percentage of women increased NREGA wages are likely to pull up actual wages and potentially reduce the male- female wage gap. The

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance women‘s NREGA earnings are increasing their improving the social and economic upliftment of status contributions to household income. They spent wages of rural women to a significant level. It has earned at NREGA works on regular food, consumer successfully improved the status of rural women goods and children‘s education. It also helped them to empowering them economically with Gandhi‘s vision keep away from clutches of local moneylenders. of fearless women. Although, a large number of Self A small increase in rural income, results in Employed Women‘s Association of India are also an exponential increase in buying power and generating the empowerment among women prosperity of people of India. Prosperity of India lies in significantly, NREGA has deeply penetrated the prosperity of every Indian either rural or urban. Hence villages glowing the images of rural India to a greater the economic empowerment of rural women has extent. In the modern age of globalization, become helpful in improving the prosperity of India. successful implementation of corruptionless NREGA So, NREGA has become helpful in improving the may be very much helpful in homogenous living standard and life style of rural people to a development of a clean and green India, for which the certain extent. roots were laid about hundred years ago by Gandhiji NREGA has made admirable achievements and his followers. in creating significant empowerment of rural women. It has contributed much to the enhancement of their References social contacts with economic independence. It is very 1. Info Change Women : Background & Perspective much successful ensuring freedom and equality for (http://www.infochange india.org/womenibp.jsp). rural women in civil, economic and social areas of http//www.infochangeindia.org/womenibp.jsp. activity. retrieved 2006-12-24. Conclusion 2. Jyotsana Kamat (2006-12-19). ―Gandhi and NREGA has enhanced the economic and Status of women‖ (http://www. social participation of rural women in the society. kamat.com/mmgandhi/gwomen.htm), Enhanced family income may lead to the withdrawal http://www.kamat.com/mmgandhi/ gwomen. htm of children from paid work. Inspite of the provisions in Retrieved 2006-12.24 the guidelines of the Act for promoting women‘s 3. ―National Policy for the Empowerment of Women participation in the NREGA; local dynamics, gender (2001)‖ (http://www. wcd. nic.in/empwomen.htm), relations and implementation challenges create http://www.wcd.nic.in/empwomen.htm. Retrieved several constraints for women‘s meaningful 2006-12-24 participation. Largely constriction nature of words 4. ―Asia‘s women in agriculture, environment and could be a deterrent to women‘s participation. The rural production India‖ (http:// www. social service delivery in health and education may fao.org/sd/wpdirect/Wpre0108.htm) also be included as part of the identified works, http://www.fao.org/sd/wpdirect/ WPre0108.htm. enhancing women‘s participation and positive impact Retrieved 2006-12-24. on gender equality. By putting cash earnings in 5. Narayanan, S. 2008. ―Employment Guarantee, women‘s hand, NREGA has increased and diversified Women‘s work and Childcare‖, in Economic and the contributions that women are making to household Political Weekly, Vol. 43, No. 9, 1-7 March, pp. incomes as wage earners with a marked shift from the 10-13. previous role of women. The awareness among rural 6. National Council of Applied Economic Research women should be generated regarding the operational (NCAER), 2009. NCAER-PIF Study on guidelines, job card distribution process, work Evaluating Performance of National Rural application and entitlements such as worksite facilities Employment Guarantee Act (New Delhi). and unemployment allowances. 7. Sainath, P. 2007. ―No place for single women‖, in In nut shell, NREGA has successfully proved The Hindu, 28 May. to be one of the important and basic tool for www.indiatogether.org/2007/may/psa-nregs.htm employment generation and checking the migration of people from rural to urban areas. Apart from reducing the migration, it may be very much helpful in

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian ReResonancesonance Terrorism : A Threat to Democracy in the Post-Modern Era

