DOCSLIB.ORG

Before the Pyramids Oi.Ucicago.Edu

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Before the Pyramids Oi.Ucicago.Edu oi.ucicago.edu Before the pyramids oi.ucicago.edu before the pyramids baked clay, squat, round-bottomed, ledge rim jar. 12.3 x 14.9 cm. Naqada iiC. oim e26239 (photo by anna ressman) 2 oi.ucicago.edu Before the pyramids the origins of egyptian civilization edited by emily teeter oriental institute museum puBlications 33 the oriental institute of the university of chicago oi.ucicago.edu Library of Congress Control Number: 2011922920 ISBN-10: 1-885923-82-1 ISBN-13: 978-1-885923-82-0 © 2011 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 2011. Printed in the United States of America. The Oriental Institute, Chicago This volume has been published in conjunction with the exhibition Before the Pyramids: The Origins of Egyptian Civilization March 28–December 31, 2011 Oriental Institute Museum Publications 33 Series Editors Leslie Schramer and Thomas G. Urban Rebecca Cain and Michael Lavoie assisted in the production of this volume. Published by The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago 1155 East 58th Street Chicago, Illinois 60637 USA oi.uchicago.edu For Tom and Linda Illustration Credits Front cover illustration: Painted vessel (Catalog No. 2). Cover design by Brian Zimerle Catalog Nos. 1–79, 82–129: Photos by Anna Ressman Catalog Nos. 80–81: Courtesy of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford Printed by M&G Graphics, Chicago, Illinois. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Service — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984 ∞ oi.ucicago.edu book title TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword. Gil J. Stein ............................................................................................................................................ 7 The Chronology of Early Egypt .......................................................................................................................... 8 Introduction. Emily Teeter ................................................................................................................................... 9 List of Contributors ............................................................................................................................................. 11 Map of Principal Areas and Sites ...................................................................................................................... 14 1. Sequence Dating and Predynastic Chronology. Stan Hendrickx ................................................................... 15 2. Petrie and the Discovery of Earliest Egypt. Patricia Spencer ........................................................................ 17 3. Political Organization of Egypt in the Predynastic Period. Branislav Anđelković ....................................... 25 4. Hierakonpolis. Renée Friedman ........................................................................................................................ 33 5. The Predynastic Cultures of the Nile Delta. Yann Tristant and Béatrix Midant-Reynes ................................ 45 6. The Predynastic/Early Dynastic Period at Tell el-Farkha. Krzysztof M. Ciałowicz ....................................... 55 7. Material Culture of the Predynastic Period. Alice Stevenson ........................................................................ 65 8. Iconography of the Predynastic and Early Dynastic Periods. Stan Hendrickx ............................................ 75 9. Relations between Egypt and Nubia in the Naqada Period. Bruce B. Williams ............................................ 83 10. Crafts and Craft Specialization. Stan Hendrickx ........................................................................................... 93 11. The Invention of Writing in Egypt. David Wengrow ..................................................................................... 99 12. Early Interaction between Peoples of the Nile Valley and the Southern Levant. Eliot Braun ................. 105 13. The Rise of the Egyptian State. E. Christiana Köhler .................................................................................... 123 14. Tomb U-j: A Royal Burial of Dynasty 0 at Abydos. Günter Dreyer ............................................................... 127 15. The First Kings of Egypt: The Abydos Evidence. Laurel Bestock ................................................................. 137 16. The Narmer Palette: A New Interpretation. David O’Connor ...................................................................... 145 Catalog of Objects ................................................................................................................................................ 153 The Physical Setting: The Nile Valley ......................................................................................................... 153 Contact and Trade ..................................................................................................................................... 162 Sequence Dating ....................................................................................................................................... 168 The Culture of Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt ............................................................................... 169 Predynastic Pottery of Upper Egypt .......................................................................................................... 169 Stone Work ................................................................................................................................................ 