DOCSLIB.ORG

Revista Sep-Dez

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Revista Sep-Dez Argentina, towards another kind of country 2 2 DIPLOMACY, STRATEGY & POLITICS - APRIL/JUNE 2005 Roberto Lavagna DIPLOMACY, STRATEGY & POLITICS - APRIL/JUNE 2005 3 Argentina, towards another kind of country 4 4 DIPLOMACY, STRATEGY & POLITICS - APRIL/JUNE 2005 Roberto Lavagna Argentina, towards another kind of country Roberto Lavagna * A s 2001 ended and 2002 began, the Republic of Argentina dramatically hit rock bottom. This was not the result of yet another failure in the succession of disasters stretching back 27 years but of a failure so resounding that it devastated Argentine society. The utter collapse of the economy was the outcome of long years of misguided policies generating sporadic mirages of prosperity, known in economic jargon as bubbles, on the heels of which dire crises invariably ensued. By December 2001, Argentine society was crippled. Asphyxia took hold on several fronts: economic, following four years of recession; financial, as all the international markets closed their doors to the country, which was no longer able to fulfil its external commitments; institutional, with the fall of the Government and a string of presidents coming and going in a single week; and social, since more than half the population fell below the poverty line. ∗ Minister of Economy and Production of the Argentine Republic [email protected] DIPLOMACY, STRATEGY & POLITICS - APRIL/JUNE 2005 5 Argentina, towards another kind of country The consequences of the nineties are common knowledge: dismantling of the production system, disruption of the job market, an accrued current account deficit of 90 billion dollars, a trade deficit amounting to 23 billion dollars, and outright doubling of Argentina’s foreign debt. By April 2002, Argentina had defaulted on almost 110 million dollars (of a total debt of 144 billion, of which 35 billion were owed to international organizations), its economy had ground to a halt, employment had sunk to an all-time low, forecasts of hyperinflation were virtually unanimous, and the population’s money was trapped in the corralito and the corralón (government- imposed freezes on financial assets) with no less than 14 different currencies in circulation. Argentine society was engulfed by a sense of despair and distrust in the country’s rulers. The only possible way out of the crisis was to react and set about instilling a state of normality. At that point the State had to take upon itself the ineluctable task of apportioning losses. The Government immediately set about its task, endeavouring: • to resist corporate demands to transfer the brunt of the crisis to the State and society as a whole; • to propose “voluntary” solutions to the urgent problem of the corralito and the corralón when the domestic and international finance systems were pressing for compulsory measures; and • to draw up new agreements firstly with international financial organizations and then private creditors, focusing negotiations on the un-negotiable need to secure social recovery, economic growth and the country’s real capacity to repay its debt. Then alone could Argentine society begin to administer itself the one advisable, effective medicine for curing the ills that beset it: growth. Otherwise, it faced certain collapse. A firm “no” was thus given to requests that it: (at that juncture) unjustifiably raise public service tariffs; adjust balance sheets by the rate of inflation and thus reduce tax payable on profits; eliminate retentions on exports until the crisis was contained; maintain in dollars payment by a convergence factor (a benefit granted 6 6 DIPLOMACY, STRATEGY & POLITICS - APRIL/JUNE 2005 Roberto Lavagna to exporters in 2001); implement an exchange insurance scheme to assist companies that had run up debts abroad. Likewise, the government refused to pay installments on the debt that might throw the recovery process into reverse, to allow one sector of the finance system to resume loans in dollars to clients earning in pesos, to compensate financial institutions for measures decreed by the Courts that were not yet definitive, and to make fiscal adjustments that might jeopardize rapid headway being made in reaching an agreement with the IMF. Had the government accepted all or some of those “demands,” it would have repeated the mistakes made as Argentina emerged from the 1982 and 1989-90 crises, when the State played the “fool’s part” and ended up carrying losses that ran to billions of dollars. Restoring normality and growth Three years and a few months have elapsed since the collapse of the Argentine economy, and the results of the “Plan to Restore Normality and Growth” are already visible: in the interim, Gross Product has recovered 26%, following more than twelve consecutive quarters of growth, strongly driven by industrial output, which has increased 38.5% in the same period. These figures, it goes without saying, are an all-time