Abstract In the Post Modern Era, no broad categorization can do full justice to the variety and complexity of modern phenomena of terrorism but a comprehensive review of the social science literature on terrorism reveals abundant evidence of currently active groups involved in terrorist activity motivated by one or more of the following- Nationalism, Separatism, Religious fundamentalism, Millennialism, Racism, Vigilantism. In this era terrorism is the most challenging phenomena for the entire world. It is a way to fight for political goals in a criminal manner. It has made its target the person, property, places and communications in a bid to paralyse the individual liberty and dignity of person. This paper focus on how Democratic states may be more sensitive to the threat of terrorism and how democracy can be a weapon to fight against terrorism in the post modern era. Introduction: Post-modernism is a concept that encompasses a wide range of ideals, methods and practices. It is not a method of doing philosophy but rather a way of approaching traditional ideas and practices in non-traditional way that deviate from pre-established superstructural modes. Post Modernism particularly as an academic movement can be understood as reaction to Modernism in the humanities where as Modernism was primarily concerned with Deepali Saxena principles such as identity unity, authority and certainty, post Lecturer-Sociology modernism is often associated with differences, plurality, textuality and D.G.P.G. College, skepticism. Kanpur In the post modern era, no broad categorization can do full justice to the variety and complexity of Modern phenomena of [email protected] terrorism. But a comprehensive review of the social science literature on terrorism reveals abundant evidence of currently active groups involved in terrorist activity motivated by one or more of the following- Nationalism, Separatism, Religious fundamentalism, Millennialism, Racism, Vigilantism. In other words, In this era Terrorism is the most challenging phenomena for the entire world. Terrorism is an ambiguous term whose definition implies a political aact over the years the term has been used more frequently and today it often seems to be synonymous with "evil". Generally, the term "Terrorism" can be used to describe a "systematic use or threat of violence in order to achieve political goals.' It is a way to fight for political goals in a criminal manner. It has made its target the person, property, places and communication in a bid to paralyse the individual liberty and dignity of person. Terrorism, has no absolute and globally accepted definition and its interpretation can easily be used or abused to suite particular needs. The adage that "one man's terrorist is another's freedom fighter" reveals the wide range of variations in its interpretation but if simply stated, terror is extreme or intense fear. It is a psychological state which combines the physical and mental efforts to create dread and insecurity. The matter of terrorism is indicated. The terrorist of yesterday is the hero of today and the hero of yesterday is the terrorist of today. Terrorism in its modern interpretation is a new word for cruel criminal acts. Terror can be committed in the name of Good but basically it is a way to fight for political goals in a criminal manner. The terrorism according to United Nations can be defined as:- "Any action that is intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non combatants, when the purpose of such an act, by its nature or context, is to intimidate a population or to compel a government or an international organisation to do or to abstain from doing any act."

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance On December 6, 2001, Justice Ministers of about each other and the planet on which they live. the 25 Member European Union adopted a new Democracy is not only an idea, it is also a set of common definition of terrorism. It defined terrorism values (Freedom, Equality and Brotherhood) and a as:- way of governing. "Terror" in the sense of a "Terror- "Acts committed the aim of seriously regime" is originally another way of governing- without intimidating a population, forceing a government or democratic values. It is a threat against democracy international organisation to abstain from performing which is not threatened as criminal acts but as any act or seriously destabilizing or destroying the something, that can suspend democratic rights in fundamental political, constitutional, economic or societies. social structures of a country or an international Democracy is not a form of government but a organisation." set of principles that guide how we govern ourselves. Regardless of the definition of terrorism, Terrorism is merely a method of utilizing fear as a democracies must be beware of the danger of means to an end. Terrorist can and indeed are transforming the war on terrorism from a means of attempting to cause use to ignore those principles as defending democracy to one the undermines its we cater to our fear that terrorism brings. It is when foundations. Terrorists have killed people of all we abandon the principles, even in the short term that nationalities faiths and backgrounds. Terrorists aim to will bring the ultimate demise of Democracy, so we achieve objectives through intimation and fear. They should not allow ourselves to publically fear terrorism assert that "end justify means" no matter what the but instead, we should disciple ourselves to allow the cost in human life and suffering. Some examples of principles of democracy and peace to prevail. terrorists acts involve: The use of explosive device DISCUSSION and suicide bombs, the assassination of political, In this era, terrorism poses a direct and military or media figures, Hostage taking, the hijacking indirect threat to Democracy. The direct threat is a of airplanes or other vehicles, the destructions of result of terrorism's capability to undermine the infrastructure and communications, the use of fundamental security that nations and international chemical, biological and nuclear weapons. So their organizations are supposed to provide their citizens, methods, too, are different but the mass murder is which is the foundation of the legitimacy of a their explicit objective, their measure of success in government. Terrorism also poses a direct threat to their terms, and their methods of recruitment bear the basic human rights of life and property. But the more comparison with self-destructive cults than indirect threat to democracy is by far the most political movements. In other words, "The Post dangerous. The war on terrorism challenges the Modern Terrorist" or The Revolution in Terrorist democratic institutions of the nations and their ability Affairs. Much as Scientific technological and social to ensure the security of their citizens without harming change continually influence the art and science of innocent people. the terrorist attacks signal a turning warfare, so to have these things influenced the point not only in the intensity of global terrorism but behaviour and enhanced the capabilities of terrorist. also a warning to any enlightened democracy that Recent studies suggest that terrorists are becoming wishes to combat the threat of terrorism. increasingly more lethal and violent. These ultra Democracy is traditionally seen as a violent acts suggest that the days of constrained or panacea to provide security and civil liberties to modulated violence are over. The ultra violent is citizens and avoid political extremism or terrorism defined as an act that involves killing or planning to kill provoked by un-redressed grievances. The oft-cited others "en-masse". This killing is conducted outside theory of Democratic peace holds that democracies the boundaries of warfare and punishment in such a do not wage war against each other. Democracy is in horrific manner as to elicit total revulsion and anger crisis, insecurity is on the rise and the threat of from those who witness or become aware of act. terrorism is equally menacing in newly democratizing It is no denying the fact that terrorism is a and long democratic countries. Terrorism, and equally unique form of crime. It is rightly said that terrorism is the fight against terrorism, pose a dual challenge to a threat to democracy. Anti terrorist laws are a way of recent and long established democracies: terrorism combating terrorism. But what is Democracy and how undermines a cherished goal and objective of Democracy can be a weapon to fight against terrorism democracy that of providing citizens with security and in the post modern era. the rule of law, and in responding to terrorism, According to Former U.S. President democracies risk undermining the values of Abraham Lincoln: Democracy as "Government of the democracy such as the rule of law and human rights people, by the people and for the people." Democracy that are central to their existence and legitimacy. is by far the most challenging form of government Terrorism's greatest power lies in the arbitrary both for politician and for the people. The term nature of its victims and in the large amount of coverage Democracy comes from the greek language and it receives in the media. Today, in addition to means "Rule by the simple." "conventional" terrorism there are also the risks of the Democracy lies in the hearts and minds of use of weapons of mass destruction and cyber-terrorism. people. It permeates those hearts and minds, so that The ability to use diverse methods in order to wreak no one allows them to be usurped by force or in any havoc indicators that although terrorism has not yet other way. Democracy is a condition in which the vast become an existential world threat, if we did not wake up them that day is not far off. number of people who comprise a nation and In my opinion, terrorism can both destroy ultimately the world submit themselves to institution and build democracy. Throughout past, the oppressed and of laws of their own making in which they care and abused have used such means as were available