188 Early Dynastic Religion ................................................................................................................................ 207 Gods ......................................................................................................................................................... 207 Votive Offerings ........................................................................................................................................ 208 The Rise of the State ..................................................................................................................................... 222 The Battlefield Palette ................................................................................................................................................. 222 Statue of King Khasekhem .......................................................................................................................................... 224 The Invention of Writing ............................................................................................................................ 226 Symbols of Royal Power ............................................................................................................................. 232 Objects from the Royal Tombs .................................................................................................................... 243 Subsidiary Burials of the First Dynasty ...................................................................................................... 251 Concordance of Museum Registration Numbers .............................................................................................. 261 Checklist of the Exhibit ....................................................................................................................................... 263 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................................ 265 5 oi.ucicago.edu oi.ucicago.edu book title FOrEwOrd gil J. Stein Director, oriental inStitute The phrase “ancient Egypt” almost automatically evokes the Sphinx, the pyramids, and the golden sar- cophagus of Tutankhamun. However, these iconic images represent Egypt when it was already a fully formed, powerful, and highly centralized state in the third and second millennia bc — the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms. We need to remind ourselves that Egyptian civilization was not a static, timeless culture, and it did not spring into being ex nihilo. For Egyptologists and archaeologists, much of the fascinating complexity of Egypt derives from precisely the fact that it was a rich, vibrant, living culture that was constantly evolving, while at the same time grounding itself in a set of deeply rooted core elements and symbols that make it unique among the civilizations of the ancient world. How did the Egyptian state begin? This is the fundamental question addressed by the Oriental Institute’s special exhibit Before the Pyramids: The Origins of Egyptian Civilization. It is especially challenging for us to understand and reconstruct the Predynastic origins of Egypt because so many of the key developments took place before the invention of writing, about 3300 bc. Without texts, researchers are forced to rely heavily on purely archaeological evidence and the interpretation of the relatively small number of artistic depictions of key events and processes. Our exhibit presents some of the objects that are uniquely important pieces in this wordless puzzle. Drawing on both the most current research and on excavations done more than a century ago, Before the Pyramids allows us to examine the Egyptian state at the historical moment of its birth. As volume editor and exhibit curator Emily Teeter notes, Egypt existed as a unified kingdom under pharaonic rule for more than 500 years before the construction
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Few Remarks About Cosmetic Palettes from Tell El‑Farkha1
    PL ISSN 0066–5924 INDEX 32597x (VAT 8%) DOI: 10.23858/APa58.2020 Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Sciences Archaeologia Polona vol. 58: 2020 Special theme: PREHistorY OF North-EAST AFRICA Volume dedicated to Prof. Michał Kobusiewicz on his 80th birthday Archaeologia Polona Volume 58 : 2020 Editor: DAGMARA H. WERRA Associate Editor MARZENA WOŹNY International Advisory Prof. PETER BOGUCKI – Princeton University, USA Board: Prof. MARTIN GOJDA – University of Western Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic Prof. ANTHONY HARDING – University of Exeter, Great Britain Prof. MARIA IACOVOU – University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus Prof. CAROLA METZNER-NEBELSICK – University of Munich, Germany Prof. BJØRNAR OLSEN – University of Tromsø, Norway Prof. GUIDO VANNINI – University of Florence, Italy Editors of the volume: PRZEMYSłAW Bobrowski and MirosłAW MASOJć Linguistic consultation: PAUL BARFORD Cover illustration: MACIEJ JÓRDECZKA Reviewers: Mirosław Furmanek (Wroclaw), Elena Garcea (Cassino), Maria Gatto (Leicester), Bolesław Ginter (Cracow), Tomasz Herbich (Warsaw), Karla Kroeper (Berlin), Alice Leplongeon (Leuven), Maria Kaczmarek (Poznan), Andrea Manzo (Naples), Arkadiusz Marciniak (Poznan), Henryk Paner (Gdansk), Tomasz Płonka (Wroclaw), Włodzimierz Rączkowski (Poznan), Andrzej Rozwadowski (Poznan), Jiří Svoboda (Brno), Philip Van Peer (Leuven), András Zboray (Budapest). Editorial office: Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Sciences, 00-140 Warsaw; Al. Solidarności 105 Tel. (4822) 6202881 ext. 154; Fax. (4822) 624 01 00 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://journals.iaepan.pl/apolona DOI: 10.23858/APa DOI: 10.23858/APa58.2020 Archaeologia Polona Copyright © 2020 by Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Sciences. All articles in this volume are published in an open access under the CC BY 4.0 license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
