L'éthos Régalien Et Guerrier Des Rajputs Du

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L'éthos Régalien Et Guerrier Des Rajputs Du ‘ i? /7. 3 3 . £ Université de Montréal L’Éthos Régalien et Guerrier des Rajputs du Rajasthan: représentations, rituels, et changement social par Hugo Deschamps Département d’ anthropologie Faculté des arts et des sciences Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l’obtention du grade M.Sc. (Maître ès sciences) en anthropologie octobre 2005 ‘; Copyright Hugo Deschamps, 2005 ?‘ (I» R \u Université ttI de Montréal Direction des bibliothèques AVIS L’auteur a autorisé l’Université de Montréal à reproduire et diffuser, en totalité ou en partie, par quelque moyen que ce soit et sur quelque support que ce soit, et exclusivement à des fins non lucratives d’enseignement et de recherche, des copies de ce mémoire ou de cette thèse. L’auteur et les coauteurs le cas échéant conservent la propriété du droit d’auteur et des droits moraux qui protègent ce document. Ni la thèse ou le mémoire, ni des extraits substantiels de ce document, ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement reproduits sans l’autorisation de l’auteur. Afin de se conformer à la Loi canadienne sur la protection des renseignements personnels, quelques formulaires secondaires, coordonnées ou signatures intégrées au texte ont pu être enlevés de ce document. Bien que cela ait pu affecter la pagination, il n’y a aucun contenu manquant. NOTICE The author of this thesis or dissertation has granted a nonexclusive license allowing Université de Montréal to reproduce and publish the document, in part or in whole, and in any format, solely for noncommercial educational and research purposes. The author and co-authors if applicable retain copyright ownership and moral rights in this document. Neither the whole thesis or dissertation, nor substantial extracts from it, may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author’s permission. In comphance with the Canadian Privacy Act some supporting forms, contact information or signatures may have been removed from the document. While this may affect the document page count, it does flot represent any loss of content from the document. Université de Montréal Faculté des études supérieures Ce mémoire intitulé L’Éthos Régalien et Guerrier des Rajputs du Rajasthan: représentations, rituels, et changement social présenté par Hugo Deschamps a été évalué par un jury composé des personnes suivantes: Président-rapporteur: Bemard Bernier Département d’ anthropologie Université de Montréal Directeur de recherche: Guy Lanoue Département d’anthropologie Université de Montréal Codirecteur de recherche John Leavitt Département d’anthropologie Université de Montréal Membres du jury: Jean-Claude Muller Département d’anthropologie Université de Montréal Résumé Consistant en une approche dynamique de la notion de Tradition, cette étude argue que la compréhension du social dans ses dimensions diachroniques ne peut se soustraire à l’examen critique et circonstancié des luttes sémiotiques qui s’expriment dans les espaces sociaux de l’acceptation, de la contestation, et de la négociation des rapports idéologiques existant entre structures et agents. À l’effet de la démonstration, j’aborde l’éthos participant de la Tradition régalienne et guerrière de la caste des Rajputs du Rajasthan dans certains de ses aspects socio-historïques et rituels. Bien que les dimensions structurelles de cet éthos soient ainsi mises en relief, c’est surtout des utilisations politiquement intéressées qui en ont été et qui en sont faites dont il est ici question. Mots clés anthropologie politiquez tradition; représentations sociales; rituels; Rajputs; Inde. Abstract Being a critical perspective on the concept of Tradition, this study argues that the diachronic understanding of society can’t go without the critical and contextual scrutiny of the ongoing semiotic batties existing in the social spaces that define the ideological reaims bearing on the relationships between structures and agency. In this regard, I analyse the ideological ethos of the royal and warrior Tradition of the Rajputs of Rajasthan in some of its socio-historical and ritual aspects. Thus, the structural dimensions of this ethos are brought up to light, but overali it is specifically the political uses social agents have made and make ofthis ethos that concems us here. Keywords political anthropology; tradition; social representations; rituals; Rajputs; India. Table des Matières Résumé iii Abstract iv Table des matières V Remerciements Vii I.Introduction 1 A. Sujet et problématique de recherche f B. Cadre de réflexion théorique et définitions conceptuelles 4 C. Méthodologie 9 II. L’éthos Rajput 10 A. Éléments de socialisation à l’éthos régalien et guerrier Rajput Il B. Exemples de cas 30 1. Khalapur; Uttar Pradesh 31 2. Rajendra Singh; Rajasthan 35 3. Indrasingh; Gujarat 39 C. Bilan provisoire 45 III. Modalités historiques de