Ancient Civilizations

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Ancient Civilizations 1 Chapter – 1 Ancient Civilizations Introduction - The study of ancient history is very interesting. Through it we know how the origin and evolution of human civilization, which the cultures prevailed in different times, how different empires rose uplifted and declined how the social and economic system developed and what were their characteristics what was the nature and effect of religion, what literary, scientific and artistic achievements occrued and thease elements influenced human civilization. Since the initial presence of the human community, many civilizations have developed and declined in the world till date. The history of these civilizations is a history of humanity in a way, so the study of these ancient developed civilizations for an advanced social life. Objective - After teaching this lesson you will be able to: Get information about the ancient civilizations of the world. Know the causes of development along the bank of rivers of ancient civilizations. Describe the features of social and political life in ancient civilizations. Mention the achievements of the religious and cultural life of ancient civilizations. Know the reasons for the decline of various civilizations. Meaning of civilization The resources and art skills from which man fulfills all the necessities of his life, are called civilization. I.e. the various activities of the human being that provide opportunities for sustenance and safe living. The word 'civilization' literally means the rules of those discipline or discipline of those human behaviors which lead to collective life in human society. So civilization may be called a social discipline by which man fulfills all his human needs. Causes of development of ancient civilizations along the rivers - In different places of the world, man developed his civilization along major rivers and nearby river basins, keeping in mind all the needs of life. There are many reasons for the development of human civilization in the form of their habitat on the banks of the river like - (a) Availability of water and food (b) safety concerns (c) animal husbandry (d) suitable climate (e) accessible access to metals (f) means of transport. Due to the above reasons, various ancient civilizations of the world have developed along river banks only. The Indus-Saraswati civilization along the Indus-Saraswati rivers, the civilization of Egypt in the valley of Nile, Persian civilization on the banks of the Dajla-Farrats, the development of Chinese civilization along the Hwang Ho and Siqiang rivers. For centuries, these civilizations developed, flourished along these rivers. 1.1 Vedic civilization The ancient civilization that which developed in the region which is called Sapta Sendhav region is Vedic civilization. The main source of information about this civilization and culture is 2 Vedas. The scholars have called the people who have developed this Vedic civilization as Aryans and these Aryans have been described as the founders and administrators of Vedic civilization. Some scholars have also said that Aryans came from outside Bharat from the North Pole, Central Asia, Tibet or Europe, but with current archaeological and historical evidence it has been proved that Aryans were originally an inhabitant of Bharat. Interpretation of the word Arya - The word 'Arya' literally means 'superior' or “the residents born in best kul”. Actually, the good-natured man who is a true and scientifically-behaved man is 'Arya'. The father of the Vedic civilization was such a cultured persons of Bharat. This was the human community, who developed the advanced living of the present system and culture and developed its advanced lifestyle. Vedic Literature - Arya scholars who have composed the literature is known as 'Vedic literature'. Vedas are four in number Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda. Each Veda has a commentry and is associated with each commentaries are Brahman, Aranyak and Upanishad, which are the fundamental sources of Vedic religious rituals, philosophical principles and spiritual knowledge respectively. Based on the Shruti tradition, Vedas are terme Apaurusheya which have been compiled by the wise sages through mantras. Features of Vedic Civilization (A) Political organization – In the beginning the political organization of the Aryans and the administrative system was in infancy. On the basis of blood relations, Kutumb or kul, family were organized. Family was the smallest unit. Gram was formed by group of many families. Some village- groups were called 'vish'. Many groups of vish were called 'janas'. Its head was called Rajan, Gopa or Rakshak. Rajan, though supreme in the state and his vote being universally accepted was not selfish, autocratic and anti-national. There were democratic institutions called 'Sabha' and 'Committee'. Regional states emerged in place of small tribal states due in course of time. Now in place of the democratic political organization, monarchical political organizations began to grow and the status of the king, its