Number 21 April 2004 BAKER INSTITUTE REPORT NOTES FROM THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY OF RICE UNIVERSITY

BAKER INSTITUTE CELEBRATES ITS 10TH ANNIVERSARY

Vice President Dick Cheney was man you only encounter a few the keynote speaker at the Baker times in life—what I call a ‘hun- See our special Institute’s 10th anniversary gala, dred-percenter’—a person of which drew nearly 800 guests to ability, judgment, and absolute gala feature with color a black-tie dinner October 17, integrity,” Cheney said in refer- 2003, that raised more than ence to Baker. photos on page 20. $3.2 million for the institute’s “This is a man who was chief programs. Cynthia Allshouse and of staff on day one of the Reagan Rice trustee J. D. Bucky Allshouse years and chief of staff 12 years ing a period of truly momentous co-chaired the anniversary cel- later on the last day of former change,” Cheney added, citing ebration. President Bush’s administra- the fall of the Soviet Union, the Cheney paid tribute to the tion,” Cheney said. “In between, Persian Gulf War, and a crisis in institute’s honorary chair, James he led the treasury department, Panama during Baker’s years at A. Baker, III, and then discussed oversaw two landslide victories in the Department of State. the war on terrorism. presidential politics, and served “There is a certain kind of as the 61st secretary of state dur- continued on page 24

NIGERIAN PRESIDENT REFLECTS ON CHALLENGES FACING HIS NATION

President Olusegun Obasanjo of the Republic of Nigeria observed that Africa, as a whole, has been “unstable for too long” during a November 5, 2003, presentation at the Baker Institute. “We need the rest of the world, but the rest of the world will help us only when we are ready and willing to help ourselves,” he asserted. Obasanjo underlined the need for Africans to believe in themselves as agents of change, a process that will entail, at least in part, “African home-grown solu- continued on page 26 President Olusegun Obasanjo of the Republic of Nigeria (left) is greeted by James A. Baker, III.

1 LETTER FROM THE DIRECTOR SUMMIT SHOWCASES TEXAS PLAN Background on the sponsor- ing institutions and organiza- In its first decade tribute to the National Energy Plan of As we embark on new initia- TO ENHANCE EARLY CHILDHOOD tions: as a nonpartisan, the United States. The research pro- tives, we will continue to build on EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT • The Baker Institute for university-based gram will help to develop sustainable the important research programs Public Policy of Rice think tank, the long-term alternatives to burning fos- under way at the institute. The A public policy plan to improve university researchers, and busi- University helps bridge the sil fuels for the world’s energy supply Transnational China Project, initi- Baker Institute is early childhood education and ness leaders throughout Texas gap between the theory and solidly establish- and, in the process, inspire American ated by the Rice faculty, seeks to development (ECED) for all were invited to the two-day sum- practice of public policy by ing itself through youth to pursue careers in the physi- expand the study and influence children in Texas so they will be mit to learn more about and help drawing together experts its research cal sciences and engineering. of the transnational circulation of ready to learn by the time they refine the Texas Plan to Enhance from academia, govern- programs. Focusing on key domestic With the Texas Medical Center, people, technologies, commodities, enter kindergarten underwent Early Childhood Education and ment, media, business, and and foreign policy challenges, it has we are collaborating on societal fac- and ideas in Chinese societies, with review at the Baker Institute Development. This long-range nongovernmental organiza- become a leading forum for visiting tors and public policies affecting particular attention to their emerg- January 22–23. policy plan capitalizes on current tions, while also involving national and foreign leaders. It has population health. In 2005, we are ing middle class. Our regional More than 200 advocates of knowledge about the insepa- students with the policy successfully reached out to local, planning to initiate, in collabora- conflict-resolution programs have early care, health, and education, rable connection between young makers and scholars. national, and international audiences tion with Baylor College of Medicine focused on Arab–Israeli issues, the elected officials, representatives children’s everyday experiences, • The Texas Program for through its Internet and telecommu- and other major institutions of the Western Sahara, and Nagorno- from governmental agencies, continued on page 28 Society and Health is an nications facility. Thanks to its many Texas Medical Center, an important Karabakh. These projects involve interinstitutional collabora- generous supporters and donors, the program that will address public academic research, study groups tion among Rice University, Baker Institute now has a firm finan- policy issues in the U.S., such as the to formulate foreign policy recom- Baylor College of Medicine, cial base on which to build its future. cost of medical care, with particular mendations, and participation in University of Houston, the While the Rice University faculty is attention to the multitude of factors the conflict-resolution process. The University of Texas Health the main resource for the institute’s that distort and inflate these costs. post-conflict Iraq study and the Science Center at Houston, research program, the endowed Another major initiative we have U.S.–Syria dialogue are examples of and the University of Texas visiting Baker Institute fellows and begun this year is our Tax Policy the work being done in this field. M.D. Anderson Cancer scholars enhance our work by their Program. This long-term study will Other ongoing research programs Center. Its mission is to expertise in the public, private, and create a new body of innovative eco- include the Houston Task Force on improve population health through research, public academic sectors. nomic research that will inform the Terrorism, drug policy, and the role policy proposals, community We set the institute’s research debate on tax and expenditure policy of religion and culture in public action programs, and train- course on the principle of com- reform issues in academia and the policy. ing, all with a sharp focus parative advantage: Namely, what policy world. These current and future on the social factors and resources do we have in place at Given our geographic setting, research programs of the Baker The summit on the Texas Plan to Enhance Early Childhood Education and Development featured experts from throughout Texas. societal conditions that pro- Rice University, in Houston, and we initiated the Americas Project, Institute deal with some of the duce health. which is a collaborative effort with most relevant and important public the Southwest that we can build on? • The Texas Early Childhood Houston, the “energy capital of the the Organization of American States policy issues of our time. We will Education Coalition brings world,” prompted us to establish a that brings together emerging lead- remain focused on what we can do together foundations, busi- now-thriving strategic energy studies ers from Latin America to discuss best, and we are inspired by the nesses, providers, universi- program that addresses key supply issues of major importance to the challenges we face to continue to ties, advocates, community and demand, security, and geopoliti- hemisphere. Building on this initia- bring a meaningful voice to public groups, and organizations cal issues worldwide. Looking ahead, tive, we have launched the United policy debate and formulation in committed to building a we are initiating The New Energy States–Mexico Border Project. This our country over the next decade. statewide network on early Research Program. In close col- will be a long-term study of the geo- care and education and laboration with Rice’s Institute for political, economic, cultural, and soci- identifying common goals Nanoscale Science and Technology, etal implications of such key issues that will provide a vision and

the Baker Institute is planning a bold as immigration, security, water, and Alvin Tarlov, senior fellow in health policy at the Baker Institute and executive director of the Texas plan for early childhood in new energy research program to con- environment. Edward P. Djerejian Program for Society and Health, discusses the Texas Plan to Enhance Early Childhood Education and Texas. Development.

2 3 TOWN HALL MEETING FOCUSES ON HOMELAND BUSH SELECTS BAKER TO LEAD EFFORT TO SECURITY RESTRUCTURE IRAQ’S DEBT

The Council for Excellence in President George W. Bush debt,” Bush said in a statement nation at its moment of hope and Government held its fourth town appointed James A. Baker, III, issued by the White House on promise. James Baker’s vast eco- hall meeting on “Homeland honorary chair of the Baker December 5, 2003. “The future nomic, political, and diplomatic Security from the Citizen’s Institute, as his personal envoy of the Iraqi people should not be experience as a former secretary Perspective” at the Baker Institute on the issue of Iraqi debt. mortgaged to the enormous bur- of state and secretary of the trea- February 3. The series of meet- “Secretary Baker will report den of debt incurred to enrich sury will help to forge an interna- ings and workshops is a critical directly to me and will lead an Saddam Hussein’s regime. This tional consensus for an equitable new initiative designed to engage effort to work with the world’s debt endangers Iraq’s long-term and effective resolution of this and connect citizens, first governments at the highest prospects for political health and issue.” responders, volunteer and civic levels with international orga- economic prosperity. The issue of Baker has met with leaders organizations, businesses, govern- nizations and with the Iraqis Iraq’s debt must be resolved in a in Europe, the Middle East, and ment officials at federal, state, in seeking the restructuring manner that is fair and that does Asia since his appointment. and local levels, and representa- and reduction of Iraq’s official not unjustly burden a struggling tives from academia to focus on Asa Hutchinson (third from left), under secretary of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security for border citizen’s concerns and develop and transportation security, was among the panelists for the town hall meeting on “Homeland Security public policy recommendations from the Citizen’s Perspective.” for action by the key players involved in implementing home- rorist attacks than a year ago and and 100 percent luggage screen- land security strategies. certainly more secure than before ing, he assured everyone that The Baker Institute’s found- the attacks on the World Trade the Department of Homeland ing director, Edward Djerejian, Center. He cited the fact that the Security was a great catalyst for welcomed the group by noting U.S. had identified several poten- even more changes that will make that prior to 9/11, the Baker tial terrorist plots prior to the Americans safer. Observing that Institute had established a task Super Bowl in Houston February one of the greatest concerns force from the City of Houston, 1, resulting in the cancellation of Americans have is the coordina- Harris County, and the Texas airline flights in London, Paris, tion and sharing of information Medical Center to study and and domestically. He also defend- among various local, national, make policy recommendations ed the new U.S.-VISIT program and international agencies, he for local responses in the event of in which most foreign visitors said that although the teamwork a terrorist attack or a natural or to the U.S. on a visa have their aspects have greatly improved, accidental catastrophe. two index fingers scanned and there is still a need to concen- Moderated by Patricia digitally photographed to verify trate on the technical barriers McGinnis, the president of their identity at the port of entry. to improving security. “People, the Council for Excellence in While the program has been process, and technology are the Government, the distinguished highly controversial, Hutchinson foundational pillars of homeland panel was anchored by Asa said, “We have identified over 30 security,” he added. Hutchinson, under secretary criminal aliens trying to enter the Other panelists included of the U.S. Department of U.S. illegally since the scanning Robert Eckels, director of Homeland Security for border began.” the Harris County Office of Noting that airline safety has Emergency Management; U.S. special envoy James A. Baker, III, left, shakes hands with French president Jacques Chirac at the Elysee Palace in Paris while on a European mission in and transportation security. December 2003 to win support for Iraq’s reconstruction. (AP Photo/Michel Euler) Hutchinson told the capacity been increased greatly, includ- Herminia Palacio, executive audience that he believed the ing passenger screening, locked nation is more secure from ter- and reinforced cockpit doors, continued on page 30

4 5 “CHANGING MINDS, WINNING PEACE” ADDRESSES POLICY ADVISERS LOOK AT GAP BETWEEN SCIENCE CHALLENGE OF U.S. DIPLOMACY IN ARAB AND AND SOCIETY