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance to them to strive to attain social injustice and gain terrorism. individual dignity based on liberty, freedom and full To counter terrorism, we seek genuine access to democratic rights of citizenship. The means representative government that brings liberty and have often been inhumane but the character of the democracy to all of a country's citizens, including struggle is as much determined by the resistance of those who often have been excluded- especially those in power as the selected means of the terrorist. women because women have a critical role to play in In Zimbabwe the threats of the Zanu-PF thugs against democracy, in civil society. Our long term strategy is all opposition voters destroyed the validity of the last to strike at the heart of terrorism by depriving it of its two three election there. But making the most shelter, its recruitment grounds, and its foot soldiers. inspiring sights in the modern world for to be seen, the We will do this in no small measure through the avid peoples rose above the threats of terrorists and promotion of democracy and freedom. I believe that millions queued patiently to cast their ballots despite this can be achieved through highly successful model the physical perils involved in going to polling stations. of integration which enables people of all grounds and This happened in Afghanistan after the fall of the faiths to prosper and live together within the Taliban and of course then again in Iraq IN Dec. 2005 safeguard of common values our society is itself an while Islamic fundamentalist terrorists see an affront and a reproach, to the ideologues who undemocratic religious state as the fulfillment of their believes that only their way of living life is the righten. earthly goals, this is one type of terrorism. Other types And make no mistake: The threat we face is of terrorism can create democracy for eg. the African ideological. It is not driven by poverty or by social National Congress had an armed wing, led by Nelson exclusion, or by racial hatred. Those who attacked Mandela, which easily falls under the category of London in July, those who have been engaged in terrorist. Indeed, "Free Nelson Mandela' records and terrorist networks elsewhere in the world and those T-Shirts could fall under the category of glorification of who attacked New York in 2001 and bomb blast in terrorism. Yet this very organisation and this very Mumbai and Delhi were not the poor and dispersed. terrorist leader were responsible for leading South They were for the most part, well educated and Africa to Democracy. In Srilanka, the ongoing war prosperous. between the Tamil Tigers and the Colombo But in my opinion, the best way to contest administration is in danger of undermining the nations this threat is by building and strengthening the fragile democracy. Similary in the Gaza strip, Algeria democracy of our society by isolating extremism in its and most obviously Pakistan, terror and the threat of various manifestations, by strengthening the legal terror are a serious impediment to nurturing a viable, framework within which we contest terrorism and by democratic state. developing more effective means to protect our In my views, we cannot rely exclusively on democracy. There are some following ways: military power to assure our long term security. 1. We need to strengthen our democracy through Lasting, peace is gained as justice and democracy promoting a society which is based upon the true advance. In democratic and successful societies men respect of one individual for another, one culture and women do not swear allegiance to malcontents for another, one faith for another, one race for and murderers, they turn their hearts and labour to another. It means promoting the view that building better lives. And democratic governments do democracy is the means of making change in our not shelter terrorist camps or attack their peaceful societies, and it means working to strengthen on neighbours, they honor the aspirations and dignity of democracy so that young people from all their own people. In our conflict with terror and communities can see the ways in which their tyranny, we have an unmatched advantage, a power engagement in our societies can bring about that cannot be resisted and that is the appeal of democratic change and reduce the alienation freedom to all mankind. Freedom of speech, freedom which can make individual prey to those who of the press and the right to peaceably assemble, seek to destroy us. serve to empower citizens, legitimize debate and 2. We need to take steps to isolate extremist provide alternatives to violence. The fair and organisations and those individuals who promote independent judicial system present in liberal extremism. For this it is essential for us to work democracies play a similar role. A truly independent closely with the main stream faith communities judiciary is a vital chek on executive power and a legislation which outlaws incitement to religious protect or of those exercising their rights to free or race hatred and make it clear that glorification expression. Ensuring that no group is above the law of terrorism is not a legitimate political expression also gives average citizens a greater stake in their of view. We wish to encourage faith to pursue political systems. Absent these democratic attributes, their faith openly and directly. We should intend we find conditions that in some instances give rise to to attack the foci of extremist organisation, sympathy for terrorism. This is especially true in whether they are in training camps, imprisons, nations where demagogues who preach the language inbookshops, or in places of worship. We should of hate under the guise of religion are the only work with international allies where appropriate, alternative to corrupt or brutal elite. Today, the change to identify the networks and individuals who are to us comes not exclusively from dicators who make promoting extremism, and use legal power to war directly upon us, our allies and our interests it disrupt and weaken them. We should intend to also proceed from dictators who create an remove from the India those foreign citizens who atmosphere so poisonous and so brutal that evil are using their time in our country to promote sprouts and motivates a small but radicalized cadre to extremism through this course is not legally

