The Nile and Ancient Egypt Judith Bunbury Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01215-8 — The Nile and Ancient Egypt Judith Bunbury Index More Information

175

INDEX

Notes: Page numbers in italics denotes i gures and bold denotes tables.

Aa rock, Kharga Basin, 30f2.13 Amarna, 35 Abbas I, 140 Amarna Letters, 104 , 117 Abu Rawash, 63 Amenemhat I, 70, 76 Abusir, 60 , 61f4.2 , 62 , 65 , 79 Amenhotep III, 8 , 104 , 113 , 120 Abydos, 45 – 6, 47f3.3 , 85 , 86f6.5 , 109 Amenhotep IV. See Akhenaten Acheulean sites, 19 Amnemhat III, 118 Acolat, Délphine, 94f7.1 Amun, 122 , 137 aeolian sands, 26 , 27 , 33 Ancient Egyptian timeline, 9f1.1 , 9t1.1 AERA, 109, 110 Ankhtii , 82 aestivating snails (Zootecus insularis ), 15 , Antinoupolis, 87 17f2.2 , 53 – 5 aquifers, 28 , 58 African Humid Period, 25 , 27 Nubian, 3 , 34 , 142 agriculture, 3 , 41 , 43 – 4 , 63, 99 , 137 , 138 , 140 , 153 Arab and Ottoman period, 9t1.1 conservatism, 85 Armant, 82 , 105 developments in, 42 Asiatics, 99 and l oodplain, 40 , 49 Aswan, 4, 82 gezirehs, 4 Aswan High Dam, 3 , 6, 40 , 82 , 85 , 140, 147 , on islands, 107 153 , 156 minimalism, 43 Asyut, 26 , 82 , 134 and sediments, 134 , 149 Attia, 6 water management. See water management auger/augering, 6 , 33 , 48 – 9, 49f3.5 , 74 , 85 , 90 , Wilbour Papyrus, 67 , 82 106 , 134 , 148 –51 Ahmose I, 102 Avaris, 99 ‘Ain Amur, 21 , 24f2.7 , 36 , 124, 128 ‘Ain Lebakh, 35 , 35f2.18 , 125f9.5 , 128 Babylon, 74 , 111 Ain Manawir, 124 backwaters, 107 , 107f8.4 Akhenaten, 88 , 121 Badarian, 51 Akhet, 41 , 82 , 137 – 8 Badrasheen, 77 Akhmin, 134 Bagnold, 15 , 20 , 36 Alexandria, 98 , 122 Bahariya Oasis, 34 Al-Farama, 98 Bahr Libeini, 74 Al-Fustat, 131 , 135 Bahr Yusuf, 73, 118 , 123 – 4 Ali, Muhammad, 40, 130 , 133 , 139 , 140, 142 Baines, J., 5 Al-Zaniyah Island, 78 , 106, 153 , 154f. A.4 Balat, 76

