História Genética Dos Gaúchos: Dinâmica

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História Genética Dos Gaúchos: Dinâmica HISTÓRIA GENÉTICA DOS GAÚCHOS: DINÂMICA POPULACIONAL DO SUL DO BRASIL Andrea Rita Marrero UFRGS 2006 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul História Genética dos Gaúchos - Dinâmica Populacional do Sul do Brasil Andrea Rita Marrero Tese submetida ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular da UFRGS como requisito para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciências. Orientadora: Maria Cátira Bortolini Porto Alegre Dezembro de 2006 Este trabalho foi realizado nas instalações do Laboratório de DNA do Departamento de Genética do Instituto de Biociências da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), no Laboratório de Genética Molecular e Bioinformática, do Departamento de Genética da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (USP), no Laboratório de Genética Bioquímica do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), no laboratório do Instituto Geral de Perícias de Porto Alegre e no Galton Laboratory da University College London (UCL), e foi subvencionado pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), pela Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP), (PRONEX), Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa da UFRGS (PROPESQ), e pela Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS). Na capa, o painel intitulado “A Formação Histórica-Etnográfica do Povo Rio- Grandense” do pintor italiano Aldo Locatelli (1915 – 1962). O painel de 25 metros quadrados encontra-se no Salão Alberto Pasqualini do Palácio Piratini, em Porto Alegre. Estão representados os índios, as Entradas e Bandeiras, as Missões, a criação das fazendas (agricultura e pecuária), o gaúcho (onde o artista se retrata em primeiro plano) e o progresso (simbolizado pela energia elétrica e uma represa). Olhando com atenção, observa-se o contorno do mapa do Rio Grande do Sul no centro do painel. Gaudério João da Cunha Vargas Poncho e laço na garupa E quanto baile acabei Do pingo quebrei o cacho Solito, sem companheiro Dum zaino negro gordacho Dava um tapa no candeeiro Assim me soltei no pampa Um talho no mais afoito Recém apontando a guampa Calçado no trinta e oito Pelito grosso de guacho Botava pra fora o gaiteiro Fui pelechando na estrada Trancava o pé no portal Do velho torrão pampeano Abria a porta da sala Já serrava sobreano Entre bufido de bala Cruzava de um pago a outro E a providência divina Quebrando queixo de potro Só manotaços de china Sem nunca ter desengano Rasgando a franja do pala Fui conhecendo as estâncias Ninguém me toca por diante O dono, a marca, o sinal Nem tampouco cabresteio Churrasco que já tem sal Eu me empaco e me boleio Guaiaca que tem dinheiro Não paro nem com sinuelo Cavalo que é caborteiro E tourito de outro pelo E o jujo que me faz mal Não berra no meu rodeio Conheço todo o Rio Grande Não quero morrer de doença Qualquer estrada ou atalho Nem com a vela na mão Quando me seco trabalho Eu quero guasquear no chão Na velha lida campeira Com um balaço bem na testa Corro bem uma carreira E que seja em dia de festa Manejo bem o baralho De carreira ou marcação Na tava sempre fui taura E peço, quando eu morrer Nunca achei parada feia Não me por em cemitério Quando o parceiro cambeia Existe muito mistério Distância de nove passo Prefiro um lugar deserto Quando espicho bem o braço E que o zaino paste perto Num tiro de volta e meia Cuidando os restos gaudério Num bolicho de campanha E vou levar quando eu for De volta de uma tropeada No caixão algum troféu: Botei ali uma olada Chilena, adaga, chapéu A maior da minha vida: Meu tirador e o laço Dezoito sorte corrida O pala eu quero no braço Quarenta e cinco clavada Pra gauderiar lá no céu! AGRADECIMENTOS À Dra. Maria Cátira Bortolini pela orientação, confiança, dedicação e por tudo que aprendi nesses anos, mais do que um agradecimento, a minha admiração; Ao Dr. Francisco Mauro Salzano pela sua valiosa contribuição, pelas correções e principalmente pelo seu exemplo como cientista; Aos professores do Programa de Pós Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Ao Dr. Claudio M. Bravi, do Instituto Multidisciplinário de Biologia Celular de La Plata, Argentina, pelo auxílio nas análises de DNA mitocondrial; Ao Dr. Andres Ruiz-Linares (London University), pelo estímulo na elaboração de um projeto envolvendo populações gaúchas; Ao Dr. Pedro Ignacio Schmitz, pelas valiosas contribuições históricas; Ao Dr. Sérgio D.J. Pena e à Dra. Cláudia Carvalho, da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, pelo auxílio no mini-sequenciamento; Ao Dr. Fábio Leite e à Dra. Trícia Kommers, do Instituto Geral de Perícias de Porto Alegre, pelo auxílio nas tipagens de Y-STRs; Pelas coletas em Bagé: Professor Luiz Ernani Henkes (Harvard University), Steven Stuart (in memorian), Vanessa Mattevi Suñe, Cássio Rizzato Lopes e Eduardo Dias Suñe; Pelas coletas em Alegrete: Tenente Coronel Fernando Sampaio Costa (Comandante do 6º Regimento de Cavalaria Blindado, Alegrete, RS) e Dra. Cláudia Dornelles e sua família; Pelas amostras de Guarani e Kaingang: Dra. Mara Hutz, do Departamento de Genética da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e Dra. Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler, da Universidade Federal do Paraná; Aos alunos de iniciação científica da UFRGS pelo auxílio nas tipagens; Às pessoas que fazem parte desta amostra. Bueno.., e sem muitas milongas um baita agradecimento... O clássico e mais que merecido agradecimento ao Elmo e Ellen!!! Aos meus amigos do Japonês: どうも ありがとう ございます. Aos meus amigos do Origami, nada melhor que É muito difícil listar todos os meus amigos queridos que me acompanharam esse tempo... Wanderlan, Lessandra, Vander, Luciana, Sandson, Rafael, Tábita, Vanessa, Martin, Taiana, Jaque, Valéria, Laci, Veronica, Fabi, Shaiane, Nico, e todos aqueles que não estão nomeados, mas certamente foram lembrados; Ao Wilson Araújo da Silva Júnior, de quem ganhei conselhos incríveis e uma amizade muito valiosa; Ao Horacio Schneider e Maria Iracilda Sampaio (Irá), que me deram a primeira oportunidade na área e renovaram o incentivo em cada congresso que nos encontramos; À familia que agora é minha também, Maria Emília, Alfredo e Roze, Renato, Karina, Raquel, Natacha e Diana; Principalmente, à minha família que soube entender minhas ausências e me incentivou e sempre me deu certeza de que qualquer sacrifício valeria a pena: meu pais, Enzo e Stella, que participaram sempre da minha formação, desde cromossomos e mtDNA até o incentivo e apoio para seguir com os estudos. Sempre serão um exemplo de dedicação, coragem, respeito, sonhos e acima de tudo amor, junto com meus irmãos de quem eu tenho muito orgulho Sílvia (Mari), Cristina (Cristi) e César (Gato) e minhas sobrinhas Aline e Aylén, minhas gatinhas! E ao Fábio, que aprendeu a fazer PCRs, correr gel, e usar o Arlequin mesmo fazendo doutorado em Zoologia (Splendifelix)!!!!!! Te amo. Gracias. SUMÁRIO Resumo ........................................................................................................................... 08 Abstract .......................................................................................................................... 10 Capítulo I: Introdução .................................................................................................... 12 I.1. Populações estudadas ........................................................................................... 13 I.1.1. O Gaúcho ................................................................................................... 13 I.1.2. A Grande Etnia Charrua.............................................................................. 17 I.1.3. Guarani ....................................................................................................... 23 I.1.4. Kaingang .................................................................................................... 25 I.2. Marcadores genéticos .......................................................................................... 28 I.2.1. DNA mitocondrial (mtDNA) ..................................................................... 28 I.2.2. Marcadores do Cromossomo Y ................................................................. 29 I.2.3. Marcadores do Cromossomo X ……......................................................... 31 Capítulo II: Heterogeneity of the genome ancestry in individuals classified as White 35 in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil .................................................... Capítulo III: The Demographic and Evolutionary Trajectories of the Guarani and 47 Kaingang Natives of Brazil ......................................................................... Capítulo IV: Population data on 17 X-chromosome short tandem repeat loci in a 82 sample from southern Brazil Genetic History of Gauchos ......................... Capítulo V: Genetic History of Gaúchos - Gene Dynamics in Southern Brazil .......... 96 Capítulo VI: Discussão .................................................................................................. 147 Capítulo VII: Referências Bibliográficas ...................................................................... 157 Anexos ............................................................................................................................ 165 Anexo 1: Frequency of CCR5∆32 in Brazilian populations .................................... 166 Anexo 2: mtDNA Haplogroup Analysis of Black Brazilian and Sub-Saharan Populations: implications for the Atlantic Slave Trade....................................... 172 Anexo 3: Niger-Congo
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