MUSLIM WORLD Today’s United States policymak- Technology, and Public Policy need for increased funding for ers are challenged by a set of Program at Harvard University’s research into both alternative “The United States today lacks problems that are global in scope John F. Kennedy School of energy technologies—particularly the capabilities in public diplo- “Public diplomacy requires a seriousness and and require unprecedented inter- Government and a former hydrogen—as well as the need for macy to meet the national securi- national coordination of scientific member of President Clinton’s a serious commitment to develop- ty threat emanating from political and technical resources, as well as Council of Advisers on Science ing new energy-conserving tech- instability, economic deprivation, commitment that matches the gravity of our a decades-long commitment. and Technology. nologies like solid-state lighting. and extremism, especially in the For example, trillions of dol- “We need to think about the But competition for science Arab and Muslim world,” stated a lars are needed to research, potential for political tensions resources is fierce, and major report from the Congressionally approach to national defense and traditional develop, and deploy new forms of and upheavals that result from new initiatives aren’t likely to get mandated U.S. Advisory Group sustainable, clean energy within energy strategy inadequacies or funded at the federal level any on Public Diplomacy for the Arab state-to-state diplomacy.” the next few decades if the world energy policy blunders that cre- time soon, said keynote speaker and Muslim World, chaired by is to avoid the worst consequenc- ate or perpetuate economic or John Marburger, the director Baker Institute director Edward es of global warming. But despite environmental impoverishments,” of the Office of Science and Djerejian. national interest by informing, Surveys show that Arabs and the urgent need to act, the very Holdren said, “because those Technology Policy at the White Djerejian presented the engaging, and influencing people Muslims oppose U.S. policies, size and scope of the problem has impoverishments are among the House. group’s report to the House around the world. “Public diplo- particularly those related to the led to intractable political debate, most fundamental and enduring “In the immediate future, bud- Appropriations Committee and macy requires a seriousness and Arab–Israeli conflict and Iraq. miring policymakers at precisely causes of tension and conflict in get difficulties are going to make to the Administration October 1, commitment that matches the But the group’s mandate was the time when decisive action is the world in which we live and it hard to change patterns of 2003. Titled “Changing Minds, gravity of our approach to nation- strictly limited to public diplo- needed. the future world into which we support very much. But there are Winning Peace,” the report rec- al defense and traditional state-to- macy, which, the group argued, Dozens of the nation’s leading are moving.” priorities, and this administration ommended new approaches in state diplomacy,” said Djerejian, could help reduce the increasing science policy advisers gathered A number of speakers pointed is determined to make those pri- structure, resources, and pro- who was asked by Secretary of hostility that “makes achieving at the Baker Institute November to the intricate connection orities apparent,” Marburger said. grams to meet the challenge to State Colin Powell to chair the our policy goals far more diffi- 1–2, 2003, to discuss this dilemma between national security, energy, Several conference partici- national security interests in Arab advisory group. cult.” and others that confront policy- environment, and science policy, pants, including Nobel Laureate and Muslim countries. The 13-member bipartisan Although the group praised makers as they try to deal with particularly as it relates to depen- Rick Smalley at Rice, called for According to the advisory advisory group was formed the Department of State, the lead complex issues like the prolif- dence on oil. continued support of nanotech- group, a new White House office in June 2003 after Congress agency in public diplomacy, for eration of nuclear weapons, the “American science and tech- nology as a means of developing should be created to promote the became concerned about grow- its dedicated work with available environmental impacts of the use nology policy will have a pivotal novel new materials, not only for ing animosity toward the United resources, the group noted that of fossil fuel, the conflict between influence on whether the world new energy and energy-conserv- States, especially among Arabs “a process of unilateral disarma- the need for foreign scientists will become increasingly depen- ing technologies, but for informa- and Muslims abroad. The group ment in the weapons of advocacy and stricter visa controls for dent on Middle East oil in the tion technology and healthcare traveled to Egypt, Syria, Senegal, over the last decade has con- homeland security, and the U.S.’s coming decades,” Baker Institute as well. The president’s science Morocco, Turkey, France, and tributed to widespread hostility decreasing number of science, director Edward Djerejian told adviser echoed that, saying nano- the United Kingdom and held toward Americans, which has left math, and engineering graduates. the group. “War in the Middle technology remains a high prior- videoconferences in Indonesia us vulnerable to lethal threats to A major theme of the con- East, the recent political distur- ity for the Bush Administration. and Pakistan to investigate the our interests and our safety.” ference involved the dilemma bances in Venezuela and Nigeria, “The remarkable, inexorable U.S. public diplomacy programs The report stated, “In this of energy’s central role in both emerging environmental pres- convergence of nano-, info- and toward the Arab and Muslim time of peril, public diplomacy is economic prosperity and envi- sures—all these events under- biotechnologies is a major driver During a January 20 presentation at the Baker world. absurdly and dangerously under- ronmental disruption, a theme score the need for new, more for [administration] priorities,” Institute, Director Edward Djerejian discusses the The group was told during funded, and simply restoring “Changing Minds, Winning Peace” report issued established early the first day secure sources of energy.” Marburger said. by the congressionally mandated U.S. Advisory its trip that if America does not Group on Public Diplomacy for the Arab and in a keynote address by John Several speakers and panelists define itself, the extremists will. Muslim World, which he chaired. continued on page 29 Holdren, director of the Science, at the meeting highlighted the continued on page 32

6 7 AUTHOR AMOS OZ ADVOCATES MUTUAL EXPERTS GATHER AT BAKER INSTITUTE TO MAKE RECOGNITION AND CO-EXISTENCE BETWEEN ISRAELIS RECOMMENDATIONS FOR COMMERCIAL SPACE POLICY

AND PALESTINIANS The U.S. government needs to $12.4 billion market in 1998 to 36 about your licensing request, so work with the aerospace industry percent in 2002. the buyer can’t schedule a launch Amos Oz, a leading contributor to make regulations on export To understand such a dra- date very far in advance,” said to the Geneva Accord and promi- control efficient, fair, transpar- matic decrease in sales, workshop Neal Lane, University Professor, nent figure in the Israeli “Peace ent, and responsive, according to participants discussed the issues senior fellow in science and tech- Now” movement, was an unapolo- Bernard Schwartz, keynote speak- and problems associated with nology at the Baker Institute, and getic proponent for what he iden- er for a workshop on commercial commercial space development. professor of physics and astrono- tified as a reasoned approach to space policy and development at Because satellite licensing in my. the current political crisis in the the Baker Institute September the U.S. was transferred to the “Potential customers are more Middle East during his November 17–18, 2003. Department of State from the likely to be lured by competitors 7, 2003, lecture at the Baker Schwartz, chairman and Department of Commerce in in European countries where they Institute. CEO of Loral Space and 1999, commercial satellites were do not have to worry about such Born in Jerusalem in 1939 and Communications Ltd., addressed reclassified as munitions and restrictions,” said George Abbey, educated at both the Hebrew 25 other prominent space indus- placed under the International senior fellow in space policy at University of Jerusalem and the try executives and government Traffic in Arms Regulations the Baker Institute. University of Oxford, Oz is a full and academic space experts from (ITAR), which pose restrictions “If the U.S. is really going to professor who holds the Agnon Amos Oz around the world at the work- on the exchange of technical maintain a leadership role, we Chair of Hebrew Literature at The writer of 18 books and to tell the truth.” Unable to share shop, which was co-hosted by the data. have to do some things different- the Ben-Gurion University of the more than 450 articles and essays the optimism and ideological Baker Institute and the American In addition to limiting the ly,” Abbey said. “What we achieve Negev in Beer-Sheva. During the that have been published in 30 certainties of his country’s found- Academy of Arts and Sciences. information that satellite mak- in space will be very dependent 50th anniversary year of Israel’s languages in more than 35 coun- ing generation and disturbed by Citing statistics from the ers in the U.S. can export to on our international relation- independence, Oz was given his tries, Oz has been described by current Israeli–Palestinian leader- Satellite Industry Association, buyers in other countries, ITAR ships.” country’s highest literary honor, Newsweek as “a kind of Zionist ships that he believes are charac- Schwartz noted that America’s lacks clearly defined deadlines. Most workshop participants the Israel Prize for Literature. Orwell . . . determined, above all, terized by a “lack of vision, lack of share of global satellite sales “You don’t know when the state agreed that for the United States imagination, and lack of political dropped from 64 percent of the department will issue its decision to remain competitive in the courage,” Oz spoke on behalf commercial satellite business, of an Israeli–Palestinian com- those satellites should be treated promise to be based on mutual as communication devices, not recognition and co-existence munitions, and be governed between Israel and a Palestinian again by the Department of state in the West Bank and Gaza. Commerce. Regulations on such Calling the current political technology need to be more spe- relationship between Israeli Jews cific and include a timetable for and Palestinian Arabs a “tragedy,” the decision-making process so Oz uses the term as he sees it dra- buyers can predict when they will matically expressed in the plays know whether a deal can be com- of Shakespeare and Chekhov. pleted. “Tragedy” in the Middle East, Oz Another concern addressed at said, is “a clash between right and the workshop was evidence that right . . . a clash between one very the traditional plans to use space powerful, very convincing claim for peaceful purposes might be Economist and philosopher Amartya Sen, who won the 1998 Nobel Prize in economics, spoke on . . . and another no less powerful, “Globalism and Democracy” at the Baker Institute November 11, 2003. Prominent space industry executives and government and academic space experts from around the world continued on page 33 attended the Baker Institute’s workshop on commercial space policy and development. continued on page 31

8 9 THE SPACE PROGRAM: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE CZECH PRIME MINISTER ADVOCATES STRONG

This past year was one of great came in 1961, and just seven Program and the Baker Institute TRANSATLANTIC RELATIONS historical significance. Not years later, in 1968, an astronaut Student Forum on December 8, The reality of domestic and thought of as a security umbrella only did it mark the 10th anni- was in orbit around the moon— 10, and 11, 2003. months ago, to help protect sol- foreign terrorism has created to crouch under, but rather as versary of the Baker Institute, just 65 years after the first pow- The first astronaut to fly in diers and the civilians against the an even greater imperative for a security system with multiple but December 17 was also the ered flight—and seven months space six times, Captain John use of weapons of mass destruc- stable and strong transatlantic and mutual obligations,” he 100-year anniversary of pow- after that, man landed on the Young (USN, Ret.), shared tion and to alleviate the effects of relations, according to Vladimir said. “Were it not for NATO, the ered flight at Kitty Hawk, North moon. memories of his Gemini, Apollo, a potential attack by these weap- Spidla, prime minister of the slaughter in the Balkans might Carolina—an event that had But while 2003 had important and space shuttle missions as he ons. Czech Republic, who spoke at have continued to this date, with great significance to all human- historical significance, it was also presented “To the Moon and Spidla asserted that NATO the Baker Institute July 1, 2003. hundreds of thousands more kind and provided the founda- a year of tragedy for the space Back: Reflections on the Apollo could do more in fighting the ter- European countries can serve people dead. This is something to tion that allowed humans to program, with the loss of the Program” December 8. rorist threat. He acknowledged as an example of close coopera- remember and to be proud of.” travel 240,000 miles in space to Space Shuttle Columbia and its Young was selected as an astro- that Europe and the United tion though security structures the moon and return safely to gallant crew on February 1. In naut in 1962 and has played a States continue to differ in such such as the North Atlantic Treaty Earth. In addition, this past year view of this traumatic event and role in every human spaceflight areas as support for the Kyoto Organization (NATO), he said. marked the 35th anniversary of concerns about the space pro- program since that time. His first Protocol and abolition of the The Czech Republic, although “Were it not for NATO, the historic flight to the moon gram on the part of the adminis- mission was on the maiden flight death sentence. But, Spidla said, a new country in the wake on Apollo 8, and a very memo- tration, Congress, and the nation, of the Gemini spacecraft in March these differences must not inhibit of the division of the former rable Christmas Eve reading of it was timely to review where we 1965 with Virgil Gus Grissom. He the slaughter in the collaborative efforts. He also Czechoslovakia federation, has scripture—as Frank Borman, Jim have been in space, where we are flew a second Gemini flight in July stressed that an exclusive focus successfully emerged as a strong Lovell, and Bill Anders circled today, and, more importantly, 1966 as commander of Gemini 10 on the transatlantic relationship, supporter of NATO and an ally Balkans might have con- the lunar surface—which was where we may be going in the with Mike Collins. He was later while ignoring their European of the United States. broadcast live to television view- future. This review was presented to fly two missions to the moon, identity, “would be only to their Spidla emphasized his coun- ers around the world in 1968. in three evening programs by Apollo 10 and Apollo 16, serving tinued to this date, with peril and the peril of the Atlantic try’s role as a loyal transatlantic Man’s first flight in Earth’s orbit the Baker Institute Space Policy as commander of the latter mis- bond itself.” Although they are partner whose geographic cen- sion. He served as commander two continents, North America trality has historically led it to of the first space shuttle flight on hundreds of thousands and Europe share the same civi- be a battleground for European Columbia in 1981 and flew as com- lization and the responsibility of control. He highlighted the mander of the first scientific shut- protecting it, Spidla said. three pillars of Czech foreign more people dead. This tle mission and the first flight of Martin Palous, ambassador of policy since the country came the European Spacelab in 1984. the Czech Republic to the United into being in 1993: good rela- He presented not only a firsthand is something to remember States, introduced Spidla at the tions with its neighbors, becom- look at the past but also made event. Both Palous and Spidla ing a part of the European inte- a very compelling argument on recognized the contributions of gration process, and developing and to be proud of.” where the nation should go in Czech-Americans, such as actor a relationship with NATO and the future. Paul Newman, astronaut Anton other transatlantic security struc- In his presentation, Young Cermak, and McDonald’s found- tures. Spidla noted that Czechoslovakia, explained why he believes that er Ray Kroc. The prime minister empha- which was twice the victim of the exploration of space is the sized the role that NATO has betrayal by its allies before free- most important program in the played for Americans and dom in 1989, “felt natural to country today. He spoke of the Europeans for well over 50 come to the rescue of Kuwait, technology that has been gained years, maintaining that the alli- another small country in peril,” from the program and how it ance was in no danger of falling during the 1991 Iraqi invasion. has provided real benefit on He also recognized that their Frank Culbertson, who has flown two Space Shuttle flights, was one of several astronauts who spoke at the apart. “NATO has never been Baker Institute’s series about the space program in December 2003. continued on page 34 troops stood ready, as of a few