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176 Index

Balinese water temples (Pura Tirta), 85 , 127 Chad, 62 , 65 , 74 Ball, J., 15 Champollion, 5 barari , 97 channel migration, 78 , 81 , 87 Barich, B. E., 27 , 29 lateral migration, 78, 81 basin divides (gisr), 82, 83 climate Bayuda Desert, 14 climatology, 15 Beadnell, H. G. L., 15 Hadley Cells, 18 , 18f2.4 , 19 Bedouin, 33 , 43 Polar Cell, 19 Bedouin raids, 136 climate belts, 18 , 19 Beleda, 20 climate change, 1 , 3 , 7 , 34 – 5 , 41 , 76 Ben Ezra Synagogue, 135 human adaption, 43 –55 Bietak, Manfred, 6 , 100 climate cycles, 57 – 62 Bir umm-Fawakir, 122 climate warming, 36 Birket Habu, 102, 120, 121 climate zones, 19 Bitter Lakes, 122 , 135 , 136f10.3 Cooper, John, 100 , 134 , 135 Blackman, A. M., 128 Coptic calendar, 137 Blue Nile, 20, 39 , 41 Coptic to Islamic times, 131 – 9 Boatwright, Dan, 120 Cretaceous, 3 Boraik, Mansour, xvi , 90f6.9 cross-desert routes, 122 borehole analysis, 6 –7 , 70 Borollos Lake, 98 Dabadeb, 128, 129 Borsch, Stuart, 99 Dakhla Oasis, 34 , 76 , 102 boulder clay, 19 Dash, Glen, 74 bowls and jars, 16f2.1 , 55 , 64 , 157 Dashur, 34 , 41 , 62 , 64 , 65 , 65f5.1 Branton, T., 52 dating, 7 – 9 Bridgewater, Emma, 7 Deir el-Bahri, 103 , 103f8.1 Bristow, C.S., 36 Deir el-Medina, 113 Brook, G., 26 delta, 1 , 2 , 3 , 7 , 12 , 14 , 31 , 32 , 38 , 39, 40 , 42 , 44 , Brunton, G., 119f9.2 , 120 55 , 60 , 62 , 63 , 67 , 76 , 93 – 101 , 124 , 127 Bunbury, J. M., 147 , 151 Alexandria, 98, 122 Buto, 97 architecture exploration, 6 Butzer, K.W., 6 , 14 distributary channels, 63, 95 , 99 Byzantine period, 9t1.1 , 130 distributary system, 4 , 97f7.4 , 99 , 125 early farming, 43 Cairo, 51 , 63 , 70 , 93 , 95 , 131 , 134 l oods in, 2 Al-Fustat, 131 , 135 Holocene, 94 Babylon, 111 , 134 , 135 impact of climate change, 143 as a capital zone, 132 Manzala Lake, 98 , 99 , 101 Genizah, 135 Mississippi, 79 , 84 , 93 Island of Roda, 131 , 133f10.2 movement, 43, 51f3.7 , 67 modern city, 134 , 135 and Nile Valley, cultural links between, 61 nilometer, 3 , 131 , 133f10.2 Rhine, 93 , 94 , 99 St Barbara’s Church, 131 , 132f10.1 , 135 seasons. See seasons Californian stream, 104 , 105f8.2 sediments, 3 – 4 , see also sediments canyons, 2, 3 – 4, 38 , 40 , 63, 80 , 83f6.3 , Tinnis, 98 , 134 85 , 105 trading, 134 capital zone, 65 , 71 , 73f5.6 , 99 delta- head, 67 , 73, 77 , 80 , 95 , 132 carbon dating, 8 , 158 location of, 77 Caton- Thompson, G., 5 , 14 , 20 desert toads, 70 Çelebi, Evliyya, 137 desertii cation, 1 , 12 , 34 , 74 Cephren diorite quarries, 15 , 52 – 4 , 54f3.10 deserts, 1 , 6, 7 , 12 , 14 , 15 , 18 , 43, 44 , 47 , 56 , 58 , 62 , ceremonies, 3 70 , 75 , 118

