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Challenges for Marxism and Anti-Racism

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Challenges for Marxism and Anti-Racism DEMOCRATIC MARXISM DEMOCRATIC MARXISM SERIES Series Editor: Vishwas Satgar The crisis of Marxism in the late twentieth century was the crisis of orthodox and van- guardist Marxism associated mainly with hierarchical communist parties, and imposed, even as state ideology, as the ‘correct’ Marxism. The Stalinisation of the Soviet Union and its eventual collapse exposed the inherent weaknesses and authoritarian mould of vanguardist Marxism. More fundamentally, vanguardist Marxism was rendered obsolete but for its residual existence in a few parts of the world, as well as within authoritarian national liberation movements in Africa and in China. With the deepening crises of capitalism, a new democratic Marxism (or democratic his- torical materialism) is coming to the fore. Such a democratic Marxism is characterised in the following ways: • Its sources span non-vanguardist grassroots movements, unions, political fronts, mass parties, radical intellectuals, transnational activist networks and parts of the progressive academy; • It seeks to ensure that the inherent categories of Marxism are theorised within constantly changing historical conditions to find meaning; • Marxism is understood as a body of social thought that is unfinished and hence challenged by the need to explain the dynamics of a globalising capitalism and the futures of social change; • It is open to other forms of anti-capitalist thought and practice, including cur- rents within radical ecology, feminism, emancipatory utopianism and indigenous thought; • It does not seek to be a monolithic and singular school of thought but engenders contending perspectives; • Democracy, as part of the heritage of people’s struggles, is understood as the basis for articulating alternatives to capitalism and as the primary means for con- stituting a transformative subject of historical change. This series seeks to elaborate the social theorising and politics of democratic Marxism. Published in the series and available: Michelle Williams and Vishwas Satgar (eds). 2013. Marxisms in the 21st Century: Crisis, Critique and Struggle. Johannesburg: Wits University Press. Vishwas Satgar (ed.). 2015. Capitalism’s Crises: Class Struggles in South Africa and the World. Johannesburg: Wits University Press. Vishwas Satgar (ed.). 2018. The Climate Crisis: South African and Global Democratic Eco-Socialist Alternatives. Johannesburg: Wits University Press. Racism After Apartheid Challenges for Marxism and Anti-Racism Edited by Vishwas Satgar Published in South Africa by: Wits University Press 1 Jan Smuts Avenue Johannesburg, 2001 www.witspress.co.za Compilation © Vishwas Satgar 2019 Chapters © Individual contributors 2019 Published edition © Wits University Press 2019 First published 2019 http://dx.doi.org.10.18772/22019033061 978-1-77614-306-1 (Paperback) 978-1-77614-307-8 (Web PDF) 978-1-77614-308-5 (EPUB) 978-1-77614-309-2 (Mobi) 978-1-77614-359-7 (Open Access PDF) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher, except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act, Act 98 of 1978. This book is freely available through the OAPEN library (www.oapen.org) under a Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 Creative Commons License. (https://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). The publication of this volume was made possible by funding from the Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung and through a grant received from the National Institute for the Humanities and Social Sciences. Project manager: Inga Norenius Copyeditor: Sally Hines Proofreader: Inga Norenius Indexer: Margaret Ramsay Cover design: Hothouse, South Africa Typesetter: MPS Typeset in 10 point Minion Pro CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ix CHAPTER 1: The Anti-Racism of Marxism: Past and Present 1 Vishwas Satgar PART ONE: AGAINST RACISM IN THE WORLD 29 CHAPTER 2: The International Indigenous Peoples’ Movement: A Site of Anti-Racist Struggle Against Capitalism 30 Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz CHAPTER 3: Emancipation, Freedom or Taxonomy? What Does It Mean to be African? 