10 11 ROBERTSON BECOMES CHAIR OF ROUNDTABLE SCHIFF DISCUSSES TERRORISM, IRAQ, AND ISRAELI– ALESTINIAN SSUES The Baker Institute is pleased Greater Houston Community P I to announce that Wilhelmina Foundation. Educational institu- “Saddam Hussein’s defeat has E. (Beth) Robertson is the new tions have always been important not restrained those that indis- chair of the institute’s premier to Robertson, and she has served criminately kill innocent civilians membership organization, the on the Board of Regents for the by suicide bombings and other Roundtable. A native Houstonian, University of Houston System terrorist means,” declared Ze’ev Robertson has spent much of her as well as a development board Schiff in a lecture at the Baker life working with business and member for The University of Institute November 18, 2003. An civic organizations to improve the Texas Health Science Center at award-winning Israeli journalist city and its institutions. Houston. and the 2003 Isaac and Mildred She has served on the boards Robertson earned her bachelor Brochstein Fellow in Peace and of several local philanthropic of arts degree from The University Security in Honor of Yitzak foundations, including the of Texas at Austin and received an Rabin, Schiff said, “Palestinian Cullen Foundation, and was a honorary doctor of letters from terrorism has its own roots. It founding board member of the the University of Houston in 1998. Beth Robertson was thought that a quick victory in Iraq would discourage ter- rorism and bring Israel and the SURVEY INDICATES MAJORITY OF ISRAELIS AND Palestinians back to the negotiat- ing table, but that did not hap- Ze’ev Schiff PALESTINIANS SUPPORT PEACE PROPOSAL pen. Violent terrorism has frozen Arab states should assist in seek- the prestigious Chaim Herzog the ‘Road Map for Peace.’” ing a peace settlement, even if it Prize for unique contributions to In a public opinion poll jointly The state of Palestine would access by people of all religious It is not surprising that a reso- means cutting Arafat out of the Israel, Djerejian, a former U.S. sponsored by the Baker Institute be based on the lines of 1967, faiths and against any excavation. lution to the Israeli–Palestinian peace process. ambassador to Israel and Syria, and the International Crisis encompassing Gaza and the Also, Palestinian refugees will conflict is bogged down, Schiff As military affairs editor for told the audience that Schiff Group in Washington, D.C., West Bank, with mutually agreed have the right to return to the observed. After the collapse of Israel’s leading daily newspaper, was the first stop on many U.S. majorities among both Israelis minor border modifications. state of Palestine and to areas of the Camp David Accords in July Haaretz, Schiff has won numer- ambassadors’ visits to Israel. and Palestinians living in the West Israel would incorporate a small Israel that will become part of 2000, brutal conflict erupted ous Israeli awards for journalism. Schiff said it would be a grave Bank and Gaza expressed their amount of the West Bank, includ- Palestine as a result of the ter- and then escalated. While His book October Earthquake: Yom mistake for the U.S. to pull support for a peace proposal that ing settlements such as Ma’aleh ritorial swap. They also may be acknowledging that Palestinians Kippur 1973 earned him Israel’s out of Iraq. “The withdrawal of would resolve the key issues of Adumim that are located close to resettled in third countries or in endure considerable hardship, highest journalism award—the American forces would deal an borders, Jerusalem, refugees, and or on the Green Line in which current host countries, subject Schiff said that terrorism has Sokolov Prize. Intifada, which he overwhelming blow to the free the role of the international com- a majority of its current settlers to those countries’ sovereign not brought them any closer to co-authored with Ehud Ya’ari, world. The damage would not munity. live. In exchange, the new state decision. Refugees will receive peace. became an international best sell- be confined to Iraq; it would Israelis and Palestinians were of Palestine would get an equiva- rehabilitation assistance and com- Schiff noted Egypt’s positive er when it was published in 1990. embolden terrorism and spread asked whether they would sup- lent amount of land from Israel. pensation for property lost and role in the area. Egypt continues In introducing Schiff’s lecture, across the globe,” Schiff said. port the following proposal: In addition, Arab neighbor- for harm incurred due to their to oppose the Islamic Resistance Baker Institute director Edward Once regarded as a local Suppose there was a peace pro- hoods of East Jerusalem would refugee status. Movement, Hamas, and its Djerejian described Schiff as problem, terrorism and guerrilla posal between Israel and Palestine become the capital of Palestine. Finally, a U.S.-led multinational declared jihad against Israel. “the closest you will ever get to warfare have become a global that ends the conflict, recognizes West Jerusalem and the Jewish force would help provide security Schiff also expressed optimism being in the inner sanctum of strategic problem that uses fanati- two sovereign states—the state of neighborhoods of East Jerusalem and ensure implementation of for the Saudi initiative, which the Israeli military establishment, cal religious ideology to enlist Israel and the state of Palestine— would be the capital of Israel. the agreement. states that if Israel is willing to Mossad and Shin Bet combined.” supporters, Schiff added. and provides for full, normal Each side would govern its holy 53.3 percent of Israelis polled compromise with the Palestinians Pointing out that the president He also addressed the threat diplomatic and other relations sites, and there would be inter- over the difficult issues, other of Israel recently awarded Schiff between the two countries. nationally backed guarantees for continued on page 27 continued on page 32

12 13 TRANSNATIONAL CHINA PROJECT EXPANDS RESEARCH and religious customs. The work of Sarah Thal, a Rice University ON CHANGES IN ASIAN CULTURES historian, reveals the power of his- tory and continuity in religious The Transnational China Project religious studies scholar Alejandro Matsu in Mainland China’s Fujian practice in Japan. She examines (TCP) is expanding its pioneering Chaoul. It has also become a Province. the complex and negotiated ways research into the ways modern quiet form of protest—with secret But despite the shared reli- that Japanese temples continue to media are shaping Chinese and “nocturnal pilgrimages” or cir- gious histories and philosophies use their own inherited symbols of other Asian cultures. The TCP cumambulations around holy sites of Buddhism and Confucianism spirituality—including protective recently hosted an international in Lhasa by Tibetan officials—as among Chinese, Japanese, and amulets and the visual portrayals workshop exploring the many seen in the research of Columbia Koreans, obstacles to transna- of such spirits as Tengu—to attract complex relationships between University scholar Robbie Barnett. tional religious pilgrimage in East pilgrims and tourists in an era of religious pilgrimage, consumer- Asia remain. According to the popular media-driven consump- ism, and popular culture in East research of Emanuel Pastreich of tion. the University of Illinois–Urbana- Asia. Its scholars have also trav- TCP researchers, Rice histori- (From left) Former chancellor of Germany Helmut Kohl is joined by Susan Baker and James A. eled abroad to set up organiza- Champaign, a powerful rhetoric ans and religious studies scholars, Baker, III, as they look at a section of the Berlin Wall on display outside the Baker Institute. Kohl was chancellor and James Baker was U.S. secretary of state when the Berlin Wall fell in 1989. Kohl tional ties to universities in China of nationalism supporting state and this network of experts from and Baker, honorary chair of the Baker Institute, participated in a discussion of “Transatlantic and England in order to study control over organized religion Europe and Asia plan to jointly Relations” and a question-and-answer session at the Baker Institute October 1, 2003. advertising’s role in creating new is shared by these countries. So- explore these themes at future local, national, and transnational called popular religions or “new workshops and conferences. They paigns in Asia’s urban spaces and from the Department of Cultural identities among China’s urban religions” are often the target of are also gathering new research surveys of Chinese consumers to Studies at Lingnan University in populations. both state control and privately partners to explore the role of explore the impact of consumer- Hong Kong; and the Center for The Transnational China owned popular media. Perhaps advertising in shaping new identi- ism on this aspect of Chinese cul- Transcultural Studies in Chicago. Project is directed by Steven for this reason, as Lewis’s research ties in Chinese urban populations. ture. And at the February conference, Lewis, senior researcher at the suggests, the public spaces of As China continues to develop Preliminary results reveal that “Contemporary Chinese Visual Baker Institute; Benjamin Lee, The easing of travel restrictions many East Asian cities often con- a market economy and open up corporations, nongovernmental Culture,” they developed research Rice professor of anthropology; among Asian countries has also tain few advertisements for reli- to the global economy, advertisers organizations, and governments ties to scholars based at the new and Richard Smith, the George created pathways for transnational gious organizations and religious are making appeals to middle- are all targeting young, predomi- Center for Contemporary Chinese and Nancy Rupp Professor of networks of priests, followers, pilgrimage, leaving them filled class lifestyles. What are the val- nantly female urbanites in Chinese Visual Culture at the University Humanities and professor of his- and religious organizations. The with predominantly consumption- ues expressed in these appeals? cities, asking them to think of of Westminster in London. Both tory at Rice. work of Jing Li of the University oriented commercial messages. Some lifestyle advertisements tell themselves as members of an of these meetings allow the TCP Religious pilgrimage may of Pennsylvania shows how local Religious pilgrimage is also Chinese to think of themselves as emerging transnational Chinese to gather even more resources yet become a powerful form of government officials and priests an activity shaped by distinctly citizens of great cosmopolitan cit- middle class. These results were to examine the role of popular economic, political, and social of the Dai people in Banna national economic and social ies, such as Shanghai or Beijing. presented by TCP researchers media in shaping changes in con- association in East Asia. That in China’s southwest Yunnan factors and the inheritance of Others ask consumers to identify Lewis and Smith at two interna- temporary Chinese culture. conclusion emerged from discus- Province have worked together to unique national cultural histori- with the Chinese nation. Still oth- tional academic conferences. The TCP examines how the cir- sions at an international research develop a local tourism industry cal practices. As the work of Ian ers appeal to a distinctly unbound- At the international conference culation of people, ideas, values, workshop, “Religious Pilgrimage, that draws both young Han urban- Reader of Lancaster University ed, transnational Chinese middle “East Asian Cities: New Cultural and technologies among Chinese Consumerism, and Popular ites from China’s cities and visitors shows, pilgrimage is a significant class. Are these advertisements and Ideological Formations” in societies affects contemporary Culture in East Asia,” hosted by from Southeast Asia. U.C.–Santa economic and social activity in affecting the way the Chinese Shanghai in December 2003, TCP Chinese culture. Reports, tran- the TCP at the Baker Institute Barbara’s Mayfair Yang reveals the Japan, and Japanese frequently identify with each other? scholars discussed comparative scripts, audio files, and extensive February 14. Religious pilgrimage strategic role television corpora- travel around Japan and over- Rice University’s Transnational research projects with Professor image archives from workshops is increasingly influential econom- tions played in establishing pil- seas for leisure. But few Japanese China Project, with support from Wang Xiaoming, director of the and public lectures can be found ically and socially in both real and grimage ties between “daughter” engage in transnational religious the Henry Luce Foundation of new Center for Contemporary on the project’s bilingual website, cyber tourism among Tibetans Matsu Temples in Taiwan and pilgrimage, preferring instead New York, is using a combination Chinese Cultural Studies at http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~tnchina. and non-Asians, according to Rice the rebuilt “mother temple” of to follow local pilgrimage routes of surveys of advertising cam- Shanghai University; and faculty