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Index 177

mining activity in, 122 Firiniya Canal, 125 Sahara. See Sahara First Intermediate Period (FIP), 9t1.1 , 12 , 52 , slow retreat of, 74 – 6 64 , 66 , 67 , 74 , 76 , 82 , 88 vegetation in, 76 i shing, 39 , 44 , 109 White Desert, 26 , 31 l ashl oods, 4, 12 digital elevation models (DEM), 78 Fleming, K., 95f7.2 distributary channels, 63 , 95 , 99 l ood, 2 , 14 , 40 , 41 , 49 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 68 , 93 – 101 , Djara Cave, 26 108, 135 Djoser, 60 management and control, development Doli n Playa, 26 , 27 , 28 , 28f2.11 , 29f2.12 of, 3 , see also agriculture; Aswan High Drake, N., 36 Dam ; Cairo dry season, 82, 84 , 109 , 124 season, 55 , 78 , 82 , 98 , 122 , 138 , 140 Duckworth, Taryn, 106 , 107 , 108f8.5 , 152 l ood cycle, 41 Dufton, David, 45 , 46 , 47f3.3 , 80 , 109 l oodplain, 2, 3 , 4, 7 , 25 , 39 , 41 , 42 , 43, 44 , 49 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 62 , 63, 67 , 82 , 95 , 96 , 105 , 106f8.3 , Earl, Erin, 61f4.2 109, 113 , 118 , 131 , 152 Early Dynastic period (ED), 9t1.1 , 44 , 45 , 46 , aggradation rate, 78 , 81 , 148 48 , 51 , 59 , 60 , 76 , 94 , 137 and agriculture, 40 , 49 Early Middle Kingdom, 67 , 68 , 70 , 71 , 110 fertility, 57 Eastern Delta, 99 narrow l oodplain, 63 map of transport connections, 136f10.3 fossil fuel consumption, and global Eastern Desert, 4, 43, 117 , 122, 128 , 130 temperature, 18 Edfu, 44 , 49 , 51f3.7 , 60 , 65 , 82 , 109, 127 – 8 , 137 , fossilised tree stumps, 28 , 30f2.14 141 , 156 fowling, 44 Egyptian landscape, 12 – 13 and early Egyptology, 4 – 7 Gasperini, V., 119f9.2 geological origins, 3 – 4 Gebel al-Asr, 12 , 14 , 15 , 16f2.1 , 52 , 54f3.10 , 55 , habitation changes, with time, 10f1.2 , 12 – 13 74 , 104 Egyptian Nile Land and Waterscape Survey, 74 Gebel Silsila, 82, 150 Egyptian Sahara, 15 , 31 Gebel Uweinat, 36 Egyptology, 4 – 7 Gebel Zubara, 130 18th Dynasty, 88 , 89 , 113 , 116 , 121 , 133 gerbils, 70 Eijkelkamp hand auger, 149f. A.1 gezireh (turtle-backs), 4 , 40 , 96 , 97 , 133 , 147 El-Kab, 141 , 142 gharaghets, 99 El-Masekh, Salah, 91f6.10 Gilf Kebir, 26 , 36 El-Sanussi, A., 51 , 52 gisr. See basin divides (gisr) Engelbach, R.E., 15 , 120 Giza, 41 , 51 , 53f3.9 , 55 , 62 , 63, 74 , 75f5.7 , 80 , Eonile, 40 81f6.2, 104 , 132 Epi- Palaeolithic technologies, 20 glacial sediments, 19 erosion, 51 glaciations, 32 erosions, 19 , 35 , 36 , 61 , 66 , 70 , 120 global temperatures, 15 – 18 and rainfall, 50, 52f3.8 and fossil fuel consumption, 18 of Roman wall, 36 , 37f2.19 global warming, 20 Ethiopian Monsoon, 2, 20 , 38 , 41 , 42 , 57 gold, 104 , 117 , 122 mining, 102, 122 Fairman, H.W., 128 Goncalves, Pedro, 59, 72 , 77 , 109 , 110 Faiyum Oasis, 2, 20 , 21 , 25 , 31 , 38 , 43, 66 , 68 , 73, GoogleEarth assessment, 140, 144f11.3 , 147 – 8 87 , 102, 118 , 119f9.1 , 143 Graeco-Roman period, 71 , 83 , 138f10.4 Farafra Oasis, 26 , 27 , 29 , 31 , 31f2.15 , 34 , 57 Graham, Angus, 75f5.7 , 107 farming. See agriculture grain production, 28 , 29 , 35 , 122, 130 , 138 fertility, 21 , 43, 57 , 107 , 141 , 142, 143 The Great Pit, 113 15th Dynasty, 133 Green, 48

