Some Personal Reflections on the Road to Armed Struggle
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Kenya 'Samaj': Indian Merchants, Community Life, and Urban Society
KENYA ‘SAMAJ’: INDIAN MERCHANTS, COMMUNITY LIFE, AND URBAN SOCIETY IN COLONIAL EAST AFRICA, C. 1890-1980 By Misha A. Mintz-Roth A dissertation submitted to Johns Hopkins University in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Baltimore, Maryland May 2019 ABSTRACT Much scholarship about Indian populations in East Africa examines their histories through categories of race and class. Immigrant groups, according to these narratives, are often seen as agents of the British Empire or as a minority racial diaspora that experienced marginalization during the colonial and post-independence periods. This dissertation takes a different approach. Examining Indians as interconnected yet separate vocational populations, it argues that Indian immigrants played a central role in making Kenya’s colonial economy, urban society, and post- independence political order. Indian merchants—the focus of this dissertation—assumed positions of economic, social, and political prominence in Kenya, building up household wealth by situating themselves between African agrarian societies, the territory’s urban markets, and the colonial state. Despite the rise of anti-Indian sentiment during the colonial period and after independence, Indian merchants cultivated linkages to new political leaders and activated longer-standing communal connections to re-assimilate into Kenya’s post-independence environment. Community networks, I argue, not race or nation, became the primary mode of belonging among Indian merchants in twentieth century Kenya, as they migrated, settled, and accumulated wealth, among other goals. This dissertation examines a diversity of historical sources, including traders’ diaries, merchants’ memoirs, court records, commercial contracts, newspapers, and records from the Kenya and India National Archives. -
Apartheid South Africa Xolela Mangcu 105 5 the State of Local Government: Third-Generation Issues Doreen Atkinson 118
ress.ac.za ress.ac.za p State of the Nation South Africa 2003–2004 Free download from www.hsrc Edited by John Daniel, Adam Habib & Roger Southall ress.ac.za ress.ac.za p Free download from www.hsrc ress.ac.za ress.ac.za p Compiled by the Democracy & Governance Research Programme, Human Sciences Research Council Published by HSRC Press Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa HSRC Press is an imprint of the Human Sciences Research Council Free download from www.hsrc ©2003 Human Sciences Research Council First published 2003 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. ISBN 0 7969 2024 9 Cover photograph by Yassir Booley Production by comPress Printed by Creda Communications Distributed in South Africa by Blue Weaver Marketing and Distribution, PO Box 30370, Tokai, Cape Town, South Africa, 7966. Tel/Fax: (021) 701-7302, email: [email protected]. Contents List of tables v List of figures vii ress.ac.za ress.ac.za p Acronyms ix Preface xiii Glenn Moss Introduction Adam Habib, John Daniel and Roger Southall 1 PART I: POLITICS 1 The state of the state: Contestation and race re-assertion in a neoliberal terrain Gerhard Maré 25 2 The state of party politics: Struggles within the Tripartite Alliance and the decline of opposition Free download from www.hsrc Roger Southall 53 3 An imperfect past: -
Social Protests and Water Service Delivery in South Africa
Social Protests and Water Service Delivery in South Africa _.., ___IYBNIIIMA W'IIAOirlf9oo- []-- WATER llESEAACM CC.Mf$$1011f Social Protests and Water Service Delivery in South Africa Report to the WATER RESEARCH COMMISSION by BARBARA TAPELA Assisted by Bukiwe Ntwana and Darlington Sibanda Institute for Poverty Land and Agrarian Studies (PLAAS) University of the Western Cape WRC Report No. TT 631/15 ISBN 978-1-4312-0672-8 May 2015 Obtainable from: Water Research Commission Private Bag X03 Gezina, 0031 [email protected] or download from www.wrc.org.za The publication of this report emanates from a project entitled Social Protests and Water Service Delivery in South Africa (WRC Report No. K5/2133) DISCLAIMER This report has been reviewed by the Water Research Commission (WRC) and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the WRC, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. © Water Research Commission ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Since 2004, South Africa has been hit by high volumes of social protests. Protestors claim that they protest over lack of ‘service delivery’ and water is one of the elements of service delivery. In 2012 the frequency, geographical spread and violence of service delivery-related social protests in post-apartheid South Africa reached unprecedented levels. Water service delivery issues rose in prominence among various reasons cited for protests. While this ascendance is remarkable, grievances over water services are not new. Water service delivery issues have been (and still are) a part of a range of conflated grievances that masquerade under the general rubric of ‘service delivery’ issues and underpin many rallying calls for social protest action. -
