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Nature of the Dogra State and the Condition of the Muslims of Kashmir (1846 – 1930)

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Nature of the Dogra State and the Condition of the Muslims of Kashmir (1846 – 1930) International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 5, Issue 5, May 2015 1 ISSN 2250-3153 Nature of the Dogra State and the condition of the Muslims of Kashmir (1846 – 1930) Showkat Ahmad Wani Research Scholar, Centre of Advanced Study, Deptt. of History, Aligarh Muslim, University. U.P. India Srinagar and Khanqah Sufi Shah and Bahu Mosque in Jammu.7 I. INTRODUCTION In order to check the spread of Islam, a law was promulgated by he worst feature of the Dogra rule was its communal the Government by which if a Hindu converted to Islam, he was debarred from the right of inheritance and in case of vice versa, T outlook. It discriminated the Muslims on the basis of their 8 religion and also interfered in their religious affairs. The Dogra he could attain the right of inheritance. Besides they (who would convert to Islam) were subjected to various difficulties State was actually a Hindu State and its rulers tried their best to 9 broaden its Hindu nature, with the result Kashmiri Pandits as a and inconveniences by local officials. For a small minority, the co-religionists’ class found it easy to get associated with it and majority was not allowed to slaughter cow, ox etc. Cow killing the Muslims were marginalised.1 Regarding the nature of the was banned and those found guilty were severely punished. First the punishment was death sentence but later on it was reduced to Dogra Government, P. N. Bazaz, declared in 1941: “Speaking 10 11 generally and from the bourgeois point of view, the Dogra rule life imprisonment and then 7 years of imprisonment. It is has been a Hindu Raj. Muslims have not been treated fairly, by necessary here to mention that there were frequent famines in Kashmir and scarcity of food and they had no alternative but to which I mean as fairly as the Hindus. Firstly, because, contrary to 12 all professions of treating all classes equally, it must be candidly slaughter their own cattle, but it was not allowed. In the second admitted that Muslims were dealt with harshly in certain respects decade of twentieth century, there were 117 prisoners in 2 Kashmir, out of which 99 were Muslims, being punished for only because they were Muslims.” It is reported that Gulab 13 Singh in 1850, made a plan to reconvert the Muslims, but, the killing cows. Maharaja Ranbir Singh banned the catching of Banaras priests did not accept it, as according to them it would fish because of the belief that the late maharaja’s soul had dilute the purity of Hinduism.3 In fact, in 1846, he made it clear that he would not allow Muslims to practise all their religious practices and that as a Hindu; he would have to give priority to the religion of Hindus.4 The British for the good of ‘ensuring the 7 5 Glancy Commission Report, p. 3. These were sway of Pax–Britannica,’ tolerated it. Colonel Torrens, who converted into granaries and ammunition centres. visited Kashmir (1859-60) during the reign of Ranbir Singh, records that the Dogra rule was the Hindu ‘rule’ which was run Malik Fazal Hussain, Kashmir Aur Dogra Raj 1848- by ‘Hindu’ faqueers, detested by people, they prey upon, but 1931 (Urdu), Srinagar, (1931), p.153. 8 supported and encouraged by the Government. In order to prove M. F. Hussain, Freedom Struggle In Kashmir, New 6 it a Hindu State it invaded Muslim places and erected temples. D elhi,2002, p. 153. A large number of Muslim shrines and mosques were confiscated 9 Report of the (Glancy) Commission, Appointed and declared State property, like Pather Masjid, Khanqah Sokhta, Khanqah Bulbulshah, Khanqah Darashikoh, Idgah and so on in Under the Orders of His Highness the Maharaja th Bahadur dated the 12 November, 1931, To Enquire Into Grievances and Complaints, Rambir 1 Mridu Rai, Hindu Rulers Muslim Subjects, Islam, Government Press, Jammu, 1932, p. 5. 10 Rights, and the History of Kashmir, Delhi, 2004 p. 80. R. Thorpe, Kashmir Misgovernment, (ed) S. N. 2 Bazaz, Inside Kashmir, Srinagar,2002(edition), p. Gadru, Kashmir Papers, Srinagar, 1973. pp.79-80 250. pp. 77-78. 11 3 J. Korbel, Danger In Kashmir, Srinagar, (1954), Tyndale Biscoe, Kashmir In Sunlight and Shade, repr. 2008, p.13. 