DOCSLIB.ORG

Violence in Ancient Egyptian Religious Iconography: Purpose and Meaning

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Violence in Ancient Egyptian Religious Iconography: Purpose and Meaning Violence in Ancient Egyptian Religious Iconography: Purpose and Meaning. By David A. Falk, PhD. (Paper given at VST 2019 Religion and Violence Conference) While violent motifs in ancient Egyptian religion are well-documented, scholars through the 20 th century generally believed that violence portrayed in the religious context was merely symbolic. But in 2013, an executed slave found beneath the foundation of the temple of Mut at Luxor reopened the whole question of violence in ancient Egyptian religion and iconography.1 Iconography in Egyptian contexts is largely misunderstood, so then it is not surprising that modern scholarship has misinterpreted violent motifs in temples and tombs. The Egyptians featured scenes of war and prisoner decapitations upon the walls of their temples. This could lead one to believe that Egyptian religion glorified violence, but the reality is more nuanced than it might appear at first blush. This paper will explore the use of violent iconography in Egyptian religious settings and will suggest that religious violence had a phenomenological function that served as an apotropaic device protecting Egypt’s fragile agriculture. Primer to Understanding Egyptian Iconography Perhaps the biggest hurdle to understanding violence in Egyptian iconography is coming to terms with the normal function of iconography in Egyptian religion. This requires a bit of a primer in Egyptian metaphysics and phenomenology. The Egyptians believed that writing and drawing could instantiate magical power and physical presence. Egyptian metaphysics tied magic together with writing, both of which were attributed to the god Thoth. 1 Mark D. Janzen, The Iconography of Humiliation: The Depiction and Treatment of Bound Foreigners in New Kingdom Egypt (Ph.D. diss., University of Memphis, 2013), 317. (2) Let us say that I were to write a mild curse on a piece of paper, “may there be one less step than my nemesis expects.” The Western mind would think nothing of this other than to maybe crack a wry smirk because in the West something written on a piece of paper has no more power than a bitter tweet or a nasty greeting card. Separation exists between the agency of the writer, the object of writing, and the mechanics of the world. With the ancient Egyptian mind, that separation does not exist. Divinity had the ability to unite with its images (both statuary and temple reliefs) embodying the god’s divine power. This resulted in a phenomenological view of writing. Writing a mild curse on paper created an object of writing that affected the mechanics of the world. The contents of the written form changed the fabric of reality. So, my mild curse would cause my nemesis to trip at every set of steps he climbs. Keeping this in mind, when we approach the reliefs on the walls of temples and tombs, we have to realize that human beings are not the audience. It may be tempting to postulate that these reliefs served as priestly reminders or just decoration. But, the reliefs of temple rituals probably do not reflect the actual order of ritual performance.2 For example, the order of the rituals at Seti I’s Abydos temple remains hotly debated. 3 I suspect that the reason for this debate is that scholars are asking questions that the original writers were never intending to answer. But if these reliefs are an attempt to instantiate divine reality, then the reliefs in temples and tombs are not there to remind priests or keep detailed historical records. Instead, this would suggest that the purpose for these reliefs was to create a perpetual reenactment of a ritual in writing for the benefit of the Egyptian gods. In effect, the carved reliefs recreated ritual to praise the gods day and night. 2 Katherine Eaton, Ancient Egyptian Temple Ritual: Performance, Pattern and Practice (New York: Routledge, 2013), 43. 3 At least eight different orderings have been suggested for the daily ritual scenes at Abydos. See Eaton, 20-22. (3) Gods, Weapons, and War We will begin with our examination of violence in Egyptian iconography with Montu, the Egyptian god associated with warfare. 