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12. Joshina Jamwal InternationalInternational MultidisciplinaryMultidisciplinary e-Journal e –Journal/ Author : Joshina Jamwal. ISSN 2277 (102-110) - 4262 Development of Transport and Its Concern in Jammu and Kashmir from 1881 to 1947 Joshina Jamwal, Ph.D.Research Scholar, History Department : Jammu University. Paper Received on: 24/09/2014 Paper Reviewed on: 24/09/2014 Paper Accepted on: 27/9/2014 Abstract The present paper expounds the meaning, development and advancement in the system of transport and its multi-faceted role in the pursuit of development objectives. In initial my paper concern with the factors on which the development of transport depends i.e., funds of country and its geography; as in the development of transport, the geography of concerned state has an important aspect . Later the paper deals with the various means of transport like Inland water transport, road transport , railway transport and civil aviation which is significant in Jammu and kashmir state as it involves difficult terrain. Also we see, how transport gave impetus to local as well as the foreign trade and how transport accelerated the economic development of trade which is the backbone of the economy. The other impact of transport was the increase in the influx of tourists and how the tourism bridge the gap between people of different countries. So, we came to conclude that a region which is planning for growth require adequate transportation facilities. So in nut shell, sound policy and good governance led the state of Jammu and Kashmir to a faster development path. keywords -Transport, Development, Geography, Trade, Tourism, Economy. INTRODUCTION The present day world has shrunk due to the advancement in the system of transport. Development of efficient system of transport is the prerequisite for the speedy and balanced economic development of the state. The development of transport depends upon the physical, historical, economic and the political facts. In general, the transport network involves the transfer of people, commodities and information over space. Transportation has been an important activity of the man since the primitive ages.s www.shreeprakashan.com Vol-III, Issue-IX, Sept-2014. Page 102 International Multidisciplinary e –Journal/ Author : Joshina Jamwal. (102-110) Transport system plays a many faceted role in the pursuit of development objectives. It is an effective instrument of socio economic change. There is hardly any area of development which has not been influenced by transport system. History of the development process reveals that transport has been one of the leading sectors in the growth process of developed economies. Transport system is a mirror which reflects the progress of the nation. The modern civilization is the offspring of modern means of transport on which depends economic prosperity, social welfare and political strength of a country. The movement of men and material from one place to another is termed as "Transport". Transportation is the life and blood of human existence; so speedier and efficient the means of transport; the better is the development in every sphere. But the development of transport greatly depends upon the geographical factors and the funds of a country. Like other hilly regions, the state of "Jammu and Kashmir" is one of the least developed state. No doubt, because of undulating terrain, the transport of the state cannot be developed to the extent as it can be developed in the plain areas, yet some fruitful results can be gained. The first Himalayan state of India, Jammu and Kashmir is divided into mainly three regions, the foothill plains of Jammu, the lakes and blue valleys of Kashmir and the beautiful mountains of Ladakh . It is one of the largest states of the Indian Union. It holds an important position strategically and holds an exalted status by virtue of its scenic beauty. The state has a predominant place as it is bounded in the North and North -West by Himalayan mountains and it shares the international boundary with Pakistan and China. So, in view of the state's strategic position in the defense of India, any system of transport has to consider this important aspect also. Jammu And Kashmir State is one of the states where the level of socio-economic development remains far from satisfactory. In the far flung areas and in the district of Leh and Kargil of Ladakh region ; ponies, yak, mules and donkey are largely used as the means of transport. In the mountaineering and in the inaccessible areas even one can see man carrying goods from one place to another on their back. It is the transport which helps human beings in removing this unwarranted barrier of physical separation and "enables a given flow of resources to produce greater results". www.shreeprakashan.com Vol-III, Issue-IX, Sept-2014. Page 103 International Multidisciplinary e –Journal/ Author : Joshina Jamwal. (102-110) Since time immemorial, means of transport have also been changing according to the changed conditions and requirements. In the days of yore, human beings themselves transported their commodities from one place to the other. If we study the history of transportation, we find that the progress of the human race has followed closely the growth and development of transportation. As man had to move from one place to other place in search of food, he instinctively decreed comfort and tried various means for carrying himself and his food as rapidly and comfortably as he could. Firstly, he walked on his feet carrying his load on his shoulders or back. Then he domesticated animals like horses, donkeys, bullocks and camels to carry himself and his loads. But the-discovery of wheel was the most significant milestone in the development of transport system. Vehicles of different types were mounted on wheels to be drawn first by man and animals, and then by engines. In this way, routes were improved. Earlier for visit to Punjab, the people of Kashmir followed one of the three routes which took two to three weeks to cover the distance. The first was the "Murree route''. The second was the "Pir Panjal route" which was followed centuries ago by the Mughal emperors and was styled as "the Imperial route". It was the favourite route of the Mughal emperors and the remnants of Sarais were also seen almost at every halting place. The third was the "Poonch route". This was however not much used, being difficult one. Among the various types of means of transport ; the cheapest mode of transport both overlong and short distance was the Inland Water Transport. Water transport has quite significant role in Kashmir valley since ancient times. But in Kashmir valley one can notice a meagre presence of water transport. As inland navigation is almost insignificant in the state, the river Jhelum or the Vyeth in Kashmir is navigable from Khanabal to Baramullah and even today the people transport "sand" to different areas lying on the banks of river. Since the majority of Kashmir villages are located on the river banks, the river transport is of much significance. On the other hand, the rivers passing through the Jammu territories are tempestuous. They donot offer any large scope for the water transport. During the rainy season the Chenab river flow so turbulent that all navigation comes to a Standstill. The Ranbir Canal, which is taken out from Chenab river at Akhnoor in 1911 was opened for navigation throughout its length upto Jammu and this carried much merchandise. www.shreeprakashan.com Vol-III, Issue-IX, Sept-2014. Page 104 International Multidisciplinary e –Journal/ Author : Joshina Jamwal. (102-110) Next mode of transport is "the Road Transport" , which is one of the most crucial sectors in Jammu and Kashmir state and is the vital infrastructure and dominant mode of transport for the growth and development of the economy of the country. At Present, though roads have treaded into many parts of the state yet there are many such remote corners where man has yet to welcome the arrival of road transport. Still wheelless carts are deployed for carrying goods on rising plains and undulating slopes. But Road transport plays an important role in the overall transport system of the country. It carried thirty-three percent (33%) of commercial goods traffic and sixty-one percent (61%) of the commercial passenger traffic. A look at a map reveals that about ninety percent (90%) of the roads are found in Jammu region and Kashmir valley. If we turn the pages of the history of roads development in the Jammu and Kashmir state, we find that during Dogra period (1846-1947), there were only few roads which acted as the life line in the state. Maharaja Gulab Singh (1846-1857), the founder of Jammu and Kashmir state, could not do much to improve the affairs of state. The need for the development of road was first felt in the closing years of Ranbir Singh's reign (1857-1885), when the great famine of 1877-79 in Kashmir occurred. The rain fell so heavily for three months that the crops were completely ruined and a number of villages were devasted and the result was the direful calamity. The effects of famine lasted long and the valley did not recover from this famine. The famine took an enormous toll of human life and it has been calculated that three-fifths of the total population of the valley perished. People died because the government experienced the utmost difficulty in transporting grains in the absence of vehicular roads. When Maharaja Ranbir Singh came to the throne, roads were unknown in the state. There were only ''Bridal Paths'' connecting Jammu with the Kashmir Valley and some other distant places. To prevent the rigour of famines in future, Ranbir Singh took interest in the development of transport.
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