power and authority increased. Many district states were established in Bharat. In such districts, Kuru, Panchal, Gandhara, Kaikya, Bhadra, Kashi, Kalinga, aang, Magadha, Lichchavi, Malla, Avanti, Kaushal, Shivi etc. were the main district. The coronation ceremony of the king was done according to rules, which is mentioned in the literature of this era. (B) Social life - The social life of Rigvedic Aryans was simple, natural, based on equality and was holy. (1) Varna system - There is no discrimination found in the Vedic society. The Varna system was popular in society. Varna are considered four in number-Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra. Each man was free to choose a business according to his capacity and personal interest. This Varna system was on karma based not birth. Thus the initial form of the caste system was very good. (2) Family - Family was the smallest and most important unit of the Vedic society and the state. The joint family and patriarchy were the main features of this age. The elder man of the family was the head or the 'gharapati'. There was the embodiment of love, kindness and sympathy towards all the relatives. Marriage in this age was a sacred and religious ritual. The presence of both wife and husband in religious rituals was expected. Marriage was performed in nature age. (3) Women status – There was a sense of respect for women. There was definitely a patriarchal society but the girl was given enough affection and authority in the family. The daughters also had the right to initiate education as a son. Many women were famous for their Scholorly merits. Maitrei, Gargi, Lopamudra, Vishwavara, Apala, Ghosha etc. are mentioned as women scholars. 3 (4) Ashram system - After considering the ideal age of man in Vedic period of 100 years, it is divided in four equal parts and mentionsedthe ashram system. They were divided into Brahmacharya, Grihasta Vanprasta and Sanyasa Ashram. The objective of the ashram system was to make man a partner for society and to achieve the four greatest purusharth of human life - Religion, Dharma, Artha, Kama, Moksha. (5) Foods Ornaments and utensils - The main diet of the people of Vedic period was specially, milk and curd, ghee, yogurt etc. In addition, barley, wheat, urad, rice were used. In this period, men and women used to wear beautiful, attractive clothes, and ornaments. Clothing was manufactured from cotton, wool, silk and deersrkin Both men and women liked to wear ornaments. Jewelry was made of gold and silver. (C) Economic life Generally, the Vedic civilization was a rural one. There is also evidence of commerce and trade along with agriculture and animal husbandry. (1) Agriculture and Live Stock - Agriculture was the main source of livelihood of Aryans. Two oxen were harnessed in plowshouses. There was more dependence on rainfall. Wells and canals were also arranged for irrigation. Cow, elephant, horse, buffalo, deer, sheep, goat and ass were reared as pets. The cow was considered as the center of holy and economic prosperity. The cow was said to be protected as “Avadhya”.. (2) Art Craft and Industry - In the Vedic period, the business was primarily practiced by goldsmiths, blacksmiths, sailors, charioteers, rangers, magnets etc. The cow was considered a unit of value. The word 'Hiranya' was used for gold metal, used to make jewelery or gold coins (Nishk) etc. 'Bhishak' (vadya) is described as trying to connect broken bone. (3) Business and Trade - In Vedic period trade was done through water and road routes. The business of grain, textiles, and leather was prosperous. The word 'Panni' was used for the trader, who was rich and prosperous. (D) Religious life - The religion of the people of the Vedic age was simple. They considered natural powers as divine powers and worshiped them. The Vedic people propitiated the deity and wished for happiness, peace and prosperity. They used to delight the gods by prayer, praise and sacrifice. Indra, Sun, Fire, Vaayu, Usha, Varuna, Vishnu, Prithvi and Jupiter were the chief deities. In 'Rig Veda' Yajna is said to be the world's place of union with the gods. Yajna was of two types, Nitya Yajna and Naimittik Yagya. Textual questions Answer the following questions - 1. Write the name of any two wise women of Vedic times. 2. Who was called 'Vish'? 3. What is the meaning of the word 'Arya'? 4. Name four major Vedas? 1.2 Indus Saraswati civilization Indus saraswati valley civilization holds an important place in ancient river valley civilizations of the world. The origin of the Indus River is believed to be from the glacier located north of Kailash Mansarovar in Tibet. The origin of the river Saraswati is believed to be from the hills of Shivalik. Presently the Saraswati River does not exist physically. Due to changes in the geo- 4 structure it became extinct. Due to not being present in existence, some scholars have considered the Saraswati River as mere imagination, but the photographs taken by geo satellite have now been discovered and the flow of the Saraswati river has now been detected and it is still flowing in the form of the Antah Salila.