4 There is of course the obvious display of violence of with Montu on the right carrying in his left hand a large curved sword. But perhaps, less obvious is the double uraeus cobras on the crown. Prima facie the uraeus cobra may not seem like especially violent iconography as the uraeus is ubiquitously used as a protective symbol all over Egypt. But I would suggest that in this particular context that the violent aspect is quite overt. PT 256 states that the uraeus spits out fire against the enemies of the king. 5 Normally, the uraeus is paired with the Nekhbet vulture, and together the pair symbolized holiness as the Nekhbet keeps a space pure while the uraeus protects space of defilement from the outside. However, the double uraeus is like a double-barreled shotgun, an icon that expresses double aggression. This is an example of iconographic intensification, where the icon is multiplied to multiply its effect. And later kings of the Napatan 25 th Dynasty would wear the double uraeus to emphasize their martial tendencies. In this slide, we have a shallow relief that dates to the Saite period. In it we see the goddess Satis which often represented the star Sirius. She also represented war and hunting, and is shown holding a recurve bow and arrows. Other gods, such as Bes or Sekhmet, are frequently portrayed as warriors or holding weapons. Killing snakes is also a common violent religious motif. At the temple of Kom Ombou, the king is shown killing a snake with a long trident.6 The slide from TT1, the tomb of Sennedjem, shows a cat that is beheading a snake with a knife. 4 Jaroslav Černý, Ancient Egyptian Religion (New York: Hutchinson’s University Library, 1952), 37. 5 PT 256 (Kurt Sethe, Die Ältaegyptischen Pyramidentexte [Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung, 1908], 302). 6 Description de L’Égypte: Publiée par les orders de Napoléon Bonaparte, Edition complete (Paris: De L’Imprimerie Impériale, 1809; reprint New York: Benedikt Taschen Verlag, 1997), 1:45. (4) In Egyptian myth, Apophis was the serpent that on a daily basis attempted to devour the sun. Apophis was the perpetual enemy of the sun god Re and the light. 7 The daily defeat of Apophis was often symbolized by a Bastet, represented by a cat killing a snake with a knife. These scenes are sometime referenced in tombs such as TT 132 that depicts a beheaded snake representing the god Apophis.8 On the one hand, the Egyptians recorded the natural antipathy between cats and snakes. On the other, the Egyptians portrayed this antipathy mythologizing it and elevating it as a war metaphor that was incorporated into the eternal daily solar cycle. 9 Execution of Captives Many violent iconographic motifs originated as references to war scenes. One of the earliest of these is found on the Narmer Palette. This object measures 64 x 42 cm and is an oversized cosmetics palette. The circle in center was used for grinding pigments possibly for the application of cosmetic eye paint on cultic statues and was found in the foundation deposit at Herakleopolis. This palette dates to the first dynasty of Egypt and is one of the earliest cult objects from pharaonic Egypt. The palette portrays one of the unification wars. The image on the left shows king Narmer smiting a Lower Egyptian with a mace, while the god Horus gaffs an enemy with a large fish hook. On the right, the top register shows the decapitated bodies of the war dead, and the bottom register shows the king symbolized as a bull tearing down the walls of the city. These scenes of captive execution became commonplace in New Kingdom temples. The mace was a common weapon type used in the Old Kingdom; however, the mace fell out of favor 7 Adolf Erman, A Handbook of Egyptian Religion. trans. A. S. Griffith (London: Archibald Constable & Co. Ltd., 1907), 59. 8 Bertha Porter and Rosalind L. B. Moss, Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Tests, Reliefs, and Paintings, vol. 1 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1960), 247. 9 Paul John Frandsen, “Aspects of Kingship in Ancient Egypt” in Religion and Power: Divine Kingship on the Ancient World and Beyond ,2 nd Ed. ed. Nicole Brisch (Chicago: University of Chicago, 2012), 47 (5) as a weapon of war by the end of the Middle Kingdom. 