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Public Policies on Migration and Civil Society in Latin America PUBLIC POLICIES ON MIGRATION AND CIVIL SOCIETY IN LATIN AMERICA The Cases of Ecuador, Uruguay and Venezuela CEMLA Centro de Estudios Migratorios Latinoamericanos PUBLIC POLICIES ON MIGRATION AND CIVIL SOCIETY IN LATIN AMERICA The Cases of Ecuador, Uruguay and Venezuela General Coordinator and Editor Leonir Mario Chiarello CS 2020 Scalabrini International Migration Network (SIMN) Ne w York The Scalabrini International Migration Network (SIMN) is a non-profit organization founded in 2007 to promote the dignity and rights of migrants, refugees, seafarers, itinerants and all people on the move internationally. This publication is made up of three studies around the definition and implementation of public policies and the role of civil society in three countries in South America: Ecuador, Uruguay and Venezuela. The views expressed in this book are those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Scalabrini International Migration Network (SIMN). PUBLIC POLICIES ON MIGRATION AND CIVIL SOCIETY IN LATIN AMERICA The Cases of Ecuador, Uruguay and Venezuela First Edition Copyright © 2020 by Scalabrini International Migration Network Inc. 307 East 60th Street New York, NY 10022 Tel. +1 (212) 913-0207 Email: [email protected] All rights reserved. Published by: Scalabrini International Migration Network (SIMN). Editor and general coordinator: Leonir Mario Chiarello CS. Researchers: Adela Pellegrino, Adriana Braz Montenegro, Ana Santestevan, Anitza Freitez Landaeta, Beatriz Borges, Beatriz Diconca, Genny Zúñiga, Laura Calvelo, Lelio Mármora, Martín Koolhaas. Introduction: Sidnei Marco Dornelas CS. Translation: Erin Goodman, Claudia Cruz Leo, Miriam Psychas. Layout: Josué Bustillo. ISBN- 978-0-9960560-4-5 Table of Contents Acknowledgments.....................................................................................................................i Introduction.............................................................................................................................iii Migratory Dynamics................................................................................................................iv Public Policies and Programs on Migration..............................................................................v Civil Society Action in Public Policies and Proposals for Citizen Participation....................vii Proposals for Spaces and Tools of Citizen Participation for the Establishment and Implementation of Public Policies on Migration....................................................viii Final Considerations..................................................................................................................x Chapter I - Public Policies on Migration and the Participation of Civil Society in Ecuador.......................................................................................1 Acronyms..................................................................................................................................2 Introduction...............................................................................................................................6 Part One - Overview of International Migration Trends in Ecuador................................7 1. Historical Characteristics of International Migration in Ecuador.........................................8 2. International Immigration in Ecuador Between 1980 and 2010.........................................10 3. International Emigration from Ecuador Between 1980 and 2010.....................................23 4. Current Immigration: 2011-2019........................................................................................31 5. Current Emigration: 2011–2019..........................................................................................43 Conclusion..............................................................................................................................47 Bibliography...........................................................................................................................48 Statistical Annex......................................................................................................................50 Part Two - Analysis of Migration Management in Ecuador Through Legislation and Institutional Programs................................................................56 1. National Legal Framework: Evolution, International Agreements and Challenges...........57 1.1. From Openness to Control: Evolution of Migration Policies Between 1886 and 1971......58 1.2. “Ecuador for Ecuadorians”: 1971–2001...........................................................................59 1.3. The Great Emigration and the “Awakening” of the Ecuadorian State: 2001–2007.........64 1.4. The “Universal Citizenship” Recognized by the New Constitution: Migration Policy from 2007 to the Present...............................................................71 2. Institutional Framework.......................................................................................................75 2.1. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Human Mobility............................................................75 2.2. Ministry of Government (Formerly Ministry of Interior)................................................83 2.3. Inter-Institutional Committee...........................................................................................85 2.4. Ministry of Labor.............................................................................................................86 2.5. Ombudsman.....................................................................................................................86 2.6. Constitutional Court.........................................................................................................87 3. Migration Programs at the National and International Levels............................................89 3.1. Immigration Programs and Agreements...........................................................................89 3.2. Programs and Agreements on Human Trafficking and Smuggling..................................96 3.3. Programs and Agreements on Asylum..............................................................................98 3.4. Emigration and Return....................................................................................................102 In Conclusion........................................................................................................................116 Bibliography..........................................................................................................................118 Press.......................................................................................................................................120 Standards, Plans, and Agendas..............................................................................................121 Part Three - Civil Society Participation in Public Policies and Programs on Migration.........................................................................................124 1. Relationship Between the State, Civil Society, and Migration.........................................125 2. Civil Society Links to the Migration Phenomenon...........................................................136 2.1. Grassroots Organizations................................................................................................137 2.1.1. Ecuadorian Corporation for Human Mobility.............................................................137 2.1.2. Association of Professional Migrants in Productive Return Quitus Generation.........138 2.1.3. National Migrant Coordinator.....................................................................................139 2.1.4. Rumiñahui Hispano-Ecuadorian Association.............................................................140 2.1.5. Refugee Women Promoters in Quito..........................................................................141 2.1.6. Venezuelan Civil Association in Ecuador....................................................................142 2.1.7. Foundation for Venezuelans Abroad...........................................................................142 2.2. Non-Governmental Organizations..................................................................................143 2.2.1. Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society...................................................................................144 2.2.2. Jesuit Refugee Service-Ecuador..................................................................................146 2.2.3. Norwegian Refugee Council........................................................................................147 2.2.4. Save the Children........................................................................................................149 2.2.5. Asylum Access Ecuador..............................................................................................150 2.2.6. Alas de Colibrí Foundation..........................................................................................152 2.2.7. Esperanza Foundation..................................................................................................153 2.2.8. Terre des Hommes Foundation....................................................................................154 2.2.8. Nuestros Jóvenes Foundation......................................................................................155 2.2.9. Inter-American
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