historical record in Argentina. Other macroeconomic indicators also display record figures: investment at current prices reached 21% of GDP in the fourth quarter of 2004; exports attained US$ 35 billions; a 5% fiscal surplus has been achieved (including accounts for the provincial administrations). Domestic consumption grew 9.4% last year. A process of reindustrialization is under way in Argentina with the active participation of many companies, especially small and medium-size firms in the industrial and agro-industrial sectors, almost entirely responsible for the up-turn in employment figures. Throughout this period, 2.5 million new jobs have been created, not only as a result of sustained economic growth but also because the new pattern of inclusive development with social justice is generating more jobs per unit of GDP. This is the result of greater attention being afforded to small and medium-size businesses and to regional economies, the expansion of the domestic market, and the competitive performance of Argentine exports. This turn of events has enabled 5.2 million Argentines to rise above the breadline. DIPLOMACY, STRATEGY & POLITICS - APRIL/JUNE 2005 7 Argentina, towards another kind of country This year, following long, hard negotiations, an agreement has finally been reached on restructuring Argentina’s external debt. The difficulties encountered were hardly surprising given the characteristics of the debt, scattered over 152 different bonds, 6 currencies and 8 distinct jurisdictions. In this context, Argentina’s argument that without growth combined with social inclusion, the country will not be able to sustain its repayment capacity for any length of time is beginning to win acceptance in international circles. This is perhaps the most important contribution our country has made to stability in international finance markets. Time to consolidate Argentine society is now in a position (though conditions may not yet be ideal) to consolidate the current growth trends and avert the classic “stop and go” dynamics that have beset its economy over the past three decades. The prime objective now is to consolidate sustainable growth and ensure equitable distribution. Investment and domestic consumption must serve as the economy’s dynamo, since consumption is the variable of aggregate demand that can most swiftly lever the narrowing of the gap between Argentina’s potential product and real product. Indeed, consumption would not have been able to expand over the past three years had the wage mass not increased as it has due to increases awarded for greater productivity in the economy, both by decree and through sectorial collective bargaining agreements or direct negotiations between companies and their workforces. Likewise, the State has allocated resources to the necessary social plans, which in time must be reconverted into job creation schemes. None of what has been accomplished hitherto can be consolidated, however, unless the discipline behind fiscal surpluses is maintained. This has afforded the Government the necessary independence to set its own policies, including the policy that has underpinned its vigorous negotiation of foreign debt. That holds true as much for the Nation as for the Provinces, which have made a strenuous effort over this period to reorder their finances and contribute to the national surplus. Clearly, federalism is little more than a mockery of federalism if the provincial administrations have to fall back on the national exchequer to settle their debts and cover regular expenses. Today, on the contrary, they can not only fund their ordinary expenses but also plan and develop their own infrastructure projects. 8 8 DIPLOMACY, STRATEGY & POLITICS - APRIL/JUNE 2005 Roberto Lavagna In terms of foreign trade, too, Argentina is implementing structural changes which are due to be consolidated. Positive growth in both exports and imports is producing trade surpluses that plough substantial foreign currency earnings into the country’s renewed industrialization while also covering the Nation’s external commitments as the State firmly moves to reduce the debt-to-equity ratio. This new pattern of behaviour is visible in the burgeoning diversification of export products and markets and in the growing proportion of capital goods, components and replacement parts for equipment comprising Argentina’s imports. This reflects the investments associated with Argentine businesses’ need to re-equip or modernise their plant to meet the gathering demand in their domestic and export markets. In this respect, over the last three years the Government has worked to provide the right conditions
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Texto Completo (Pdf)