10 In the New Kingdom reliefs, the mace was an anachronism even though it is found in most of the smiting reliefs. The display of anachronistic weaponry shows how the weapons themselves become part of the religious repertoire. These reliefs are commonly found in both mortuary and divine temples. We find this motif in the temple of Medinet Habu, the mortuary temple of Ramesses III (Dynasty 20). But this same motif also appears in the Karnak Temple of Ramesses III. 11 The scenes often show the king with his arm stretched out holding nine prisoners by the hair and in his raised arm he holds a mace. 12 The nine prisoners represent the so-called “nine bows” which are the traditional nine enemy nations against Egypt. However, a smiting scene can also be shown with particular foes. Here Ramesses III is smiting a pair of Shasu, Levantines who had attempted to invade Egypt from southern Palestine. The king is dressed in clothing similar to Amun-Re, with extra pairs of uraeus added to the crown on either side symbolizing his aggression towards the foreign invaders. A male lion below, representing the power of the king, attacks the Shasu while they are being smited.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chronique De L'egypte Ancienne
    OK Chronique égypte ancienne 21/03/08 12:07 Page 1 Riche de ses trois mille ans d’histoire, l’Égypte pharaonique a vu se suc- MICHEL DESSOUDEIX céder quelque trois cent quarante-cinq souverains. Si certains sont pas- MICHEL DESSOUDEIX sés à la postérité, notamment les rois des périodes prospères – les trois grands Empires –, d’autres ne sont plus que de simples noms pour les archéologues. Les époques troublées – dites Périodes Intermédiaires – CHRONIQUE compliquent la tâche des scientifiques dans la reconstitution de la DE L’ÉGYPTE chronologie royale. Ce livre, qui représente avant tout un outil didactique, fournit un ANCIENNE état des lieux des connaissances actuelles, en regroupant tous les rensei- LES PHARAONS, LEUR RÈGNE, gnements fondamentaux sur chacun des pharaons attestés. Ceux-ci LEURS CONTEMPORAINS CHRONIQUE sont présentés de manière systématique, sous forme de fiche incluant : dates d’intronisation et de mort, famille (parents, épouses et enfants), lieu de sépulture, événements marquants du règne, sites où le pharaon a mené une activité architecturale, titulature complète, contemporains du règne accompagnés de leurs titres, bibliographie. Suivent des DE L’ÉGYPTE tableaux donnant la possibilité de retrouver un roi à partir d’un élé- ment de sa titulature et, pour aller directement à l’information recher- chée, des index croisés recoupant les données intégrées dans l’ensemble des fiches. Cette étude ne serait pas complète sans une liste des nomes ANCIENNE – les divisions administratives de l’Egypte – avec leur nom en hiérogly- phes, une liste des principales villes classées en fonction de ces nomes, LES PHARAONS, LEUR RÈGNE, LEURS CONTEMPORAINS en tenant compte de leur évolution dans le temps, et un ensemble de cartes permettant de situer rapidement les divers éléments utilisés dans le corps de l’ouvrage.
    [Show full text]
  • Des Égyptiens Portant Un Baudrier Libyen ? Jennifer Romion
    Institut d’égyptologie François Daumas UMR 5140 « Archéologie des Sociétés Méditerranéennes » Cnrs – Université Paul Valéry (Montpellier III) Des Égyptiens portant un baudrier libyen ? Jennifer Romion Citer cet article : J. Romion, « Des Égyptiens portant un baudrier libyen ? », ENIM 4, 2011, p. 91-102. ENiM – Une revue d’égyptologie sur internet est librement téléchargeable depuis le site internet de l’équipe « Égypte nilotique et méditerranéenne » de l’UMR 5140, « Archéologie des sociétés méditerranéennes » : http://recherche.univ-montp3.fr/egyptologie/enim/ Des Égyptiens portant un baudrier libyen ? Jennifer Romion Institut d’égyptologie François Daumas UMR 5140 (CNRS - Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier III) ÉTUDE MÊME succincte des textes et des reliefs égyptiens montre que bien des traditions pharaoniques sont héritées de contacts avec les cultures voisines. On peut L’bien sûr mentionner l’utilisation du char et du cheval, innovation due à la présence des Hyksôs lors de la Deuxième Période intermédiaire. Le domaine des textiles ne fait pas exception et les Textes des Pyramides apparaissent comme une source privilégiée pour l’étude de ces premiers emprunts. Citons en premier lieu les vêtements j©“, b“, ≈sƒƒ 1 et swÌ, sortes de manteaux ou de capes dont le modèle commun à l’ensemble des civilisations du Proche- Orient ancien est étroitement associé par les Égyptiens aux étrangers venus de l’est comme de l’ouest. Les formules funéraires mentionnent aussi un devanteau ‡sm.t, ornement caractéristique du dieu Sopdou, seigneur des marges désertiques orientales, dont le roi se pare lorsqu’il parcourt « son pays tout entier » 2. Un habit doit encore être cité en exemple.