14 15 AMERICAS PROJECT EXAMINES CHALLENGES AND PANELISTS PROVIDE THEIR INSIGHT ON CAFTA

OPPORTUNITIES OF DEMOCRACY IN THE HEMISPHERE In the past decade, there has been government and the private sec- lar economies. “CAFTA can show a tremendous increase in bilateral tor, about transparency, the rule of the world that it is possible to have The last two decades have been The most recent Americas important topics in a roundtable and regional trade agreements. law, and strengthening democracy agreements between developed marked by a truly historical shift Project colloquium stressed the setting sharing their countries’ “If there were a mutual fund in a region that no more than a countries such as United States toward democracy throughout practical approaches to address- successes and failures. The con- in regional trade agreements, I decade ago was in political tur- and developing countries such as Latin America. The continent ing this challenge, with a focus clusions of their work over four would have money in it because moil and war. CAFTA is crucial for those of Central America,” said stained for many years by coups on improving performance by days of intensive discussion will the price of the shares would these Central American countries, Gonzalez. d’etat and military juntas has suc- the judiciary, increasing account- be available later this year in a be going up,” said University of given that their small economies Except for Costa Rica, the cessfully moved into the demo- ability in the budget, attacking Baker Institute study. Houston law professor Stephen are highly dependent on trade Central American countries cratic arena. corruption, and encouraging Luigi Einaudi, assistant secre- Zamora, who moderated a panel and foreign investment. Trade reached and signed the agreement “It has been a painful process a constructive role for civil tary general to the Organization discussion on the free trade agree- with the United States is vital to in December 2003. Costa Rica that involved much sacrifice, and society in fostering democratic of American States (OAS), ment between Central America the countries of Central America. diverted from the group, asking it is still a long way from being practices. The 15 fellows of the gave the keynote address for and the United States at the Baker They exported $11 billion worth the United States for more time in completed,” said Erika de la Americas Project 2003 came the Americas Project, which Institute, October 24, 2003. of goods to the United States in an attempt to define its participa- Garza, program coordinator for from Argentina, Bahamas, Brazil, celebrated its fifth anniversary. As part of what has been an 2001, well over half their total tion in the opening of its telecom- the Baker Institute’s Americas Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Einaudi served as U.S. ambassa- aggressive trade policy, the Bush exports. Central America also rep- munications and insurance mar- Project. The task before the con- Rica, Dominican Republic, Haiti, dor to the OAS during 1989–93. Administration pushed forth a resents an important market for kets, which are currently govern- tinent today is to consolidate and Jamaica, Mexico, Peru, Suriname, From 1995 to 1998, he was the bilateral free trade agreement U.S. companies. ment monopolies. In late January deepen all elements of demo- the United States, Uruguay, and with the five Central American “For every $1 they [Central 2004, after a lengthy negotiation cratic governance. Venezuela. They discussed these continued on page 36 countries of Costa Rica, El Americans] sell to U.S., they’ve process, Costa Rica rejoined the Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, bought back $1.36. We need group and signed the agreement. and Nicaragua—the other more trading partners like that,” The six countries will need to send “Southern border.” explained Brady. U.S. exports to the agreement to their congresses The Central American Free the region totaled $9 billion dol- for ratification. This might prove Trade Agreement (CAFTA) lars in 2001, up 42 percent from to be tough in some of the Central with the United States began 1996; this was more than exports American countries that face its intense one-year round of to Russia, India, and Indonesia internal opposition of some sec- negotiations in January 2003 and combined. In addition, U.S. firms tors of civil society. And this might concluded in December. The have invested about $4 billion in be especially challenging in the eighth of nine rounds of negotia- Central America. case of the United States, which tions took place in Houston last Vargo pointed out that the is in an election year. In addition, October. Dominican Republic, which is Brady pointed out two other pos- Panel participants were Regina already a major trade partner for sible challenges for the U.S: the Vargo, assistant United States the U.S., will be joining CAFTA fact that in Congress there is little representative for the Americas; later this year. Once it joins, the knowledge of Central America’s Anabel González, Costa Rican six countries will represent the sec- reforms and progress since the special ambassador for U.S. trade ond-largest export market—after days of social and political turmoil affairs; and Texas congressman Brazil—for the U.S. in Latin and the fact that CAFTA has been Kevin Brady. America. targeted by those who oppose free All panelists agreed that the Furthermore, CAFTA will serve trade in general. Despite the odds, trade agreement’s purpose went as a model for other small econo- the signatories hope to have the beyond economic efficiency. It mies in the region that are skepti- agreement put into effect January was also about addressing poverty, cal of the benefits of a free trade 1, 2005. The Americas Project, coordinated by Erika de la Garza, brings some of the Western Hemisphere’s brightest and most promising young leaders to the Baker about the relationship between agreement between such dissimi- Institute.

16 17 JENNINGS, MITCHELL, LEHRER SHARE VIEWS ON ing what the important issues think about it. Jennings said his first inter- are that are going to affect the “Each one is a separate func- est is usually less in the actual MEDIA AND PUBLIC POLICY American people, that are going tion and should be done by a dif- story to be leaked and more in to be seizing attention in Congress ferent person,” Lehrer said. “How the teller. “We get leaked stuff all Three nationally known televi- and in the White House and can people make up their minds the time by interested people at sion news journalists reversed the state department and the about things if they’re not first every level of government and roles with James A. Baker, III, and Pentagon in the succeeding four told cleanly about what exactly every level of the military,” he fielded his candid questions about years,” she said. But she is hope- happened?” He emphasized that said. Consideration has to be coverage of elections, the war, and ful that this year may be the most analysis and opinion need to be given to whether the secretary of other timely issues during a dis- “issue-driven” in presidential poli- distinguished from straight report- a particular department is trying cussion of the role of media and tics. ing. Trying to combine all three to put a particular spin on a story public policy October 18, 2003. Lehrer shares her optimism. functions in one story results in a or whether a disenfranchised or The Baker Institute brought “We may have the first unhappy employee has an ax Peter Jennings, Andrea Mitchell, presidential election of my to grind. and Jim Lehrer to the Rice cam- professional career where Efforts are generally made pus as part of the institute’s 10th (From left) James A. Baker, III, moderates a panel discussion about media and public policy with nation- al broadcast news journalists Peter Jennings, Andrea Mitchell, and Jim Lehrer. something really important is to find someone else who anniversary celebration. going to be at the heart of the can confirm the information Jennings is anchor and senior a substitute for reporting. “We try One of the new developments dialogue,” he said. “No mat- that could be leaked. “One editor for ABC News’ World News to have some sense of when issues in campaign coverage this year has ter who the Democratic nomi- source is not good enough,” Tonight. Mitchell is chief foreign matter, when fundraising matters, been the impact of the Internet, as nee is, there is going to be Jennings said. “Two is better, affairs correspondent for NBC and when horse racing matters,” evidenced by the millions of dol- somebody to the left on issues and on some stories three News. Lehrer is executive editor he said. lars raised by Howard Dean, much like Iraq, pre-emption, and is absolutely imperative, and anchor of The NewsHour with Mitchell noted the difficulty of of which was done via the Internet. other things Bush has done, including the source’s moth- Jim Lehrer on PBS. deciding what is—and isn’t—news “He was a marginal candidate,” and the country is going to er.” Baker, honorary chair of the during the closing days of a cam- Lehrer said. “Howard Dean did hear really good debate about Sometimes rather than Baker Institute, began the eve- paign and pointed out how TV not get where he is because of it.” (From left) James A. Baker, III, and former U.S. President George leak information, journalists ning’s informal discussion with is often reactive to things that anything any of us in the press Baker lamented how much Bush meet with Peter Jennings, Andrea Mitchell, and Jim Lehrer are asked to withhold a story, prior to a forum at Rice. an inquiry about how reporting develop. “The classic case is what did. We didn’t cover him. We just time is given to entertain- often to avoid putting an the decided to do on elections can influence the L.A. Times covered what happened. Dean ment news as the amount of “disaster for professional journal- American life in jeopardy. with its front page in California’s campaigns and the election results worked the Internet. He did his hard news seems to be declining. ism,” he said. “The one absolutely catastroph- very abbreviated gubernato- themselves. own thing, and then he forced us Mitchell said the problem is com- Baker asked the journalists how ic thing for any journalist and any rial race,” she said, referring to “As an editor, we recognize that to cover him as news, not as great pounded by the proliferation of they handle leaks about classified news organization is to be wrong,” stories about candidate Arnold the relationship between politics forecasters or great people with talk shows on cable. “It’s hard for information that might compro- Jennings said. “You only have to Schwarzenegger’s alleged past and television in this day and age our fingers on the pulse of the the average person to figure out mise national security. be wrong with a really big one sexual misconduct. “It rolled the is so tight in every respect that it’s nation.” what is news and what is opinion,” “Very, very carefully,” Mitchell once, and then you should go into story into television.” almost intimidating,” Jennings Mitchell was critical of the she said. said. “Most often we err on the hardware.” Mitchell also cited the difficulty said. He acknowledged that edi- media’s past coverage of impor- Jennings added, “We have a side of being cautious.” Journalists Lehrer also noted the critical of piercing “the television façade tors and anchors can introduce tant issues in election years. “It is phenomenal amount of news and can check with the intelligence need to be right. “In our line of of the media advisers to the can- their opinion by the stories they startling how little foreign policy opinion available to us. It’s very agency to get the government’s work, all we have is our credibil- didates,” adding that news cover- select to cover, by the amount of was discussed during the 2000 confusing for consumers to see all opinion on whether releasing the ity,” he said. “If we lose that, we’ve age of Ronald Reagan’s campaign time given to them, and by the campaign,” she said. “And now we the stuff that is coming in.” information would be a problem, lost everything. It’s like dynamite. in 1984 often looked exactly like reporters assigned to cover them. see, almost four years later, that we Lehrer said three forms of jour- but sometimes the matter can We’re dealing with our reputa- Reagan’s campaign advertise- His approach to election and weren’t really covering the issues nalism can help people process be more of a potential embar- tions every day, every night.” ments. “People were understand- campaign reporting is to start with that ended up being the most that large volume of information: rassment than a national security The recording of this unique ably confused—voters and view- the “horse race story,” because important issues of the campaign. reporting what happened, analyz- issue. “That’s a journalistic deci- discussion is archived on the BIPP ers—between what was advertising people want to know who’s ahead. “As smart as we are, we don’t ing what it means, and expressing sion you have to make,” Mitchell website, http://bakerinstitute.org. and what was newscast,” she said. But he prefers not to use polls as always do a good job at anticipat- an opinion on what people should said.

18 19 TENTH ANNIVERSARY GALA

James A. Baker, III; Anne Duncan; Charles Duncan Elizabeth Gillis; Susan Baker; Bucky Allshouse; Cynthia Allshouse; James A. Baker, III; Françoise Djerejian; Edward P. Djerejian Bill Barnett

Lloyd Bentsen, Françoise Djerejian, Beryl Ann Peggy Barnett, Walt Smith, Mary Lou Smith Allen Matusow, Lynn Elsenhans Susan Baker, Mary Bonner Baker, Burdine Clayton Johnson, Christophe Venghiattis, Babür Özden, Elizabeth Özden, Mary Hale James A. Baker, IV, DeeDee McMurtry, Burt Bentsen Lynne Cheney Rhonda Tichenor, Warren Tichenor, Warren McLean McMurtry Tichenor, II

Richard Stoll, Edward P. Djerejian Dick Cheney Malcolm Gillis, Elizabeth Gillis, Edward P. Djerejian Elyse Lanier, Bob Lanier Front row: Mary Catherine Dillman, Zenaido Camacho; Hushang Ansary, Shahla Ansary Back row: Shawn Leventhal, Noorain Khan, Alan Kolodny

20 21 STUDENT FORUM BRINGS A NUMBER OF SPEAKERS TO KEMP PRESENTS 21ST-CENTURY MARSHALL PLAN IN BAKER INSTITUTE THE MIDDLE EAST

The members of the Baker consideration of race, ethnicity, “Nuclear Proliferations and the Jack Kemp addressed a capacity Institute Student Forum (BISF) and gender in hiring and admis- Middle East Conflict” was a discus- audience at the Baker Institute have actively served as the Baker sions procedures, Texas has found sion with Ze’ev Schiff, prominent January 30 on the question of Institute’s arm to the Rice student itself at the very epicenter of the Israeli author and editorialist. how the United States should body for the past year. The fall dispute, with influential court Over coffee and cookies, Schiff guide the reconstruction of the 2003 term brought many dis- decisions rekindling scrutiny and answered students’ questions Middle East during his special tinguished guests and events to controversy. Liptak opened the about the current situation in presentation of a 21st-Century Rice, helping achieve the BISF’s program titled “The Future of the Middle East. His visit to Rice Marshall Plan. The plan was goal of addressing the questions Affirmative Action” with a brief marked the end of his tenure as presented at the White House in and interests of the Rice student speech that set the stage for an the Baker Institute’s Rabin fellow February. body, providing opportunities engaging discussion with students in Middle East peace and security. Since Kemp’s selection as the for Rice students to interact with on current issues and implications To end the fall semester, the Republican vice presidential distinguished statesmen, journal- of U.S. affirmative action policy. BISF co-sponsored a three-part candidate in 1996, he has been ists, and scholars, and lending a To commemorate the Baker series on NASA with the Baker actively co-directing Empower meaningful voice to our nation’s Institute’s decade-long service Institute Space Policy Program. America, which aims to ensure discourse. to the world of public policy, Students enjoyed this series that that government actions “foster

To begin the fall of 2003, the the BISF organized the 10th featured NASA’s past triumphs, growth, economic well-being, Jack Kemp BISF hosted a breakfast for the Anniversary Student Celebration, its current dilemmas, and its freedom, and individual respon- students and faculty, featuring an event that allowed students to uncertain future. Distinguished sibility.” The 21st-Century erty. Once property rights are energize a whole new group of Clark T. Randt Jr., U.S. ambas- take part in the festivities of the presenters included Captain John Marshall Plan clearly follows his clearly, unambiguously defined, people. sador to China. More than 150 10th Anniversary Gala weekend. Young and Colonel Vladimir Titov organization’s ambitions. Kemp people can borrow at reasonable De Soto’s and Kemp’s students and faculty heard Randt A Sunday brunch took place on of Russia. supports the congressional cost. Currently, they have to pay approach hinges on creating liq- address U.S.–China relations. Jamail Plaza and featured a string These events were received recommendation to give exorbitant rates to money lend- uid assets that the average citizen Randt also gave insights into quartet and a keynote address with an overwhelming response by $87 billion to Iraq over three ers, which reduces the number of can use to stimulate industry and trade, North Korea, Taiwan, and from the institute’s honorary the Rice community. After three years. However, he has an addi- investments they can make and launch their entrepreneurial human rights. Following his talk, chair, James A. Baker, III. After his successful semesters, the mem- tional philosophical element expect a reasonable profit. Access endeavors. Randt participated in a question- address, Baker mingled and took bers of the BISF look forward to to accompany these funds. He to loans at reasonable rates Kemp suggested privatization and-answer session with audience pictures with students and Baker another successful academic term focuses on ideas that could estab- should unleash their creativity. of Iraqi oil as a way to both main- members. Institute staff. this spring. lish infrastructure, education, De Soto also focuses on the tain nationalism and incite eco- In attempt to address the hot industry, and long-lasting eco- overwhelming regulations and nomic activity. If the oil reserves topic of affirmative action, the nomic success in the Middle East. licensing requirements facing in Iraq are privatized and broken BISF hosted a student-only lun- Kemp’s ideas are closely investors, citing that an astronom- into Iraqi-controlled companies, cheon with Adam Liptak, the tied with Peruvian economist ical number of permissions had the stock will be made available national legal correspondent for Hernando de Soto, who noted to be granted before someone to the people. Thus, the Iraqi the New York Times. Of all the U.S. that low-income people are held could start up a bakery in Egypt. public would hold tangible stake social policies implemented in back because they do not have His idea is to streamline the in the future of their nation recent decades with the intent access to capital markets even licensing/regulatory process to through control of their major of providing equal opportunities though they possess some wealth get a burst of economic activity. industry. Kemp asserted that for minorities, affirmative action in the form of homes and small Because lack of access to capi- private control of their most pow- has received the most attention businesses. Access to loans at rea- tal markets and overburdensome erful asset will help turn “dead and ostensibly the most criticism. sonable rates is denied because regulations affect low-income capital into live capital” through As debate continues to simmer Baker Institute Student Forum members Emery Ellis (left), Jo Kent and Noorain Khan (right) meet with the low-income people do not people more than rich people, de over whether the laws support the James A. Baker, III, honorary chair of the Baker Institute. have a clear title to their prop- Soto believes that reforms would continued on page 38

