DOCSLIB.ORG

Project Apollo: Americans to the Moon 440 Document II-1 Document Title

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Project Apollo: Americans to the Moon 440 Document II-1 Document Title 440 Project Apollo: Americans to the Moon Document II-1 Document Title: NASA, “ Minutes of Meeting of Research Steering Committee on Manned Space Flight,” 25–26 May 1959. Source: Folder 18675, NASA Historical Reference Collection, History Division, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC. Within less than a year after its creation, NASA began looking at follow-on programs to Project Mercury, the initial human spacefl ight effort. A Research Steering Committee on Manned Space Flight was created in spring 1959; it consisted of top-level representatives of all of the NASA fi eld centers and NASA Headquarters. Harry J. Goett from Ames, but soon to be head of the newly created Goddard Space Flight Center, was named chair of the committee. The fi rst meeting of the committee took place on 25 and 26 May 1959, in Washington. Those in attendance provided an overview of research and thinking related to human spacefl ight at various NASA centers, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), and the High Speed Flight Station (HSFS) at Edwards Air Force Base. George Low, then in charge of human spacefl ight at NASA Headquarters, argued for making a lunar landing NASA’s long-term goal. He was backed up by engineer and designer Maxime Faget of the Space Task Group of the Langley Research Center and Bruce Lundin of the Lewis Research Center. After further discussion at its June meeting, the Committee agreed on the lunar landing objective, and by the end of the year a lunar landing was incorporated into NASA’s 10-year plan as the long-range objective of the agency’s human spacefl ight program. NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION 1520 H STREET NORTHWEST Washington 25, D.C. Minutes of Meeting of RESEARCH STEERING COMMITTEE ON MANNED SPACE FLIGHT NASA Headquarters Offi ce Washington, D.C. May 25-26, 1959 Present: Mr. Harry J. Goett, Chairman Mr. M. B. Ames, Jr. (part time) Mr. De E. Beeler Dr. A. J. Eggers Mr. M. A. Faget Mr. Laurance K. Loftin, Jr. Mr. George M. Low Exploring the Unknown 441 Mr. Bruce T. Lundin Mr. Harris M. Schurmeier Mr. Ralph W. May, Jr., Secretary Observers: Mr. John Disher Mr. Robert Crane Mr. Warren North Mr. Milton Rosen (part time) Mr. Kurt Strass COMMITTEE PURPOSE The Directors of the Offi ces of Aeronautical and Space Research and Space Flight Development had planned to attend the beginning of this fi rst meeting to express their interests in and objectives for the Committee. As circumstances prevented their attendance, the Chairman disclosed his interpretation of their views. He reaffi rmed that the Committee was formed by the Offi ce of Aeronautical and Space Research and reports to that offi ce. The offi ce desires that the Committee take a reasonably long term look at man- in-space problems leading eventually to recommendations as to what [2] future mission steps should be and to recommendations concerning broad aspects of Research Center (including JPL and HSFS) research programs to assure that they are providing proper information. It is hoped that the Centers will assist the Committee by making general studies for it as deemed necessary and that there will be a healthy relationship between the Centers and Committee with mutual support. Although the Committee needs to do long range thinking about space fl ight missions and concepts, it should be set signifi cantly beyond Mercury and Dyna Soar. The Chairman further explained, that although the Offi ce of Space Flight Development had no cognizance over the Committee, the director has expressed hopes that the Committee in an interim sort of way could make some recommendations by September 1959 regarding what type of approach Space Flight Development should take in using Fiscal Year 1961 budget money earmarked for Project Mercury follow-up. Following these statements there was some discussion of our relationship to other committees, in particular the ARPA Man in Space Committee, the ARPA MRS-V Committee and the NASA Long Range Objectives and Program Planning Committees. The fi rst committee was set up for ARPA-NASA relations on Project Mercury and apparently is being disbanded. The MRS-V Committee has just formed, has NASA