    [Show full text]
  • The Corvus, the Roman Boarding Device
    Wright State University CORE Scholar Classics Ancient Science Fair Religion, Philosophy, and Classics Spring 2020 The Corvus, the Roman Boarding Device Jacob Stickel Wright State University - Main Campus, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://corescholar.libraries.wright.edu/ancient_science_fair Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons, and the Military History Commons Repository Citation Stickel , J. (2020). The Corvus, the Roman Boarding Device. Dayton, Ohio. This Presentation is brought to you for free and open access by the Religion, Philosophy, and Classics at CORE Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Classics Ancient Science Fair by an authorized administrator of CORE Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A philological examination of Eratosthenes’ calculation of Earth’s circumference Kelly Staver1 1 Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, U.S.A. Introduction Errors in Eratosthenes ’ Assumptions Historical Inconsistencies of Eratosthenes’ Final Result • A Greek mathematician named Eratosthenes calculated an accurate measurement Two of Eratosthene’s five assumtpions are either mistaken or questionable at • Cleomedes and John Philophus state Eratosthenes’ result was 250,000, whereas of the Earth’s circumference, that being 250,000 stades or close to Earth’s actual best: many others such as Vitruvius, Martianus Capella, Strabo, and many others state circumference of 40,120 km,¹ in Hellenistic Alexandria, Egypt circa 240 B.C.E.² • Assumption (1) is incorrect. The longitudinal difference between it was 252,000 stades.¹⁴ • To do this, Eratosthenes’ utilized the distance between Alexandria and Syene and Syene and Alexandria is about 3 degrees.⁶ • Benefits of 252,000 stades: gnomon measurements taken in Syene and Alexandria at noon on the summer • Assumption (2) is questionable since we do not know how long a • Yields a clean 700 stades per circular degree.¹⁵ solstice.³ stadion is.
    [Show full text]
  • International Selection Panel Traveler's Guide
    INTERNATIONAL SELECTION PANEL MARCH 13-15, 2019 TRAVELER’S GUIDE You are coming to EGYPT, and we are looking forward to hosting you in our country. We partnered up with Excel Travel Agency to give you special packages if you wish to travel around Egypt, or do a day tour of Cairo and Alexandria, before or after the ISP. The following packages are only suggested itineraries and are not limited to the dates and places included herein. You can tailor a trip with Excel Travel by contacting them directly (contact information on the last page). A designated contact person at the company for Endeavor guests has been already assigned to make your stay more special. TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS: The Destinations • Egypt • Cairo • Journey of The Pharaohs: Luxor & Aswan • Red Sea Authentic Escape: Hurghada, Sahl Hasheesh and Sharm El Sheikh Must-See Spots in: Cairo, Alexandria, Luxor, Aswan & Sharm El Sheikh Proposed One-Day Excursions Recommended Trips • Nile Cruise • Sahl Hasheesh • Sharm El Sheikh Services in Cairo • Meet & Assist, Lounges & Visa • Airport Transfer Contact Details THE DESTINATIONS EGYPT Egypt, the incredible and diverse country, has one of a few age-old civilizations and is the home of two of the ancient wonders of the world. The Ancient Egyptian civilization developed along the Nile River more than 7000 years ago. It is recognizable for its temples, hieroglyphs, mummies, and above all, the Pyramids. Apart from visiting and seeing the ancient temples and artefacts of ancient Egypt, there is also a lot to see in each city. Each city in Egypt has its own charm and its own history, culture, activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Pharaoh Khufu: the Pyramid Builder Narmer (C
    Narmer: The First King Pharaoh Khufu: the Pyramid Builder Narmer (c. 3150BCE) is the legendary first king of Egypt who is thought to have united Upper and Lower Egypt through conquest and founded both the The Pharaoh Khufu ruled from about 2551 to 2528 B.C., during the First Dynasty and the great city of Memphis. In the early days of Egyptology, Old Kingdom period. Today he is best known as the builder of a Narmer was accepted as the first historical king based upon the written famous pyramid. records. As time went by, however, and archaeological excavations failed to turn up any evidence of such a king, scholars began to question whether he Not that much is known about what Khufu was like. Some stories had actually existed or was, perhaps, a figure drawn from the blended describe him as a cruel, harsh ruler. Others say he was powerful but memory of the reigns of other kings. kind. Prior to Narmer, there was conflict between the city states of Upper and We do know that Khufu helped establish the pharaoh as a central Lower Egypt resulting in chaos. Legend says there came the great king who authority. For example, he kept strict control over Egypt’s food brought order and prosperity. It was understood that chaos could come again, supply. This involved overseeing the harvest and storing extra grain. however, and so the king needed to be vigilant and a mighty warrior who He controlled a large network of government officials who carried out could subdue the forces of chaos when the need arose.