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178 Index

Green Deserts, 14 – 38 hunters/gatherers, 39 , 57 Greenland Ice Core (GISP2), 15 , 17f2.3 in Holocene, 26 grindstones, 28 , 28f2.11 , 29 , 117 Palaeolithic hunters, 19 Gurob, 73 , 119f9.2 Hyksos, 60 , 102, 133 Gurob Harem Palace Project, 118 , 120 Ibrahim, Suleyman, xvi habitat hysteresis, 57 – 62 ice age, 19 , 36 , 96 Hadley Cells, 18 , 18f2.4 , 19 ef ects on sea level, 3 , 40 Hadrian, 87 end of, 2, 13 , 19 , 36 , 93 , 161 Hagr Edfu, 49 extent of glaciation, 2 , 19 Hamdan, M., 29 Idku Lake, 98 Hammamat mines, 117 Il-Lahun, 20 ‘Hanging Church’ of St George, inhabitants, 3 , 4, 27 , 38 , 55 , 67 , 80 , 106, 117 , 120, 131 , 134 137 , 146 Hassan, Fekri, 64 , 65 ‘Instructions of Amenemhat’, 68 Hatshepsut, 89 irrigation, 3 , 42 , 57 , 59 , 63, 67 , 82 , 85 , 101 , 127 , Hawara, 63, 118 130 , 134 , 135 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 140, 141 , 142, Haynes, C. V., 25 , 26 147 , 148 Hekekyan, 5 , 78 island Helwan Palaeofan, 59 lifespan, 78 Hendrickx, Stan, 142 islands, 56 , 59 , 62 , 67 , 77 – 92, 95 , 104 , 106, 107 , herding, 43 109, 110 Hermopolis, 85 , 87 , 88 , 109 Badrasheen, 77 , 80 , 92 Hermopolis–Antinoupolis region, 87f6.7 chains of, 104 Herodotus, 68 , 72 , 93 , 99 l anks, 48 , 153 Heyerdahl, 88 formation and capture, 78 , 79f6.1 , 80 , 81 , 88 , Hierakonpolis, 44 , 45 , 48f3.4 , 49 , 49f3.5 , 50 , 105 , 152, 154 50f3.6 , 51 , 137 lifespan of, 106 habitation, 47 Luxot. See Luxor Khasekhemwy Enclosure, 48 Itj- Tawi , 70 movement, 64 rhizocretions, 47 Jacquet, Jean, 89 wadis around, 45f3.1 Jacquet-Gordon, Helen, 89 hieroglyphs, 4 jars. See bowls and jars Hillier, J. K., 90 jar- wells, 124 – 5 , 125f9.6 Hobbs, Joseph, 43 Jef reys, David, 6, 60 , 72 , 74 , 80 , 151 Hod el-Gezireh, 153 Jones, M., 51 , 53f3.9 Hodgkinson, Anna Kathrin, 120 , 121f9.3 Junker, H., 32 hods, 85 Holocene, 3 , 13 , 18 , 19 , 21 , 26 , 27 , 29 , 39 , 41 , Kadesh Thebes, 102 43, 59 , 96 Karnak, 74 , 76 , 78 , 82 , 85 , 88 , 89f6.8 , 90f6.9 , delta, 94 91 , 92f6.11 , 102 – 17 , 106f8.3 , 123 , 152 , ephemeral lakes, 14 , 26 157f. A.7 global temperature change during, 15 , 17f2.3 Kerma period, 14 , 43, 104 herding, 29 Khafra, 15 , 52 , 55 , 74 hunter/gatherers in, 26 pyramid at Giza, 54f3.10 lake formation, 26 Kharga Basin, 20 , 21 , 25f2.9 , 26 , 35f2.18 , 55 , 57 , rainfall, 14 , 32 , 48 124, 128, 128f9.8 , 129 Sahara during, 14 , 38 , see also Sahara Aa rock in, 30f2.13 sediments, 25 , see also sediments Dabadeb, 128 , 129 wet phases, 14 – 38 , 39 depression, 35 , 36 , 129f9.9 Hughes, Ellie, 120 Kharga Oasis, 2 , 14 , 15 , 20 , 21 , 27 , 28 , 31 , 34 , 36 , human adaption, to climate change, 43– 55 45 , 57 , 102