King Solomon's Mines Revisited
King Solomon's Mines Revisited http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.cbp1006 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org King Solomon's Mines Revisited Author/Creator Minter, William Publisher New York: Basic Books Date 1986-00-00 Resource type Books Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Southern Africa (region), Western Europe (region), United Kingdom, North America (region), United States Coverage (temporal) 1870 - 1985 Rights By kind permission of William Minter. Description CHAPTER 1 The Lion's Share: Britain and Southern -
Challenges for Marxism and Anti-Racism
DEMOCRATIC MARXISM DEMOCRATIC MARXISM SERIES Series Editor: Vishwas Satgar The crisis of Marxism in the late twentieth century was the crisis of orthodox and van- guardist Marxism associated mainly with hierarchical communist parties, and imposed, even as state ideology, as the ‘correct’ Marxism. The Stalinisation of the Soviet Union and its eventual collapse exposed the inherent weaknesses and authoritarian mould of vanguardist Marxism. More fundamentally, vanguardist Marxism was rendered obsolete but for its residual existence in a few parts of the world, as well as within authoritarian national liberation movements in Africa and in China. With the deepening crises of capitalism, a new democratic Marxism (or democratic his- torical materialism) is coming to the fore. Such a democratic Marxism is characterised in the following ways: • Its sources span non-vanguardist grassroots movements, unions, political fronts, mass parties, radical intellectuals, transnational activist networks and parts of the progressive academy; • It seeks to ensure that the inherent categories of Marxism are theorised within constantly changing historical conditions to find meaning; • Marxism is understood as a body of social thought that is unfinished and hence challenged by the need to explain the dynamics of a globalising capitalism and the futures of social change; • It is open to other forms of anti-capitalist thought and practice, including cur- rents within radical ecology, feminism, emancipatory utopianism and indigenous thought; • It does not seek to be a monolithic and singular school of thought but engenders contending perspectives; • Democracy, as part of the heritage of people’s struggles, is understood as the basis for articulating alternatives to capitalism and as the primary means for con- stituting a transformative subject of historical change. -
Root Causes of Terrorism: Myths, Reality and Ways Forward
Root Causes of Terrorism Addressing the causes of a problem is often more effective than trying to fight its symptoms and effects. In Root Causes of Terrorism, a team of international experts analyses the possibilities and limitations of preventing and reducing terrorism by addressing the factors that give rise to it and sustain it. The questions raised include: • What are the main circumstances that provide preconditions for the emergence of various types of terrorism? • What are the typical precipitants that trigger terrorist campaigns? • To what extent is it possible to reduce the problem of terrorism by influencing these causes and circumstances? • Should we address those factors that sustain terrorist campaigns rather than root causes? Tore Bjørgo is Senior Research Fellow at the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI), and Research Director and Professor of Police Science at the Norwe- gian Police University College. Root Causes of Terrorism Myths, reality and ways forward Edited by Tore Bjørgo First published 2005 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 2005 Tore Bjørgo for selection and editorial matter; individual authors for their contributions All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. -
International Migration, Xenophobia and the South African State