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance straight forward. All of these measures will further governments policy decision, or even some over all isolate and weaken those extremists who wish to policy stand which we could change and thus promote terrorism as an appropriate form of somehow remove our society from the terrorist firing activity. line. Their nihilism means that our society could only 3. We need to strengthen the legal frame work. For cease to be a target if we were to give up all those this we need to retain and strengthen our human values of freedom and liberty which we have fought to rights and values which underlie them. But I say extended over so many years. As we know that the at the same time that the right to be protected societies which we have built with the values which from the death and destruction caused by they embody, are not slight or passing. They are indiscriminate terrorism is at least as important as deeply rooted and profound. However, it is the case the right of the terrorist to be protected from that these are absolutely enormous changes in one torture and ill-treatment. I believe that our generation which proves that change for the good can peoples expect not only the protection of happen and moreover that it can happen in very individual rights, but also the protection of many cases without violence or bloodshed. And the democratic values, such as safety and security fight for democracy is at the core of this change. under the law. We need a legal frame work, At last terrorism can be a threat to which seek to address the difficult balance in democracy but democracy can be weapon to fight these rights. We cannot properly fight terrorism against terrorism. It is the single most important with one legal hand tied behind our back, or give weapon that we have in defending the societies from terrorists the unfettered right to defend which we come us our determination and our themselves as they promote and prepare violent solidarity. attacks on our society. For this reason we should proper legal changes in our country which outlaw References: acts preparatory to terrorism and terrorist training. 1. Bharti, Avinash (2010) : Terrorism- Perspectives 4. We need to strengthen our ability to control our from Behavioral and Social Sciences, Cyber Tech borders. That means doing our best to harmonize Publications, New Delhi. the biometric data on passports, Visas, ID cards 2. Das, P.K. (2010) : Terrorism and Terror Network, where they exist and perhaps even driving Sumit Enterprises, New Delhi. licenses. 3. Srivastava, V.P. (2004): Terrorism A Global Conclusion Dimensions Indian Publishers Distributors Delhi. In short democracy is the strongest form of 4. Srivastava, V.P. (2005) : Prevention of Terrorism society and the most resilient. It is the aspiration of Act: Myth and Reality 2005 peoples thought out the world. Through democracy 5. Whittaker, David J Srivastava, V.P. (2002) : extremist terrorism will be defeated. It is our duty to Terrorism: Understanding the Global Threat. New analyse and then determine the means by which this York, Longman Pearson Education. 212 p. threat can be contested. We have to clarify the values 6. Henderson, Harry Srivastava, V.P. (2006): Global and society which we are defending, identify the Terrorism, New York Facts on File, 316 p. threat with which we have to deal, and set out the central means by which we need both to contest those who seek to destroy us and to build the solidarity and determination which we need to succeed. The most important conclusion to draw from this analyses is that there is not some particular