representation (George Low), and concerns an ARPA manned recoverable satellite vehicle project that has no fi rm status as yet. The latter committee composed of Dr. Hagen and Messrs. Ames and Clement is concerned with arriving at a general ten year NASA research and development program for Dr. Glennan’s use with the Space Council in connection with the 1961 budget. Each member then gave this views about how this Committee should operate. There was unanimous feeling that we should not be infl uenced by other committees or groups. NASA is concerned with the national space program so 442 Project Apollo: Americans to the Moon this committee should do long range objective planning, decide what supporting research and to some extent what vehicle recommendations are appropriate, and then take aggressive steps to assure that the work is implemented with proper orientation and coordination among all NASA Research Centers including JPL and HSFS. Certain space fl ight objectives have to be decided upon early to work toward. The Committee should not get bogged down with justifying the need for man in space in each of the steps but out-rightly assume that he is needed inasmuch as the ultimate objective of space exploration is manned travel to and from other planets. It is felt that the Committee can help put [3] more objectiveness in NASA space research by stressing overall jobs to be done and concepts to be explored. Past experience as with the X-15 and Mercury has shown that research geared to defi nite objectives is mutually benefi cial to both research planning and project development. On the other hand a point was made that the Committee has to assure that NASA research retains enough diversity to avoid overlooking important new ideas. It is questionable, however, as to whether the NASA will be able to develop space research to the degree of systematic coverage that the NACA was able to do previously for example in the case of the aerodynamics of aircraft wing and body confi gurations. National Booster Program Mr. Rosen reviewed the national booster program as presently conceived including Scout, Delta, Vega, Centaur, Saturn (formerly Juno IV) and Nova. This information is largely available in a brochure on the booster program distributed to all NASA centers and is not repeated here. A tabulated synopsis is appended however. [not included] This information is still fairly current except it now appears that the Saturn payload capabilities may be as much as 50 percent higher. The Nova vehicle depends strongly on hydrogen and its design is still very fl uid. Lewis is working reasonably on this project and Mr. Lu[n]din agreed to supply reasonably detailed information on it for distrubution [sic] to committee members. NASA has invited proposals to develop a system to recover the two rocket engines and associated vehicle tail section that is normally ejected from Atlas. The proposals are to be for eight Atlas’ if the overall operation is shown to be at a net saving to the Government. The Committee asked for copies of the proposal invitation. Subsequent to the meeting Mr. Rosen has indicated that the contract document is not in a form suitable for distribution and probably would not be of any interest to the members since no specifi cations are made, Space Flight Development will be glad to make them available to the Committee. Mr. Crane reviewed the stringent booster requirements of Dyna Soar to assure that the vehicle will not exceed critical load and temperature limits throughout the fl ight range. This restricts the vehicle to a rather limited altitude- velocity corridor. To accomplish this any of the [4] boosters in the present booster program would have to be modifi ed to a major degree. A 4-barrel modifi ed Titan fi rst stage booster has been proposed by one of the contractors. The Committee asked to be kept informed of the Dyna Soar booster developments. Exploring the Unknown 443 Dyna Soar Mr. Ames briefl y reviewed the history of Dyna Soar up to its present status of source selection between two contractors – Boeing and Martin-Bell. He also discussed some of the philosophy of why it is considered as a hypersonic research vehicle for exploring the fl ight corridor at speeds up to orbital and some of the design features. Some concern was voiced that the Dyna Soar concept utilizes the radiation cooling principle to the limit of existing technology without