Recommended publications
  • Paper Teplate
    Volume-04 ISSN: 2455-3085 (Online) Issue-05 RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary May-2019 www.rrjournals.com[UGC Listed Journal] Shakti Worship, Shaktipithas and Seats of Solanki Period in Gujarat Dr. Vanrajsinh Chavada (M.A , Ph.D.) ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. Introduction The copperplate inscriptions of the Maitraka period When archaeological material was available only to a contain references to serveral temples of Goddesses such as small extent, the early scholars in Gujarat tried to trace Pandura and Kottammahika at Trisangamaka, the earliest antiquity of the prevalence of Shakti-worship in Gujarat mainly references belonging to the reign of King Dronsinha (circa 500 based on the traditional accounts. Many of them were given in to 520 A.D.). the purans or puran-khandas of late origin, while some others were transmited orally through generations. Thus, epographic references allude to the prevalence, of th goddess-temples in Gujarat since 6 cent.A.D. The prevalence of shakti-worship in Gujarat probably received an impetus from Devi-mahatmya given in The evidence of sculptural remains in the form of Markandeya Puran. The origin of the worship of the Goddeess goddesses leads us to trace the antiquity of Shakti worship in in Gujarat can be traced to the primitive tribe of the Bhils and Gujarat still earlier. Excavations at Amerli have yielded two nd that it received further impetus through the Nagars and Jadeja icons of goddesses. The earlier one dated to 2 cent.A.D., is a Rajputs. However, he could not trace any evidence for its fragmentary stone-bust of a goddess holdinga spear in her prevalence in Gujarat before 1000 A.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Memoirs on the History, Folk-Lore, and Distribution of The
    ' *. 'fftOPE!. , / . PEIHCETGIT \ rstC, juiv 1 THEOLOGICAL iilttTlKV'ki ' • ** ~V ' • Dive , I) S 4-30 Sect; £46 — .v-..2 SUPPLEMENTAL GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN THE NORTH WESTERN PROVINCES. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 https://archive.org/details/memoirsonhistory02elli ; MEMOIRS ON THE HISTORY, FOLK-LORE, AND DISTRIBUTION RACESOF THE OF THE NORTH WESTERN PROVINCES OF INDIA BEING AN AMPLIFIED EDITION OF THE ORIGINAL SUPPLEMENTAL GLOSSARY OF INDIAN TERMS, BY THE J.ATE SIR HENRY M. ELLIOT, OF THE HON. EAST INDIA COMPANY’S BENGAL CIVIL SEBVICB. EDITED REVISED, AND RE-ARRANGED , BY JOHN BEAMES, M.R.A.S., BENGAL CIVIL SERVICE ; MEMBER OP THE GERMAN ORIENTAL SOCIETY, OP THE ASIATIC SOCIETIES OP PARIS AND BENGAL, AND OF THE PHILOLOGICAL SOCIBTY OP LONDON. IN TWO VOLUMES. YOL. II. LONDON: TRUBNER & CO., 8 and 60, PATERNOSTER ROWV MDCCCLXIX. [.All rights reserved STEPHEN AUSTIN, PRINTER, HERTFORD. ; *> »vv . SUPPLEMENTAL GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN THE NORTH WESTERN PROVINCES. PART III. REVENUE AND OFFICIAL TERMS. [Under this head are included—1. All words in use in the revenue offices both of the past and present governments 2. Words descriptive of tenures, divisions of crops, fiscal accounts, like 3. and the ; Some articles relating to ancient territorial divisions, whether obsolete or still existing, with one or two geographical notices, which fall more appro- priately under this head than any other. —B.] Abkar, jlLT A distiller, a vendor of spirituous liquors. Abkari, or the tax on spirituous liquors, is noticed in the Glossary. With the initial a unaccented, Abkar means agriculture. Adabandi, The fixing a period for the performance of a contract or pay- ment of instalments.