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian ResonanceResonance Custodial Violence-Origin & Growing Problem in India

Abstract Experience shows that worst violations of human rights take place during the course of investigation, when the police with a view to secure evidence of confession often resort to third degree methods including torture and adopts techniques of screening arrest by either not recording the arrest or describing the deprivation of liberty merely as a prolonged interrogation. A reading of the newspaper almost every day carrying reports dehumanizing torture assault, rape and death in custody of police or other governmental agencies is indeed depressing. The increasing incidence of torture and death in custody has assumed such alarming proportions that it is affecting the credibility of the rule of law assumed such alarming proportions that it is affecting the credibility of the Rule of Law and the administration of criminal justice system. The government maintains that there exists rule of law and in ordered society in country, but the fact that there exist violation of law by many police officials and law by many police officials and law enforcement agencies. Most of the police torture cases are either not reports due to fear of further Prosecution or fail to be prosecuted due Rajeev Kumar Chaudhary to a lack of proper laws and corrupt practices on the part of officials. Research Scholar Singhania University, Introduction: Jhunjhunu, (Raj.) Custodial Violence The term custodial violence has not been defined under any law. It is a combination of two word custody and violence. The word ‗custody‘ implies guardianship and protective care. Even when applied to indicate arrest or imprisonment, it does not carry any evil symptoms 1 during custody. In maxim, a law dictionary the world ‗custody‘; has been defined as charge‘ and it regard to a person in imprisonment: judicial or penal safekeeping. As per Chamber dictionary, the condition 2 of being held by the police, arrest or imprisonment is called ‗custody‘ . 3

As per Legal Glossary Dictionary, custody is imprisonment, the detaining of a person by virtue of lawful Power or authority. Custodial Violence including torture and deaths in lockups strikes a heavy blow at the Rule of Law, which demands that the power of the executive should not only be derived from law but also that, the power should be limited by law. It is further aggravated by the Dr. Chitra Singh fact that persons who are supposed to be the protector of citizens; Reaseach Guide themselves commit human right violations. These violation are Singhania University, committed under the shield of 'Uniform' and authority within the Jhunjhunu, (Raj.) forewalls of police station, lockups, prison etc., the victim being totally helpless. Lord Action has very well put the reality in his famous dictum- 'Power corrupts, absolute power corrupts absolutely.'

No other factor has been responsible for tarnishing the images of the police in this country as much as the alleged involvement in several incidents of brutality particularly when the brutality has been directed against person in their custody. Law can be lawless when left to authoritarian excess.4 No doubt this is the legitimate right of the police to arrest a suspect on receiving some credible information or materials but the arrest should be in accordance with the law and the interrogation should not be accompanied with torture and use of third degree methods. In fact by torturing a person and using the third degree

method the police tries to accomplish behind the close doors, those things, which our legal order forbid. But it is also true to say, if the