leaving much room for growth. Thus some members felt that Dyna Soar did not fi t in the NASA space exploration mission. Other members, however, recognized the need for continuing to look at vehicle conrecognized [sic] the need for continuing to look at vehicle concepts with orbital fl ight and conventional landing capabilities; Dyna Soar does fi t into this picture and also permits exploration of winged vehicles at speeds up to orbital. Project Mercury Mr. Faget discussed in considerable detail the Project Mercury concept, its operational and design features, the test and build up development programs, its status and planned schedule. The material he discussed is largely summarized in a document prepared by the Langley Space Task Group entitled “Project Mercury Discussion” dated May 18, 1959, which was distributed to most Committee members. A movie was also shown dealing with the Mercury capsule fabrication, mockup, escape rocket system and orientation control system. Project Mercury has pointed up the need for general research on large parachutes. PROGRAM REVIEWS BY COMMITTEE MEMBERS Mr.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Surrender Software
    Scientific image rendering for space scenes with the SurRender software Scientific image rendering for space scenes with the SurRender software R. Brochard, J. Lebreton*, C. Robin, K. Kanani, G. Jonniaux, A. Masson, N. Despré, A. Berjaoui Airbus Defence and Space, 31 rue des Cosmonautes, 31402 Toulouse Cedex, France [email protected] *Corresponding Author Abstract The autonomy of spacecrafts can advantageously be enhanced by vision-based navigation (VBN) techniques. Applications range from manoeuvers around Solar System objects and landing on planetary surfaces, to in -orbit servicing or space debris removal, and even ground imaging. The development and validation of VBN algorithms for space exploration missions relies on the availability of physically accurate relevant images. Yet archival data from past missions can rarely serve this purpose and acquiring new data is often costly. Airbus has developed the image rendering software SurRender, which addresses the specific challenges of realistic image simulation with high level of representativeness for space scenes. In this paper we introduce the software SurRender and how its unique capabilities have proved successful for a variety of applications. Images are rendered by raytracing, which implements the physical principles of geometrical light propagation. Images are rendered in physical units using a macroscopic instrument model and scene objects reflectance functions. It is specially optimized for space scenes, with huge distances between objects and scenes up to Solar System size. Raytracing conveniently tackles some important effects for VBN algorithms: image quality, eclipses, secondary illumination, subpixel limb imaging, etc. From a user standpoint, a simulation is easily setup using the available interfaces (MATLAB/Simulink, Python, and more) by specifying the position of the bodies (Sun, planets, satellites, …) over time, complex 3D shapes and material surface properties, before positioning the camera.
    [Show full text]
  • 1957 – the Year the Space Age Began Conditions in 1957
    1957 – The Year the Space Age Began Roger L. Easton, retired Naval Research Laboratory Linda Hall Library Kansas City MO 6 September 2007 Conditions in 1957 z Much different from now, slower, more optimistic in some ways z Simpler, yet very frightening, time 1 1957 in Politics z January 20: Second Presidential Inauguration of Dwight Eisenhower 1957 in Toys z First “Frisbee” from Wham-O 2 1957 in Sports z Third Year of Major League Baseball in Kansas City z the “Athletics,” not the “Royals” 1957 in Sports z No pro football in Kansas City z AFL was three years in future z no Chiefs until 1963 3 1957 at Home z No microwave ovens z (TV dinners since 1954) z Few color television sets z (first broadcasts late in 1953) z No postal Zip Codes z Circular phone diales z No cell phones z (heck, no Area Codes, no direct long-distance dialing!) z No Internet, no personal computers z Music recorded on vinyl discs, not compact or computer disks 1957 in Transportation z Gas cost 27¢ per gallon z September 4: Introduction of the Edsel by Ford Motor Company z cancelled in 1959 after loss of $250M 4 1957 in Transportation z October 28: rollout of first production