International migration, xenophobia and the South African state Catherine Kavata Musuva Dissertation presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Dr. Nicola de Jager January 2015 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration By submitting this dissertation electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Date: 14 January 2015 Copyright © 2015 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved i Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract This dissertation seeks to advance the political understanding of xenophobia in South Africa by examining the relationship between the South African state and its African migrant population. It investigates the practices of frontline officials of three state institutions when dealing with African migrants and relates such practices to the prevalence of xenophobia. These institutions are the Department of Home Affairs, the South African Police Service and the City of Cape Town. The state of exception, propounded by Giorgio Agamben, provides a conceptual lens through which to examine the practices of state officials towards African migrants and the place of migrants in South African society. This concept is concerned with the law and the conditions of its application or suspension. It is characterised by the relationship between sovereign power and ‘bare life’– the form of deprived subjectivity produced by and captured in the exercise of sovereign power. -
A Study Guide
A Study Guide Secret Safari Below: MK operative Mannie Brown Right: Campfire during Photographs: David Max Brown TRICIA KELLY PA CURRICULUM LINKS The Secret Safari would be of interest to students at senior secondary and tertiary level in English, Political Studies, History, Ethics, Law and Justice Studies. It could be used as further background to novels or movies set in South Africa at this time, such as Cry Freedom. KEY TERMS A basic Secret Safari dictionary would need to include the following terms: Apartheid, The African National Congress, the Criminal Law Amendment Act, ‘homelands’, Mixed Marriages AUSTRALIAN SCREEN EDUCATION Act, Pass books, Pass laws, the Population Regulation Act, the Public Safety Act, Race ISSUE 28 Laws, Sharpeville, State of Emergency and Umkhonto We Sizwe or ‘MK’. 160 THE SECRET SAFARI ISSUE 28 AUSTRALIAN SCREEN EDUCATION The Secret Safari | 52 minutes | Emerald Films/Maxi-DTV Productions/FFC | DIRECTOR Tom Zubrycki | PRODUCERS Sally Browning & David Max Brown 161 INTRODUCTION AND SYNOPSIS • Watch another of Zubrycki’s documentaries and comment on the impact of different styles or The Secret Safari reveals how the military wing of presentation of a documentary story. the African National Congress (ANC) successfully smuggled arms into South Africa for years, under the SETTING THE SCENE cover of a ‘legitimate’ tourist safari. The mostly young passengers were carefully chosen to minimise the Students will need to know basic facts about the chances of sickness or complaints, and they had no geography, history and law of South Africa in order idea that they were sitting on tonnes of weapons, to access this documentary and to understand the including limpet mines, automatic weapons, pistols significance of its story. -
ABSTRACT Title of Document: IMAGING the GAP
ABSTRACT Title of Document: IMAGING THE GAP: DISSENSUS AND BELONGING IN THANDILE ZWELIBANZI’S STILL EXISTENCE Jessica Williams, Master of Arts, 2013 Directed By: Shannen Hill Assistant Professor of African Art Department of Art History and Archaeology In his 2010 series, Still Existence, South African photographer Thandile Zwelibanzi images illegal African immigrants as they informally sell sweets and cigarettes on the streets of Johannesburg. In his documentation of the political arguments of these foreigners for their inclusion in the consensus of the nation, Zwelibanzi lends a medium to these individuals through which they can obtain aesthetic (and therefore political) agency. If, in Still Existence, the public sphere of Johannesburg’s streets serve as the “dissensual stage” upon which foreign traders exert their claims of belonging and contest their right to work, then it is the process of their subjectivization and their argument for their belonging that are ultimately imaged in these portraits. IMAGING THE GAP: DISSENSUS AND BELONGING IN THANDILE ZWELIBANZI’S STILL EXISTENCE By Jessica Williams Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts 2013 Advisory Committee: Professor Shannen Hill, Chair Professor Reneé Ater Professor Steven Mansbach © Copyright by Jessica Williams 2013 Disclaimer: The thesis or dissertation document that follows has had referenced material removed in respect for the owner's copyright. A complete version of this document, which includes said referenced material, resides in the University of Maryland, College Park's library collection. Table of Contents Table of Contents ......................................................................................................... -