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance custodians of law themselves indulge in committing After Independence, several Police crime than no member of the society would consider Commissions were appointed by Union and State himself safe and secure. This is true that law of the Governments to look into the performance and arrest is one of balancing individual right, liberties and methods of working of the State Police during 1950s, privilege on the one hand and responsibilities on the 1960s, the early 1970s and 1980s. All most all these other hand of weighing and balancing the right, Committees and Commissions had revealed the liberties, and privileges of single individual and those tale of third degree or torture in police of individuals collectively and of simple deciding what custody due to political ends, practice of corruption is wanted and where to put emphasis-the criminal or and lack of infrastructure support of scientific aids and society, the law violator or the law abider.5 training etc. The recommendations of most of these Torture is a well-established tool of Commissions were mainly concerned with the details investigation of the Indian Police. The case of torture of the administrative set up, the strength of the Police was widely witnessed during the emergency. The Force in different wings of the system, the relationship practice of torture by the Police and other law between Police and the Principal District Collector, enforcing officers is a matter of deep concern in a pay and allowances for the Police in different civilized society. In our criminal justice system, the ranks, qualifications for recruitments, setting up police is the only agency authorized by law, to use of training centers and the like. force6 in the performance of their duties.7 Such use of Shah Commission (1978) observed the force should not only be in accordance with the police brutality on a wide range during the emergency provisions of law, but also the quantum should be from 1975 to 1977. The Commission drew attention of irreducible minimum. The Police are permitted to use the Government that the way police behaved during force under certain circumstances, mainly in cases of the emergency as they were not accountable to any arrest, search, and handling unruly crowds and public authority. In its recommendations, the dispensing unlawful assemblies.8 However, under no Commission told to the Government to take circumstances the police are permitted to use more measures to insulate the police from illegitimate force than what is necessary. Use of how much force political and executive interference. may be considered as reasonable and necessary The National Police Commission depends upon the facts of the situation, and the (1979-81) has examined in details the issues Endeavour of the police should be kept it down to the pertaining to police functioning inter alias in minimum necessary level. eight reports. In its first report, the Origin & Growing Problem of Custodial Commission observed: Violence in India Police are frequently criticized for their use of Police in India, throughout the ages, third degree methods during investigation while have functioned as the principal law examining suspected or accused persons. Police enforcement agency of the State. In the early and brutality in their handling suspect is referred to in medieval periods of civilization, the governance of a some context or the other in the literature on police State was entered in ruling individuals or forces in several countries of the world, and the Indian family groups. Laws of the State were the Police is no exception. Interrogation of a person, individual rulers felt inclined to pronounce as such whether he be a witness or suspect or accused, is a from time to time. Police enforcement of the law as difficult and delicate exercise for any police officer and propounded by the ruler practically meant calls for enormous patience and considerable regimented compliance of the ruler‘s demand understanding of human psychology. Unfortunately and desires. The basic concept of several police officers under pressure of work and governance in ancient India was of Dharma driven by a desire to achieve quick results, leave the and Danda and there were functionaries to path of patient and scientific interrogation and resort ensure the operation of ‗Dada.‘ In fact, to the use of force in different forms to pressure the Dandaniti was an ingredient of State craft. In the witness/suspect/ accused to disclose all the facts Dharma sutras proper wielding of I ‗Danda‘was known to him. While law recognizes the need for use held to be an important duty of the King (The of force by the police in the discharge of their First Report of National Police Commission, duties on some specified occasions like the 1979). The basic unit of policing was the village; a dispersal of the a violent mob or the arrest of a village being an aggregation of families together violent bad character who resists the arrest, etc., the with their land and pastures surrounding the use of force against an individual in their custody in village. Every village had its local court which was his loneliness and helplessness is a grossly composed of the Headman and the elders of the unlawful and most degrading and despicable village. The courts decided minor criminal practice that requires to be condemned in the cases such as petty thefts as well a civil strongest of terms and we do so. Noting is so disputes. The Mahabharata speaks of Gramadhipati documenting as the, conduct of police in and the Buddhist Jatakas mention / Gram practicing torture of any kind on a person in their bhojaka. While these actually village custody. headmen the Nagaraguthka was responsible I The National Police Commission for arresting and executing robbers (The First recommended that there should be mandatory judicial Report of National Police Commission, 1979, inquiry in cases of deaths and rapes in police custody. Encyclopedia of Police in India, 1993). The judicial inquiry should be held by an additional Session Judge nominated for this purposes in every