Boeing 707 1957 in Science z International Geophysical Year (IGY) z (actually, “year and a half”) 5 IGY Accomplishments z South Polar Stations established z Operation Deep Freeze z Discovery of mid-ocean submarine ridges z evidence of plate tectonics z USSR and USA pledged to launch artificial satellites (“man-made moons”) z discovery of Van Allen radiation belts 1957: “First” Year of Space Age z Space Age arguably began in 1955 z President Eisenhower announced that USA would launch small unmanned earth-orbiting satellite as part of IGY z Project Vanguard 6 Our Story: z The battle to determine who would launch the first artificial satellite: z Werner von Braun of the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Report Resumes
    REPORT RESUMES ED 019 218 88 SE 004 494 A RESOURCE BOOK OF AEROSPACE ACTIVITIES, K-6. LINCOLN PUBLIC SCHOOLS, NEBR. PUB DATE 67 EDRS PRICEMF.41.00 HC-S10.48 260P. DESCRIPTORS- *ELEMENTARY SCHOOL SCIENCE, *PHYSICAL SCIENCES, *TEACHING GUIDES, *SECONDARY SCHOOL SCIENCE, *SCIENCE ACTIVITIES, ASTRONOMY, BIOGRAPHIES, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, FILMS, FILMSTRIPS, FIELD TRIPS, SCIENCE HISTORY, VOCABULARY, THIS RESOURCE BOOK OF ACTIVITIES WAS WRITTEN FOR TEACHERS OF GRADES K-6, TO HELP THEM INTEGRATE AEROSPACE SCIENCE WITH THE REGULAR LEARNING EXPERIENCES OF THE CLASSROOM. SUGGESTIONS ARE MADE FOR INTRODUCING AEROSPACE CONCEPTS INTO THE VARIOUS SUBJECT FIELDS SUCH AS LANGUAGE ARTS, MATHEMATICS, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, SOCIAL STUDIES, AND OTHERS. SUBJECT CATEGORIES ARE (1) DEVELOPMENT OF FLIGHT, (2) PIONEERS OF THE AIR (BIOGRAPHY),(3) ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES AND SPACE PROBES,(4) MANNED SPACE FLIGHT,(5) THE VASTNESS OF SPACE, AND (6) FUTURE SPACE VENTURES. SUGGESTIONS ARE MADE THROUGHOUT FOR USING THE MATERIAL AND THEMES FOR DEVELOPING INTEREST IN THE REGULAR LEARNING EXPERIENCES BY INVOLVING STUDENTS IN AEROSPACE ACTIVITIES. INCLUDED ARE LISTS OF SOURCES OF INFORMATION SUCH AS (1) BOOKS,(2) PAMPHLETS, (3) FILMS,(4) FILMSTRIPS,(5) MAGAZINE ARTICLES,(6) CHARTS, AND (7) MODELS. GRADE LEVEL APPROPRIATENESS OF THESE MATERIALSIS INDICATED. (DH) 4:14.1,-) 1783 1490 ,r- 6e tt*.___.Vhf 1842 1869 LINCOLN PUBLICSCHOOLS A RESOURCEBOOK OF AEROSPACEACTIVITIES U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION K-6) THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT.POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY. 1919 O O Vj A PROJECT FUNDED UNDER TITLE HIELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION ACT A RESOURCE BOOK OF AEROSPACE ACTIVITIES (K-6) The work presentedor reported herein was performed pursuant to a Grant from the U.
    [Show full text]
  • New Report ID
    Number 21 April 2004 BAKER INSTITUTE REPORT NOTES FROM THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY OF RICE UNIVERSITY BAKER INSTITUTE CELEBRATES ITS 10TH ANNIVERSARY Vice President Dick Cheney was man you only encounter a few the keynote speaker at the Baker times in life—what I call a ‘hun- See our special Institute’s 10th anniversary gala, dred-percenter’—a person of which drew nearly 800 guests to ability, judgment, and absolute gala feature with color a black-tie dinner October 17, integrity,” Cheney said in refer- 2003, that raised more than ence to Baker. photos on page 20. $3.2 million for the institute’s “This is a man who was chief programs. Cynthia Allshouse and of staff on day one of the Reagan Rice trustee J. D. Bucky Allshouse years and chief of staff 12 years ing a period of truly momentous co-chaired the anniversary cel- later on the last day of former change,” Cheney added, citing ebration. President Bush’s administra- the fall of the Soviet Union, the Cheney paid tribute to the tion,” Cheney said. “In between, Persian Gulf War, and a crisis in institute’s honorary chair, James he led the treasury department, Panama during Baker’s years at A. Baker, III, and then discussed oversaw two landslide victories in the Department of State. the war on terrorism. presidential politics, and served “There is a certain kind of as the 61st secretary of state dur- continued on page 24 NIGERIAN PRESIDENT REFLECTS ON CHALLENGES FACING HIS NATION President Olusegun Obasanjo of the Republic of Nigeria observed that Africa, as a whole, has been “unstable for too long” during a November 5, 2003, presentation at the Baker Institute.