179

Index 179

Khasekhemwy Enclosure, 48 marshes, 2 , 39 , 41 , 55 , 58 , 60 , 62 , 93 , 99 , 101 , 138 Khedivate period, 9t1.1 Maryut Lake, 98 Khentkawes town, 51 massifs, 59, 112 , 116 Khufu, 15 , 52 mastaba tombs, 59 king lists, 7 – 8 meandering, 3 , 40 , 59 , 79 , 94 , 95 , 96f7.3 , 104 Kom el-Farahy, 142 Medamud, 121 Kom el-Hisn, 99 medieval period, 98 , 135 Kom el-Khilgan, 97 Mediterranean coast, 1 , 2, 3 , 19 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 62 , Kom Fakhry, 110 67 , 98 , 100 , 130 , 133 , 143 Kom Firin, 124, 125 , 126 , 126f9.7 , 133 , 142 Megachad Lake, 19 Kom Rabi, 110 Meidum bowls, 157 Kom Tuman, 110 Melanoides tuberculata , 14 koms, 78 , 85 , 109, 110 , 141 , 142 Memphis, 12 , 59, 60 , 62 , 63, 64 , 66 , 66f5.2 , 67 , Krom, M. D., 98 69f5.3, 72 , 73, 74 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 82 , 96 , 100 , Kröpelin, S., 15 , 26 , 44 , 62 100f7.5 , 102, 106, 109, 110 , 111 , 123 , 134 Kuper, R., 15 , 44 l oodplain, 80 Kush, Kingdom of, 36 , 67 Ptah Temple. See Ptah Temple ruins of, 74 , 80 , 109, 110 , 111f8.6 Lahun, 120 siege of, 73 Lament, 122 Menes, 110 Landrock, E., 41 Merimde, 34 , 34f2.17 , 62 large- scale crevassing stage (LSC), 94 , 95 , Neolithic community, 31 , 32 96f7.3 , 97f7.4 Merimde Abu Ghalib, 32 – 4 Late Period, 9t1.1 Merimde Beni Salama, 32 – 4, 33f2.16 , 97 , 98 lateral migration, 78 , 81 Middle Kingdom (MK), 9t1.1 , 12 , 25 , 50 , 55 , 56 , and l oodplain, 131 60 , 66 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 72 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 85 , 88 , 102, Le Déscription de L’Égypte’ , 5 104 , 110 , 118 , 126 , 133 Lehner, Mark, 131 excavation, 16f2.1 Lehnert, 41 limestone temple, 88 levees, 21 , 42 , 55 , 56 , 59 , 60 , 70 , 72 , 78 , 79 , 80 , owl diets, 70 85 , 124, 153 mid-Holocene period, 25 , 40 , 42, 48 , 56 Libyans, 99 millet seed grains, 35 Lindstadter, J., 26 mining, 56 , 104 , 114f8.9 , 117 , 122, 130 Lisht, 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 72f5.5 , 85 Mississippi River, 79 , 84 , 93 Litherland, Piers, 113 Mit Rahina, 72 , 110 Lucarini, G., 29 Mitanni, 104 Lutley, Katy, 69 , 80 , 140, 154 Moeller, Nadine, 60 , 65 Luxor, 7 , 12 , 59 , 78 , 88 , 107 , 108 , 112 , 116 , 137 , 143 Moeris, King, 68 Karnak. See Karnak Moreno, Juan Carlos Garcea, 138 revetment and erosion management Moulid Abu al-Haggag, 137 around, 91 mud-brick tunnel, 64 , 65f5.1 sediments around, 59 Murray, G. W., 15 Luxor Old Garden Site, 106, 109 Muslim Dynastic period, 9t1.1 Luxor Temple, 78 Mut Island, 88 myrrh roots, 103f8.1 Macklin, M.G., 41 , 43 myths, 3 Maidum, 63 , 77 Malek, J., 5 Nabta Playa, 5 , 26 , 27 , 31 , 31f2.15 , 57 Malkata Palace, 8 Napoleon, 4 Malqata, 113 Narmer, 48 manawir (qanat), 124 , 125f9.5 Naslet es-Saman, 109 Manetho, 7 , 110 Nasser Lake, 5 , 41 , 55 , 101 , 133 , 142, 143 Manzala Lake, 98, 99 , 101 Naukratis, 97