    [Show full text]
  • Destination Rajasthan, Delhi & Agra
    © Lonely Planet Publications 15 Destination Rajasthan, Delhi & Agra Here is India at its high-definition, surround-sound best. Prowling tigers, swaying elephants, hot and spicy bazaars, fabulous festivals, stunning saris and twisted turbans; all a pageant of colour and curiosity set against a back- drop of desert sands, secluded jungles, marble palaces and impenetrable stone forts. FAST FACTS This book also celebrates the Golden Triangle – a traveller’s trigonometric Population Rajasthan: survey of emblematic India. Starting at the daunting megametropolis of 56.5 million Delhi with its majestic Mughal heritage, it then angles towards Agra, where Population Delhi: 12.8 the world’s most famous tomb, the Taj Mahal, defines a city, before heading million to Jaipur, the city painted pink with a palace of winds and bustling bazaars, and the gateway to Rajasthan. Population Agra: 1.3 Covering an area 342,236 sq km, about the size of Germany, Rajasthan million represents 10.4% of the Indian landmass, with much of it embracing the Thar Population Growth Rate: Desert, a vast area of heat, dunes and dust. The chronic drought of recent 2.5% times has accelerated migration from the parched agricultural lands to the GDP growth rate: 9% already overburdened cities. In recent years, Rajasthan’s life-giving monsoon has become less and less Inflation: 5.2% predictable, and the desperate scarcity of rain has affected people’s liveli- Unemployment: 5.5% hoods as well as the greater environment. For those who remain on the No of camels: 400,000 land, it has become a battle for survival.
    [Show full text]
  • GIPE-010149.Pdf
    THE PRINCES OF INDIA [By permission of the Jlidor;a f- Albert 1lluseum THE CORONAT I O); OF AN Ii:\DI AN SOVE R E I G:\f From the :\janta Frescoes THE PRINCES OF INDIA WITH A CHAPTER ON NEPAL By SIR \VILLIAM BAR TON K.C.I.E., C.S.I. With an Introduction by VISCOUNT HAL IF AX K.G., G.C.S.l. LONDON NISBET & CO. LTD. 11 BER!'\ERS STllEET, 'W.I TO ~IY '\'!FE JJ!l.il ul Prir.:d i11 Grt~ Eri:Jill liy E11.u::, Wa:.:ctl 6- riney, W., L~ ad A>:esbury Firs! p.,.;::isilll ;,. 1;34 INTRODUCTION ITHOUT of necessity subscribing to everything that this book contains, I W am very glad to accept Sir William Barton's invitation to write a foreword to this con .. tribution to our knowledge of a subject at present occupying so large a share of the political stage. Opinion differs widely upon many of the issues raised, and upon the best way of dealing with them. But there will be no unwillingness in any quarter to admit that in the months to come the future of India will present to the people of this country the most difficult task in practical statesmanship with which thet 1hive ever been confronted. If the decision is to be a wise one it must rest upon a sound conception of the problem itself, and in that problem the place that is to be taken in the new India by the Indian States is an essential factor. Should they join the rest of India in a Federation ? Would they bring strength to a Federal Government, or weakness? Are their interests compatible with adhesion to an All-India v Vl INTRODUCTION Federation? What should be the range of the Federal Government's jurisdiction over them? These are some of the questions upon which keen debate will shortly arise.
    [Show full text]
  • Government of India Ministry of Tourism
    GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF TOURISM LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO.†1407 ANSWERED ON 01.07.2019 SCHEMES FOR ECO-TOURISM †1407. SHRI RAMCHARAN BOHRA: SHRI JANARDAN MISHRA: SHRI HEMANT TUKARAM GODSE: SHRI D.K. SURESH: SHRI MANOJ TIWARI: SHRI REBATI TRIPURA: SHRI VIJAY KUMAR DUBEY: Will the Minister of TOURISM be pleased to state: (a) whether the Government has any proposal/sanctioned projects to promote Eco-Tourism in the country and if so, the details thereof, State/UT-wise; (b) the details of the status of projects and the steps taken by the Government in various States/UTs to promote eco-tourism including Madhya Pradesh, Delhi/NCR, Uttar Pradesh and North-Eastern States; (c) whether the Government has any scheme for training in the area of ecotourism to make it popular and made any special efforts for development of Human Resources in the far flung, hilly and backward areas of the country; (d) the Central financial assistance released to various States/UTs during the last three years along with the details of funds actually spent in this regard, State/UT-wise and year- wise; (e) whether the Government has received proposals from various State Governments for development and promotion of eco- tourism and if so, the details thereof and the status of such proposals along with the employment and revenue generated therefrom during the last three years; and (f) whether the Government is considering to provide forest land to start more projects to increase places of tourist interest in hilly areas of the country and if so, the details thereof? ANSWER MINISTER OF STATE FOR TOURISM (INDEPENDENT CHARGE) (SHRI PRAHLAD SINGH PATEL) (a) to (f): Ministry of Tourism has identified Eco circuit as one of the fifteen thematic circuits for development under the Swadesh Darshan Scheme.