22 23 through at a time of peril, toward idea of establishing a public policy Baker acknowledged Françoise GALA greater security and peace,” he institute named for James Baker Djerejian, the director’s wife, as continued from page 1 “Every person who sat at the Cabinet table said. “And as we’ve done before, in a 1992 memo to George Rupp, the “unsung heroine” of the Baker we accept the great mission that who was then president of Rice, Institute. “Working without com- “Every person who sat at the during those years will tell you that Jim Baker com- history has given us.” and for his work as the institute’s pensation and largely behind the Cabinet table during those years The gala was an elegant affair first associate director for academ- scenes, Françoise has served as the will tell you that Jim Baker com- held under a large tent in front of ic affairs. institute’s de facto curator, arbiter manded the utmost respect for manded the utmost respect for the work James A. Baker III Hall. Baker presented awards to of taste, and confidante to Susan the work he did, for the intellect Edward Djerejian, founding members of the community who and me,” Baker said, compliment- he brought to bear on every issue, he did, for the intellect he brought to bear on every director of the Baker Institute, have been crucial to the success of ing her “quiet elegance.” and for the example he set for all thanked the guests for their the Baker Institute, starting with Baker also honored the of us every day,” Cheney said. He decade of generous support, not- Anne and Charles Duncan, who Allshouses, who adopted the commended Baker for his superb issue, and for the example he set for ing that of the more than $65 mil- provided “the personal and finan- Baker Institute early in its exis- instincts in politics and govern- lion donated to the institute since cial support necessary to get the tence. “They are responsible not ment and his ability to remain its founding, and after paying for institute up and running” during just for the success of this gala, but calm and handle any situation all of us every day,” the construction of Baker Hall, its early years. Charles Duncan, also for the success of our build- with confidence, skill, character, $45 million is in endowed funds who was chair of Rice’s board of ing dedication ceremony in 1997,” and wit. – Vice President Dick Cheney for scholars, fellows, and research Baker said. “Nobody has ever had The vice president noted programs. better adoptive parents.” that the Rice University institute A video presentation that E. William Barnett, chair of the named in Baker’s honor was power to keep terrorists from Hussein, because 12 years of dip- “To put it very bluntly, began with congratulations from Rice University Board of Trustees, founded “to bring voices of expe- ever acquiring weapons of mass lomatic efforts to compel Hussein Secretary of State Colin Powell concluded the program by thank- rience and learning into the dis- destruction,” Cheney said. to comply with the terms of the highlighted the accomplishments without the Duncans ing Cheney and his wife, Lynne, cussion about American foreign Strengthening defenses in the 1991 Gulf War cease-fire had of the Baker Institute and its sup- for their presence as special policy and national security,” and U.S. is not a sufficient strategy to failed. Americans’ debate over porters, centering around the gala there would be no guests. “It has made all the differ- then he segued into the post- protect the homeland. “There is U.S. action in Iraq “comes down theme, “To Lend a Meaningful ence in the world,” he said. September 11 challenges facing only one way to protect ourselves to a choice between action that Voice.” Barnett then proposed a toast, world leaders. against catastrophic terrorist vio- assures our security and inac- Baker Institute today,” Djerejian presented gifts to “not just to the last 10 outstanding “We’re fighting a war against lence, and that is to destroy the tion that allows dangers to grow,” members of the Rice faculty who years, but to the great years that terror—a war requiring critical terrorists before they can launch Cheney said. Noting that more have been instrumental in the Baker said. “And we lie ahead for the Baker Institute choices already made, and new further attacks against the United than 50 countries “are contrib- institute’s establishment and suc- and Rice University.” choices still before us,” Cheney States,” Cheney said. uting to peace and stability in cess. owe them an immense said. “On 9/11 we came to rec- The government is dismantling Iraq today” and doing the same “Dr. Malcolm Gillis, with ognize our vulnerability to the the financial networks that sup- in Afghanistan, Cheney said the Elizabeth Gillis at his side, has threats of a new era. We saw the port terror and working closely results support President Bush’s debt of gratitude.” been one of the institute’s harm that 19 evil men could do, with intelligence services in other decision to decline “the course of strongest advocates during armed with little more than airline countries. inaction.” his entire time as president of tickets and box cutters and driven “And we are applying the Bush In the Middle East and beyond, Rice University,” Djerejian said. trustees at the time, accompanied by a philosophy of hatred.” doctrine,” Cheney said. “Any the United States “will continue Elizabeth Gillis is honorary Rupp on the visit to Baker in From training manuals found person or government that sup- to encourage the advance of free co-chair of the Baker Institute Washington, D.C., to propose the in the caves of Afghanistan and ports, protects, or harbors terror- markets, democracy, and toler- Roundtable with Susan Baker, wife institute. interrogations of captured terror- ists is complicit of the murder of ance because these are the ideals of James A. Baker, III. “To put it very bluntly, without ists, the government has learned the innocent and will be held to and aspirations that overcome Richard Stoll, professor of the Duncans there would be no about Al Qaeda’s ambitions to account.” violence and turn societies to the political science and associ- Baker Institute today,” Baker said. develop or acquire chemical, Cheney said the war in Iraq pursuit of peace,” Cheney said. ate dean of social sciences, was “And we owe them an immense nuclear, or biological weapons. was necessary to rid that nation of “Only America has the might acknowledged for conceiving the debt of gratitude.” “We must do everything in our its “murderous dictator,” Saddam and the will to lead the world

24 25 opportunity for the initiative and reform programs, profitable mar- and Nigeria as “deep and grow- peaceful settlement of disputes, NIGERIA talent of his people. kets outside the energy sector, ing.” Already, the United States regional economic cooperation SURVEY continued from page 1 continued from page 12 A former general himself, such as specialized telecommu- is a leading trade partner of and development, and African tions to their problems. The core Obasanjo made history by return- nications providers, have devel- Nigeria and, as such, is second unity and independence. said they would support such a challenge for Africa today is the ing the Nigerian government to oped. Furthermore, public and only to the United Kingdom. In pursuit of these principles, proposal, while 43.9 percent said challenge of positive thinking civilian rule in 1979. And when private sectors are increasingly Since the president’s inaugu- Obasanjo expressed pride that they would oppose it. On the . . . the challenge that Africans he acceded to the presidency of joining forces to form produc- ration, relationships between the Nigeria has become a leading Palestinian side, 55.6 percent should—and must—accept being Nigeria, he had already taken a tive partnerships that have, for United States and Nigeria have African voice in the Organization expressed support and 38.5 per- the captains of their destiny and vigorous stand against the former instance, strengthened health improved. Both nations have of African Unity (OAU), the cent opposition. The survey was masters of their own fate,” he Abacha dictatorship. systems and facilitated service worked together on a number of Economic Community of West conducted by Penn, Schoen & said. But the new presidency faced delivery in such areas as malaria important foreign policy goals, African States (ECOWAS), the Berland Associates, Inc. in part- Among the problems Nigeria overwhelming problems, includ- prevention and immunization. including regional peacekeeping. Nonaligned Movement, the nership with TNS/Teleseker and must address, he observed, is a ing a dysfunctional bureaucracy, Obasanjo indicated that pro- And when the United Commonwealth, and the United PCPO. Of 1,241 interviews that fact “incipient in all human soci- collapsed infrastructure, and a moting democratic principles, States was attacked by terror- Nations. were conducted, 610 were among eties and in most human activi- police force ineffective against assuring the security of life and ists September 11, 2001, the Obasanjo maintained that Israeli citizens and 631 among ties”—corruption. Noting that corruption. Once inaugurated, property, as well as rebuilding government of Nigeria not he is optimistic about Nigeria’s Palestinians living in the West the damage done to his country Obasanjo acted quickly to release and maintaining infrastructure only officially condemned the future, but he looks beyond the Bank and Gaza. Interviews in by corruption is “unquantifi- scores of individuals held with- were necessary if Nigeria was terrorist attacks, but also sup- boundaries of his own country. Israel were conducted by phone; able,” Obasanjo affirmed that his out charge, to cancel a number to expand the scope of foreign ported military action against the What he wants, he said, is an in the Palestinian Authority, administration’s highest priority of questionable contracts and investment and commerce. Taliban and Al Qaeda. Since 9/ Africa where the leadership is interviews were conducted in is the security of life and prop- licenses made by the former With proven oil reserves 11, Nigeria has played a leading “thinking in the right direction” person. The margin of error for erty within Nigeria. The require- military regimes, and to establish estimated to be 25 billion bar- role in forging an antiterrorism and “an Africa where leadership the survey is +/- 4 percent. ments of that commitment a blue-ribbon panel to investi- rels and natural gas reserves of consensus among states in sub- is committed to the principles of Edward Djerejian, director of include upholding human rights, gate human rights abuses. The well over 100 trillion cubic feet, Saharan Africa. peace, stability, growth, develop- the Baker Institute, said, “At such promoting democracy and good Obasanjo presidency also moved Nigeria has already emerged This consensus is a welcome ment, and progress.” a difficult and painful time for government, and ensuring peace to recover millions of dollars among the top five suppliers of accomplishment for a country Finally, the president of the Israelis and Palestinians, this poll and security, not only within the in funds secreted in overseas crude oil to the United States, of 140 million people evenly Republic of Nigeria looked for- is a timely reminder of the fact boundaries of Nigeria, but also accounts. where the African nation is also divided between Christians and ward to a time when “misery and that majorities on both sides are throughout the entire African With the security of life expected to be a key supplier of Muslims; and it suggests that poverty may soon be banished prepared to embrace an agree- continent. and property a centerpiece of natural gas. Nigeria has the potential to be a from the continent” and “sustain- ment that meets their respective When Obasanjo was inaugu- his administration, Obasanjo In fact, the United States is model for multiconfessional co- able development will be here to core aspirations and interests.” rated in 1999, 16 years of con- declared his determination to Nigeria’s largest customer for existence. Obasanjo admitted the stay.” The results of the survey, secutive military rule ended for restore to Nigerians “hope and crude oil, accounting for 40 existence of extreme elements in “Today’s Africa,” he conclud- released in November 2003, Nigerians who were exhausted confidence . . . in themselves,” percent of the country’s total oil both the Muslim and Christian ed, “is a continent full of hope.” should have important policy by extended, crisis-prone military and in Nigeria, a “hospitable exports, and currently provid- communities of his country but Obasanjo was a Shell implications. Robert Malley, regimes. At that time, Nigeria environment for business.” ing about 10 percent of over- observed that moderates exist “in Distinguished Lecture Series Middle East program director at had suffered deterioration of Consequently, Obasanjo said, all United States oil imports. sufficient numbers to prevail on speaker. the International Crisis Group, most of its democratic institu- his government supported “pri- Consequently, Nigeria is in a stra- both sides.” said, “It is the responsibility of tions amid an economic envi- vate-sector”-led, “market-orient- tegic position to help the West During his presentation, Israeli and Palestinian political ronment experiencing acute ed” economic growth, which has diversify oil resources and, there- Obasanjo noted that his presi- leaders and of the international stagnation. As the new president already had some success. During fore, contribute significantly to dency would be characterized community to devise appropriate of Africa’s most populous nation, 2000, this support resulted in the global energy security. by a continued commitment to mechanisms to translate what is Obasanjo insisted he was com- successful turnover to the pri- In light of current and poten- certain fundamental principles the clear popular aspiration on mitted to restoring a democracy vate sector of state-owned banks, tial international relations, that included nonalignment and both sides into a political agree- in which the role of government fuel distribution companies, and Obasanjo described the relation- noninterference in the inter- ment.” is limited and there is greater cement plants. Under Obasanjo’s ship between the United States nal affairs of other nations, the

