DLIFE PRpTECTK You're Welcome to the Million-People Signature Drive For "the Asian-Games-Tourism-Friendship-Peace"

The million-person signature drive to promote understanding of, and parti• cipation in the Asian Games will be held at scenic spots from April 4 to >) October 7, 1990. ,

A million metre-long signature colour ribbon ZZl the wishes off million people A gift to the Asian Games

'The Travel Service Department of the Organizing Committee of the Nth Asian Games Tourist Administrative Bureau

Beijing Tourist Hot-Line Telephone

Beijing Tourist Administrative Bureau

If you encounter difficulties during your visit in Beijing, please dial:

the tourist hot-line telephone

We hope we mil be your intimate friends during your visit in Beijing Beijing'^^jr VOL. 33, NO. 16 APRIL, 16-22, 1990

Premier Li's Government Wori< Report

• Chinese Premier delivered a report on the work of the government at the Third Session of the Seventh National People's Congress on March 20. Full text of the CONTENTS report (centrefold).

EVENTS/TRENDS 4 7 Government Is Confident of Ctiina's Future NPC Passes Three Decisions on D At a press conference held shortly after the conclusion HK of the Third Session of the Seventh NPC, Premier Li Peng Railway to Link Datong, and several vice-premiers answered questions raised by Oiitluiangdao Chinese and foreign reporters on 's political and Tibet: Stability Is Order of the economic situation and foreign policy. "Despite some diffi• Day culties, the Chinese government is full of confidence in the China: Debut on World Sat future," Li said at the press conference (p. 8). Market

CHINA HK Basic Law Outlines Legislative Body Premier Li Meets the Press 8 Hong Kong's Future Political • One of China's greatest concerns after it resumes sover• eignty over Hong Kong in 1997 is how to develop political Structure 13 democracy in Hong Kong. With a view towards Hong Saving Wildlife: A Nation Kong's history and the current situation as well as the Mobilized 18 interests of Hong Kong residents, the Basic Law endorsed at the recent Third Session of the Seventh NPC has consti• DOCUMENTS tuted a legislative system to help the Hong Kong people run their affairs well. The system will not totally copy that of Continue to Work for Stable capitalist countries or imitate China's system of people's Political, Economic and Social congresses (p. 13). Development in China—Report on the Work of the Government (Delivered at the Third Session of the A Nation Mobilized to Save Wildlife Seventh National People's Congress On March 20, 1990) • The extensive efforts made by China to protect its Centrefold wildlife over more than a decade has saved and brought about increased numbers of formerly endangered species. CULTURE/SCIENCE 24-25 Dozens of wildlife sancturics have been marked off to keep the nation's animal world out of harm's way and maintain BOOKS 26 a balanced ecosystem. The nation's effort, however, is still in its infancy and there are still many problems to be COVERi Birds in flight over the Re• tackled (p. 18). serve Zone of Qinghai Lake.

Unless written by Beijing Review correspondents, the opinions expressed in signed articles do not necessarily reflect the view of the Beijing Review editorial board.

General Editorial Office Published every Monday by BEIJING REVIEW i Subscription rates (1 year): Tel: 8314318 24 Baiwanzhuang Road, Beijing 100037 Australia A.$ 29.00 TLX: 222374 FLPDA CN The People's Republic of China New Zealand NZ.$39.00 FAX: 8314318 Distributed by China International Book UK £14.50 English Dept. Tel: 8315599 Ext, 546 Trading Corporation (GUOJI SHUDIAN) USA : US$29.00 P.O. Box 399, Beijing, China Canada Can.$25.00 EVENTS/TRENDS