    [Show full text]
  • The Egyptian Predynastic and State Formation
    J Archaeol Res DOI 10.1007/s10814-016-9094-7 The Egyptian Predynastic and State Formation Alice Stevenson1 Ó The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract When the archaeology of Predynastic Egypt was last appraised in this journal, Savage (2001a, p. 101) expressed optimism that ‘‘a consensus appears to be developing that stresses the gradual development of complex society in Egypt.’’ The picture today is less clear, with new data and alternative theoretical frameworks challenging received wisdom over the pace, direction, and nature of complex social change. Rather than an inexorable march to the beat of the neo-evolutionary drum, primary state formation in Egypt can be seen as a more syncopated phenomenon, characterized by periods of political experimentation and shifting social boundaries. Notably, field projects in Sudan and the Egyptian Delta together with new dating techniques have set older narratives of development into broader frames of refer- ence. In contrast to syntheses that have sought to measure abstract thresholds of complexity, this review of the period between c. 4500 BC and c. 3000 BC tran- scends analytical categories by adopting a practice-based examination of multiple dimensions of social inequality and by considering how the early state may have become a lived reality in Egypt around the end of the fourth millennium BC. Keywords State formation Á Social complexity Á Neo-evolutionary theory Á Practice theory Á Kingship Á Predynastic Egypt Introduction Forty years ago, the sociologist Abrams (1988, p. 63) famously spoke of the difficulty of studying that most ‘‘spurious of sociological objects’’—the modern state.
    [Show full text]
  • Was the Function of the Earliest Writing in Egypt Utilitarian Or Ceremonial? Does the Surviving Evidence Reflect the Reality?”
    “Was the function of the earliest writing in Egypt utilitarian or ceremonial? Does the surviving evidence reflect the reality?” Article written by Marsia Sfakianou Chronology of Predynastic period, Thinite period and Old Kingdom..........................2 How writing began.........................................................................................................4 Scopes of early Egyptian writing...................................................................................6 Ceremonial or utilitarian? ..............................................................................................7 The surviving evidence of early Egyptian writing.........................................................9 Bibliography/ references..............................................................................................23 Links ............................................................................................................................23 Album of web illustrations...........................................................................................24 1 Map of Egypt. Late Predynastic Period-Early Dynastic (Grimal, 1994) Chronology of Predynastic period, Thinite period and Old Kingdom (from the appendix of Grimal’s book, 1994, p 389) 4500-3150 BC Predynastic period. 4500-4000 BC Badarian period 4000-3500 BC Naqada I (Amratian) 3500-3300 BC Naqada II (Gerzean A) 3300-3150 BC Naqada III (Gerzean B) 3150-2700 BC Thinite period 3150-2925 BC Dynasty 1 3150-2925 BC Narmer, Menes 3125-3100 BC Aha 3100-3055 BC
    [Show full text]
  • Crossroads 360 Virtual Tour Script Edited
    Crossroads of Civilization Virtual Tour Script Note: Highlighted text signifies content that is only accessible on the 360 Tour. Welcome to Crossroads of Civilization. We divided this exhibit not by time or culture, but rather by traits that are shared by all civilizations. Watch this video to learn more about the making of Crossroads and its themes. Entrance Crossroads of Civilization: Ancient Worlds of the Near East and Mediterranean Crossroads of Civilization looks at the world's earliest major societies. Beginning more than 5,000 years ago in Egypt and the Near East, the exhibit traces their developments, offshoots, and spread over nearly four millennia. Interactive timelines and a large-scale digital map highlight the ebb and flow of ancient cultures, from Egypt and the earliest Mesopotamian kingdoms of the Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians, to the vast Persian, Hellenistic, and finally Roman empires, the latter eventually encompassing the entire Mediterranean region. Against this backdrop of momentous historical change, items from the Museum's collections are showcased within broad themes. Popular elements from classic exhibits of former years, such as our Greek hoplite warrior and Egyptian temple model, stand alongside newly created life-size figures, including a recreation of King Tut in his chariot. The latest research on our two Egyptian mummies features forensic reconstructions of the individuals in life. This truly was a "crossroads" of cultural interaction, where Asian, African, and European peoples came together in a massive blending of ideas and technologies. Special thanks to the following for their expertise: ● Dr. Jonathan Elias - Historical and maps research, CT interpretation ● Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Egyptian Chronology.Pdf
    Ancient Egyptian Chronology HANDBOOK OF ORIENTAL STUDIES SECTION ONE THE NEAR AND MIDDLE EAST Ancient Near East Editor-in-Chief W. H. van Soldt Editors G. Beckman • C. Leitz • B. A. Levine P. Michalowski • P. Miglus Middle East R. S. O’Fahey • C. H. M. Versteegh VOLUME EIGHTY-THREE Ancient Egyptian Chronology Edited by Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, and David A. Warburton BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2006 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ancient Egyptian chronology / edited by Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, and David A. Warburton; with the assistance of Marianne Eaton-Krauss. p. cm. — (Handbook of Oriental studies. Section 1, The Near and Middle East ; v. 83) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-90-04-11385-5 ISBN-10: 90-04-11385-1 1. Egypt—History—To 332 B.C.—Chronology. 2. Chronology, Egyptian. 3. Egypt—Antiquities. I. Hornung, Erik. II. Krauss, Rolf. III. Warburton, David. IV. Eaton-Krauss, Marianne. DT83.A6564 2006 932.002'02—dc22 2006049915 ISSN 0169-9423 ISBN-10 90 04 11385 1 ISBN-13 978 90 04 11385 5 © Copyright 2006 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Brill provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • The Architecture of Joseph Michael Gandy (1771-1843) and Sir John Soane (1753-1837): an Exploration Into the Masonic and Occult Imagination of the Late Enlightenment
    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2003 The Architecture of Joseph Michael Gandy (1771-1843) and Sir John Soane (1753-1837): An Exploration Into the Masonic and Occult Imagination of the Late Enlightenment Terrance Gerard Galvin University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Architecture Commons, European History Commons, Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons, and the Theory and Criticism Commons Recommended Citation Galvin, Terrance Gerard, "The Architecture of Joseph Michael Gandy (1771-1843) and Sir John Soane (1753-1837): An Exploration Into the Masonic and Occult Imagination of the Late Enlightenment" (2003). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 996. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/996 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/996 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Architecture of Joseph Michael Gandy (1771-1843) and Sir John Soane (1753-1837): An Exploration Into the Masonic and Occult Imagination of the Late Enlightenment Abstract In examining select works of English architects Joseph Michael Gandy and Sir John Soane, this dissertation is intended to bring to light several important parallels between architectural theory and freemasonry during the late Enlightenment. Both architects developed architectural theories regarding the universal origins of architecture in an attempt to establish order as well as transcend the emerging historicism of the early nineteenth century. There are strong parallels between Soane's use of architectural narrative and his discussion of architectural 'model' in relation to Gandy's understanding of 'trans-historical' architecture. The primary textual sources discussed in this thesis include Soane's Lectures on Architecture, delivered at the Royal Academy from 1809 to 1836, and Gandy's unpublished treatise entitled the Art, Philosophy, and Science of Architecture, circa 1826.