    [Show full text]
  • (Uttar Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam Limited, Haryana) Evening Session
    Adv. No. 1/2019 Cat. No. 01, Junior Engineer (Electrical) (Uttar Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam Limited, Haryana) Evening Session Q1. निम्ि शब्द का पर्ाार्वाची शब्द बताइर्ᴂ | िेत्रजल A. दाख B. विलोचन C. आँसू D. अंशू Q2. निम्ि शब्द का ववपरीत (ववलोम) अर्ा बताइर्ᴂ | भाव A. प्रभाि B. अभाि C. स्िभाि D. अहमभाि Q3. िीचे ललखᴂ गर्े शब्द का एकवचि बिार्ᴂ| आररर्ⴂ A. आरी B. अरर C. आरर D. आररर Q4. िीचे ललखᴂ गर्े शब्द का बहुवचि बिार्ᴂ। पत्र्र A. पत्थरौ B. पतथरⴂ C. पत्थरⴂ D. पतथ्रⴂ Q5. िीचे ददर्े गर्े मुहावरे का उचचत अर्ा बतार्ᴂ | दीि दनु िर्ा से जािा A. कही का न रहना B. मर जाना C. घर से भाग जाना D. दखु ी होना Q6. __________ is the synonym of "INSANE." A. Sensible B. Insecure C. Foolish D. Meaningless May 1, 2019 Page 1 of 24 Adv. No. 1/2019 Cat. No. 01, Junior Engineer (Electrical) (Uttar Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam Limited, Haryana) Evening Session Q7. __________ is the antonym of "UNIQUE." A. Common B. Only one of a kind C. Dull D. Unusual Q8. Identify the meaning of the idiom in the sentence. "He ran off the stage at the drop of a hat." A. Instantly B. Happily C. Slowly D. Stylishly Q9. Sentence given below may contain one or more mistakes. Identify the correct sentence. "He always reach late for school." A. He always reaches late to school. B. He always do reach late for school.
    [Show full text]
  • Modi Launches Rs One Lakh Cr Fund for Farmers
    WWW.YUGMARG.COM FOLLOW US ON REGD NO. CHD/0061/2006-08 | RNI NO. 61323/95 Join us at telegram https://t.me/yugmarg Monday, August 10, 2020 CHANDIGARH, VOL. XXV, NO. 184, PAGES 8, RS. 2 YOUR REGION, YOUR PAPER Haryana CM CM dedicates Rajasthan CM Loyalty above Manohar Lal projects worth confident of everything, launches Anti- Rs. 80 crore in Sullah proving can't wait Bullying campaign of area; Inaugurates PHC majority in for what's to building at Daroh Assembly session Faridabad police come': Kohli on IPL 2020 PAGE 3 PAGE 5 PAGE 6 PAGE 8 Modi launches Rs One lakh cr fund for farmers AGENCY cility of Rs 1 lakh crore under the Agri- their produce, as they will be able to store NEW DELHI, AUG 9 'Kisan Rail' scheme to culture Infrastructure Fund." and sell at higher prices, reduce wastage "In this programme, the sixth install- and increase processing and value addi- Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Sun- benefit farmers ment of the assistance amount under tion. Rs 1 lakh crore will be sanctioned day launched the financing facility of Rs NEW DELHI: Prime Minister Narendra 'PM-Kisan scheme' will also be released. under the financing facility in partnership 1 lakh crore under Agriculture Infra- Modi on Sunday said that the "Kisan Rail" Rs 17,000 crores will be transferred to with multiple lending institutions," read structure Fund and releases the sixth in- scheme will benefit farmers of the entire the accounts of 8.5 crore farmers. The a release by the Prime Minister's Office Badnore tests country as they would be able to sell their stallment of funds under the Pradhan produce in urban areas.