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance district by the state government in consultation Committee further observed, ―if tortured, an accused with the High Court. The nominated judge should have the freedom to apprise the Magistrate of would be designated as the District Inquiry Authority the incident, when produced before him. In such (DIA) and assisted by assessor. The DIA shall send cases, the magistrate can remand him to judicial the report of the inquiry to the State Government. It custody. Thus should be true of any violence or will be mandatory on the part of government to sexual offence perpetrated against an accused publish the report and decisions taken thereon within person in custody. In all such cases, there must be a two moths of receipt of the report. The DIA shall also detailed inquiry. ―The Committee recommended serve as an independent authority to oversee the Audio/ video recording of statements of witnesses, ultimate disposal of complaints dealt with dying declarations and confessions should be departmentally. To oversee the satisfactory authorized by law. Interrogations Centers should be implementation of the entire scheme, a public set up at the District Headquarters, in each District, complaints Board should be set up that State level. At where they do not exist, and strengthened where they district level, surprise visits to police stations and exist, with facilities like tape recording and or similar units by the senior officers would help the videography and photography etc. immediate detection of person held in custody and However, the Committee on Reforms of subject to ill-treatment. Malpractices, if any, noticed Criminal Justice system (Malimath Committee) report during such visits should be met by swift and met with several criticism by the Amnesty deterrent punishment. Unfortunately, the valuable International India and International Commission of recommendations of the National Police Commission Jurists, 2003) including other human rights were overlooked by the government (First Report of organizations in the country. National Police Commission, 1979). In recent years, the discourse of police Padhmanabhaiah Committee on Police reforms institutionalized mechanism to effectively deal Reforms (2000) was constituted to study, inter alia, with bonafide public complaints against the police recruitment procedures for the police force, training, including custodial violence and the audit of police duties and responsibilities, police behaviors, police performance, as well as police accountability towards investigation and prosecution. The Committee people of the country have discussed in the observed that every Commissions and Committees in legislative, judicial and executive levels. In this regard, the past have repeatedly stressed the need for better Supreme Court heard a writ petition filed by two utilization of scientific aid in investigation and to retired police officers and a nongovernmental reduction of custodial violence. However, the state of organization demanding implementation of forensic science in India and its use by police in the National Police Commission reports. investigation of crime are both in a pathetic state. The State Governments have started Therefore the Committee recommended that every taken actions as per the Supreme Court‘s police station should be equipped with ‗investigation directions and PADC drafted new Police Act. As of kits‘ and every sub-division should have a mobile June 2007, Assam, Bihar, Haryana, Himachal forensic science kits. Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Rajasthan and Tripura The Committee on Reforms of the have enacted draft police legislation and many Criminal Justice System (2003) highlighted various states Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarch, issues associated to the criminal justice system in Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Orissa, Punjab, general and police system in particular. Sikkim, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal were in the The Committee has examined the process of drafting. Goa, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, fundamental principles of the functioning of Marahashatra, Manipur, Mahayana, Anrunachal the Criminal Justice System such as Right to Silence, Pradesh, Mizoram, Nagaland, Uttar Pradesh and Rights of the Accused, Presumption of Innocence Uttarakhand have not complied with the order of the and burden of proof, Justice to the victims to Supreme Court ( CHRI 2007; ACHR 2008). Most crimes etc in details. The Committee observed: recently, the 5th Report of Second Administrative ―Manner in which police investigation are Reforms Commission ( 2007) on Public Order and conducted is of critical importance to the functioning The Draft Report of the National Policy on of the criminal justice system. Not only serious Criminal Justice System (2007) emphasized that the miscarriage of justice will result if the collection of issue of Custodial violence needs to look upon very evidence is vitiated by error or malpractice, but seriously and dealt with seriously and with successful prosecution of the guilty depends on promptitude with a view to eliminating this malaise thorough and careful search for truth and collection of from the system. evidence, whether for or against suspect. Protection “At a conference of Chief Justices and, of the society being of paramount consideration, the Chief Ministers some time back, I had .pointed out laws, procedures and police practices must be such that the Indian legal and judicial system, in some as to ensure that the guilty are apprehended and sense, reflects a great contradiction. Our democracy punished with utmost dispatch and in the process the and our legal and judicial system have strengths that innocent are not harassed. The aim of investigation are admired the world over. We have a free press, a and in fact, the entire criminal justice system is to truly independent judiciary and independent search for truth. To achieve this objective, the institutions like the Election Commission and the investigating officers must be properly trained and Comptroller and Auditor General which underpin our supervised and necessary scientific and logical democratic framework. The quality of our lawyers is support should be made available to them ―. The reflected in the innovative legal doctrine and precepts