    [Show full text]
  • Origins5-Programme.Pdf
    Origins5 © Béatrix Midant-Reynes and Yann Tristant 2014, on behalf of The Fifth International Conference of Predynastic and Early Dynastic studies Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, Cairo Fifth international conference of Predynastic and Early Dynastic Studies Origins5 | Cairo, 13-18 April 2014 Organised by the Institut français d’archéologie orientale (IFAO) in cooperation with the Ministry of State for Antiquities (MSA) and the Institut Français d’Égypte (IFE) Presentation The fifth international conference of Predynastic and Early Dynastic Studies marks the continuation of the previous successful conferences which happens every three years: Kraków 2002, Toulouse 2005, London 2008 and New York 2011. This five-day international event will gather in Cairo a network of experts from different countries. They will present and discuss their respective research relating a significant range of themes within the broader subject of the origins of the Egyptian State (from the Predynastic period to the beginning of the Old Kingdom). This Fifth international conference marks a new stage in the momentum acquired by Predynastic and Early Dynastic studies. Topics Topics developed during the conference concern all aspects of Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt. Papers and posters will be organised around the following themes: 4Craft specialisation, technology and material culture 4Upper-Lower Egypt interactions 4Deserts-Nile Valley interactions 4Egypt and its neighbours (Levant, Nubia, Sahara) 4Birth of writing 4Absolute and relative chronology 4Cult, ideology and social complexity 4Results of recent fieldwork 3 COMMITTEES Organisation Committee Béatrix Midant-Reynes, Institut français d’archéologie orientale, Cairo, Egypt Yann Tristant, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia Scientific Committee Matthew DouglasAdams , Institute of Fine Arts, New York University, New York, USA Nathalie Buchez, INRAP, Amiens/TRACES-UMR 5608, CNRS, Toulouse, France Krzysztof M.
    [Show full text]
  • Cwiek, Andrzej. Relief Decoration in the Royal
    Andrzej Ćwiek RELIEF DECORATION IN THE ROYAL FUNERARY COMPLEXES OF THE OLD KINGDOM STUDIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT, SCENE CONTENT AND ICONOGRAPHY PhD THESIS WRITTEN UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF PROF. KAROL MYŚLIWIEC INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY FACULTY OF HISTORY WARSAW UNIVERSITY 2003 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work would have never appeared without help, support, advice and kindness of many people. I would like to express my sincerest thanks to: Professor Karol Myśliwiec, the supervisor of this thesis, for his incredible patience. Professor Zbigniew Szafrański, my first teacher of Egyptian archaeology and subsequently my boss at Deir el-Bahari, colleague and friend. It was his attitude towards science that influenced my decision to become an Egyptologist. Professor Lech Krzyżaniak, who offered to me really enormous possibilities of work in Poznań and helped me to survive during difficult years. It is due to him I have finished my thesis at last; he asked me about it every time he saw me. Professor Dietrich Wildung who encouraged me and kindly opened for me the inventories and photographic archives of the Ägyptisches Museum und Papyrussammlung, and Dr. Karla Kroeper who enabled my work in Berlin in perfect conditions. Professors and colleagues who offered to me their knowledge, unpublished material, and helped me in various ways. Many scholars contributed to this work, sometimes unconsciously, and I owe to them much, albeit all the mistakes and misinterpretations are certainly by myself. Let me list them in an alphabetical order, pleno titulo: Hartwig