2006, Srinagar, p.119. Its influence was mostly felt 4 For further details see M Rai, op. cit., pp. 86 and 93. in city and the villagers continued to eat beef, though 5 M Rai, op. cit., p 84. secretly that is why in Srinagar even today the people do not take beef. 6 For example Tukht-i- Suliman was invaded there 12 Knight, Where Three Empires Meet, London, 1893, was erected a temple, Lt. Col. Torrens, Travels p. 115. Through Ladakh, Tartary and Kashmir, p. 300. Cited 13 Tyndale Biscoe, An Autobiography, (Srinagar, in Saraf, pp. 259-60 2003), p. 188. www.ijsrp.org International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 5, Issue 5, May 2015 2 ISSN 2250-3153 transmitted into the body of a fish.14 Ranbir Singh also closed the Muslim’ 22 percent.24 As regarded the existing proportion of Friday market in Jama Masjid, Srinagar and opened a new Muslims representation in the services some of the most striking market called Maharaja Gunj.15 Even the Muslim names were instances are quoted:25 not tolerated and many Muslim names were changed into Hindu names; like Islamabad into Anatnag, Takt-i-Sulimani into Shankaracharya.16 After ascending the throne in 1885, Pratap Singh assured that no discrimination would be made between his subjects. 17 But he could not fulfil his promise and came under the influence of Hindu religion and all his functions which were participated by military and civil officials, had religious tinge.18 In fact, he would say, “Do not give too much to Rajputs, use Kashmiri Pandits as much as you can and see that the Muslims do not starve.”19 He would not tolerate to see the face of a Muslim (till noon) and the shade of a Muslim over the water, which was brought from Cheshma Shahi Srinagar for him, and the guilty was punished and imprisoned.20 Maharaja Hari Singh discouraged the business of Muslims and Muslim contractors. Instead of encouraging local contractors, the Maharaja encouraged the high contractors from outside and gave them loans without any interest. II. ADMINISTRATION The Dogra rulers in order to have a class loyal to the State filled the State administration with the Punjabis and Dogras and also Kashmiri Pandits but not Kashmiri Muslims.21 Though the Muslims constituted the majority of the State population and the major tax payers of the State but they were not considered fit for the State business22 and very few (Muslims) were employed on high positions.23 In 1930 in the bureaucracy, Hindus and Sikhs held 78 per cent of gazetted appointments compared to the 14 Fazal Hussain , Kashmir Aur Dogra Raj 1848-1931 (Urdu), Srinagar, (1931), 1980, edition, p. 153 15 Saraf, Kashmiris Fight For Freedom, Vol. 1, Saraf, Lahore, 2005 (edition), p. 303 16 Sultan Pampori, , Kashmir In Chains, Srinagar, 1992, p. 52. Also G M. D. Sofi. Kashir Being a History of Kashmir, New Delhi, 1974, p.570. 17 M. Rai, op. cit., p. 175-76. 18 Ibid. 19 G.L. Koul, Kashmir Through Ages (5000 B.C. To 1965), Srinagar, 1963, p. 123. 20 R. Taseer, , Tahrikh-i- Hurriyat-i- Kashmir (Urdu), Vol. 1(1931-39) Srinagar, 1968, p. 67. 21 C. Zutshi, Languages of Belonging; Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir, Delhi, 24 2003, p. 71. Memo. By Resident, dated 6 October, 1931. IOR, 22 F. Hussain, op. cit., pp. 108-09. R/1/29/780. ,cited in Ian Copland, ‘Islam and Political 23 Younghusband, Kashmir, op. cit., p. 186. The Mobalization in Kashmir, 1931-34, Pacific Affairs, representation of the Muslims in the State services Vol. 54, No. 2(Summer, 1981), pp. 228-259, p. 233. was inadequate, Glancy Commission Report, p. 18. 25 Glancy Commission Report, p. 18. www.ijsrp.org International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 5, Issue 5, May 2015 3 ISSN 2250-3153 Department Non-Muslims Muslims (Executive) Public Works 183 54 Electric and Mechanical 47 3 Telegraph and Telephones 73 7 Customs (Assistant Mahakdars and Upwards) 195 14 Revenue(Wazirs and Tehsildars) 67 22 Revenue(Girdawars and Patwaris) Mirpur 131 31 Revenue(Girdawars and Patwaris) Reasi. 85 9 (Clerical) Finance 368 29 Public Works 194 3 Judicial 162 21 (Menials) Public Works 120 23 Customs 314 108 Forest 784 278 Stationary and Printing 66 5 (Source: Glancy Commission Report, p. 18) administrative jobs, it gave them political power and authority.31 There was no Muslim gazetted officer in most of the The Rajputs who being the brethren of the Maharaja, were departments, like defence, hunting, scientific research, libraries, appointed in the high posts in the administration, although, they archaeology and agriculture.26 Thus the majority community of were mostly illiterate.32 Although there were many Muslims Muslims in Kashmir found themselves unrepresented under the from Punjab in the administration, they either were too much British sponsored Dogra rule.27 Not to talk about the higher posts loyal to represent Muslim grievances or were not enjoying actual in the administration, the Muslims were even not employed in power.33 the lower posts. In early 1870’s there was no Muslim occupying In 1930, a civil service recruitment board was formed for even a lowest position or clerk in the employ of Maharaja’s the recruitment of candidates in the state.
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