NPC Passes Three returned by functional consti• out of where the verified tuencies. coal deposits amount to one- Decisions on HK If the composition of the last' third of China's total reserve. Hong Kong legislative council So far, about 40 percent of the r • ihree decisions related to the before the establishment of the roadbed work of the second half I Basic Law of the Hong Hong Kong SAR conforms with has been completed and the dig• Kong Special Administra• this decision and relevant prov• ging of nine tunnels has already tive Region (SAR) were adopt• isions of the Basic Law, those begun. Of the 115 bridges to be ed at the closing meeting of the members who uphold the Basic built on the line, 106 are now Third Session of the Seventh Na• Law, pledge allegiance to the re• tional People's Congress (NPC) under construction, and 764 of gion, and meet the requirements April 4. the total 852 culverts are being set forth in the Basic Law may, dug. The first decision approves the upon confirmation by the pre• The Datong-Qinhuangdao estabhshment of the Hong Kong paratory committee, become Hne, which is designed to stretch Special Administrative Region members of the region's first leg• 653 kilometres from Datong in as of July 1, 1997. Under its jur• islative council. isdiction are Hong Kong Island, Shanxi Province to Qinhuang• The third decision deals with the Kowloon Peninsula and a dao, is one of the state capital establishing a committee for the number of isles and adjacent projects being carried out during Hong Kong Basic Law under the waters. the seventh Five-Year Plan per• NPC Standing Committee on the iod (1986-90). It is designed The second decision deals with implementation of the law as of mainly to ship the abundant how the first government and July 1, 1997. coal resources in less developed legislative council for the region According to the decision, the Shanxi Province to the northern, will be formed. They will be es• function of the committee, which northeastern and eastern coastal tablished in accordance with the will be composed of six members areas of China. principles of safeguarding state from the mainland and six from China's railway transport ca• sovereignty and ensuring smooth Hong Kong, is to study problems transition. pacity has long been a chronic arising from the implementation bottleneck in the entire chain of According to the second de• of Articles 17, 18, 158 and 159 cision, a preparatory committee national economy. As a result, of I he Basic Law and submit its the coal produced in Shanxi for the Hong Kong SAR will be ' views to the NPC Standing Com- could not be transported to other established m 1996 by the NPC. ! mittee. • It will prepare for China to re• places and had to be stockpiled, sume its exercise of sovereignty even burned, while many enter• the following year and set up the prises in the eastern part of the selection committee for the first country had to cut their produc• government. Railway to Linic tion capacity as much as 20 per• The selection committee of 400 Datong, Qinhuangdao cent because of coal and power members will be composed en• shortages. tirely of permanent Hong Kong onstruction of the second The Datong-Qinhuangdao line residents and must be broadly half of the Datong- is scheduled to be open to traffic representative. It will recom• C Qinhuangdao Railway in by 1991. By that time, the freight mend a candidate for the first is in full swing. capacity of the line will reach 55 chief executive through local About 30,000 workers are en• million tons a year, and is ex• consultations or through nomi• gaged in the project which covere pected to rise to 100 million tons nation and election after consul• a distance of 242 kilometres from eventually. The line will greatly tations, and report the recom• Dashizhuang in Sanhe County to boost the development of Shanx- mended candidate to the central Qinhuangdao in Hebei Province i's coal production and will ease government for appointment. at Bohai Bay, via Jixian, Yu- coal supply problems in northern The decision also stipulates tian, Zunhua, Qianxi and Qian- and northeastern China and the that the region's first legislative an counties. coastal area in the eastern China. council will be composed of 60 The first half of the line, from The new line is being built members, with 20 members re• Datong to Dashizhuang, was with up-to-date technology and turned by geographical consti• completed and put into opera• equipment. Most of the modern tuencies through direct elections, tion in December 1988. During equipment and installations are 10 members returned by an elec• its first year, 20.15 million tons the scientific findings of Chinese tion committee, and 30 members of coal were carried on the line researchers and scientists. •