26 27 finance K–12 or higher educa- in the plan are the incremental The report also raised serious TEXAS PLAN tion.” nature of the plan based upon a DIPLOMACY concerns about the deficiency in continued from page 3 “Study after study docu- continued from page 6 Edward Djerejian, director of 10-year timeline for implementa- personnel who can speak the lan- brain structuring, and the ideal ments unambiguously the Baker Institute, noted that tion, the critical role of parent it to its Cold War status is not guages of the region. The group conditions for learning. The plan because early care is a public choice provided in the plan, and enough.” The group advocated found that the State Department includes proposals that define that the early years are issue affecting the quality of the the strategy for placing ECED on a “dramatic increase in funding” has only 54 Arabic speakers with the governance and financing whole society, the Texas Plan is the legislative agenda. after finding that last year’s fund- a reasonable level of fluency, mechanisms for a complete sys- important. “Parents are more “This is an enormous under- ing for all public diplomacy pro- and only a handful of those are tem of early childhood education critical to development effective at work if their children taking, and we want to re-empha- grams amounted to $600 million, able and willing to participate in and development with public or are cared for in a safe, nurturing, size that the Texas Plan could with only $25 million left for out- media discussion on Arab televi- private settings for children 3 to 4 and health for both chil- and developmentally effective take at least 10 years before it is reach programs in the Arab and sion and radio. The report calls years of age. environment,” he said. “Among fully operational,” said Andress. Muslim world. for 300 fluent Arabic speakers The Baker Institute’s Texas dren and adults.” the multiple benefits of having “We also want to make clear that Under the reorganization within two years and another 300 Program for Society and Health, high-quality childcare available to under the plan, parents may proposed by the advisory group, by 2008. in collaboration with the Texas everyone in Texas are enhanced choose where their children a new White House special coun- The report also asked for Early Childhood Education standards, parental roles, and the economic productivity, family sta- learn—whether that is in an early selor with Cabinet rank, backed an independent review of the Coalition, wrote preliminary rec- quality and quantity of nurtur- bility, a healthier population, and care and education setting or at by an advisory board of experts, planned government-sponsored ommendations for a statewide ing and stimulating experiences children whose development has home.” would provide strategic direction Middle East Television Network early care and education system can impact a child’s development been maximized to increase their “As we begin the critical and coordination of public diplo- (Al Hurra) and recommended that is widely available, sets stan- and learning potential,” agreed potential for success and happi- debate on how to fund public macy government-wide. A high- consideration be given to estab- dards for quality, and advocates the co-chairs of the Texas Early ness as adults.” education in Texas, we have level dormant interagency policy- lishing a corporation for public the participation of parents and Childhood Education Coalition— During the summit at the an excellent opportunity to coordinating group within the broadcasting. The report urged community. Karen R. Johnson, president and Baker Institute, a diverse range make a meaningful down pay- National Security Council would the Broadcasting Board of “Study after study documents CEO of the United Ways of Texas, of people from across the state ment on quality, full-day, pre-K be reactivated and revitalized. Governors to adopt a “clearer unambiguously that the early and Sandy Dochen, Texas public discussed the Texas Plan. Based education in our state,” said The Department of State objective than building a large years are critical to development affairs manager of IBM–Austin. on observations made by partici- Rob Mosbacher, chairman of would remain the lead agency audience” with its new music- and health for both children The plan was developed because, pants, several key amendments PreSchool for All and a support- for enacting policy and, along oriented radio network in Arab and adults,” said Alvin Tarlov, a despite the need, early care and and additions will be added to er of early childhood education. with other parts of government countries, Radio Sawa. senior fellow in health policy at education services are not readily the plan, including a section not- “I hope we will seize that oppor- that participate in public diplo- “We hope this report will the Baker Institute and executive available to all children in Texas. ing the importance of the devel- tunity.” macy—including the Department bring about the changes needed director of the Texas Program “This policy plan is timely opment of policies in the future The Texas Plan was developed of Defense, the U.S. Agency for to provide strategic direction for Society and Health. “Brain because our state is beginning for children from birth to age 3. over a five-month period that International Development, and and help secure the resources to research lends support to the a conversation on financing “The Texas Plan is considered began with two policy retreats in government-sponsored interna- accomplish the crucial work of importance of providing nurtur- education, and early childhood a working document,” stressed September and October 2003. tional broadcasting—it would be public diplomacy,” said Djerejian, ing, educationally stimulating, education needs to be a part Kaitlin Graham, coalition Support for the plan was pro- brought under the new strategic former ambassador to Syria and and safe environments and expe- of those considerations,” said coordinator of the Texas Early vided by the Hogg Foundation policy umbrella. Israel and former assistant sec- riences during a child’s early Lauri Andress, director of opera- Childhood Education Coalition. for Mental Health, the Brown The report criticized the retary of state for Near Eastern years.” tions for the Texas Program for “Now that the summit is over, Foundation Inc., the Robert lack of testing and measuring affairs. The plan incorporates the Society and Health. “Some of we are arranging and attending Wood Johnson Foundation, the of public diplomacy programs The full report is available on essential components of suc- the available services often result meetings all over the state to Baker Institute of Rice University, and called for a “new culture the Baker Institute website, http: cessful early care that have in household expenditures that ensure everyone has a chance the University of Texas Health of measurement” in the State //bakerinstitute.org. been determined through equal or surpass the cost of a to discuss and refine the policy Science Center at Houston, and Department and elsewhere. research over the past 30 years. college education, which means plan.” the University of Texas M.D. A similar finding is contained “Everything from facility design, many families are struggling to As a result of feedback since Anderson Cancer Center. in a report on public diplo- curriculum, and teacher training afford them and could use some the summit, among the issues to macy issued recently by the U.S. to teacher-student ratios, learning assistance similar to the way we be emphasized and expanded General Accounting Office.

28 29 purposes. The panel also highly efficacy of the Department of EXPERTS FROM UNIVERSITY OF HAIFA ANALYZE THE TOWN HALL recommended that every house- Homeland Security, Hutchinson continued from page 4 hold have a battery-powered radio spoke about the difficulty in mea- MEDIATION PROCESS IN THE MIDDLE EAST director of Harris County Public and fresh batteries for emergency suring what has been prevented. Health and Environmental situations. The Council for Excellence Experts from Israel’s University were featured during the program: tor of the Jewish–Arab Center and Services; Michael Smith, a major McGinnis told the audience in Government is nonpartisan, of Haifa shared their insights on • “The Palestinian–Israeli the Gustav Heinemann Institute from the Harris County Sheriff’s that the top three concerns of nonprofit, and national in scope. terrorism, the Palestinian–Israeli Conflict, Recent Trends,” for the Study of the Middle East Office; Donna Morea, execu- Houston residents were an attack The council works to improve the conflict, and other timely topics Yehuda Hayuth, President of • “The Palestinian Refugees: The tive vice president for American on a public place, an attack on the performance of government at all related to the Middle East during a the University of Haifa and Creation of the Problem and Management System’s (AMS) city’s infrastructure, and bioter- levels and government’s place in September 16, 2003 program at the expert on globalization, trade Proposals for a Solution,” Joseph Public Sector Group; and Jay rorism. Kimbrough added that the lives and esteem of American Baker Institute. and transport, and terrorism Ginat, professor of cultural Kimbrough, homeland security another great concern was the citizens. It believes that the con- Titled “Mediating the Middle • “The Spectrum of Political anthropology and archaeology at director for the state of Texas. Port of Houston and the refineries tinued economic and social prog- East: Constructed or Real Realities,” Positions in Israeli Society,” Ami University of Haifa and co-direc- The meeting was broadcast live on in the area. The Port of Houston ress of the United States requires the program began with comments Pedahzur, senior lecturer of polit- tor of the University of Oklahoma KTRH news radio. managing director, Wade Battles, government to demonstrate from Allen Matusow, associate ical science and deputy director Center for Peace Studies Eckels, responding to a ques- was in the audience and com- creativity, responsiveness, and director for academic programs of national security studies • “Israeli Demography and tion from the audience, noted mented on the security measures accountability, to employ a moti- at the Baker Institute and the • “The Theater of Terror,” Ron Its Implications on Limited that there are now 300 agencies that the Port Authority has imple- vated, empowered work force, William Gaines Twyman Professor Robin, expert in American Resources,” Arnon Soffer, profes- on the Harris County radio system mented, including their close and to retain public respect and of History; Yael Ravia-Zadok, consul media and politics and author of sor of geography, University of and that they are working with work with the U.S. Coast Guard. trust. general of Israel to the Southwest Enclaves of America: The Rhetoric Haifa’s chair of geostrategy, and the City of Houston to add more. He also mentioned that they have The first town hall meeting Region; and Yehuda Hayuth and of American Political Architecture vice chairman of the National He added that the Greater Harris formed an Area Marine Security was held in St. Louis in October Yael Mester, president and vice Abroad Security Studies Center County 9-1-1 network is now Committee that meets monthly to 2003. A Miami town hall took president, respectively, of the • “The Middle East and Its The Baker Institute and the equipped with a “Neighborhood coordinate security efforts. place in December 2003, and one University of Haifa. Formation in the Modern Era,” Consulate General of Israel to the Early Warning System.” Explaining Palacio addressed concerns was held in San Diego in January. The following topics and pre- Amatzia Baram, professor of his- Southwest Region co-hosted the that the system works as a reverse about the threat of bioterrorism, Other town hall meetings are senters from the University of Haifa tory of the Middle East and direc- program. 9-1-1 system, he said it can target specifically what measures were scheduled for Seattle and Boston. specific jurisdictions and com- taken locally to protect the pub- The Houston Town Hall munities with phone calls to alert lic during the Super Bowl. She was sponsored by AMS, SPACE POLICY is another important policy issue, Academy of Arts and Sciences the public of an emergency and told the audience that the Harris Hewlett-Packard, and SBC continued from page 9 it received less emphasis in this Committee on International tell them what actions they should County Health System was on alert Communications. workshop because last year’s Security Studies who participated take. and working closely with the City changing. Space Policy Summit at the Baker in the workshop were co-chair Building upon Eckels’ expla- of Houston Health Department “It’s clear that there has been Institute focused on that topic. John Steinbruner, director of nation, Morea agreed that com- and health departments from serious discussion within the gov- The workshop provided a the Center for International and munication is a key element in neighboring counties. ernment to expand the use of forum for candid discussion of the Security Studies at the University the fight against terrorism and Asked about how concerned space for military purposes, such issues so that participants could of Maryland; Martin Malin, pro- that it is extremely important for citizens can become involved with as the national missile defense better understand the depth of the gram director; Richard Garwin, local governments and businesses local emergency response teams initiative, with space considered problems related to the develop- senior fellow for science and not only to invest in communica- and community efforts, Eckels as the next battlefield,” Lane said. ment of commercial space, Lane technology at the Council on tion systems, but also to invest in spoke about the Harris County This strategy would impact the said. Foreign Relations; Roald Sagdeev, protection against cyberterrorism. Citizen Corps, which coordinates nation’s commercial development Abbey, former director of the director of the East–West Space “The Internet is the most acces- with volunteer groups like the of space as well as its ability to Johnson Space Center, noted that Science Center at the University of sible technology in our lifetime,” Salvation Army, Red Cross, United cooperate with other nations, for the Baker Institute’s continued Maryland; and Lane, former direc- she noted. But easy access to Way, and many other citizen corps example, in astronomy and other interest in space policy will likely tor of National Science Foundation information also carries the risk programs. areas of space research. result in follow-up activities related and the U.S. Office of Science and of terrorists using it for nefarious When questioned about the Although the education of to discussions that took place at Technology Policy and former future engineers and technicians the most recent workshop. assistant to the president for sci- for the nation’s space programs Members of the American ence and technology.