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance that they have helped establish. However, all these give an impression that the State is ready to strengths are somewhat diminished by the arrears compensate if it can purchase the right to continue to and backlog of cases at every level of our judicial inflict Constitutional deprivations on its citizens. The system “. — Honourable 1 Prime Minister Dr question remains about the prosecution of those Manmohan Singh addressing the National Convention officials who have committed the crime. on / ―Law, Justice and the Common Man organized by There are numerous provisions in the 9 the Congress Party on 27th March 2010. Constituiton of India and also in other laws, but Since 2000, according to the statistics unfortunately most of the provisions have remained submitted to the parliament by the Ministry of Home paper tigers without teeth. It is generally the poor, Affairs, prison custody deaths have increased by disadvantaged & weaker sections of the society who 54.02% by 2008, while police custody deaths during are victims of custodial crimes because there is no the same period have increased by 19.88% . In fact, one to care for them & to protect them. Unless the law under the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) rule from of the land is upheld against the guilty law 2004-2005 to 2007-2008, prison custody deaths have enforcement personnel, custodial violence will increased by 70.72% while police custody deaths continue to rise. during the same period have increased by 12.60%. However, there is a new emerging world legal order. The Indian experiment in enacting the Deaths in judicial custody between 2000 and protection of Human Rights Act is a hopeful start. The 2008:10 human rights jurisprudence is gaining judicial reverence in India especially where life and liberty are Year No. of deaths % of increase violated by state violence. Let us hope that in coming 2000-2001 910 years, custodial violence would decline until 2001-2002 1,140 25.25% altogether eliminated. It is therefore, for the 2002-2003 1,157 27.14% government and the legislature to give a serious 2003-2004 1,300 42.86% thought to the recommendations of the Law 2004-2005 1,357 49.12% th Commission (113 Report) and National Human 2005-2006 1,591 74.84% Rights Commission (1998) and bring about 2006-2007 1,477 62.31% appropriate changes in the law both to curb custodial 2007-2008 1,789 96.59% violence & also to ensure that the guilty may not Overall 54.92% escape unpunished. If human dignity survives, the Deaths in police custody between 2000 and 11 future has hope. 2009: References Year No. of deaths % of increase 1. Aiyer, P. Ramanatha: The Encyclopedic, Law 2000-2001 127 Dictionary with Legal Maxim (1992): Wadhwa & 2001-2002 165 29.92% Company Nagpur, India. 2002-2003 183 44.09% 2. Chamber Dictionary: (1983) Allied Publisher P- 2003-2004 162 27.56% 330 2004-2005 136 7.09% 3. Legal Glossary (1988) Ministry of Law and 2005-2006 139 9.45% Justice, Govt. of India. 2006-2007 119 -6.30% 4. Justice V.R. Krishna Iyyar-Human Rights and 2007-2008 187 47.24% Inhuman wrongs at 81 2008-2009 127 00 5. Singh, Joginder V. State of Uttar Pradesh (1994) Overall 19.88% 4 SCC 260 6. According to Section 349 of Indian Panel Code, Custodial violence is a matter of grave 1860 a person is said to use force to another if concern in every civilized society. The above rapid the causes motion, change of motion, or growth in the incidence of custodial violence in India cessation of motion to that other, or if the causes has caused increasing panic among the citizens. We to any substance such motion, or change of have various legal provisions against custodial motion, or cessation of motion as brings that violence by Police. These provision are substance into contact with any part of that others constitutionary & statutory. body, or with anything which that other is wearing Conclusion or carrying, or with anything so situated that such Increasing and excessive workload of the contact affects that other's sense of feeling: police is, no doubt, a major factor contributing to this Provided that the person causing the motion, or situation. Third degree is generally believed to be a change of motion, or cessation of motion, causes short-cut method of investigation by the police. that motion, change of motion, or cessation of Inability to cope with the rising crime rate and motion in one of the three ways hereinafter hierachical pressures from above to produce quick described. results often force police to practice third-degree - First- By his own bodily power. Secondly: By methods. Those subjected to such violent methods disposing any substance in such a manner that often breakdown and confess to crimes they may not the motion or change or cessation of motion have committed. takes place without any further act on his part, or There is positive trend of the judicial policy on the part of any other person. Thirdly: By for compensating victims of custodial violence. But inducing any animal to move, to change its increasing use of compensation remedy may also motion, or to cease to move.

ISSN No. 0976-8602 VOL.-1, ISSUE-IV, OCTOBER-2012 Asian Resonance 7. Moreover a private person can also use force in exercise of his right of private defence. Section 96 to 106 of the Indian Panel Code lay down the law relating to the right. The law gives to every person subject to the restrictions contained in Section, 99, the right to defend-his own body, and the body of any other person, against any offence affecting the human body; - his own property and other against theft, robbery, mischief, criminal trespass. 8. See Section 46, 47 & 49 and 129 of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 9. Speech of Hon'ble Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh at National Convention on 'Law, Justice and the Common Man' 27th March 2010, avaialble at http://www.congress.org.in /national- convention-pm-speech.htm 10. See Annual Reports of NHRC (2001-02 to 2006- 07) available at http://www.nhrc.nic.in/ 11. See Annual Reports of NHRC (2001-02 to 2006- 07) available at http://www.nhrc.nic.in/ and the Statement of Mr. Ajay Maken, Minister of State in the Ministry of Home Affairs, Unstarred Question No. 1890 answered on 01-12-09 in the Lok Sabha.