4 BEIJING REVIEW, APRIL 16-22, 1990 • EVENTS / TRENDS

Tibet: Stability Is Order of the Day npihe situation in Lhasa, capi- and geographical reasons, Hu I tal of the Tibet Autonom- said. ous Region, has returned to Over the past decade, the cen• normal since martial law was im• tral government has granted a posed on parts of the city in series of special policies and flex• March, 1989, according to Nga- ible measures for Tibet. As exam• poi Ngawang Jigme, vice- ples, Hu said farmland in Tibet chairman of the National Peo• is contracted out to rural house• ple's Congress Standing Commit• holds while herdsmen are al• tee. lowed to engage in individual In an interview with 30 report• business. Both practices, he ad• Ngapoi Nawang Jime. CHEN ZONGLIB ers from Hong Kong and Taiwan ded, will remain unchanged for central government," Hu said. on April 3, Ngapoi said that Ti• the future. Tibetans are also exempt from Referring to proposals the Da• bet's economy has made new Lama made while visiting Eu• headway thanks to the quelling taxes on agriculture and animal husbandry. Some collective and rope, he said the Dalai Lama has of last year's riots in Lhasa, im• not given up on independence for plementation of economic re• individual enterprises in the re• gion are exempt from industrial Tibet. The fundamental differ• trenchment policies and deepen• ence between the central govern• and commercial tax for a certain ing of the reform and the state's ment and the Dalai Lama, he special policies for Tibet. period of time. said, is whether to accept the fact Last year, Tibet's gross nation• Hu promised that these and that Tibet is part of China. al product increased by 4.2 per• other preferential policies and measures would continue in place "This is also the reason why his cent over 1988 and its national Strasbourg proposal is unaccept• for many years to come. income increased by 5.6 percent, able to the central government," said Ngapoi, who is also chair• Regarding martial law, Doje Hu added. Cering, chairman of the regional man of the People's Congress of The proposal was set forth by the Tibet Autonomous Re• people's government, assured the the Dalai Lama at a press confer• gion. The region's grain output reporters that the enforcement of ence on June 15, 1988 in the Eu• reached a record-high of 530,000 martial law would not keep Tibet ropean Parliament building at tons and construction of infras• or the capital city from opening Strasbourg, France. In the pro• tructure in relation to energy and to the outside world and promot• posal, he tried to present a Tibe• ing exchanges with foreign coun• transportation has come a long tan history of independence and tries. way. said that Tibet "should become a "As a matter of fact, we have The per-capita income for self-governing democratic politi• never stopped our foreign econo• cal entity. . .in association with peasants and herdsmen also in• mic and technical co-operation creased to 397 yuan. the People's Republic of China." and trade," he said. "Tourist The Dalai Lama claimed that Hu Jintao, secretary of the re• groups are visiting Tibet. We will gional committee of the Chinese his proposal was the "only rea• never close the door that has been sonable" solution for Tibet and Communist Party, described opened." should be the "basis" for nego• stability and development as the When the martial law will be tiation with the Chinese govern• two major tasks for the region. lifted from where it has been im• ment. In response, the Chinese Long-term stability, he said, is posed in Lhasa depends on the government pointed out that in the interest of Tibet's two mil• local situation, he told the report• since the proposal had not funda• lion people and indispensable to ers. mentally given up the proposi• Tibet's development. Talking about the Chinese gov• tion of the "independence of Ti• Although great progress has ernment's policy toward the Da• bet," it could not be used as the been made over the past 30 years, lai Lama, Hu said the Dalai basis for negotiations. especially in the last decade, Ti• Lama must be held responsible However, Hu said, "the door bet still faces challenges in devel• for his failure to start negotia• leading to talks between the cen• oping its economy as some local tions with the central govern• tral government and the Dalai people continue to live in poverty ment. Lama remains open provided he and local productive forces are "The Dalai Lama has shown no gives up his stand for the inde• still backward due to historical sincerity in the dialogue with the pendence of Tibet." •

BEIJING REVIEW, APRIL 16-22, 1990 EVENTS / TRENDS

China: Debut on

ihe successful launching of an American- made telecommunications satellite in China T by a Chinese carrier rocket has earned the world's largest developing nation a precious seat on the international satellite market hitherto oc• cupied by only a few countries. The satellite blasted off at 21:30 hours on April 7 aboard a Chinese Long-March 3 carrier from a launching pad in Xichang, Province,

A TV screen tracking the Asiasat I's motion during the launching process.

n If!

(from bottom to top) "...Three, two, one" — Blasting — Taking off. At the Xichang Satellite Launching Centre.

BEIJING REVIEW, APRIL 16-22, 1990 EVENTS / TRENDS

World Sat Market

southwest China. At 21:51 hours, it separated from the rocket and entered its orbit 36,000 kilo• metres above the equator. The 1.242-ton Asiasat I, made by the US Hughes Aircraft Company and owned by the Hong Kong-based Asia Satellite Telecommuni• cations Company Limited, will provide a wide range of television and telecommunications relay The cential commanding officer declares Asiasat I's launch• services over most of Asia to serve more than 2.5 ing a success. billion people. According to an Asiasat official, 80 percent of the satellite's capacity will be used for TV pro• grammes while the rest will be for public telecom• munications networks, including long-distance te• lephone and data transmission. It will provide three free transponders for broadcasting the 11 th Asian Games in China this September, the official said. Up to now, he said, 24 of the satellite's tran• sponders have been booked or ordered by clients from Asian countries. The official estimated that about one-third of the 24 transponders will be in operation by the end of 1990 and that the satellite will be in full operation in 1992. •