    [Show full text]
  • Book Tribute to George Low –“The Ultimate Engineer”
    Book Tribute to George Low –“The Ultimate Engineer” The Ultimate Engineer: The Remarkable Life of NASA's Visionary Leader George M. Low by Richard Jurek Foreword by Gerald D. Griffin From the late 1950s to 1976 the U.S. manned spaceflight program advanced as it did largely due to the extraordinary efforts of Austrian immigrant George M. Low. Described as the "ultimate engineer" during his career at NASA, Low was a visionary architect and leader from the agency's inception in 1958 to his retirement in 1976. As chief of manned spaceflight at NASA, Low was instrumental in the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs. Low's pioneering work paved the way for President Kennedy's decision to make a lunar landing NASA's primary goal in the 1960s. After the tragic 1967 Apollo I fire that took the lives of three astronauts and almost crippled the program, Low took charge of the redesign of the Apollo spacecraft, and helped lead the program from disaster and toward the moon. In 1968, Low made the bold decision to go for lunar orbit on Apollo 8 before the lunar module was ready for flight and after only one Earth orbit test flight of the Command and Service modules. Under Low there were five manned missions, including Apollo 11, the first manned lunar landing. Low's clandestine negotiations with the Soviet Union resulted in a historic joint mission in 1975 that was the precursor to the Shuttle-MIR and International Space Station programs. At the end of his NASA career, Low was one of the leading figures in the development of the Space Shuttle in the early1970s, and was instrumental in NASA's transition into a post-Apollo world.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 6.Qxd
    CHAPTER 6: The NASA Family The melding of all of the NASA centers, contractors, universities, and often strong personalities associated with each of them into the productive and efficient organization necessary to complete NASA’s space missions became both more critical and more difficult as NASA turned its attention from Gemini to Apollo. The approach and style and, indeed, the personality of each NASA center differed sharply. The Manned Spacecraft Center was distinctive among all the rest. Fortune magazine suggested in 1967 that the scale of NASA’s operation required a whole new approach and style of management: “To master such massively complex and expensive problems, the agency has mobilized some 20,000 individual firms, more than 400,000 workers, and 200 colleges and universities in a combine of the most advanced resources of American civilization.” The author referred to some of the eight NASA centers and assorted field installations as “pockets of sovereignty” which exercised an enormous degree of independence and autonomy.1 An enduring part of the management problem throughout the Mercury and Gemini programs that became compounded under Apollo, because of its greater technical challenges, was the diversity and distinctiveness of each of the NASA centers. The diverse cultures and capabilities represented by each of the centers were at once the space program’s greatest resource and its Achilles’ heel. NASA was a hybrid organization. At its heart was Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory established by Congress in 1917 near Hampton, Virginia, and formally dedicated in 1920. It became the Langley Research Center. Langley created the Ames Aeronautical Laboratory at Moffett Field, California, in 1939.
    [Show full text]
  • The Florida Governor's Commission on Space: Its Impact on Space Enterprise
    The Space Congress® Proceedings 1988 (25th) Heritage - Dedication - Vision Apr 1st, 8:00 AM The Florida Governor's Commission on Space: Its Impact on Space Enterprise Stephen L. Morgan Center for Space Enterprise Research, Space Research Institute, Florida Institute of Technology Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.erau.edu/space-congress-proceedings Scholarly Commons Citation Morgan, Stephen L., "The Florida Governor's Commission on Space: Its Impact on Space Enterprise" (1988). The Space Congress® Proceedings. 3. https://commons.erau.edu/space-congress-proceedings/proceedings-1988-25th/session-2/3 This Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Conferences at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Space Congress® Proceedings by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE FLORIDA GOVERNOR'S COMMISSION ON SPACE: ITS IMPACT ON SPACE ENTERPRISE Stephen L Morgan ] Center for Space Enterprise Research Space Research Institute Florida Institute of Technology 1 SOW. University Blvd. Melbourne, FL 32901-6988 (407)984-7228/768-8037 ABSTRACT At the Kennedy Space Center, on 28 Her/ 1987, at the Second Briefing Meeting of the East Central Florida Space Business Roundtable, Florida Governor Bob Martlnez signed an Executive Order creating the Governor's Commission on Space. This action followed the Roundtable's initiative to the state dating from September, 1986, suggesting the formation of the Commission. On hand to deliver the keynote address was Dr. Gerard K. O'Nelll, a former member of the National Commission on Space. Dr. O'Neill's presence was no accident, since the purpose of the Florida Commission is to define Florida's role in the continued development of many of the concepts outlined In the National Commission's watershed report, Pioneering the Space Frontier.
