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Home , Anthony Lake, Brent Scowcroft, David Geffen, Dillon Anderson, Gordon Gray (politician), Guy Oseary

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THE SECRETARY-GENERAL

21 February 2003

Dear ,

Your voice has not only brought enjoyment to millions of people; it has spoken up on behalf of those people who need it most, and it has been heard by those who most need to hear it. It has drawn attention in the world's richest countries to debt, poverty and AIDS in the world's poorest countries. It has thereby helped increase the chances for millions of people to build better lives.

That is why I consider myself fortunate to count you as an ally and a friend. And that is why I am delighted to extend my warmest congratulations to you on being named the Musi Cares Person of the Year for 2003. This recognition is more than richly deserved. After all, ever since you started your drop-the-debt-campaign, many, many people — myself included — have been indebted to you.

Yours sincerely,

JCofrA. Annan

Bono Dublin !UOi DEC 31 a«B HB NATIONS UNIES

CO«TAU AODflBSS ADBRS0B POSTALE. UNITttD NATIONS, H.Y. IOOIT CABLK ADDRKM ADRCMI TILIOBArHIQUIr UNATION* NKWVOIIK

EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE 9ECRETAAY.OKNCIIAL CABINET DU SECRETAIRE GENERAL

RBFKHKNCKi

12 December 2002

Dear Ms. Kalev,

Further to your letter of 30 October to the Secretary-General, I have pleasure in sending you a letter of commendation in honour of Bono, along with our best wishes for a successful event.

Yours sincerely,

Edward Mortimer irector of Communications

Ms, Dorit Kalev Senior Project Coordinator MusiCares Santa Monica MusiCares*

I PERSON OF October 30, 2002 THE YEAR

UN Secretary General Kofi Annan Office of the Spokesman for the Secretary-General BOARD OF DIRECTORS Hank Neuberqer United Nations, S-378 Chairman , NY 10017 Linda Moran Wee President Paul Tsuchiya Secretary/ Treasurer Dear General Annan, Joe Benincasa Les Bider Leslie Ann Jones Miller London OjlSunday, Fgl^aj^jJ!^ Michael Melvoin Sidney Miller, Jr. Ne\^Ygjk and vyiN.be hejd atMadisonJJguare Garden.

ADVISORY COUNCIL Roger Ames One of the most prestigious events held during GRAMMY Week is the MusiCares Person of the Polly Anthony Jeff Ayeroff Year Tribute and we are extremely pleased to announce that.Bon.Qf. lead singer of the Val Azzoli !. rock group , will b_e.bflaoxed...asJbe..2.QQ3 Person of the Year Martin Bandier Marilyn Bergman New York Marriott Marquis Hotel. Chris Blackwell Jay Boberg John Branca Tony Brown It is our hope that you will write a tetter of Commendajjanjfri honor of Bono that will be Allen Butler Pierre CosseUe pmrningntLyjJOsiiiQnejdi in Ihfi.fronfsectjpn of the evening's Tribute Journal. There is no Clive Davis Freddy DeMann doubt that your participation in our salute to Bono will be very meaningful to him. Tim DuBois Richard Foos Bono is being presented with this illustrious music industry award in recognition of his musical Tom Freston Joe Galante accomplishments and humanitarian endeavors. Over the years, he has been an active David Geffen Gary Gersh supporter of the international Jubilee 2000 Drop The Debt Campaign, which seeks to forgive David Glew Danny Goldberg the unpaid debts of the world's poorest countries. He has used his fame to focus media Don lenner Jimmy lovine attention on debt, poverty and AIDS in and to get access to the world's most powerful Bob Jamieson Mel Karmazin politicians. This year, he helped lobby for an increase in overseas aid to Africa, which resulted Alain Levy Tommy LiPuma in an extra $5 billion a year in aid for poor countries. Bono also spent two weeks on a widely Roy Lott publicized trip with U.S. Treasury Secretary Paul O'Neill to Ghana, South Africa, Uganda and Roland Lundy Jeff McClusky Ethiopia to make the case for more money for AIDS treatment and to fight poverty. Bono, along Leslie Moonves Doug Morris with 's Sir Bob Geldof, is currently involved in setting up a network called DATA Thomas Mottola Jim Ed Norman (Debt, AIDS, Trade in Africa) that will target the governments of wealthier nations to increase Guy Oseary Mo Ostin resources and improve their policies toward African countries. Richard Palmese Frances Preston Phil Quartararo Sylvia Rhone We look forward to receiving your Letter of Commendation in honor of Bono and if you have Fred Rosen Hilary Rosen any questions, please call me at 310-392-3777 ext. 345. Please make sure to send the original Al Schlesinger Jerry Shared letter in a large flat envelope no later than Friday, December 27. When \vriting the letter, Tom Silverman Ernie Singleton please date it February 21, 2003 and personally address it to Bono. Seymour Stein Howard Stringer James Stroud Jim Swindel Best regards, John Sykes Jonathan Tisch Steve Vining Strauss Zelnick Dorit Kalev PAST PERSON OF THE YEAR HONOREES Senior Project Coordinator Ouincy Jones Natalie Cole

3402 PICO BOULEVARD. SANTA MONICA, CALIFORNIA 90405 TEL 310.392.3777 FAX 310.392.5148 THE SECRETARY-GENERAL

6 January 2003

Dear Lincoln,

I write to thank you for sending me a copy of your article "The Triangular Foreign Policy Machine". This highly enlightening piece is not only an excellent guide to understanding the intricacies of the Beltway, past and present; it is also a thoroughly enjoyable read.