    [Show full text]
  • Before the Pyramids Oi.Uchicago.Edu
    oi.uchicago.edu Before the pyramids oi.uchicago.edu before the pyramids baked clay, squat, round-bottomed, ledge rim jar. 12.3 x 14.9 cm. Naqada iiC. oim e26239 (photo by anna ressman) 2 oi.uchicago.edu Before the pyramids the origins of egyptian civilization edited by emily teeter oriental institute museum puBlications 33 the oriental institute of the university of chicago oi.uchicago.edu Library of Congress Control Number: 2011922920 ISBN-10: 1-885923-82-1 ISBN-13: 978-1-885923-82-0 © 2011 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 2011. Printed in the United States of America. The Oriental Institute, Chicago This volume has been published in conjunction with the exhibition Before the Pyramids: The Origins of Egyptian Civilization March 28–December 31, 2011 Oriental Institute Museum Publications 33 Series Editors Leslie Schramer and Thomas G. Urban Rebecca Cain and Michael Lavoie assisted in the production of this volume. Published by The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago 1155 East 58th Street Chicago, Illinois 60637 USA oi.uchicago.edu For Tom and Linda Illustration Credits Front cover illustration: Painted vessel (Catalog No. 2). Cover design by Brian Zimerle Catalog Nos. 1–79, 82–129: Photos by Anna Ressman Catalog Nos. 80–81: Courtesy of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford Printed by M&G Graphics, Chicago, Illinois. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Service — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984 ∞ oi.uchicago.edu book title TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword. Gil J.
    [Show full text]
  • Yale Egyptological Studies 7 the Inscription of Queen Katimala At
    Yale Egyptological Studies 7 The Inscription of Queen Katimala at Semna: Textual Evidence for the Origins of the Napatan State Yale Egyptological Studies CHIEF EDITOR John Coleman Darnell EDITORS Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert Bentley Layton ESTABLISHED BY William Kelly Simpson Yale Egyptological Studies 7 The Inscription of Queen Katimala at Semna Textual Evidence for the Origins of the Napatan State John Coleman Darnell Yale Egyptological Studies 7 ISBN 0-9740025-3-4 © 2006 Yale Egyptological Seminar All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in an information retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper. Contents Editor’s Preface vii Preface ix List of Illustrations xi Introduction—Katimala’s Tableau and Semna 1 The Scene and Annotations 7 The Main Inscription 17 Part 1: Introduction—the complaint of a ruler to Katimala 17 Part 2: The Queen Responds 26 Part 3: The Queen Addresses a Council of Chiefs—Fear is the Enemy 31 Part 4: The Queen Addresses a Council of Chiefs— What is Good and What is Bad 36 Part 5: The Queen Addresses a Council of Chiefs— Make Unto Amun a New Land 39 Part 6: The Queen Addresses a Council of Chiefs—The Cattle of Amun 40 Part 7: The Fragmentary Conclusion 44 Dating the Inscription—Palaeography and Grammar 45 Literary Form and a Theory of Kingship 49 An Essay at Historical Interpretation 55 The Main Inscription—Continuous Transliteration and Translation 65 Bibliography 73 Glossary 93 Grammatical Index 99 Index 101 Plates 103 v Editor’s Preface This seventh volume of the Yale Egyptological Studies marks a change in the scope of the series.