    63 Enero-Junio, 2015 VOL XXXIII ISSN: 1315-9496 Centro de Investigaciones Históricas Mario Briceño Iragorry TIEMPO Y ESPACIO Lorena Puerta Bautista Manuel Silva-Ferrer María Soledad Hernández Bencid Guillermo Tell Aveledo Guillermo Guzmán Mirabal Gilberto Quintero Lugo David Ruiz Chataing Angel Omar García González Véronique Hébrard Jo-ann Peña Angulo Nancy Urosa Salazar Sócrates Ramírez UNIVERSIDAD PEDAGÓGICA EXPERIMENTAL LIBERTADOR INSTITUTO PEDAGÓGICO DE CARACAS Depósito Legal pp198402DC2832 Tiempo y Espacio. Nº 63. Enero-junio, 2015. Jo-ann Peña Angulo. La justicia como equidad, el régimen político y las morales del siglo XXI en Venezuela y Estados Unidos, pp. 187-209. La justicia como equidad, el régimen político y las morales del siglo XXI en Venezuela y Estados Unidos Justice as fairness, the political regime and the moral of the 21st century in Venezuela and United States Jo-ann Peña Angulo Profesora Ordinaria de la Escuela de Historia de la Universidad de Los Andes (ULA). Departamento de Historia Universal. Licenciada en Historia, Magna Cum Laude. Magister Scientiarum en Ciencias Políticas, ULA. Correo electrónico: [email protected]. Recibido: 18/01/2015 Aprobado: 26/02/2015 Resumen: El problema del régimen y la moral dentro del campo de las relaciones recíprocas entre Venezuela y Estados Unidos (2001-2010), se plantea a través de la re- lectura del modelo de la justicia como equidad de John Rawls. Dicha reinterpretación nos permitirá dentro del campo del conocimiento histórico y de la fi losofía política, modifi car conceptualmente los parámetros del autor y ampliar las perspectivas de estudio de la política exterior en Venezuela, intentando profundizar en la carga axiológica de los gobiernos considerados en este caso, entes morales.
    [Show full text]
  • P9-10 Toro Hardy.Indd
    VENEZUELA Democracy, growth and society BY HE ALFREDO TORO HARDY VENEZUELAN AMBASSADOR TO THE COURT OF ST JAMES'S ugo Chávez is visiting the United 1999 Constitution, was activated and the people were Kingdom for the third time since his consulted on whether or not they wanted the President election as President. This underlines to finish his mandate. All the electoral processes were the great importance he bestows upon carried out under the supervision of well-reputed Ha country that is linked to Venezuela by historical, multilateral and international organisations, including commercial, energy, investment, financial and cultural the Organisation of American States, the European bonds. Recently, there have been many expressions of Union and the Carter Center. It is worth noting that support from the UK for President Chávez’s government, President Chávez won them all. and especially for the many social policies developed So, there is no question about the legitimacy of by it. From the Trade Union Council, the Greater Venezuelan democracy. It could be argued that even ALFREDO TORO HARDY London Authority and The Palace of Westminster, as more important than the legitimacy of origin is the is Ambassador of the well as from academic and cultural circles, there have legitimacy of performance. Can the latter be measured? Bolivarian Republic of been numerous testimonies of support, which are highly There is no doubt that the best way to do so would be to Venezuela to the Court of appreciated. A good example is the House of Commons consider the level of people’s satisfaction for their own St.
    [Show full text]
  • Chile | Freedom House
    Chile | Freedom House https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2019/chile A. ELECTORAL PROCESS: 12 / 12 A1. Was the current head of government or other chief national authority elected through free and fair elections? 4 / 4 Presidential elections in Chile are widely regarded as free and fair. The president is elected to a four-year term, and consecutive terms are not permitted. Piñera was elected in December 2017 to serve his second term; he had served as president previously, from 2010 to 2014. A2. Were the current national legislative representatives elected through free and fair elections? 4 / 4 The 2017 legislative polls were the first to take place under new rules that established more proportional districts, and increased the number of seats in both houses. The Chamber of Deputies now has 155 seats, up from 120 previously. The number of Senate seats was increased from 38 to 50, but the new seats will be introduced gradually, with the Senate reaching its new 50-seat capacity in 2022. Senators serve eight-year terms, with half up for election every four years, and members of the Chamber of Deputies are elected to four-year terms. Since 1990, congressional elections have been widely regarded as free and fair. A3. Are the electoral laws and framework fair, and are they implemented impartially by the relevant election management bodies? 4 / 4 Chile’s electoral framework is robust and generally well implemented. B. POLITICAL PLURALISM AND PARTICIPATION: 15 / 16 B1. Do the people have the right to organize in different political parties or other competitive political groupings of their choice, and is the system free of undue obstacles to the rise and fall of these competing parties or groupings? 4 / 4 Chile has a multiparty political system.