Let me also take this opportunity to wish you a very happy New Year.

Yours sincerely,

Kofi A. Annan

Professor Lincoln Bloomfield Center for International Studies Institute of Technology Cambridge

EOSG/CENTRAL a-//,2, THE TRIANGULAR FOR POLICY MACHINE: AN ILLUSTRATED THUMBNAIL HISTORY BY LINCOLN BLOOMFIELD

Every modern U.S. administration has itively encouraged two potent secretaries of evolved a special relationship among the state — the towering World War II Army Chief three top foreign policy figures — pres- of Staff General George C. Marshall, and the ident, secretary of state, and national formidably mustachioed—and brainy — Dean security adviser. The first part of the Acheson. By the way, according to a 1930s 21st century features a low-key presi- report, assistants were supposed dent catapulted into high-octane leader- to have a "passion for anonymity.1'Today this is a ship, a universally-admired secretary of joke. But who can name the first proto-National state, and an extraordinarily articulate Security Adviser (Sidney Souers)?This demon- adviser. Occasionally— strates an early Model B. as now — a vice-president or secretary Dwight Eisenhower, like Truman, was of defense plays a pivotal role. But, in brighter and more decisive than he appeared to general, the chemistry that dominates the naked eye. As a former army general, how- the drama is that of the core triangle. ever, he was accustomed to delegating authority. Professor Bloomfltld History provides an intriguing backdrop to the Secretary of State (though process as it unfolds in real time. not his successor, the gentlemanly Christian The history of this relationship is not long. Herter) was determined to dominate the for- The National Security Council and its staff were eign policy machinery, repelling all boarders invented in 1947, and the national security with his sharp bureaucratic cutlass. (His clout adviser (NSA) was formally hatched in 1953 was nicely illustrated when, as a junior State with the title of Assistant to the President for Department apparatchik, I had to move out so National Security Affairs. The NSA concept is top arms control negotiator (and presidential relatively new. But competitive behavior at the candidate) could squeeze into top is not. was at odds with my little office as part of his punishment for his .vice-president, Aaron Burr; Abraham upstaging Dulles in .) Again, does any- Lincoln often struggled with Tiis ambitious one know the names of Eisenhower's Model B secretary of state, William Seward; and Franklin NSAs? (, , Roosevelt increasingly ignored his secretary of ). 1961 changed everything. A state and dealt directly with fellow Ivy-Leaguer great sucking sound was heard as both policy- Under Secretary of State Sumner Welles. making and information flowed unimpeded into The Beltway triangle conies in two models. John F. Kennedy's White House vortex. Under my Model A, activist presidents prefer a Secretary of State let it be known tractable secretary of state, along with a potent that his goal was to "get foreign policy off the NSA to enforce the presidential will. front pages."That reflected Rusk's modesty and Conversely, Model B features a less assertive unencumbered personality. But it was clearly White House, a muscular secretary of state, and not the aim of either the new president or his a relatively invisible NSA. In short, reducing youthful staff. complexity to S(trong) vsW(eak): Ps = Ns + Harvard Dean McGeorge Bundy had been Sw, but Pw = Nw + Ss. How does this square recommended to Kennedy as perhaps the with the half-century record? Harry Truman was a simple man, but a better president than Uncoh P. Bloompeld is Professor of Political Science, comparisons with his outsize predecessor Emeritus, at MIT. He served in the State Department for Franklin D. Roosevelt made it seem. But eleven years, and later was Director of Global Issues at the because Truman lacked the usual Washington National Security Council. He is author or co-author of a quotient of affect, he not only tolerated but pos- dozen books on .