    [Show full text]
  • Decoding the Medinet Habu Inscriptions: the Ideological Subtext of Ramesses III’S War Accounts
    Peters 1 Decoding the Medinet Habu Inscriptions: The Ideological Subtext of Ramesses III’s War Accounts Abstract: The temple of Medinet Habu in Thebes stands as Ramesses III‘s lasting legacy to Ancient Egyptian history. This monumental structure not only contained luxury goods within, but also a goldmine of information inscribed on its outside walls. Here, Ramesses adorned the temple with stories of military campaigns he led against enemies in the north who hoped to gain control of Egypt. These war accounts have posed a series of problems to modern scholars. Today, the debate still rages over how the inscriptions should be interpreted. This work analyzes Ramesses‘s records through the lens of socioeconomic decline that occurred during his rule in order to demonstrate the role ideology—namely ma‘at—played in his self-representation and his methodology to ensure and legitimize his rule during these precarious times. Scott M. Peters Senior Thesis, Department of History Columbia College, Columbia University April 2011 Advisors: Professor Marc Van De Mieroop and Professor Martha Howell Word Count: 17,070 (with footnotes + bibliography included) Peters 2 Figure 1: Map of Ancient Egypt with key sites. Image reproduced from Marc Van De Mieroop, A History of Ancient Egypt (Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011), 28. Peters 3 Introduction When describing his victory over invading forces in the north of Egypt, Ramesses III, ruler at the time, wrote: …Those who came on land were overthrown and slaughtered…Amon-Re was after them destroying them. Those who entered the river mouths were like birds ensnared in the net…their leaders were carried off and slain.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Records of Egypt
    ANCIENT RECORDS OF EGYPT HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE PERSIAN CONQUEST. COLLECTED EDITED AND TRANSLATED WITH COMMENTARY BY JAMES HENRY BREASTED, Ph.D. FBOFE880B OT EGYPTOLOGT AND OKIENTAL HI8T0BI IN THE tJNIVEKSITY OF OHIOAOO VOLUME IV THE TWENTIETH TO THE TWENTY- SIXTH DYNASTIES CHICAGO THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 1906 LONDON: LDZAC & CO. LEIPZIG: OTTO HARRASSOWITZ B^i A^ ^^"f-fii COPTKIGHT 1906, By The University of Chicago Published July 1903 tr S Composed and Printed By The University of Chicago Press Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME I §i The Documentary Sources or Egyptian History . 1-37 Chronology .... 38-57 Chronological Table 58-75 The Palermo Stone: The First to the Fifth Dynasties 76-167 I. Predynastic Kings . 90 II. First Dynasty 91-116 III. Second Dynasty 1 17-144 IV. Third Dynasty 145-148 V. Fourth Dynasty 149-152 VI. Fifth Dynasty 1S3-167 The Third Dynasty 168-175 Reign of Snefru 168-175 Sinai Inscriptions 168-169 Biography of Methen 170-175 The Fourth Dynasty 176-212 Reign of Khufu 176-187 Sinai Inscriptions 176 Inventory Stela 177-180 Examples of Dedication Inscriptions by Sons . 181-187 Reign of Khafre 188-209 Stela of Mertity6tes 188-189 Will of Prince Nekure, Son of King Khafre . 190-199 Testamentary Enactment of an Unknown Official, Establishing the Endowment of His Tomb by the Pyramid of Khafre 200-209 Reign of Menkure 210-212 Debhen's Inscription, Recounting King Menkure's Erec- tion of a Tomb for Him 210-212 The Fifth Dynasty 213-281 Reign of Userkaf 213-235 V VI TABLE OF CONTENTS U Testamentary Enactment of Nekonekh 213-215 I.