    [Show full text]
  • Proquest Dissertations
    BUILDING A "NATIONAL CIVILIZATION" AT HOME AND ABROAD: INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS AND CHANGING U.S. POLITICAL ECONOMY By Fanta Aw Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts of Sciences of American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Sociology Chair: Esther Ngan-ling Chow Bette Dickerson r/2---~#-~ Russell Stone Dean of the College V6-~ 3J \1D\ \ Date 2011 American University Washington D.C. 20016 AMERICAN UNIVERSrTV llMARY 912. s UMI Number: 3484793 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI _.--Dissertation Publishing....___ UMI 3484793 Copyright 2011 by ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This edition of the work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Pro uesr ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ©COPYRIGHT by FantaAw 2011 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED BUILDING A "NATIONAL CIVILIZATION" AT HOME AND ABROAD: INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS AND CHANGING U.S. POLITICAL ECONOMY BY FantaAw ABSTRACT The research study examines the relationship of international students to changing U.S. political economy. The research attempts to move international students from the periphery to the center of understanding the changing U.S. political economy in the twenty-first century. I argue that international students play an important role in building a U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Former Chilean President Announces Reelection Bid Amid Conflict of Interest Questions Benjamin Witte-Lebhar
    University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository NotiSur Latin America Digital Beat (LADB) 4-7-2017 Former Chilean President Announces Reelection Bid amid Conflict of Interest Questions Benjamin Witte-Lebhar Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/notisur Recommended Citation Witte-Lebhar, Benjamin. "Former Chilean President Announces Reelection Bid amid Conflict of Interest Questions." (2017). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/notisur/14508 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Latin America Digital Beat (LADB) at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in NotiSur by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LADB Article Id: 80263 ISSN: 1060-4189 Former Chilean President Announces Reelection Bid amid Conflict of Interest Questions by Benjamin Witte-Lebhar Category/Department: Chile Published: 2017-04-07 The race to replace President Michelle Bachelet when her term expires in March 2018 has kicked off in earnest now that Sebastián Piñera, her immediate predecessor and the early frontrunner in a broad field of contenders, finally made his candidacy official. The billionaire businessman and political conservative made the long-anticipated announcement March 21 in a carefully staged, confetti-covered appearance at the Natural History Museum in central Santiago’s Quinta Normal park. The event was closed to the public and the location reportedly kept secret until the last minute as a way to avoid would-be protesters. “I’m convinced that this election represents a crossroads,” Piñera (2010-2014) told a group of approximately 2,000 guests. “One option is to insist on or go farther down the wrong path that the government is on.