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180 Index

Nekhen. See Hierakonpolis Peret season, 41 , 82 , 127 , 137 Neolithic period, 21 , 26 , 28 , 29 , 31 , 32 , 33 , Persian Empire, 9t1.1 33f2.16 , 34f2.17 , 35 , 43, 47 , 98 , 118 Persians, 124 New Kingdom (NK), 9t1.1 , 12 , 28 , 34 , 35 , 36 , Peruvian wadis, 45f3.1 46 , 49 , 50 , 57 , 60 , 64 , 65 , 67 , 72 , 73, 76 , Petrie, Flinders, 5 , 7 , 120, 157 82 , 88 , 90 , 93 , 99 , 102 , 104 , 109 , 110 , 113 , Phillips, R., 31 , 44 116 , 117 , 118 , 120, 122, 123 , 126 , 128, 130 , Picton, Jan, 120 133 , 137 Piramesse, 6 climate amelioration during, 102, 122 playa basins, 124 grain production, 122 playa lakes, 20 , 27 , 36 , 47 , 58 papyrus, 122 ancient lake beds, 27f2.10 pottery, 116 Pleistocene period, 13 , 19 , 21 , 26 , 32 , 38 , 40 , 57 , sediments, 110 94 , 96 , 126 New Valley Project, 142 Polar Cell, 19 Nicholson, Paul, 60 pottery, 7 – 8, 26 , 28 , 32 , 33 , 70 , 116 , 127 , 142, 150, Nile Valley, 12 , 14 , 31 , 34 , 38 , 39 , 64 153 , 157 early farming, 43 from Middle Kingdom, 70 nilometer, 3 , 131 , 133f10.2 , 137 from Pre-Dynastic cemetery, 7 nomarchs, 67 Pre- Dynastic king, 84f6.4 North Africa, vegetation distribution, 19, 20f2.5 Pre- Dynastic period, 7 , 9t1.1 , 32 – 4, 48 , 50 , 59 , North Kharga Oasis Survey, 20 65 , 67 , 82 , 97 Northern Delta, 1 habitation, 47 Nubia, 5 , 67 , 104 Saharan playas, 12 aquifers, 3 , 34 , 142 sites, 97 , 98 pottery, 33 wadi catchments, 46f3.2 ‘Prophecy of Neferti’, 68 , 76 oases, 3 , 12 , 20 , 22f2.6 , 34 , 44 , 118 , 120 Pryer, Laurence, 67 , 77 , 132 Bahariya, 34 Psamtek I, 126 Dakhla, 34 , 76 , 102 Ptah Temple, 72 Faiyum, 2, 20 , 21 , 25 , 31 , 38 , 43, 66 , 68 , 73, 87 , Ptolemaic period, 9t1.1 , 73, 120, 122, 123 , 102, 118 , 119f9.1 , 143 127 , 130 Farafra, 26 , 27 , 29 , 31 , 31f2.15 , 34 , 57 baths, 90 Kharga, 2 , 14 , 15 , 20 , 21 , 27 , 28 , 31 , 34 , 36 , 45 , Edfu temple, 70 , 71f5.4 , 127 , 137 57 , 102 rock-cut temples, 130 Siwa, 34 Pura Tirta. See Balinese water temples Old Kingdom (OK), 9t1.1 , 15 , 49 , 52 , 53 , 56 , 59 , (Pura Tirta) 60 , 62 , 63, 64 , 66 , 67 , 74 , 76 , 85 , 93 , 99 , 109, pyramids, 12 , 41 , 60 , 63, 64 , 74 , 76 , 77 110 , 118 , 132 , 138 , 157 Bent Pyramid, 62 , 65f5.1 drying of lakes during, 25 at Giza, 6, 52 quarries, 52 Step Pyramid of Djoser, 60 Opet, 88 Ottoman Empire, 136 , 140 qanats, 34 , 129 owl diets, 70 Qarun Lake, 66 , 118 , 142 oxbow lakes, 80 , 85 , 105 Qin, Ying, 66 , 73 Oxyrhynchus documents, 84 , 87 , 123 , 123f9.4 , 137 Quibell, J. E., 48