A senior official of the Asia Satellite Telecominurucations

BEIJING REMEW, APRIL 16-22,1990 7 CHINA Premier li Meets the Press

fter the closing cer• you that the final work re• emony of the Third port was revised in SO places. . Session of the Seventh Many of these amendments ANationa l People's Congress and supplements were sub• (NPC) in Beijing on April 4, stantive in nature. Premier Li Peng and Vice- Radio Moscow: Premier Li, Premiers , Tian Ji- in regard to your visit to the yun and an• , what do you swered questions raised by think is the significance of Chinese and foreign corres• this visit and also, how do pondents at a press confer• you evaluate Sino-Soviet ence on China's political and state relations? What are the economic situation and for• prospects for this relation• eign policies. ship? The press conference was Li Peng: Last May, Pres• moderated by Yao Guang, Li Peng at the Press Conference. ident Gorbachev paid a visit spokesman for the Third Session of ic Law of the Hong Kong Special to China and during the visit he the Seventh NPC in the Great Hall Administrative Region was adopt• had talks with Chinese leaders, of the People. ed. That Basic Law gives expres• thus bringing about normalization People's Daily: Premier Li Peng, sion to the concept of "one coun• of Sino-Soviet relations. During as head of the Chinese govern• try, two systems." Its adoption will the visit we put an end to the past ment, how do you evaluate the just surely exert an important positive and opened a new chapter in our concluded Third Session of the influence on Hong Kong's long- relationship. During the visit, he Seventh National People's Con• term stability and prosperity. extended an invitation to the gress and the Third Session of the At the session, Jiang Zemin was Chinese leaders to visit the Soviet Seventh National Committee of elected to the post of Chairman of Union. So, my forthcoming visit the Chinese People's Political Con• the Central Military Commission will be a return visit. sultative Conference (CPPCC)? of the People's Republic of China. China stands ready to develop Li Peng: As head of the State At the session, the membership of political, economic, cultural, scien• Council, I am quite satisfied with the Central Military Commission tific and educational relations with the just concluded sessions of the was redefined and reconfirmed. the Soviet Union on the basis of CPPCC and the National People's This is an indication of the prin• the Five Principles of Peaceful Congress for the following reasons. ciple that the People's Liberatioii Coexistence. First, the NPC sesion ratified the Army is placed under the absolute As our two countries share a report on the work of the gov• leadership of the Communist Party border of 7,000 kilometres, the de• ernment and the CPPCC has ex• of China. And also, the fact that velopment of friendly relations be• pressed its agreement with the re• Jiang Zemin, as General Secretary tween China and the Soviet Union port. The ratification of this report of the Communist Party of China, is not only in the interests of the implies that there is general ap• is now Chairman of the Central two peoples but also, I believe, will proval of the work of the govern• Military Commission of China will contribute to peace in Asia and ments at all levels in the past year surely contribute to political stabil• throughout the world. I hope my and there is agreement with the ten ity throughout the country. visit will be crowned with success. tasks for this year and approval of During the sessions, the NPC Hong Kong Wen Wei Po: Today our foreign policies. Therefore, I deputies and the CPPCC delegates the NPC has adopted the Basic believe the two just concluded ses• engaged in earnest discussions on Law of the Hong Kong Special Ad• sions are inspiring and heartening. the government work report and ministrative Region (SAR), thus These two sessions will inspire the made very good opinions and ushering in a new transitional per• Chinese people to work with one suggestions in an atmosphere of iod for Hong Kong. Now, I would heart and one mind to promote democracy; they proposed many like to know the assessment by the ^ integral political, economic and so• amendments and supplements. As top Chinese leadership about this ' cial stability and development. a result, the report became more transitional period in Hong Kong Also at the two sessions, the Bas- comprehensive. I would like to tell and what preparations you think