l’expression et de l’utilisation politique de l’éthos Rajput 49 A. Origines et légitimation politique des rapports de pouvoir au Rajputana: naissance de «Traditions» de caste Rajput 51 1. Processus de l’émergence socio-historique des Rajputs du Rajasthan : Colonisation et Rajputisation 51 2. Sources et modalités de légitimation politique des nouveaux régimes dynastiques Rajput 54 3. Ethos Rajput et rapports de pouvoir au Rajputana 59 4. «Grande» et «Petite Tradition» Rajput 70 B. Éthos Rajput et colonialisme britannique en Inde 73 1. Mouvements de protestation: résurgence du banditisme au nord de l’Inde et mutinerie dejagirdars 76 2. Le Col. Britannique lames Tod et l’influence de ses représentations de l’éthos Rajput dans Annaïs andAntiquities ofRajasthan 79 3. L’armée indo-britannique: «races martiales» et manuels de recrutement 81 4. Eléments de la reconfiguration des représentations de I’ honneur 93 C. Éthos Rajput et éléments des réformes agraires et politiques post-1947 95 1. L’implantation des réformes agraires au Rajasthan et certaines de leurs conséquences sur les statuts économiques et politiques des Rajputs 96 2. Eléments de la vie politique du Rajasthan post-1947: dissolution de la solidarité de caste Rajput 101 3. Nouvelles modalités d’expression 109 IV. Éthos Rajput et rituels régaliens et martiaux contemporains 112 A. Éthos Rajput et Déesse 113 1. Navratra et Dasara à Jodhpur 115 2. Nourrir: le sacrifice de la mort au combat des héros Rajput 117 3. Protéger: le culte des héros Rajput 119 B. Identifications et négociation statutaires contemporaines: récits et chansons de héros 121 1. Maha Singh; Mewar 122 2. Jaswant Singh; Jasol 124 3.Kama 125 C. Rituels régaliens à Jodhpur 127 1. funérailles d’un souverain 128 2. Matampursi 131 3. Darbar 133 V. Conclusion 139 VI. Glossaire 143 VII. Bibliographie 149 Remerciements Mon estime et mes sincères remerciements vont d’abord à mon directeur, Guy Lanoue, pour sa disponibilité, ses encouragements, les pistes de réflexion sur lesquelles il m ‘a lancé, ses perspectives critiques, et aussi pour ne pas avoir hésité à me faire part, aux moments opportuns, des points d’ombre dans ma démarche intellectuelle de recherche. John Leavitt, mon co-directeur, a aussi apporté sa contribution consfructive à la réalisation de ce mémoire, ceci notamment en m ‘ayant mis au parfum de certaines des dimensions de la culture populaire de l’Inde, ainsi qu’en n ‘ayant eu de cesse d’insister pour m ‘intégrer dans son réseau de contacts académiques. Il a ma reconnaissance. Je m ‘en voudrais de passer ici sous silence l’importance considérable qu ‘a eue Deirdre Meintet dans l’enrichissement de mon parcours académique à Ï ‘Université de MontréaÏ. Ses qualités intellectuelles et humaines sont nombreuses, attssi vais-je me limiter à la mention de quelques-une d’influence: sens critique, habileté à susciter des discussions et débats d’idées, ouverture d’esprit, empathie. Également, pour leurs encouragements: ma famille. Enfin, discussions stimulantes, débats sérieux et pas trop sérieux: Bruno forand, Mathieu Barsalou, Michelle Bakker. La réalisation de ce mémoire futfacilitée par le soutien financier du FQRSC pour les années académiques 2 003-2004 et 2004-2005. I. Introduction «Suppose I’m lying in my bouse and you tbrow a stone at me. The first time, I may flot notice; the second time I may look up to see if you are having a game with me or what; but the third time, I’ll pick il up and fling it straight in your face. Tbat’s what we believe: flot to 5e easily provoked, but ready to fight once we are.>) -Amar Singh, Rajput du disfrict d’Udaipur (Carstairs 1957: 109) «Then the Thakur [i.e. jagirdarJ of Joabnir came and as is bis habit started showing bis knowledge. He told [BritishJ Col. Cole that this was the place where the Kachwahas [clan Raj put du royaume de Jaipur] had won a great victoiy. I had flot heard of this and asked who they had won this against. He said the Meenas [MinasJ. I laughed at this and told him that he ought to be ashamed of giving out these things. They ought rather to 5e hidden. The Kachwahas had given the Meenas a feast and plied them well with drink and then butchered them in their unconscious sleep... He said that the Rathors [clan Rajput des royaumes de Jodhpur et Bikaner] had done the same when they took Pali from the Brahmins. I said they had done nothing of the sort. They had been asked by the Brahmins to become their rulers and even if what you say is true they do flot at least brag of it as a victoiy. Then he asked me how the Rathors had taken Mandore. I said that it was given to Chundaji in dowiy. Re said that such things were not accepted in dowry. I said that everything was acceptable that a father-in-law would give. Rad he flot accepted a dowiy when he was married? He said that was different. I said that it was not. On this he began taiking about a Kachwaha that had fought after bis head had been cut off.
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