30 31 A hallmark of Lane’s career, Alberts, president of the National are two very different nations in the Middle East, Oz recalled POLICY both at the White House and Academy of Sciences; William AMOS OZ haunted by similar pasts. a comment he made during the continued from page 7 continued from page 8 during his tenure as director of Wulf, president of the National “The Arabs were victimized writing of the Geneva Accord. The conference, titled “Bridging the National Science Foundation Academy of Engineering; M. R. no less convincing claim over the by Europe through colonialism, “Some day we will have to erect a the Gap Between Science and (NSF), is his effort to enlist more C. Greenwood, chancellor of the same tiny slice of land.” imperialism, oppression, and joint memorial to horrible folly, Society: The Relationship Between “civic scientists,” working scientists University of California, Santa Oz suggested that this clash exploitation; the Jews through yours and ours,” Oz told the for- Policy and Research in National who actively engage the public. Cruz, and former president of would, ultimately, be resolved suppression, discrimination, mer Palestinian cabinet minister Laboratories, Universities, Gillis and many other participants the American Association for the in one of two ways. “There’s the and, finally, mass murder in the Yasir Abed-Rabbo. “After all, you Government, and Industry,” was co- at the conference praised Lane’s Advancement of Science; John Shakespeare tradition of resolv- Nazi period,” he said. Hence, could have been a free people 55 sponsored by the Baker Institute, efforts in this regard, and Lane Holdren, director of the Science, ing a tragedy with the stage the Israeli–Palestinian conflict is, years ago, five or six years ago, the Department of Physics and himself renewed the call during a Technology, and Public Policy hewed with dead bodies, and jus- interestingly, “a conflict between tens of thousand of dead ago— Astronomy at Rice, Los Alamos November 2 address. Program at Harvard University’s tice, of sorts, prevails.” The alter- two victims.” our dead and your dead—had National Laboratory, and the “A civic scientist to me is a true John F. Kennedy School of native falls within the Chekhov Having dedicated his life in you signed a document similar National Science Foundation. scientist or engineer or technical Government and former member tradition. “In the conclusion of prose and politics to resolving to this one in 1948. And we The two-day conference professional who uses his or her of President Clinton’s Council the tragedy by Chekhov, everyone this conflict, Oz discussed his Israelis could have long ago lived also honored Rice’s Neal Lane, knowledge, accomplishments, ana- of Advisers on Science and is disappointed, disillusioned, active participation in the two- in peace and security, had we University Professor, senior fellow lytical skills, and personal skills to Technology; Thomas Meyer, associ- embittered, heartbroken . . . but year construction of the recently offered the Palestinian people in in science and technology at the make the connection—bridge the ate director for strategic research alive!” released Geneva Accord. The 1967 what this document offers Baker Institute, and former direc- gaps—between science, technol- at Los Alamos National Laboratory; According to Oz, in public- Geneva Accord is an initiative to them now.” tor of the Office of Science and ogy, and [their] applications for Raymond Juzaitis, associate direc- opinion polls of Israeli Jews establish a two-state solution to Oz added, “The present cri- Technology Policy in the Clinton the benefit of people and nations,” tor for weapons research at Los and Palestinian Arabs, the solid the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, a sis in the world is the ancient White House (1998–2001). Lane said. Alamos National Laboratory; majority of “60 percent, some- solution that addresses, according struggle between fanaticism and “The idea for this conference In addition to Marburger and John Young, former president times as much as 70 percent,” to Oz, “the most urgent issue” in tolerance, between fanaticism and began forming when Neal Lane’s Lane, the meeting drew dozens and CEO of Hewlett-Packard are unhappily ready to accept a the Middle East—the issue of the life.” former students decided to honor of high-level science policy advis- and former co-chair of President two-state solution. In this respect, Palestinian refugees. “Fanaticism,” he affirmed, him on the occasion of his 65th ers, including NSF director Rita Clinton’s Council of Advisers on Oz believes that “the two peo- The key to achieving regional “is older than Islam . . . older birthday,” said Rice President Colwell; former White House Science and Technology; and ples—the Israeli people and the peace, he asserted, is compro- than Christianity . . . older than Malcolm Gillis. “The names of the science advisers Allan Bromley Norman Neureiter, former science Palestinian people—are ahead of mise. “If we don’t accept an Judaism . . . older than any state, invited participants tell us a great (George H. Bush), John “Jack” and technology adviser for both their leaderships.” unhappy compromise, unhappy any government, or political deal about not only Neal’s excep- Gibbons (Clinton), and H. Secretary of State Colin Powell and Although “Palestinians have, for both sides, if we don’t learn system” and represents, unfortu- tional career, but also the distin- Guyford Stever (Ford); Warren former Secretary of State Madeline unwillingly, tried to live in other how to unhappily co-exist and nately, “an ever present common guished careers he has helped to Washington, chairman of the Albright, and former vice president Arab countries . . . they were contain our burned sense of injus- component of human nature, an launch.” National Science Board; Bruce of Texas Instruments, Asia. rejected, sometimes even humili- tice . . . we end up in a doomed evil gene, if you wish.” ated by so-called Arab brethren.” state . . . The word compromise is Oz admitted that he does not Oz pointed out, “The Palestinians synonymous with the word life.” expect a “sudden burst of love” Korea. When asked about the intentions. are in Palestine because Palestine For the future of peace in the between Israel and Palestine. But IRAQ failure to find WMDs in Iraq, he When asked if Arafat and continued from page 13 is their homeland and the only Middle East, Oz believes that what he does expect, and what answered, “Israeli intelligence is Sharon were capable of working homeland of the Palestinian peo- crucial to the two-state solution he himself is so arduously work- of weapons of mass destruction absolutely sure that [they] exist together to reach a peace accord, ple.” is “recognition for recognition, ing toward, is what he analogizes (WMD) in the Middle East, there.” Citing the “clear success Schiff said that Arafat could Likewise, “The Israeli Jews statehood for statehood, indepen- to be “a fair and just divorce saying that the struggle against of Israeli and U.S. intelligence” not keep his promises and that are in Israel because there is dence for independence, security between Israel and Palestine.” It nuclear proliferation should not concerning Iran’s now-admitted Sharon, despite being ready for no other country in the whole for security, good neighborliness will be “a painful, complicated only be waged against countries secret program to develop nuclear peace, has demanded unaccept- world which Jews as a people, as a for good neighborliness, respect divorce,” for the divorce terms attempting to build nuclear weap- weapons, Schiff said that despite able conditions of the Palestinians. nation, could ever call home.” Oz for respect.” establish “a two-family house” ons, but also against the suppliers the world community’s disbelief, Schiff stated matter-of-factly, “The contended that both the Israeli To emphasize the importance wherein “no one is moving out.” of nuclear and advanced missile Israel and the U.S. were correct in two gentlemen cannot make peace Jews and the Palestinian Arabs of compromise in achieving peace technology, specifically North their assessment of Iran’s nuclear with each other.”

32 33 two space shuttle flights and, research being conducted on the the nation’s leadership role in the at Rice, served as the panel mod- The need to continue to fly the SPACE PROGRAM in 2001, served as commander space station is already provid- world. They also spoke about the erator. space shuttle was again empha- continued from page 10 of Expedition 3 aboard the ing help in answering questions benefits of the technology and Greater emphasis of robotic sized due to the shuttle’s unique Earth. And he noted, looking to International Space Station for that will enable human flights to science to be accomplished on exploration, as opposed to features, including its up-mass the future, how space technol- 121 days. Culbertson also served Mars. The point was again made the station. Cancer cells are being human exploration, was advo- and down-mass capabilities. And ogy could help alleviate future as program manager for the very by Culbertson that we first need to grown on the station as part of a cated by at least one member of it was pointed out that there is no environmental problems and the successful Shuttle–Mir program in get back to the moon and live and research program to better under- the panel—Levy—and robotic replacement on the horizon. potential effects of major asteroid partnership with the Russians. He work there to prepare for a mis- stand the process and mechanism exploration to be followed later by Titov and Precourt provided impacts. He argued that the road is now a senior vice president at sion to Mars. of their growth. Research on the human exploration by a second an example of U.S.–Russia coop- to Mars clearly runs through the Science Applications International The value, importance, and problems experienced with zero member—Bolden. The case for eration as Titov presented his moon. He also pointed out the Corporation. Shaw has had a dis- quality of the United States’ inter- gravity, with the loss of calcium and the importance of human comments to the audience and real benefit to Earth of provid- tinguished career as an astronaut national partnership with Russia in the human body, could help exploration was also clearly stated Precourt provided real-time trans- ing reliable uninterrupted power and in industry. He flew three were emphasized by all three enhance the understanding of by Silver and the other panel lation in English. Titov presented generation from the moon, as space shuttle flights, serving as speakers. The Space Station would osteoporosis here on Earth. members. The need to conduct a Russian study done in the 1960s outlined in recent University of commander on his last two. He not be operating today without The discussion of the ongoing exploration, whether robotic for a Mars mission. With develop- Houston studies. Young spoke of became manager of the Space the Russians and access to the space shuttle and space station or human, with international ment of the needed propulsion the need to upgrade the space Shuttle Program and subsequently Soyuz and Progress spacecrafts. activities provided a good intro- partnerships was emphasized by systems, the Russians felt that the shuttle and the importance of joined the industry, in 1996, to Moscow’s control center also pro- duction to the third evening’s the entire panel. It was pointed technology would support the accomplishing the scientific stud- become Boeing’s International vides a very necessary backup to panel discussion on December out that the International Space human exploration of Mars. He ies planned for the International Space Station Program vice presi- Houston’s Mission Control Center. 11, “The Future of Human and Station’s very existence was due made the case for proving systems Space Station. dent and general manager. Shaw When questioned about the qual- Robotic Space Exploration.” to the U.S.’s outstanding partner- and capabilities onboard the space Young’s remarks, relative to is now chief operating officer of ity of the Russian equipment Panelists included Charles Bolden, ship with Russia. Demonstrating station. In addition, the Russian ongoing activities in human space- United Space Alliance, the prime and systems, all three astronauts Jr. (USMC, Ret.), astronaut and America’s ability to work together long-duration flights, over a year flight, provided an excellent intro- contractor for the Space Shuttle emphasized the equipment’s reli- vice president of TechTrans effectively has been one of the in length, have gone a long way to duction to the second evening Program. ability, quality, and simplicity. The International; Eugene Levy, most significant benefits gained proving the capability of humans of the three-part program, “The The three speakers stressed the Russian approach has been to Howard R. Hughes Provost and from the program. It has been to fly for the prolonged period International Space Station and importance that the space shuttle stay with proven designs and put professor of physics and astronomy said that learning to do that alone required for a mission to Mars. Space Shuttle: A Foundation for plays, along with the International great emphasis on the testing of at Rice; Charles Precourt (USAF, justifies the cost of the program. The consensus was that both the Future.” Space Station, in providing the equipment and to provide redun- Ret.), astronaut and deputy man- The importance of maintaining the moon and Mars should be That program, held December foundation for the future of dancy with dissimilar systems. The ager of the International Space U.S. leadership in space was also the goal for both robotic and 10, featured three astronauts human space exploration. The Russian approach to providing Station Program; Leon Silver, the discussed, along with the fact that human exploration, but with with considerable spaceflight space shuttle has a unique capabil- oxygen was used as an example; W.M. Keck Foundation Professor the world looks to America to lead differing views on the priorities, experience: Peggy Whitson, ity to carry large cargoes to space, they provide three differently for Research Geology, emeritus, at the way. timing, and emphasis for robotic Frank Culbertson (USN, Ret.), and the space station assembly designed systems. There was a California Institute of Technology; The discussion noted that com- versus human missions. The and Brewster Shaw (USAF, cannot be completed without its feeling that the U.S. and Russian Christopher Stott, president of mercial space has become signifi- panel session established the Ret.). Whitson is a graduate of support. Whitson emphasized that approach complemented each ManSat Corporation; and Vladimir cant in an economic sense, a need for further dialogue, and Rice University, from which she to accomplish science research other very well on the station. Georgievich Titov (Russian AF, $100 billion business last year with the president’s recent space received a PhD in biochemistry onboard the station, signifi- Brewster spoke of the Russian Ret.), Russian cosmonaut, and alone. But the U.S. needs to policy announcement, the Baker in 1985. In 2002, she flew as the cant up-mass and down-mass is performance in providing the director for space and com- ensure that its laws do not inhibit Institute is planning a workshop science officer and flight engineer required. The shuttle is the only propulsion module. The Russians munications for Russia and the or restrict growth. The U.S. on the topic in the future. on Expedition 5 and lived aboard vehicle in the world that can pro- provided an excellent module on Commonwealth of Independent export control regulations were Donors for the presenta- the International Space Station vide that capability. The Soyuz, the time and under budget on a fixed- States for the Boeing Company. cited as an example of unenlight- tions were the Boeing Company, for more than 184 days. She also Progress, and the European and price contract. Neal Lane, senior fellow in sci- ened policies that have severely United Space Alliance and is as an adjunct associate profes- Japanese transfer vehicles cannot The speakers pointed out the ence and technology at the Baker constrained the U.S. space indus- Science Applications International sor of biochemistry and cell biol- provide that capability. Whitson importance of human exploration Institute, University Professor, and try from competing in the world Corporation, and the Lockheed ogy at Rice. Culbertson has flown also stated that the human to the future and to maintaining professor of physics and astronomy market. Martin Corporation.