Palaeolithic period, 9t1.1 , 19 , 33 Radar Valleys, 40 Palaeonile, 40 rainstorms, 70 Palestrina Mosaic, 94f7.1 rainy seasons, 27, 58 , 58f4.1 Parcak, Sarah, 70 , 120 Ramesside period, 9t1.1 , 121 Parsons, P., 84 Ramses II, 100 , 116 Pennington, Ben, 94 , 134 Redford’s Temple C, 89 Pepi II, 76 Republican period, 9t1.1

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Index 181

Rhine delta, 93 , 94 , 99 sailing, 98 , 134 rhizocretions, 21 , 25f2.9 , 36 , 47 , 48 , 48f3.4 , 149 Shemu, 41 , 137 – 8 Rift Valley, 2 wet, 58 river migration, 12 , 46 , 49 , 80 , 81f6.2 , 82 , 140 sebakh, 127 , 141 , 142, 156 – 7 and island formation, 80 , 85 , 88 , 105 Second Intermediate Period (SIP), 9t1.1 , Roberts, David, 78 126 , 128 rock arts, 20, 28 , 59 sedimentation, 43, 58 , 98 , 99 , 106, 135 Rodrigues, D., 104 sediments, 3 , 5 – 6, 20 , 21 , 24f2.8 , 26 , 27f2.10 , 33 , Rohde, R., 95f7.2 34 , 36 , 40 , 43, 44 , 50 , 51 , 57 , 58 , 60 , 63, 66 , Roman bastions, 131 67 , 70 , 76 , 78 , 90 , 97 , 106, 108, 118 , 134 , Roman period, 9t1.1 , 28 , 34 , 36 , 62 , 73 , 90 , 98 , 142, 147 , 148 – 50 118 , 122, 127 , 129, 130 glacial sediments, 19 oasis pottery, 35 around Luxor, 59 techniques, 130 , 131 types of, 151 – 5 Romans, 124 Senusret I, 70 Rosetta Stone, 5 Sesebi, 104 , 113f8.8 , 114f8.9 , 116 , 117 , 122 Seti I, 109 , 116 Sa El-Hagar, 97 Shaw, Ian, 8, 9t1.1, 120 Sahara, 1 , 2 , 3 , 14 , 18 , 19 , 25 , 26 , 27f2.10 , 36 , 39 , Sheikh Labeib shrine, 88 44 , 46 , 55 , 56 , 58 , 62 , 63, 66 , 78 , 93 , 144f11.3 Shemu season, 41 , 137 – 8 aridii cation of, 55 Shutb, 134 death of, 63 silts, 56 , 59 , 77 , 108, 124, 154 desertii cation of, 12 Siwa, 34 dried- up lake bed in, 37f2.20 Sneferu, 64 , 76 drying of, 61 Spencer, N., 127 groundwater level, 142 spillways, 20 , 21 , 22f2.6 , 79 , 118 Neolithic period, 9t1.1 , 34 St Barbara’s Church, Cairo, 131 , 132f10.1 , 135 oases. See oases stalactites, 26 playas, 26 , see also playas Stanley, D. J., 6, 42 , 98 , 99 wet phases, 14 – 38 Stele of Piye, 73 Said, R., 3 – 4 Step Pyramid of Djoser, 60 sailing season, 98 , 134 Stephenson, Robert Louis, 140 Sais, 44 , 97 , 126 Strabo, 99 Saite pharaohs, 111 street plans, 85 , 86f6.6 Saite scheme, 110 Subias, Eva, 84 Sampsell, B.M., 3 – 4 Sudan, 52 sand dunes, 15, 26 , 62 , 156 Survey of Memphis, 6 , 60 , 72 , 74 , 80 , sand entrainment and re-deposition, 74 110 , 151 sand islands (gezireh), 55 sandbanks, 77 , 108f8.5 tal a, 64 sandbars, 79 , 95 , 98 , 104 , 106, 107 , 108, 153 Tale of Sinuhe, 68 – 9 , 69f5.3 , 70 Saqqara, 59 –61 , 61f4.2 , 62 , 63, 69 , 100f7.5 , 132 Tavares, Ana, 72 satellite imaging studies, 147 Tell El-Dab’a, 6 savants, 4 – 5 Tell Karnak, 88 , 108 Schild, R., 5 – 6 Tempest Stele of Ahmose I, 57 Scorpion II, 82 , 137 temples sea level, impact of rising of, 2, 4, 93 , 95f7.2 Akhenaten, 88 seasons, 41 Medamud, 121 agricultural, 57 , 82 , 127 Ptah Temple, 72 , 100 , 110 Akhet, 41 , 82 , 137 – 8 Sesebi, 104 , 113f8.8 , 114f8.9 dry, 82 , 84 , 109, 124 Tod, 121 Peret, 41 , 82 , 127 , 137 Theban Mountain, 59 , 61 , 112 , 112f8.7 , 116 , 124 rainy, 27 , 58 , 58f4.1 Thebes, 67 , 102 –17 , 120, 133

