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Draft Background Paper on Puntland Hdr September 1. INTRODUCTION Preamble This Background Paper highlights the relationships between conflicts, peace, and human development1 in Puntland. Among the pertinent issues addressed are the dynamics of transition taking place in Puntland as well as available opportunities for engaging youth in conflict resolution, peace building, and inclusive development. It examines the key drivers and structural factors perpetuating recurrent conflicts and youth exclusion; and maps out a holistic approach to empowering and engaging Puntland’s youth in realizing lasting peace and sustainable development. The objective of the paper is to provide well researched inputs into the preparation of the National Human Development Report (NHDR) for Somalia by collating useful information on the state of human development in the Puntland State of Somalia, The theme of this HDR is ‘Empowering the Youth for Peace and Development.’2 Drawing on the available literature on conflict drivers in the north eastern region of Somalia (World Bank - 2005), the 2010 Puntland Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Report, United Nations Development Programme, Youth and Violent Conflict; Society and Development in Crisis; UNDP - Capacity Development: Empowering People and Institutions, studies on local peace initiatives by the Puntland Development and Research Centre (PDRC), the Puntland State of Somalia Five year and Annual Development Plans, the Puntland State of Somalia National Youth Policy, and many other extensive studies by international experts, this Background Paper retraces how political and socio economic factors have interplayed to escalate/de-escalate conflict, promote peacemaking and affect overall human development in the state. The Paper draws on examples from youth involvement in inclusive development in Puntland s well as initiatives by the youth to promote peace and development. It takes cognizance of growing concerns about the relationships between conflicts, peace building, and human development3. 1 Development actors have paid growing attention to the interlocking problems of poverty, .... conflicts, complex emergencies and human insecurity. There has been heightened appreciation of the interplay between security and development as the costs and consequences of violence, conflict and insecurity on development outcomes have become apparent. …a strong correlation between low levels of economic development and conflict has been convincingly established. (Necla Tschirgi (2009), Centre for International Policy Studies University of Ottawa “The Security Politics Development Nexus: The Lessons of State Building in sub-Saharan Africa A paper prepared for the European Report for Development Workshop Florence, Italy 16-17 April 2009 “) 2 The HDR theme was selected in consultation with Somali stakeholders, including the governments, civil society and research organizations, and presented to a broad group during the launch of the process in Puntland and Somaliland. The theme was also discussed at the UNCT. The evolving concept notes and working outline was discussed at length with senior level government counterparts from the three administrative zones at a workshop in Kampala. In order to ensure broad national ownership from the very beginning, three local national institutions have been selected to conduct the survey and prepare background papers for the three regions – Somaliland (Admas University), Puntland (Consortium headed by Puntland State University) and South Central (Centre for Research and Dialogue). 3 Development actors have paid growing attention to the interlocking problems of poverty, intra-state conflicts, complex emergencies and human insecurity. There has been heightened appreciation of the interplay between security and development as the costs and consequences of violence, conflict and insecurity on development outcomes have become apparent. Conversely, there has been increasing understanding of the role of development processes and strategies on generating insecurity and conflict. Importantly, the strong correlation between low levels of economic development and conflict has been convincingly established. The countries that are at the bottom of the human development index also tend to be the countries that face persistent violence, conflict and human security challenges. (Necla Tschirgi: Centre for International Policy Studies University of Ottawa “The Security Politics Development Nexus: The Lessons of State Building in sub-Saharan Africa A paper prepared for the European Report for Development Workshop Florence, Italy 16-17 April 2009 “) 1 It reaffirms that Puntland youth are integral stakeholders in public policy making and development. Yet the youth have widely excluded from policy making and all aspects of social and economic processes that are necessary to enhance their capacities and harness their full potential to build and sustain peace and development. The Paper draws on selected examples of good practices around the world regarding how perceptions about youth around the world have changed from largely regarding them as victims and perpetrators of conflict, to viewing them as peace makers and development agents4., In order to update available information on the realities facing the youth in Puntland, the Paper has drawn extensively on the information generated by the Focus Groups Discussions (FGDs) conducted by a Consortium led by the Puntland State University (PSU), as well the results of a field survey on youth empowerment and participation in the state. Based on these sources a major focus is on highlighting the plight of Puntland’s youth who, like the youth in the rest of Somalia, are trapped in a vicious cycle of violence, fear and poverty, generated by intermitted civil conflicts thereby eroding their potential for personal development. The youth in the region represent a pool of potential recruits for ethnic, religious, and political extremists seeking to promote end sustain violence. Many of these young people have been forcibly removed from their traditional homelands, being rendered jobless, with very limited opportunities for earning a decent livelihood. The Puntland State of Somalia at a glance The Puntland State of Somalia was formed as an autonomous regional administration on 5th May, 1998. Puntland is situated in the north east (horn) of Somalia, its administrative capital being Garowe. Other major towns include Bossaso, Galkayo, Garowe and Gardho. It covers an area of 212,510 square km. Puntland’ population is estimated at 3.9* million5, out of which 70% is below the age of 33 years6 and nearly 52% of the population are nomads.7 Puntland’s population density is estimated at 11 persons per km2. The main sources of livelihoods and income are livestock, agriculture, fishing and remittances. Livestock exports contribute around 80 percent of foreign exchange earnings, 40 percent of the GDP and 60 percent of employment opportunities8. To the State’s credit, promoting peace and reconciliation as well as preventing resource-based conflicts continues to rank high in Puntland’s priorities. In the final analysis, it is the commendable efforts of 4 The ILO introduced the life-cycle approach in recognition of the fact that the opportunities and risks, advantages and disadvantages faced at one stage in life frequently influence the transition to the next. When this involves poverty, discrimination or absence of economic opportunity, the risks and disadvantages all too often are perpetuated in successive stages of life. (ILO, Employment Sector Employment Working Paper No. 7 2008) 5 There has been no census in Somalia since 1975, when the population was estimated to be 3.3 million. This calls for a well organized Census to accurate demographic information for purposes of planning. In 2003 the UNDP estimated the population of Somalia to be approximately 6.8 million (out of whom around 350,000 were considered internally displaced). Puntland population was estimated at 1.5 million and South-central Somalia at 5 million. Nonetheless, Puntland’s population has grown rapidly in recent years due to (reported) in migration from neighbouring regions of Somalia and Ethiopia. The rate of urbanization is increasing rapidly, with groups migrating to the more developed areas in search of employment. 6 Puntland State of Somalia (Dec 2008), National Youth Policy of Puntland State of Somalia 7 Puntland Facts and Figures 2007-2008,4th Edition 8 World Bank October 15, 2007, Somali Reconstruction and Development Programme, Deepening Peace and Reducing Poverty: Volume iii: Puntland 2 the state to develop public institutions that have contributed significantly to preventing total anarchy in the region9. 9 World Bank October 15, 2007, Somali Reconstruction and Development Programme, Deepening Peace and Reducing Poverty: Volume iii: Puntland 3 1.1. THE TRANSITIONAL CHALLENGES FACING PUNTLAND After several years of civil conflict and inter-clan violence, Puntland is still facing seemingly insurmountable challenges of maintaining lasting peace and security, achieving sustainable economic and social development, rebuilding service delivery institutions and improving its human development indicators. Although some progress has been made towards establishing peace, developing a democratic system, these gains are as still short of creating an optimal environment for human development in Puntland.10 Poverty remains acute while provision of basic social services is underdeveloped. Basic infrastructure has deteriorated while women and girls continue to be socially
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