34 35 ity—which refers to the account- of the judiciary, Hammergren Hommes pointed out that evi- appear on TV channels, they European Community to Latin AMERICAS ability exercised between citizens described the transformation dence has shown that where have no influence in society.” In American democracies using continued from page 16 and their governments (first pro- the Latin American judiciaries there is more effective control his view, this venue of making data from the Economist’s 2003 U.S. special envoy in the peace posed by Guillermo O’Donnell, have entailed. In most countries, over budget, there is a better their voices heard—“streets and release of Latinobarometro, talks that led to a comprehensive professor of government and judiciaries have moved from macroeconomic performance. screens”—undermines the roles Latin Americans rate their satis- settlement by Ecuador and Peru international studies at the being small, unimportant, and In other words, not being too of political parties and democ- faction with democracy and its of their centuries-old territorial University of Notre Dame)—in underfunded to strong, impor- democratic in the management racy. Schedler pointed out the performance as below average. conflict. During his tenure at Latin America has mostly been tant bodies with increased pow- of the budget would probably importance of finding an institu- Europeans place greater trust in OAS, Einaudi has carried out dip- resolved. However, Schedler ers, resources, and autonomy. achieve better results. However, tionalized alternative to removing institutions such as police, army, lomatic efforts to reduce tensions pointed out that people should “The question is, Who guards Hommes also stressed that unpopular presidents rather than and the justice system than do in several countries in Central not neglect the electoral arena. the guardians? To whom is the democracy is not only compel- the popular “streets and screens” the Latin Americans. However, America. Even though much has been judiciary accountable?” asked ling to growth but is also a posi- model. He cited a need to find when comparing trust in govern- As a complement to enrich achieved on this front, it is no Hammergren. To illustrate her tive factor. He mentioned that “intelligent systems of recalling ment and political parties, the the discussions of the Americas guarantee of electoral account- point, she described the case of autonomous central banks might two regions score about the same. Project’s fellows, four experts ability. He suggested reorganizing Paraguay, where the members be seen as progress in terms of According to Schedler, Latin were brought in for a panel the disorganized Latin American of the Supreme Court decided accountability—yet they are not Despite all the criti- American democracies are doing discussion titled “Democratic democracies and to start think- they had lifetime tenure relying democratic institutions. extremely well if one compares Governance and Accountability ing not only of strengthening on a controversial interpretation Furthermore, he raised cism and deficiencies them to European democracies at in the Americas.” The panelists civil society but also strengthen- of the constitution. “Who could the question of centraliza- the same time of youth. were Linn Hammergren, Latin contradict them? To whom do tion versus decentralization. The Americas Project is a America project sector special- you appeal if it is the Supreme Decentralization, unless done in in the quality of Latin collaborative venture joining ist for the World Bank; Rudolf “The question is, Who Court’s decision?” she asked. an organized way with the right the resources and expertise of Hommes, former minister of Santistevan emphasized the rules in place, can be a setback American new democra- Rice’s Baker Institute and the finance of Colombia (1990– guards the guardians? necessity to impose transpar- or a potential disaster/problem. Organization of American States. 1994); Jorge Santistevan de ency in the judicial branch. If Hommes mentioned that in cies, one could argue It is designed to create a lead- Noriega, first national ombuds- the judiciary were to open its some cases decentralization in ership forum where emerging To whom is the judiciary man of Peru (1996–2000); and archives and information to the Colombia has made it easier that it is part of any pro- economic, political, and cultural Andreas Schedler, political sci- people, they could “organize a for guerillas and paramilitaries pacesetters from throughout ence professor at the Center for accountable?” system of watchdogging, of vigi- to have access to local budgets. North and South America can Economic Research and Teaching lance, of monitoring,” he said. He suggested that in most cases, cess of consolidation— engage in dialogue on impor- in Mexico. Kurt Weyland, associ- He applauded the U.S. Supreme excess of power leads to corrup- tant topics of hemispheric con- ate professor of government at ing political parties and the links Court’s achievements in trans- tion. part of “growing pains.” sequences. The project brings The University of Texas at Austin, between parties and civil society. parency by having the justices’ On the social front, together approximately 15 fellows served as moderator. On the other hand, the curriculum vitae as well as all the Santistevan stressed the role of selected competitively from the The panelists agreed that for lack of horizontal accountabil- decisions in which they had been civil society as a new actor in the elections that strengthen party various countries of the Western the past 10 years, democratiza- ity—described by O’Donnell involved available for the public political arena. In the past few systems, strengthen representa- Hemisphere. It attracts some of tion in Latin America has been as the checks and balances to see on the Web. years, citizens have gained more tive democracy instead of eroding the hemisphere’s brightest and concentrated in setting up the among the different bodies of The judiciary’s budget is access to information, which it.” most promising young leaders. systems by which elections are government—remains a wide- another potential problem of allows them to demand more. Despite all the criticism and properly held. In this sense, there spread problem in the region: accountability. The way they Santistevan described the way deficiencies in the quality of has been great improvement. it is weak and, in many cases, allocate their budget, how much in which civil society sometimes Latin American new democra- The questions of who would rule absent from Latin American goes where, and the determina- manifests its discontent and cies, one could argue that it is the countries and the amount governments. The traditional tion of their salaries are just sev- voices its demands in the form of part of any process of consolida- of power the militaries would role of checks and balances, of eral issues that should be openly crowds on the streets, as the poli- tion—part of “growing pains.” have are no longer a concern. controls within the government, discussed. The same issues could tics of “streets and screens.” He According to a chart distributed The issue of vertical accountabil- remains deficient. In the case be raised on the economic front. said, “If the demonstrations don’t by Schedler, which compares the

36 37 MARSHALL PLAN form property into useable capi- Though Kemp is deeply enthu- continued from page 23 tal. siastic and confident in a Marshall BRAZIL NEEDS TO RESTRUCTURE ENERGY SECTOR, Another benefit that will help Plan for the 21st century, he STUDY SAYS empowering the people, par- solidify a strong internal market acknowledged that there are real- ticipating in their economy, and is the maintenance of cultural istic limitations to the success of Although Brazil’s energy reforms available online at http:// prices more explicitly by contract eventually leveraging future invest- traditions and respect of religions. his plan. In an open trade econo- during the 1990s transformed the bakerinstitute.org, comprises five and eliminate price indices that ments. Kemp’s plan incorporates the my, the U.S. can only support so major oil importer into a nation academic research papers and two hold power and gas prices in dif- Kemp’s main support comes original ideals from the Marshall much trade of textiles and other with the potential to become economic analysis presentations, ferent currencies from the work that de Soto has Plan and adapts it to the particu- Third World products. Despite a net exporter, a study by the including a comparison of best • enhance the budget of regula- done in helping the Egyptian lar needs of the Middle East. The efforts to maintain and uphold Baker Institute warns that Brazil international privatization prac- tory agencies to ensure that they economy regain its legitimacy. plan intends to aid struggling cultural integrity in Middle East needs further restructuring of its tices in the oil industry and peer are adequately staffed and not Egypt has made great strides from nations through increasing pro- nations, extremists prevent the energy sector to meet the nation’s comparisons of the performance subject to interference from other the time when the majority of duction, expansion of foreign acceptance and integration of domestic need for oil. of Petrobras, the company cre- bodies of government their business ran in an under- trade, economic cooperation, con- constructive policies and ideas. Brazil’s demand for oil could ated by the Brazilian government • improve third-party access to ground economy. Through the trolled inflation, and government Kemp’s Middle East Marshall rise between 1 and 4 percent in 1953 to run the oil industry. natural gas transmission infra- support of property rights and regulation. None of these aims Plan was characterized as an a year between now and 2015, “Brazil can afford to priva- structure and information registration of property (regard- insult or threaten the rich and approach with “pragmatic ideal- according to the Baker Institute tize Petrobras and liberalize the The BP Foundation was a less of its value), Kemp declares important culture of the Middle ism.” analysis. Consequently, much of energy sector to guarantee the sponsor of the study. that the Third World can trans- East. the country’s 1 million-barrel-a- low-cost provision of fuels in day increase in production will future energy crises,” Jaffe said. Baker Institute Report simply offset domestic needs. “But to implement these reforms

“Without more restructuring successfully, Brazil needs to cre- Editor - B.J. Almond REPORT FEATURES COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF of its energy sector, Brazil might ate a decentralized fiscal system have difficulty ensuring that suf- that does not require a state oil Photographers - Tommy LaVergne NERGY NVESTMENT EEDS FOR UTURE Jeff Fitlow E -I N F ficient investment can be made and gas company as a macro-eco- to continue to meet the rising nomic policy tool, and it needs 2004 by the Baker Institute for With world energy demand Simmons, chairman of Simmons ber of unexpected observations, Public Policy of Rice University. predicted to rise by two-thirds and Company International. including the following: requirement for fuel and electric- to strengthen the independent This material may be quoted or repro- by 2030, a new study by the The IEA study was a collabora- • The projected rate of invest- ity,” said Amy Jaffe, the Wallace regulatory authority of the state to duced without prior permission, pro- Wilson Fellow for Energy Studies protect the interests of Brazilian vided appropriate credit is given. For International Energy Agency tion of experts and organizations, ment will still leave 1.4 billion further information about the Baker (IEA) in Paris estimates including the Organization of people without access to elec- at the Baker Institute and associ- consumers.” Institute, please visit our website at ate director of the Rice Energy The study concluded that http://bakerinstitute.org. $16 trillion of new investment Petroleum Exporting Countries, tricity in 2030, only 200 million For further inquiries and address will be needed over the next the World Bank, and major fewer than now. Program. “Our study notes that Brazil needs to do the following: changes, we may be reached by three decades to maintain and • Power generation, transmission, how Brazil meets its growing ener- • address the future status of phone, 713-348-4683; fax, 713-348- energy companies and financial 5993; or e-mail, [email protected]. expand energy supply. institutions. The study quantifies and distribution will absorb gy requirements will have direct Petrobras, a “giant state oil con- Two officials from IEA present- energy investment needs by fuel nearly 60 percent of global bearing on the development of cern” The Baker Institute Report is energy trade flows in the Western • improve the climate for com- printed on recycled paper with ed an overview of “World Energy sector and region and identifies energy investment, or almost funds provided by The Cullen Investment Outlook 2003” at the the obstacles to mobilizing capital $10 trillion. Hemisphere.” petitive markets in natural gas Foundation Publication Endowment. Baker Institute November 14, on the required scale. • Transmission and distribution Brazil, the largest country in and power by limiting Petrobras’s 2003. The event was sponsored Mandil said he is unaware of will account for more than half Latin America, is the 10th-larg- role in those markets est energy consumer worldwide. • work toward a fully competitive by the Baker Institute Energy any previous attempt to build of the global electricity-sector To inquire about pro- In South America, Brazil is the regional gas market with broad Forum. “such a comprehensive picture of investment. gram support at the Baker largest energy consumer; in the participation and ample liquidity, Claude Mandil, executive future energy investment, world- • The coal industry requires only Institute, please contact Western Hemisphere, it is the with gas prices determined by the director of IEA, and Fatih Birol, wide, in all parts of the energy $400 billion, or 2 percent of Molly Hipp, director of third largest, ranking behind the fundamental economic principles IEA chief economist, spoke after supply chain.” global energy investment. development, at 713-348- United States and Canada. of supply and demand introductory remarks by Matthew The study revealed a num- 4737 or [email protected]. The Baker Institute study, • link power and natural gas

38 39 BAKER INSTITUTE ENDOWED FELLOWSHIPS

Edward Djerejian Erika de la Garza Moshe Ma’oz, PhD Robert and Janice McNair Chair in Program Coordinator, Americas Isaac and Mildred Brochstein Public Policy Project™ Fellow in Peace and Security in Edward A. and Hermana Hancock Honor of Yitzhak Rabin Kelly University Chair for Senior Amy Myers Jaffe Scholars Wallace S. Wilson Fellow for Energy William Martin, PhD Director of the James A. Baker III Studies Harry and Hazel Chavanne Institute for Public Policy Associate Director, Rice Energy Professor of Religion and Public Program Policy Allen Matusow Chair of the Department of Associate Director for Academic Neal Lane, PhD Sociology Programs at the Baker Institute Senior Fellow in Science and William Gaines Twyman Professor Technology Joan T. Neuhaus of History University Professor Thomas Cook & Mary Elizabeth Professor of Physics and Astronomy Edwards Fellow George Abbey Senior Fellow in Space Policy Steve Lewis, PhD Alvin Tarlov, MD Senior Researcher in Asian Politics Sid Richardson and Taylor and Joe Barnes and Economics Robert H. Ray Senior Fellow in Bonner Means Baker Fellow Director of the Transnational Health Policy China Project Executive Director of the Texas Paul Brace, PhD Lecturer in Asian Studies Program for Society and Health Clarence L. Carter Professorship, Professor of Political Science

NON-PROFIT ORG. U.S. POSTAGE PAID HOUSTON, TEXAS PERMIT NO. 7549 JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY–MS40 RICE UNIVERSITY P.O. BOX 1892 HOUSTON, TEXAS 77251-1892