49 Firoze Manji CHAPTER 4: Colonialism, Apartheid and the Native Question: The Case of Israel/Palestine 75 Ran Greenstein CHAPTER 5: The Role of Racism in the European ‘Migration Crisis’: A Historical Materialist Perspective 96 Fabian Georgi CHAPTER 6: Hindutva, Caste and the ‘National Unconscious’ 118 Aditya Nigam CHAPTER 7: Marxism, Feminism and Caste in Contemporary India 137 Nivedita Menon PART TWO: AGAINST RACISM IN SOUTH AFRICA 157 CHAPTER 8: The Reproduction of Racial Inequality in South Africa: The Colonial Unconscious and Democracy 158 Peter Hudson CHAPTER 9: Democratic Marxism and the National Question: Race and Class in Post-Apartheid South Africa 173 Khwezi Mabasa CHAPTER 10: Seven Theses on Radical Non-Racialism, the Climate Crisis and Deep Just Transitions: From the National Question to the Eco-cide Question 194 Vishwas Satgar CHAPTER 11: Foreign Nationals are the ‘Non-Whites’ of the Democratic Dispensation 217 Sharon S. Ekambaram CONCLUSION: Vishwas Satgar 237 CONTRIBUTORS 242 INDEX 245 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS his volume owes a special debt to the Rosa Luxemburg Foundation. TWithout that support it would have been impossible to hold a contributors’ workshop in South Africa and to ensure the manuscript was completed for publication. The use of the conference venue at their office provided a conducive space for engagement during the contributors’ workshop. We are also grateful for the support given by the Co-operative and Policy Centre (COPAC), which played a central role in organising the workshop and inviting contributors and activ- ists from various social movements and community organisations. The support given by the National Institute for the Humanities and Social Sciences has enabled the open access publication of this volume. Moreover, it is important to acknowledge the editorial assistance provided by Jane Cherry from COPAC. Her efforts were crucial for keeping things on track. The input from Sunanda Mathis and Nadia Karodia, working with Jane Cherry, are also appreciated. Special thanks to Professor Michelle Williams for her supportive feedback during this project. Finally, our sincerest appreciation to the team at Wits University Press, particularly Veronica Klipp, Roshan Cader and Corina van der Spoel, for supporting this volume and the Democratic Marxism series. vii ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AIM American Indian Movement ANC African National Congress BIA Bureau of Indian Affairs BJP Bharatiya Janata Party Cosatu Congress of South African Trade Unions CPI Communist Party of India CPI(M) Communist Party of India (Marxist) CPSA Communist Party of South Africa CST colonialism of a special type EFF Economic Freedom Fighters EU European Union FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation GDP gross domestic product IITC International Indian Treaty Council IOM International Organization for Migration JNU Jawaharlal Nehru University LHR Lawyers for Human Rights ML Muslim League NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NGO non-governmental organisation OBC Other Backward Classes PAIGC African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde RSS Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh SACP South African Communist Party SAHRC South African Human Rights Commission UDF United Democratic Front UN United Nations UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees US United States WCIP World Council of Indigenous Peoples WGIP Working Group on Indigenous Populations ix CHAPTER 1 THE ANTI-RACISM OF MARXISM: PAST AND PRESENT Vishwas Satgar here is no scientific basis for race and racism to be a part of social reality. TNonetheless, race as a mode of social categorisation and racism as a form of discrimination, violence and oppression persists in our twenty-first-century capitalist world. W.E.B. Du Bois’ prescience in The Souls of Black Folk presented us with a notion of the colour-line not just as a problem of the twentieth cen- tury, but also a problem that extends into the twenty-first-century world of deep capitalist globalisation. This ‘long colour-line’ is marked by continuities and discontinuities and systemic racisms, but also contingent and conjunctural shifts engendering new racisms. Today, a new extreme right, neo-fascist white nationalisms, xenophobia, resurgent narrow black nationalisms, continued apartheid-like oppression of Palestine, further dispossessions of indigenous peoples and Islamophobia are all on the rise. The world is faced with an ugly problem, expressed through an over-inflation of racialised thinking and prac- tices, in different historical contexts and places. With their rise and prevalence, these particular racisms and their oppressive impacts need to be understood as a matter of urgency. This volume contributes to this challenge by drawing on Marxist and non-Marxist perspectives, engaging in a dialogue with the his- torical role of Marxism in the struggle against racism and with movements confronting racism. 1 Racism After Apartheid South Africa was ruled by one of the most heinous and brutalising racist regimes called apartheid from 1948 to 1994. This institutionalised form of rac- ism had its roots in 350 years of capitalist development involving slavery, colo- nialism, genocidal violence and segregation. The white privilege entrenched in this society benefited the white minority, despite some disagreeing with apart- heid while others
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