Police, Native and Location in Nairobi, 1844-1906
The Bleaching Carceral: Police, Native and Location in Nairobi, 1844-1906 Yannick Marshall Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2017 © 2017 Yannick Marshall All rights reserved ABSTRACT The Bleaching Carceral: Police, Native and Location in Nairobi, 1844-1906 Yannick Marshall This dissertation provides a history of the white supremacist police-state in Nairobi beginning with the excursions of European-led caravans and ending with the institutionalizing of the municipal entity known as the township of Nairobi. It argues that the town was not an entity in which white supremacist and colonial violence occurred but that it was itself an effect white supremacy. It presents the invasion of whiteness into the Nairobi region as an invasion of a new type of power: white supremacist police power. Police power is reflected in the flogging of indigenous peoples by explorers, settlers and administrators and the emergence of new institutions including the constabulary, the caravan, the “native location” and the punitive expedition. It traces the transformation of the figure of the indigenous other as “hostile native,” “raw native,” “native,” “criminal-African” and finally “African.” The presence of whiteness, the things of whiteness, and bodies racialized as white in this settler-colonial society were corrosive and destructive elements to indigenous life and were foundational to the construction of the first open-air prison in the East -
Monograph 81
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study and its publication is funded by the European Union, Ford Foundation, USAID and the United States Embassy in South Africa. Their gen- erous assistance is gratefully acknowledged. FIGURES AND MAPS FIGURE 1 20 Number of votes received by the white right, 1970–1999 FIGURE 2 21 Proportion of vote going to white right in 1989 election, by province FIGURE 3 22 Proportion of ‘no vote’ in 1992 referendum, selected regions FIGURE 4 33 Votes for white right as a proportion of all votes cast, 1981–1999 FIGURE 5 76 Possible Boeremag command structure FIGURE 6 84 Farm attacks, injuries and murders, 1998–2001 FIGURE 7 86 Proportion economically active population unemployed in 1995 and 2001, and percentage change 1995–2001 (by race) FIGURE 8 93 Number of Officers and NCOs in SAPS, October 2002 FIGURE 9 93 Proportion of white SA(N)DF full time uniformed personnel, by rank, 1995 and 2002 MAP 1 8 South Africa with provincial boundaries MAP 2 38 Homeland partition model MAP 3 41 Boer Republics volkstaat model MAP 4 42 Avstig/Freedom Front volkstaat model ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AEB Afrikaner Eenheidsbeweging (Afrikaner Unity Movement) ANC African National Congress APK Afrikaanse Protestante Kerk (Afrikaans Protestant Church) AVF Afrikaner Volksfront (Afrikaner People’s Front) Avstig Afrikaner-Vryheidstigting (Afrikaner Freedom Foundation) AVU Afrikaner Volksunie (Afrikaner People’s Union) AWB Afrikaner-Weerstandsbeweging (Afrikaner Resistance Movement) BBB Blanke Bevrydingsbeweging (White Liberation Movement) BDF Bophuthatswana -
Numbering the Dead
NUMBERING THE DEAD John Aitchison The course an . in the Natal i NUMBERING THE DEAD The course and pattern of political violence in the Natal Midlands, 1987–1989 by John Aitchison S F Natal Society Foundation Trust PIETERMARITZBURG 2015 ii Numbering The Dead. © John Aitchison 2015 First edition published in 2015 in Pietermaritzburg by the Trustees of The Natal Society Foundation under its imprint “Occasional Publications of The Natal Society Foundation”. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without reference to the publishers, the Trustees of The Natal Society Foundation, PO Box 11093, Dorpspruit 3206, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. Natal Society Foundation website: http://www.natalia.org.za/ Editor: Christopher Merrett Assistant editors: Peter Croeser and Phila Mfundo Msimang Index: Christopher Merrett Design, layout and redrawing the graphs: Jo Marwick Redoing maps 3 and 5: Mbulisi Sibanda and Jo Marwick The Trustees of the NSF gratefully acknowledge permission by Mr Cedric Nunn to use his photograph “Funeral of two youths abducted and killed in Mpophomeni, Howick, 1987” on the cover. ISBN 978-09921766-3-1 iii CONTENTS List of maps, tables and graphs .................................................................. iv Abbreviations ............................................................................................. vi Maps .......................................................................................................... viii Selected list of