    [Show full text]
  • The Kennedy and Johnson Years. SPONS AGENCY National Inst
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 231 050 iA 015 ;711 AUTHOR Graham, Hugh Davis TITLE The Transformation of Federal Education,Policy: The Kennedy and Johnson Years. SPONS AGENCY National Inst. of Education (ED), Washington, DC. PUB DATE. Jan 83 , GRANT NIE-G-80-0139' .NOTE . 427p: PUB TYPE Historical Materials (060) -- Reports - General (140) Books (010) EDRS PRICE ME01/PC18 Plus Postage." DESCRIPTORS *Advisory Committees; Advocacy; Archives; De ision . Making; Educational Change; *Educational.His ory; : *Educational Legislation; Educational'Oualit Federal Government; Federal Legislation; Federal Programs4 Government School Relationship; Historiography; *PoliCy Formation;'Political Power;, Political Science; *Presidents; Social Change; Social SCience Research IDENTIFIERS Congress; *Great Society; Johnson (Lyndon Baines); Kennedy (John F); *Task Force Approach ABSTRACT Archive-based historical anaIysis brings a perspective to policy studies that is lackingn individual case° studies. The recently opened Kennedy and Johnson arChives facilitate an internal analysis of the evolution of education policyformulation in the 1960s from the petspective of the executive branch. The central thread of continuity for such an analysis is executive planning through presidential task forces, such as those coordinated in the mid-1960$ by Bill Moyers and Joseph Califano. While task . forcing was for Kennedy largely a one-shot ceampagn effort,of dubious efficacy, it was crucial for Johnson's construction of'the Great Sciciety's programmatic base. Task forces provide both
    [Show full text]
  • Conceptual Human-System Interface Design for a Lunar Access Vehicle
    Conceptual Human-System Interface Design for a Lunar Access Vehicle Mary Cummings Enlie Wang Cristin Smith Jessica Marquez Mark Duppen Stephane Essama Massachusetts Institute of Technology* Prepared For Draper Labs Award #: SC001-018 PI: Dava Newman HAL2005-04 September, 2005 http://halab.mit.edu e-mail: [email protected] *MIT Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Cambridge, MA 02139 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................... 1 1.1 THE GENERAL FRAMEWORK................................................................................ 1 1.2 ORGANIZATION.................................................................................................... 2 2 H-SI BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION ........................................................ 3 2.1 APOLLO VS. LAV H-SI........................................................................................ 3 2.2 APOLLO VS. LUNAR ACCESS REQUIREMENTS ...................................................... 4 3 THE LAV CONCEPTUAL PROTOTYPE............................................................ 5 3.1 HS-I DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS ................................................................................ 5 3.2 THE CONCEPTUAL PROTOTYPE ............................................................................ 6 3.3 LANDING ZONE (LZ) DISPLAY............................................................................. 8 3.3.1 LZ Display Introduction.................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Direct Earth/Moon Cargo Delivery
    41st AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference & Exhibit AIAA 2005-4187 10 - 13 July 2005, Tucson, Arizona Direct Earth/Moon Cargo Delivery W. J.D. Escher * and T.K. Percy † Science Applications International Corporation, Huntsville, AL, 35806 ABSTRACT As the space exploration initiative matures, the fundamental need for effective and efficient heavy -cargo logi stical delivery means across space will become increasingly apparent. Accepting human lunar exploration as the initial step toward more ambitious missions to follow, early on it is evident that a number of different cargo -carrying vehicles will incremental ly operate across the mission profile, requiring several in -flight payload transfer operations. When later stages of long -duration exploration and lunar -base build -up are underway , a more effective logistical arm may be needed. A leading -candidate approach is the “direct delivery” of Earth -launched cargo to the Moon. Here, by way of example, a single large vehicle to be described is operated across the total mission profile with no intermediate cargo transfers. This two -stage system consists of a solid -rock et Boost Stage and a cryogenic liquid -rocket Space Stage. In addition to multi -ton discretionary payloads being so delivered, a comparably sized collateral payload arrives at the Moon: the Space Stage transporter itself. This landed stage would be speciall y designed to be highly useful, in various ways, to the aw aiting human exploration team s. It would be used d irectly, as a shelter, habitat, storage facility and , indirectly, as for pre -planned disassembly for materials of construction, power systems hardwa re, instrumentation equipment, and the like.