    [Show full text]
  • Papa Francisco Insta a Los Venezolanos a Encontrar La Concordia
    ÁMBAR DÍAZ: FAMOSA 2019 SERÁ UN AÑO KEVIN SPACEY AÚNFUERADELATV PARA RENOVARSE ROMPE SU SILENCIO La actriz, recordada por tele- El astrólogo Alfonso León El mismo día que se anunció novelas como Hay amores que predice que será un año ideal su acusación formal por abu- matan, se alejó de los reflecto- para descansar, viajar y hacer so sexual, el actor publicó un res para explorar otro de sus todo aquello que se había de- video en el que anuncia que talentos en un banco. 2-3 jado de lado. 2-4 dará la pelea. 2-3 PMVP BsS 120,00 (12/18) PORQUE DECIDES A DIARIO 2 CUERPOS CARACAS, VENEZUELA • MIÉRCOLES 26 DE DICIEMBRE DE 2018 • AÑO CIX • Nº 38.267 • DEPÓSITO LEGAL PP-190901DF43 www.eluniversal.com El gobierno ruso prevé Papa Francisco insta estabilidad en mercado a los venezolanos a petrolero durante 2019 Impulsado por los será más estable y equilibrada”, di- jo. Según el funcionario, los precios esfuerzos de los países del crudo a nivel internacional po- encontrar la concordia OPEP y no OPEP drían desplomarse aún más si los paí- ses productores tiene la oportunidad El ministro de Energía ruso, Alexan- de utilizar todo su potencial de ex- En su tradicional mensaje der Novak prevé que los precios del tracción. Además que el bajo precio petróleo se estabilizarán el próximo –argumentó– crea desafíos tanto pa- de Navidad, dedicado este año. “Creo que durante el primer se- ra la economía como para elaborar año a “la fraternidad” pidió mestre, debido a los esfuerzos con- el presupuesto nacional.
    [Show full text]
  • A Critical and Comparative Analysis of Organisational Forms of Selected Marxist Parties, in Theory and in Practice, with Special Reference to the Last Half Century
    Rahimi, M. (2009) A critical and comparative analysis of organisational forms of selected Marxist parties, in theory and in practice, with special reference to the last half century. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/688/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] A critical and comparative analysis of organisational forms of selected Marxist parties, in theory and in practice, with special reference to the last half century Mohammad Rahimi, BA, MSc Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD Centre for the Study of Socialist Theory and Movement Faculty of Law, Business and Social Science University of Glasgow September 2008 The diversity of the proletariat during the final two decades of the 20 th century reached a point where traditional socialist and communist parties could not represent all sections of the working class. Moreover, the development of social movements other than the working class after the 1960s further sidelined traditional parties. The anti-capitalist movements in the 1970s and 1980s were looking for new political formations.
    [Show full text]
  • Asian Studies 2021
    World Scientific Connecting Great Minds ASIAN STUDIES 2021 AVAILABLE IN PRINT AND DIGITAL MORE DIGITAL PRODUCTS ON WORLDSCINET HighlightsHighlights Asian Studies Catalogue 2021 page 5 page 6 page 6 page 7 Editor-in-Chief: Kym Anderson edited by Bambang Susantono, edited by Kai Hong Phua Editor-in-Chief: Mark Beeson (University of Adelaide and Australian Donghyun Park & Shu Tian (Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, (University of Western National University, Australia) (Asian Development Bank, Philippines) National University of Singapore), et al. Australia, Australia) page 9 page 14 page 14 page 14 by Tommy Koh by Cuihong Cai by Victor Fung-Shuen Sit by Sui Yao (Ambassador-at-Large, (Fudan University, China) (University of Hong Kong, (Central University of Finance Singapore) & Lay Hwee Yeo Hong Kong) and Economics, China) (European Union Centre, Singapore) page 18 page 19 page 19 page 20 by Jinghao Zhou edited by Zuraidah Ibrahim by Alfredo Toro Hardy by Yadong Luo (Hobart and William Smith & Jeffie Lam (South China (Venezuelan Scholar (University of Miami, USA) Colleges, USA) Morning Post, Hong Kong) and Diplomat) page 26 page 29 page 32 page 32 by Cheng Li by & by Gungwu Wang edited by Kerry Brown Stephan Feuchtwang (Brookings Institution, USA) (National University of (King’s College London, UK) Hans Steinmüller (London Singapore, Singapore) School of Economics, UK) About World Scientific Publishing World Scientific Publishing is a leading independent publisher of books and journals for the scholarly, research, professional and educational communities. The company publishes about 600 books annually and over 140 journals in various fields. World Scientific collaborates with prestigious organisations like the Nobel Foundation & US ASIA PACIFIC .....................................