    [Show full text]
  • L'éthos Régalien Et Guerrier Des Rajputs Du
    ‘ i? /7. 3 3 . £ Université de Montréal L’Éthos Régalien et Guerrier des Rajputs du Rajasthan: représentations, rituels, et changement social par Hugo Deschamps Département d’ anthropologie Faculté des arts et des sciences Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l’obtention du grade M.Sc. (Maître ès sciences) en anthropologie octobre 2005 ‘; Copyright Hugo Deschamps, 2005 ?‘ (I» R \u Université ttI de Montréal Direction des bibliothèques AVIS L’auteur a autorisé l’Université de Montréal à reproduire et diffuser, en totalité ou en partie, par quelque moyen que ce soit et sur quelque support que ce soit, et exclusivement à des fins non lucratives d’enseignement et de recherche, des copies de ce mémoire ou de cette thèse. L’auteur et les coauteurs le cas échéant conservent la propriété du droit d’auteur et des droits moraux qui protègent ce document. Ni la thèse ou le mémoire, ni des extraits substantiels de ce document, ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement reproduits sans l’autorisation de l’auteur. Afin de se conformer à la Loi canadienne sur la protection des renseignements personnels, quelques formulaires secondaires, coordonnées ou signatures intégrées au texte ont pu être enlevés de ce document. Bien que cela ait pu affecter la pagination, il n’y a aucun contenu manquant. NOTICE The author of this thesis or dissertation has granted a nonexclusive license allowing Université de Montréal to reproduce and publish the document, in part or in whole, and in any format, solely for noncommercial educational and research purposes. The author and co-authors if applicable retain copyright ownership and moral rights in this document.
    [Show full text]
  • District Survey Report of Jalore District 1.0 Introduction
    District Survey report of Jalore District 1.0 Introduction The district derives its name from the town of Jalore, which is the headquarters of the district administration. District is located between latitudes 24º 37’ 00” to 25º 49’ 00” and longitudes 71º 11’00” to 73º 05’00” with an area of 10,640 Sq. kms (3.11% of the State). The district is part of Jodhpur Division. The district is composed of five sub-divisions viz. Jalore, Ahore, Bhinmal, Sanchore, Raniwara which cover seven tehsils viz: Jalore, Ahore, Bhinmal, Sanchore, Raniwara, Sayala, Bagora and seven blocks viz: Jalore, Ahore, Bhinmal, Sanchore, Raniwara, Sayala & Jaswantpura. Total number of villages in the district is 802 and it also has 3 urban towns. Total population of the district as per Census 2011 is 1828730 with male and female population of 936634 and 892096 respectively. Administrative divisions of Jalore district are depicted in the index map (Fig. 1). 2.0 Rainfall & Climate Average annual rainfall (1971-2012) of the district is 445.4 mm. However normal rainfall for the period 1901 to 1970 is 400.6 mm. The annual rainfall gradually decreases from southeastern part to northwestern part. Climate of the district is dry except during SW monsoon season. The cold season is from December to February and is followed by summer from March to June. Period from mid of September to end of November constitutes post monsoon season. The district experiences either mild or normal drought once in two years. Severe type of drought has been recorded at Ahore block. Most severe type of drought has been recorded at Bhinmal, Sanchore & Jaswantpura blocks.
    [Show full text]
  • 3-Art-Of-Indus-Valley.Pdf
    Harappan civilization 2 Architecture 2 Drainage System 3 The planning of the residential houses were also meticulous. 4 Town Planning 4 Urban Culture 4 Occupation 5 Export import product of 5 Clothing 5 Important centres 6 Religious beliefs 6 Script 7 Authority and governance 7 Technology 8 Architecture Of Indus Valley Civilisation 9 The GAP 9 ARTS OF THE INDUS VALLEY 11 Stone Statues 12 MALE TORSO 12 Bust of a bearded priest 13 Male Dancer 14 Bronze Casting 14 DANCING GIRL 15 BULL 16 Terracotta 16 MOTHER GODDESS 17 Seals 18 Pashupati Seal 19 Copper tablets 19 Bull Seal 20 Pottery 21 PAINTED EARTHEN JAR 22 Beads and Ornaments 22 Toy Animal with moveable head 24 Page !1 of !26 Harappan civilization India has a continuous history covering a very long period. Evidence of neolithic habitation dating as far back as 7000 BC has been found in Mehrgarh in Baluchistan. However, the first notable civilization flourished in India around 2700 BC in the north western part of the Indian subcontinent, covering a large area. The civilization is referred to as the Harappan civilization. Most of the sites of this civilization developed on the banks of Indus, Ghaggar and its tributaries. Architecture The excavations at Harappa and Mohenjodaro and several other sites of the Indus Valley Civilisation revealed the existence of a very modern urban civilisation with expert town planning and engineering skills. The very advanced drainage system along with well planned roads and houses show that a sophisticated and highly evolved culture existed in India before the coming of the Aryans.