    [Show full text]
  • Apollo 13 Mission Review
    APOLLO 13 MISSION REVIEW HEAR& BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES UNITED STATES SENATE NINETY-FIRST CONGRESS SECOR’D SESSION JUR’E 30, 1970 Printed for the use of the Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 47476 0 WASHINGTON : 1970 COMMITTEE ON AEROKAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES CLINTON P. ANDERSON, New Mexico, Chairman RICHARD B. RUSSELL, Georgia MARGARET CHASE SMITH, Maine WARREN G. MAGNUSON, Washington CARL T. CURTIS, Nebraska STUART SYMINGTON, bfissouri MARK 0. HATFIELD, Oregon JOHN STENNIS, Mississippi BARRY GOLDWATER, Arizona STEPHEN M.YOUNG, Ohio WILLIAM B. SAXBE, Ohio THOJfAS J. DODD, Connecticut RALPH T. SMITH, Illinois HOWARD W. CANNON, Nevada SPESSARD L. HOLLAND, Florida J4MES J. GEHRIG,Stad Director EVERARDH. SMITH, Jr., Professional staffMember Dr. GLENP. WILSOS,Professional #tad Member CRAIGVOORHEES, Professional Staff Nember WILLIAMPARKER, Professional Staff Member SAMBOUCHARD, Assistant Chief Clerk DONALDH. BRESNAS,Research Assistant (11) CONTENTS Tuesday, June 30, 1970 : Page Opening statement by the chairman, Senator Clinton P. Anderson-__- 1 Review Board Findings, Determinations and Recommendations-----_ 2 Testimony of- Dr. Thomas 0. Paine, Administrator of NASA, accompanied by Edgar M. Cortright, Director, Langley Research Center and Chairman of the dpollo 13 Review Board ; Dr. Charles D. Har- rington, Chairman, Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel ; Dr. Dale D. Myers, Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, and Dr. Rocco A. Petrone, hpollo Director -___________ 21, 30 Edgar 11. Cortright, Chairman, hpollo 13 Review Board-------- 21,27 Dr. Dale D. Mvers. Associate Administrator for Manned SDace 68 69 105 109 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIOSS 1. Internal coinponents of oxygen tank So. 2 ---_____-_________________ 22 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Project Apollo: Americans to the Moon John M
    Chapter Two Project Apollo: Americans to the Moon John M. Logsdon Project Apollo, the remarkable U.S. space effort that sent 12 astronauts to the surface of Earth’s Moon between July 1969 and December 1972, has been extensively chronicled and analyzed.1 This essay will not attempt to add to this extensive body of literature. Its ambition is much more modest: to provide a coherent narrative within which to place the various documents included in this compendium. In this narrative, key decisions along the path to the Moon will be given particular attention. 1. Roger Launius, in his essay “Interpreting the Moon Landings: Project Apollo and the Historians,” History and Technology, Vol. 22, No. 3 (September 2006): 225–55, has provided a com­ prehensive and thoughtful overview of many of the books written about Apollo. The bibliography accompanying this essay includes almost every book-length study of Apollo and also lists a number of articles and essays interpreting the feat. Among the books Launius singles out for particular attention are: John M. Logsdon, The Decision to Go to the Moon: Project Apollo and the National Interest (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1970); Walter A. McDougall, . the Heavens and the Earth: A Political History of the Space Age (New York: Basic Books, 1985); Vernon Van Dyke, Pride and Power: the Rationale of the Space Program (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1964); W. Henry Lambright, Powering Apollo: James E. Webb of NASA (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995); Roger E. Bilstein, Stages to Saturn: A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicles, NASA SP-4206 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1980); Edgar M.
    [Show full text]