    [Show full text]
  • Noticing Neighbors: Reconsidering Ancient Egyptian Perceptions of Ethnicity
    The American University in Cairo School of Humanities and Social Sciences Noticing Neighbors: Reconsidering Ancient Egyptian Perceptions of Ethnicity A Thesis Submitted to The Department of Sociology, Anthropology, Psychology, and Egyptology In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Arts In Egyptology By Taylor Bryanne Woodcock Under the supervision of Dr. Mariam Ayad May 2014 ABSTRACT Ethnic identities are nuanced, fluid and adaptive. They are a means of categorizing the self and the ‘other’ through the recognition of geographical, cultural, lingual, and physical differences. This work examines recurring associations, epithets and themes in ancient Egyptian texts to reveal how the Egyptians discussed the ethnic uniqueness they perceived of their regional neighbors. It employs Egyptian written records, including temple inscriptions, royal and private correspondence, stelae and tomb autobiographies, and literary tales, from the Old Kingdom to the beginning of the Third Intermediate Period. The textual examples are organized by ethnic group and divided into four regions, beginning with those concerning the western groups and proceeding clockwise, ending with those concerning the southern groups. The analysis of these texts produces an understanding of the Egyptian conceptualization of ethnicity in general, and the conceptualization of distinct ethnic identities specific to the four regions surrounding Egypt. This enhances our understanding of the lexical differences through which the Egyptians distinguished their neighbors from each other. Egyptian written records do not support the belief that the ancient Egyptians only understood their foreign neighbors within the simplistic framework of four broad ‘races.’ Egyptian literature contained a multitude of primary ethnonyms for distinct ethnic groups, as well as a number of secondary, informal ethnonyms.
    [Show full text]
  • Kharga Oasis and Thebes: the Missing Piece of the Puzzle in the Relocation of Amen Worship in the 27Th Dynasty?
    Kharga Oasis and Thebes: The Missing Piece of the Puzzle in the Relocation of Amen Worship in the 27th Dynasty? Michinori OHSHIRO* I will introduce the temples in the Kharga Oasis that are known to have worshipped the Theban god Amen. This indicates that the principal god Amen or Amen-Ra temporarily moved from Thebes, the traditional religious centre in the Nile Valley, to the Kharga Oasis where he had a strong influence. The evidence shows that the Persian kings in the 2~ Dynasty, especially Darius I, discontinued construction activity in Thebes and instead built some huge structures in the Kharga Oasis. This, combined with the fact that the institution of "the God's Wife of Amen" disappeared from Thebes at the same time, possibly indicates a large-scale migration of people from Thebes to the Kharga Oasis. Such a migration created a unique Amen adoration in Kharga and Darius I willingly allowed the worship of Amen because Amen was a sun god with a ram's head- much like the Persian Royal family's own motif. Keywords: Kharga Oasis, Thebes, Darius I, Amen, Persia, Hibis Introduction The Nile Valley received various materials and information from the surrounding areas throughout Egyptian history. This is obvious from burial goods that have found in Abydos or Saqqara in the Predynastic Period such as lapis lazuli from Afghanistan, 1 carnelian from the Persian Gulf region and silver and wine in pottery from Palestine. Incense such as olibanum and myrrh for cult activities, ceremonies and funeral rites came to the Nile Valley via Nubia.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Records of Egypt, Volume
    class93% BO~~BVR Library of ~delbertCollege V.3 of Western Rerane Unlvsrsity, Olsvoiand. 0. ANCIENT RECORDS OF EGYPT ANCIENT RECORDS UNDER THE GENERAL EDITORSHIP OF WILLIAM RAINEY HARPER ANCIENT RECORDS OF ASSYRIA AND BABYLONIA EDITED BY ROBERT FRANCIS HARPER ANCIENT RECORDS OF EGYPT EDITED BY JAMES HENRY. BREARTED ANCIENT RECORDS OF PALESTINE, PH(EN1CIA AND SYRIA EDITED BY WILLIAM RAINEX HARPEB ANCIENT RECORDS OF EGYPT HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE PERSIAN CONQUEST. COLLECTED EDITED AND TRANSLATED WITH COMMENTARY JAMES HENRY BREASTED, PH.D. PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY AND ORIENTAL HISTORY IN TIIE UNIVBEWTY OF CHICAGO VOLUME I11 WHE NINETEENTH DYNASTY CHICAGO THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS 1906 LONDON: LUZAC & CO. LEIPZIGI : OTTO HABRASSOWITZ Published May 1906 QLC.%, Composed and Printed By The University of Chicago Press Chicago. Illinois. U. S. A. TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME I THEDOCUMENTARY SOURCES OF EGYPTIANHISTORY . CHRONOLOGY........... CHRONOLOGICALTABLE ........ THEPALERMO STONE: THE FIRST TO THE FIFTH DYNASTIES I. Predynastic Kings ........ I1. First Dynasty ......... 111. Second Dynasty ........ IV. Third Dynasty ......... V . Fourth Dynasty ........ VI . Fifth Dynasty ......... THETHIRD DYNASTY ........ Reign of Snefru ...s . b ;- .... Sinai Inscriptions ......... Biography of Methen ........ THE FOURTHDYNASTY ........ Reign of Khufu ......... Sinai Inscriptions ......... Inventory Stela ......... Examples of Dedication Inscriptions by Sons . Reign of Khafre ......... Stela of Mertitydtes ........ Will of Prince Nekure. Son of King Khafre ... Testamentary Enactment of an Unknown Official. Establishing the Endowment of His Tomb by the Pyramid of Khafre ........ Reign of Menkure ......... Debhen's Inscription. Recounting King Menkure's Erec- tion of a Tomb for Him ....... TEE RFTHDYNASTY ......... Reign of Userkaf ......... v vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Testamentary Enactment of Nekonekh .... I.