    [Show full text]
  • The Relationship Between the Badarian and the Amratian in Prehistoric Egypt
    The Relationship between the Badarian and the Amratian in Prehistoric Egypt Justine J James Two Year Paper Stephen. Harvey Gil Stein March 2004 James 1 Introduction Despite over a century of research since Jacques de Morgan and W. M. F. Petrie made the first discovery and identification of prehistoric artifacts in Egypt, the prehistoric or Predynastic period, especially in the final 2000 or so years leading up to the historic period,1 is not clearly understood. One of the major questions still facing Egyptologists is the question of the origins of pharaonic civilization. Specifically, was pharaonic civilization the product of a gradual evolution of a single cultural antecedent in the Nile valley, the product of a combination of a number of different cultural antecedents in the Nile valley, the product of an entirely new culture whose origins are outside the Nile valley, or a combination of all of the above? Answering this question requires a clearer understanding of prehistoric cultures both in the Nile valley proper and in the surrounding deserts and south into the modern Sudan, especially in terms of chronology and geography. In an attempt to clarify one of these cultural relationships, this paper will focus on the Badarian and Amratian cultural units. The Badarian is traditionally described as a Neolithic farming culture dating to between 5000/4000 and 3900 BC focused in a 35 km strip of around 40 settlement areas in Middle Egypt along the Nile, despite finds of Badarian-like materials outside this presumed homeland at Hierakonpolis, Armant, and Wadi Hammamat.2 The Amratian is described as a Predynastic farming culture with a widespread presence in Upper Egypt spanning Matmar in the north to Wadi Kubbaniya in the south, dating to between 3900 and 3650 BC.
    [Show full text]
  • The Historicity of Papyrus Westcar*
    The Historicity of Papyrus Westcar Hays, H.M. Citation Hays, H. M. (2002). The Historicity of Papyrus Westcar. Zeitschrift Für Ägyptische Sprache Und Altertumskunde, 129, 20-30. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/16163 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) License: Leiden University Non-exclusive license Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/16163 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). 20 H. M. Hays: Historicity of p\X"e~tcar zAs 129 (2002) HAROLD M. HAYS The Historicity ofPapyrus Westcar* An approach first explicitly evident 1n treated as exhibiting an "historisch vollig richti­ Meyer's monumental 1909 Geschichte des Al­ gen Kern," as representing a 'Widerspiegelung tertums" Papyms Westcar has been persistently' der realen Vorgiinge"; from Dynasty 4 to 5. This has been done even in the face of the tale's fabulous elements - when these are mentioned, * A version ofthis article was presented on 28 April it is only in order to dismiss them from the 2000 at the University of California, Berkeley, at the equation· of a historical inquiry'. As this ap­ 51st Annual Meeting of the American Research Center proach endures~ despite protestations made in in Egypt. It has benefited from comments nude by John Brinkmann, Peter F. Donnan, Janet JOh0500, and passing by Goedicke recently in this journal", David O'Connor, though responsibility for the work there are grounds for a concentrated inquiry into remains mine. the text's worth as a historical trace. For my own 2 1 E. Merer, Geschichte
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Egyptian Chronology and the Book of Genesis
    Answers Research Journal 4 (2011):127–159. www.answersingenesis.org/arj/v4/ancient-egyptian-chronology-genesis.pdf Ancient Egyptian Chronology and the Book of Genesis Matt McClellan, [email protected] Abstract One of the most popular topics among young earth creationists and apologists is the relationship of the Bible with Ancient Egyptian chronology. Whether it concerns who the pharaoh of the Exodus was, the background of Joseph, or the identity of Shishak, many Christians (and non-Christians) have wondered how these two topics fit together. This paper deals with the question, “How does ancient Egyptian chronology correlate with the book of Genesis?” In answering this question it begins with an analysis of every Egyptian dynasty starting with the 12th Dynasty (this is where David Down places Moses) and goes back all the way to the so called “Dynasty 0.” After all the data is presented, this paper will look at the different possibilities that can be constructed concerning how long each of these dynasties lasted and how they relate to the biblical dates of the Great Flood, the Tower of Babel, and the Patriarchs. Keywords: Egypt, pharaoh, Patriarchs, chronology, Abraham, Joseph Introduction Kingdom) need to be revised. This is important During the past century some scholars have when considering the relationship between Egyptian proposed new ways of dating the events of ancient history and the Tower of Babel. The traditional dating history before c. 700 BC.1 In 1991 a book entitled of Ancient Egyptian chronology places its earliest Centuries of Darkness by Peter James and four of dynasties before the biblical dates of the Flood and his colleagues shook the very foundations of ancient confusion of the languages at Babel.
    [Show full text]