8 BEIJING REVIEW, APRIL 16-22, 1990 CHINA should be made by the Chinese kind of development of an entire refer to my report once again. government for the enforcement of area. The development of an entire CCTV: Now the problem of the the Basic Law in 1997. area will mean we will attract for• sluggish market still has not been Wu Xueqian: The Basic Law of eign businessmen to make invest• solved. What measures is the gov• the Hong Kong SAR was adopted ment to develop infrastructure of ernment going to take to resolve at the plenary meeting of the NPC the region and then bring in new this problem as soon as possible? this afternoon. After the adoption projects. However, in this area the Yao Yilin: The problem of the of the Hong Kong Basic Law we sovereignty is still in the hands of sluggish market remains in China will enter into a second stage of the China and people must observe the and in his report, the premier ex• transitional period in the coming laws of China; China exercises ex• plains the methods for dealing seven years. We can then make ecutive powers. The only thing it with the problem. Some have been preparations in accordance with saying that the prescription that the spirit and principles as set will do is provide a good, prefer• we have given is too strong, while down in the Basic Law. One of the ential environment for foreign in• another argument' says it is too essential provisions is that China vestment. weak. In my view, as to our pres• and British Hong Kong authorities We hope to introduce from cription it is both effective and and the Chinese and British gov• abroad good projects through de• prudent. When we say effective we ernments should ensure that the veloping the infrastructure and we mean it is effective in solving the various items of work are made hope to promote the development sluggish market sales in China dovetail through our joint efforts of the infrastructure through in• without giving rise to renewed in• persisting through 1997 in accord• troducing good projects. In China, flation. That's what we mean by ance with the provisions of the in this kind of de• Basic Law so as to bring about a velopment of a smooth transition and handover of whole area by at• sovereignty. tracting foreign in• China News Service: It's been re• vestment, we have ported in the foreign press that the tested this method plan for the development of Yang- out in some small pu Zone has been pigeonholed. areas and have Premier Li Peng, is this true? And gained some suc• what progress has there been in cessful experience. this development plan? On this basis, the Li Peng: The State Council is sup• State Council is portive of the development of ready to work out Yangpu Zone on Hainan Island. some documents, For some time, some people in rules and regula• China didn't fully understand the tions so as to guide significance of developing Yangpu this method to de• Zone. They have the Worry that it velop in' a healthy A foreign correspondent raises a question (or Piemier Li. might turn into a kind of new con• way. cession or a colony. I can tell you being prudent. As to whether we that these are two entirely differ• TASS: Recently, it has been much can solve the problem by relying ent matters. Through protracted reported in the press and it has on this prescription; we have just struggles over the years, the been talked about by Chinese lead• started our work in this regard, but Chinese people succeeded in taking ers on many occassions that it is in my view the first step is to im• back all the concessions. And, just of primary importance to main• plement the programmes which recently, we adopted the Basic Law tain economic, political and social have been set forth in the premier's of the Hong Kong SAR through stability and this is the guarentee report. This requires the efforts by which we will recover the sover• for your success in all fields of both the central and local govern• eignty over Hong Kong in 1997. So, endeavour. Premier Li Peng, what ments. Now that the State Council in these circumstances, how would measures are you going to take this has already taken action, I hope it be possible for China to turn year? the various localities will follow Yangpu into a kind of new colony Li Peng: At the Third Session of suit. We have to wait for some and give land to foreigners? I think the Seventh NPC, I delivered the period, for example one or two these are entirely different matters government work report, entitled months, before we can see the re• and that it is an obvious misun• "Continue to work for Stable Pol• sults. If the prescription is not derstanding on the part of some itical Economic and Social Devel• strong enough we can add a few Chinese. opment in China." What you have more other medicinal herbs. But I asked just now is included in the don't think it's too strong; we need It is one of the forms to earn report and in order not to waste prudence. Because now that we foreign funds by encouraging this the time of others I suggest you have already curbed the mounting