    [Show full text]
  • LSE Latin America and Caribbean Blog: Chile's 'Second Transition': The
    LSE Latin America and Caribbean Blog: Chile’s ‘second transition’: the persistent politics of memory in the 2017 presidential election Page 1 of 4 Chile’s ‘second transition’: the persistent politics of memory in the 2017 presidential election The “second transition” debate reveals that conflicted memories remain at the core of political legitimacy, transforming the 2017 elections into a stage where competing versions of truth, justice, and culture revive questions of the past that demand resolution in the present, writes Roberto Velázquez Quiroz (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile). On Sunday 19 November 2017, Chile heads to the polls to elect a successor to President Michele Bachelet. In recent years, the ideological spectrum has seen a reorganisation of traditional forces, which had tended to gravitate towards the political centre. Broad Front (Frente Amplio, FA), the new leftist alliance, has taken the most progressive path, with Beatriz Sanchez as the presidential candidate. The centre-left faction New Majority (NM), in which Christian Democrats and Communists agreed to strategic coexistence, exposes the fractures of the old politics stemming from the overthrow of Salvador Allende’s government in 1973. The coalition’s candidates, Alejandro Guiller and Carolina Goic, are putting the possibility of a unified project under strain by presenting different programs that target middle-class voters. In this fragmented scenario, the liberal right represented by billionaire former president Sebastián Piñera pushes an agenda that highlights reconciliation and forgiveness in post- dictatorship politics. At a recent press conference, Piñera introduced an economic programme that intends to “[bring about] a second transition … that embodies the values of a developed nation with high levels of human capital, a better quality of life, and no poverty.” Amidst antagonistic visions of past and future, Chile’s politics of memory is thus reopening the old wounds of the Cold War era.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Candidates' Profile and Campaign Decisions In
    mathematics Article The Impact of Candidates’ Profile and Campaign Decisions in Electoral Results: A Data Analytics Approach Camilo Campos-Valdés 1,2 , Eduardo Álvarez-Miranda 3,*, Mauricio Morales Quiroga 4 , Jordi Pereira 5 and Félix Liberona Durán 6 1 Doctorado en Sistemas de Ingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Talca, Curicó 3340000, Chile; [email protected] or [email protected] 2 Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, 5 Poniente 1670, Talca 3460000, Chile 3 School of Economics and Business, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile 4 Departamento de Ciencia Política y Administración Pública, Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Universidad de Talca, Santiago 8320000, Chile; [email protected] 5 Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Av. Padre Hurtado 750, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile; [email protected] 6 Escuela de Postgrado, Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; fl[email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +56-950-186-692 Abstract: In recent years, a wide range of techniques has been developed to predict electoral results and to measure the influence of different factors in these results. In this paper, we analyze the influence of the political profile of candidates (characterized by personal and political features) and their campaign effort (characterized by electoral expenditure and by territorial deployment strategies Citation: Campos-Valdés, C.; retrieved from social networks activity) on the electoral results. This analysis is carried out by Álvarez-Miranda, E.; Morales using three of the most frequent data analyitcs algorithms in the literature. For our analysis, we Quiroga, M.; Pereira, J.; consider the 2017 Parliamentary elections in Chile, which are the first elections after a major reform Liberona Durán, F.