FALL 2002 Jets! 20 brightest person in the , which State Department decided to set up its own may have been close to true. Bundy presided gaggle of advisory committees. As an MIT over a new complex in the West professor, I was appointed to one of them. Wing basement, eventually complete with glob- Secretary of State William Rogers hosted a al communications, computer terminals, print- lunch for the members, and I was seated next to ers, secure fax machines and other real-time him. I was astqnished to note his deep tan and machinery to ensure that never again would the unlined visage, which stood out among his White House have to wait for State, Defense, whey-faced staff. It was public knowledge that and CIA to decide what cable traffic deserved he was being systematically excluded from the top-level attention. The effect was to further top table by the White House, and often went boost the purposeful switch to Model A. home early. The sensible "Rogers Plan" for the . • In a rare exception, Kennedy's Pentagon in 1971 was one of his few attempts sometimes acted as the third corner of the top to escape from his gilded policy cage, and policy triangle, thanks to the high-voltage char- Kissinger relates in his memoirs how that plan acter of Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara was quickly squashed. Kissinger also confesses and Assistant Secretary Paul Nitze (as Deputy to mistreating Rogers, thus managing to enjoy both sin and confession. In the pre-Watergate •••••••••IBMBHBBBBBHBBMMHHBBBBnBBHBEBBBi Nixon administration, Model A was ascendant. In 1973, post-Watergate Nixon appointed Harvard Dean McGeorge Bundy had been Kissinger to secretary of state. For a while, the recommended to Kennedy as perhaps the brightest latter ^ manaSed ? ^g °n *? ^^ •* *• l u position, leaving his deputy, retired Air force person in the United States, which may have been Lt. Gen. , to manage things in the West Wing basement (the NSA now occu- Close to true. pies a splendid first floor corner office). But the — administration switched from Model A to B when, thanks to the web of deceit in which the NSA Rostow confided plaintively, Oval Office was entangled, the United States "We want State to take responsibility, but we found itself with a weak president, an NSA can't get them to do it?). We see a slightly without sharp elbows, and a stronger-than-ever

r amended Model A. secretary of state. It would be difficult to find anyone more President , a decent man lacking hands-on than Lyndon Baines Johnson or his an outsize ego, was America's only appointed national security' advisers Bundy and-then president.. For these, and other, reasons he Rostow. At the same time, Rusk's paradigm of relied heavily on Secretary of State Kissinger, behavior was the stately General Marshall, who Brent Scowcroft was Ford's NSA, and the State- waited to advise the president until others had dominated Model B still ruled, left the room. Rusk remained a baffling, The Carter administration saw the re-emer- Buddha-like figure to the hard-driving White gence of Model A, with a president engaged to House staffers who never left the room, and the point of extensive marginal comments on Model A once again had no real competition. papers that percolated upward. NSA Zbigniew In the first Nixon administration, the presi- Brzezinski, like Kissinger brilliant and articu- dent and his NSA set out to late, quickly dominated the process. Secretary completely dominate the national security appa- of State didn't throw in the towel ratus. A -cradle of inter-agency committees as Rogers had under Nixon, but he was badly was established, with NSA Kissinger chairing out-pointed (as was his short-term successor each one of them. Despite president-elect ). In 1980, Vance did what few Nixon's declaration that Harvard Professor cabinet officers do when they feel stiffed on pol- Kissinger would operate quietly in the back- icy. He resigned over the Iranian hostage rescue ground, a media star was born. mission, against a background of prior indigni- During the Nixon years, an underweight continued on next page FALL 2OO2 BHHBKET ft out of major decision-making with the seeming assent of an inattentive president (Model A minus?). When the dust of scandal had settled over a weakened presidency, Secretary of State ties and frustrations. Sadly gone now, Vance played a somewhat stronger represented that raw aris, an uncomplicated hand, producing a kind of Model B minus. man of principle. President George H.W. Bush brought Brent Brzezinsfci, being a gentlemen, treated Scowcroft back as NSA, and made Vance with courtesy, but believed that only he a strong Secretary of State. But given Bush's had what it took to formulate the big strategic long experience in foreign affairs as well as concepts — which he largely did. Vance, also Scowcroft's, the balance was narrowly tilted being a gentleman, forbore to complain pub- back toward Model A White House primacy, licly. Early in my NSC service, as Brzezdnski, his continuing after staff assistant, and I -were showering in a West replaced Baker. Wing locker room after a tennis game, Zbig The Clinton administration presented the was having trouble covering a Sunday talk show. unusual spectacle of a triangle in which, for a When I innocently suggested that Vance time, none of the three was particularly pro- undertake the chore, the look from the other active. Other than trade issues, the President two'naked bureaucrats spoke volumes about chose not to focus on foreign policy, despite my naivete. campaign rhetoric foretelling drastic changes in The Reagan Administration is hard to ana- U.S. policy in China and the Balkans. His first lyze given its parade of NSAs (Richard Allen, NSA was the self-effacing , in the William Clark, Robert McFarlane, John Scowcroft mold (Tony Lake had in fact resigned Poindexter, , and ) from Kissinger's NSC staff in 1970 over the under a president disengaged from the bombing of Cambodia). Secretary of State details of policy. After an unedifying start with , who had served as Vance's Deputy in the 1970's, was a fine, cautious lawyer, even more unassertive than Vance. When the lively, outspoken Madeleine Brzezinski, being a gentlemen, treatedVance with Albright took over from Christopher it looked courtesy, but believed that only he had what it took as if State might take the lead. But as Clinton became more involved in diplomacy in the to formulate the biff strategic concepts — which he Middle East and Northern Ireland, while man- aging military attacks in the Gulf, Bosnia, and largely did. Kosovo, his sturdy NSA Samuel Berger helped put the White House once more in the lead. State Secretary Jr., the Current history, both global and bureau- decision-making model became even murkier cratic, is still in first draft. For a definitive take with Irangate, when NSAs McFarlane and on the Bush II triangle, stay tuned, m Poindexter cut the state and defense secretaries

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