182

182 Index

Third Intermediate Period (TIP), 9t1.1 , 116 Wadi Howar, 104 13th Dynasty, 133 Wadi Nuqrus, 130 Thutmose III, 118 Wadi Sikait, 130 Ti, tomb of, 99 , 100f7.5 Wadi Toshka, 55 Tinnis, 98, 134 wadis, 1 , 4, 39 , 40 , 42 , 44 , 45f3.1 , 50 , 51 , 53f3.9 , Tod, 121 55 , 56 , 57 , 59 , 60 , 63, 104 , 116 , 118 , 120 Toshka spillway, 20 , 142 vegetation in, 45 , 76 trade winds, 35 , 36 , 61 , 62 War ne, N., 6, 42 , 98 , 99 tributaries, 4 , 39 , 40 , 62 , 130 water level, 32 Tristant, 97 during ice age, 3 Tutankhamun, 88 water management, 82, 84 , 118 – 30 , 140 – 6 tomb of, 116 Mississippi River. See Mississippi River Tutmosis III, 88 , 89 Oxyrhynchus documents, 84 , 123 , 123f9.4 , 137 Twain, Mark, 84 pilot channels, 84 second period of, 133 Umm el-Dabadeb, 124, 128f9.8 waterborne disease, 58 Usai, D., 47f3.3 Wendorf, F., 5 – 6 , 7 Wenke, R. J., 99 Valley of the Kings, 113 , 116 wet season, 58 Vesuvius, 43 White Desert, 26 , 31 votive jars, 64 White Nile, 39 , 41 , 42 Wilbour Papyrus, 67 , 82 Wadi Bairiya, 113 Wilson, Penny, 97 Wadi Bakht, 7 , 26 windblown sand, 154 – 6 Wadi Bershama, 24f2.8, 25f2.9 , 37f2.19 Wadi Gamal, 33f2.16 , 34 , 34f2.17 , 98 Yoa Lake, 62 , 74 Wadi Gimal, 130 Wadi Hammamat, 122 Zinnar Basin, 134