    [Show full text]
  • Important Lakes in India
    Important Lakes in India Andhra Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Kolleru Lake Dal Lake Pulicat Lake - The second largest Manasbal Lake brackish – water lake or lagoon in India Mansar Lake Pangong Tso Assam Sheshnag Lake Chandubi Lake Tso Moriri Deepor Beel Wular Lake Haflong Lake Anchar Lake Son Beel Karnataka Bihar Bellandur Lake Kanwar Lake - Asia's largest freshwater Ulsoor lake oxbow lake Pampa Sarovar Karanji Lake Chandigarh Kerala Sukhna Lake Ashtamudi Lake Gujarat Kuttanad Lake Vellayani Lake Hamirsar Lake Vembanad Kayal - Longest Lake in India Kankaria Sasthamcotta Lake Nal Sarovar Narayan Sarovar Madhya Pradesh Thol Lake Vastrapur Lake Bhojtal Himachal Pradesh www.OnlineStudyPoints.comMaharashtra Brighu Lake Gorewada Lake Chandra Taal Khindsi Lake Dashair and Dhankar Lake Lonar Lake - Created by Metoer Impact Kareri and Kumarwah lake Meghalaya Khajjiar Lake Lama Dal and Chander Naun Umiam lake Macchial Lake Manipur Haryana Loktak lake Blue Bird Lake Brahma Sarovar Mizoram Tilyar Lake Palak dïl Karna Lake www.OnlineStudyPoints.com Odisha Naukuchiatal Chilika Lake - It is the largest coastal West Bengal lagoon in India and the second largest Sumendu lake in Mirik lagoon in the world. Kanjia Lake Anshupa Lake Rajasthan Dhebar Lake - Asia's second-largest artificial lake. Man Sagar Lake Nakki Lake Pushkar Lake Sambhar Salt Lake - India's largest inland salt lake. Lake Pichola Sikkim Gurudongmar Lake - One of the highest lakes in the world, located at an altitude of 17,800 ft (5,430 m). Khecheopalri Lake Lake Tsongmo Tso Lhamo Lake - 14th highest lake in the world, located at an altitude of 5,330 m (17,490 ft).
    [Show full text]
  • Indian Archaeology 1976-77 a Review
    INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1976-77 —A REVIEW EDITED BY B. K. THAPAR Director General Archaeological Survey of India ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA GOVERNMENT OF INDIA NEW DELHI 1980 Cover: 1, decorated terracotta tile from Harwan (p. 94) ; 2, copper-plate from Anekannambadi (pp. 59-60) ; and 3, inscribed seal from Sanghol (pp. 78-79). 1980 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA GOVERNMENT OF INDIA Price : Rs. 65-00 PRINTED AT NABA MUDRAN PRIVATE LTD., CALCUTTA, 700 004 PREFACE This issue of the Review for 1976-77, like its twenty-three earlier ones, includes matter on the archaeological activities in the country during the previous year. The matter, as is well known, has come from diverse sources—State Departments of Archaeology, Universities, museums, research institutions and laboratories and the various offices of the Archaeological Survey of India—and I gratefully acknowledge the cooperation of all those whose contributions have been incorporated here. In the course of sorting and editing this vast mass of material, which is ever expanding, some errors are likely to creep in, and if there are any, I must apologize for them. At the same time I feel that if the contributors could supply their respective reports in the format followed in the successive issues of the Review, we may perhaps be able to eliminate possible inaccuracies; this, incidentally would also help us in bringing out the publication on time. I heartely thank my colleagues in the Archaeological Survey of India who have helped me in bringing out this volume, this being the fourth within a span of just one year.
    [Show full text]