    [Show full text]
  • Katalog Alfabetyczny Według Autora
    Księgozbiór podręczny książek CAŚ UW, Stacja Badawcza w Kairze Katalog alfabetyczny według autora Publikacje w językach rosyjskim i arabskim znajdują się pod koniec katalogu, podobnie jak publikacje bez podanego autora. Księgozbiór podręczny książek Centrum Archeologii Śródziemnomorskiej UW, Stacja Badawcza w Kairze Rok Autor / Autorzy Tytuł Seria Tom Sygnatura wydania Język arabski dla Polaków. Podręcznik dla 1996 Abbas A., Yacoub G. początkujących D A-P 1996 Abbas al-Ibadi A., Bieńkowski R., Ejsmond W., Hamburg J., 2013 Kossowska D., Makowski Szkice z archeologii Bliskiego i Środkowego P., Pawłowska K., Wschodu Tom 2. / Papers on Archaeology of Romaniuk A. the Near and Middle East vol. 2 OA E.2 2013 Abd Al- Rahman Abd Al- Stèles Islamiques de la Nécropole d'Assouan 7/1 1977 Tawab I. Nos. 1 - 150 TAEI S TAEI.7.1 1977 Abd Al- Rahman Abd Al- Stèles Islamiques de la Nécropole d'Assouan 7/2 1982 Tawab II. Nos. 151 - 300 TAEI S TAEI.7.2 1982 Abd Al- Rahman Abd Al- Stèles Islamiques de la Nécropole d'Assouan 7/3 1986 Tawab I. Nos. 1 - 150 TAEI S TAEI.7.3 1986 Abd Al-Rahim Abd Al- Tarâgim al-sawâ’iq fï wâqi’at al-sanâgiq par 24 1986 Rahim Abd Al-Rahman Ibrahim B. Ali Bakr Al-Sawahili Textes arabes et études islamiques (TAEI) S TAEI.24 1986 Abd Al-Rahim Abd Al- 28 1989 Rahim Abd Al-Rahman Kitab Al-Durra al-Musâna fï Ahbar al-Kinâna Textes arabes et études islamiques (TAEI) S TAEI.28 1989 EH N.1998 1998 تاريخ وحضارة مصر القديمة Abd el- Halim Nur el Din EA A.1970 1970 كوم امبو Abd el- Latif Ibrahim S TAT.24 1994 1994 24 سلسلة الثقافة اﻻثريه والتاريخية ترميم وصيانة المبانى اﻷثرية والتاريخية Abd el- Maz Sahim Supplement aux Annales du Service des 18 1952 Abd El Mohsen Bakir Slavery in pharaonic Egypt Antiquités de l'Égypte S SASAE.18 1952 Abd El Rahman Aldumairy 2005 Abd El- Aziz Siwa.
    [Show full text]