    [Show full text]
  • Texto Completo (7.350Mb)
    中 国 笔 记 ¿Desafió China a Estados Unidos prematuramente? 6 Cuadernos de China 中国笔记 UNIVERSIDAD DE LOS ANDES 委内瑞拉洛斯安第斯大学 Mario Bonucci Rossini Rector Manuel Aranguren Vicerrector Administrativo Patricia Rosenzweig Vicerrectora Académica José María Andérez Secretario ASOCIACIÓN VENEZOLANA DE ESTUDIOS SOBRE CHINA (AVECH) 委内瑞拉中国研究会 CONSEJO DIRECTIVO Norbert Molina Medina Secretario General Hernán Lucena Molero Coordinador Académico Nelson García Pernía Coordinador de Publicaciones y Redes Ramón Dugarte Rangel Coordinador Administrativo ¿DESAFIÓ CHINA A ESTADOS UNIDOS PREM ATUR AMENTE? ALFREDO TORO HARDY 中国过早地挑战美国了吗？ 1995-2020: 25 años de la fundación del Centro de Estudios de África y Asia Universidad de Los Andes Centro de Estudios de África, Asia y Diásporas Latinoamericanas y Caribeñas “Dr. José Manuel Briceño Monzillo” (CEAA) Asociación Venezolana de Estudios sobre China (AVECH) 委内瑞拉中国研究会 ¿Desafió China a Estados Unidos prematuramente? 中国过早地挑战美国了吗？ © Alfredo Toro Hardy Cuadernos de China 中国笔记 [email protected] De esta edición: © Universidad de Los Andes 委内瑞拉洛斯安第斯大学 © Centro de Estudios de África, Asia y Diásporas Latinoamericanas y Caribeñas “Dr. José Manuel Briceño Monzillo” (CEAA) 非洲，亚洲和拉丁美洲与加勒比地区移民社群的研究中心 © Asociación Venezolana de Estudios sobre China (AVECH) 委内瑞拉中国研究会 Cuidado de los textos Norbert Molina Medina Diseño de los cuadernos José Gregorio Vásquez Castro Centro Editorial La Castalia Hecho el Depósito de Ley: Depósito Legal: ME2020000133 ISBN: 978-980-11-2011-7 Edición electrónica: Cuadernos de China, Nº 6 Mérida, Venezuela Imágenes para esta edición electrónica: Tomadas de google.com El contenido de este trabajo es responsabilidad exclusiva del autor y no representa necesariamente los puntos de vista del Editor, Comité Editorial, ni de la Asociación Venezolana de Estudios sobre China (AVECH) Universidad de Los Andes Centro de Estudios de África, Asia y Diásporas Latinoamericanas y Caribeñas “Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Township Governance and Institutionalization in China
    TOWNSHIP GOVERNANCE AND INSTITUTIONALIZATION IN CHINA 8478hc_9789814405911_tp.indd 1 12/8/13 5:45 PM Series on Contemporary China (ISSN: 1793-0847) Series Editors: Joseph Fewsmith (Boston University) Zheng Yongnian (East Asian Institute, National University of Singapore) Published* Vol. 23 Social Cohesion in Greater China: Challenges for Social Policy and Governance edited by Ka Ho Mok & Yeun-Wen Ku Vol. 24 China’s Reform in Global Perspective edited by John Wong & Zhiyue Bo Vol. 25 The Transition Study of Postsocialist China: An Ethnographic Study of a Model Community by Wing-Chung Ho Vol. 26 Looking North, Looking South: China, Taiwan, and the South Pacific edited by Anne-Marie Brady Vol. 27 China’s Industrial Development in the 21st Century edited by Mu Yang & Hong Yu Vol. 28 Cross-Taiwan Straits Relations Since 1979: Policy Adjustment and Institutional Change Across the Straits edited by Kevin G. Cai Vol. 29 The Transformation of Political Communication in China: From Propaganda to Hegemony by Xiaoling Zhang Vol. 30 The Great Urbanization of China edited by Ding Lu Vol. 31 Social Structure of Contemporary China edited by Xueyi Lu Vol. 32 East Asia: Developments and Challenges edited by Yongnian Zheng & Liang Fook Lye Vol. 33 China and East Asia: After the Wall Street Crisis edited by Peng Er Lam, Yaqing Qin & Mu Yang Vol. 34 The World Turned Upside Down: The Complex Partnership between China and Latin America by Alfredo Toro Hardy Vol. 35 Township Governance and Institutionalization in China by Shukai Zhao *To view the complete list of the published volumes in the series, please visit: http://www.worldscientific.com/series/scc Series on Contemporary China – Vol.
    [Show full text]