BEIJING REVIEW, APRIL 16-22,1990 9 CHINA inflation we will not do anything impossible to think about another We haven't voiced support for Ge• to give rise to another round of alternative. Generally speaking, if neral Chiang Wei'kuo or for Mr. inflation. So this is why we should we consider this matter from a Lee Teng-hui. I don't think that all deal with the problem of the slug• • comprehensive, long-term and his• the confusion that has taken place gish market and at the same time torical perspective, then we can say in Taiwan during the election for refrain from doing anything that that because of our struggle the the national assembly should be would lead to new infla-ticfn. People's Republic of China and the blamed on the mainland. I think in South China Morning Post: Yes• socialist system have been saved reporting the news in Taiwan, terday it was revealed that Chai and so it has the support of the our agencies have been quite res• Ling, one of the students on the vast majority of the Chinese peo• trained. We didn't in the least give most wanted list, got out of China ple. Historical development testi• a full and adequate account of after hiding for more than nine fies to this point more and more what is happening in Taiwan to the months. How can you explain this? clearly. Chinese people. Naturally, they Li Peng: We've learnt of the news British Broadcasting System: Mr. are very much concerned about you just mentio'ned. I don't think Li Peng, was there any order for the political chaos in Taiwan. what you have said just now is troops IP fire at anyone that night It is our hope that Mr. Lee Teng- very accurate. As China is such of last June 4 and who gave it? hui will take the overall interests a huge country, it is unavoidable Li Peng: Actually, I answered this of the reunification of China and that some people, one or two of question just now when responding the Chinese nation into account them, will flee China. Chai Ling to the question from the New York and actively respond to our call for and Feng Congde are criminals Times. I think there is no need to achieving national reunification wanted by the public security or• talk about this question now be• through the concept of "one coun• gans. I have taken note of the state• cause Chen Xitong, state council• try, two systems" and establish ex• ment released by the French For• lor and mayor of Beijing, had giv• change of mail, trade and air and eign Minister Dumas at the French en a detailed report and account of shipping services across the Tai• parhament in which he says the the June 4 event at a Standing wan Strait as soon as possible. It is French government is opposed to Committee meeting of the NPC also our hope that Taiwan author• any political activities by anyone last year. So, if anyone is interested ities will ease their restrictions on on French soil against a govern• in this matter I would like to refer Taiwan investors to come to the ment which has diplomatic rela• him to this report. mainland for investment; we will tions with- France. We hope that China Times of Taiwan: With re• adopt a co-operative attitude in his statement can be honoured. gard to the just concluded election this regard. We are firmly op• New York Times: Mr. Li, we know of leaders in Taiwan, the Chinese posed to any attempt to create that Chinese leaders do not regard press, especially the Xinhua News "one China, one Taiwan" or an the "June 4" incident as a tragedy. Agency on the mainland, carried indepnendent Taiwan. This has been made cl^ar by Jiang reports that it was an election of Independent of London: Premier Zemin at a press conference. Do bogus president and vice-president Li, I was recently reading an offi• you feel any regret at all about so and that criticism was voiced cial biography of yourself which many deaths? against President Lee Teng-hui for was published last April and I was his indulgence of the forces for struck by the opening paragraph Li Peng: I wonder if it is a bit late "Taiwan independence." The re• which said you have a very good to raise this question since it is ports also gave support for candi• chance of remaining prime minis• almost a year after the event. dates in Taiwan who supported ter until 1998.1 would like to ask if Frankly speaking, at the beginning the reunification of China, such as you think these chances have been of the turmoil which took place Chiang Wei-kuo as many people increased or reduced by the events last spring we didn't think about in Taiwan assumed. So I wonder of last year. using force to solve the problem. how the Communist Party of And only after a long period of China got this information and Li Peng: I was nominated to the patient waiting and only when at came to this conclusion. Now that post of premier in 1988 and was long last the fate of the People's Lee Teng-hui has already been then approved in the same year at Republic of China and the socialist elected I wonder what expectations the First Session of the Seventh system was in serious jeapardy Beiing has about the policies Lee National People's Congress for a and Beijing was thrown into great Teng-hui might adopt towards the term of five years. If you can't chaos, was the Chinese govern• mainland. remember this 1 can tell you. I ment forced to take the measures don't think that I'm especially cap• that it did. I think in treating the Li Peng: If I remember correctly, able or that I'm very rich in polit• matter, one should not be divorced none of the Chinese leaders or any ical experience or that I'm entirely from the circumstances prevailing of the Chinese government depart• uf> to this job. But since I was at that time. After the event we ments have voiced any opinion nominated by the people I will try can perhaps consider the possible about the so-called presidential my best to fulfil this job. I think alternatives but at that time it was election of the Taiwan authorities. that I can do my job well with the

10 BEIJING REVIEW, APRIL 16-22, 1990 The press conference hall. Photos by CHEN ZONGLIE support of the Chinese people and Beijing municipality and the publ• ful political and economic reform the support of the Party. What is ic security department to take all measures taken last year? more, I have more confidence now the necessary measures to main• Li Peng: We have said on many than when I was first appointed to tain order in Tiananmen Sqaure occassions that our policy of open• the post in 1988. As for whether I on occassion of state activities and ing up and reform will remain un• will be re-elected in 1993, that is, at other major activities involving a changed and that we will maintain the session of the Eighth NPC, I lot of people. Of course, Tianan• the continuity and stability of our cannot make any prediction just as men Square was thrown into chaos policy. In my report on the work of you cannot make any prediction last year at the turn of spring and the government, there are specif• whether Mrs. Thatcher will be re• summer during the turmoil and ic principles of combining the elected. counter-revolutionary rebellion. planned economy with market re• I want to mention in passing We do not hope to see a repeat of gulation and this is the direction in that before the convening of this that chaos, nor do the Chinese peo• which we should exert ourselves. session of the NPC there were ple hope to see a repeat of the China's economic system is not an many guesses about the person• chaos. Tomorrow will be the Qing absolute planned economy nor is nel arrangement and changes in Ming Festival and, according to it an absolute market economy. China. So I suppose that your traditional Chinese custom, it will What we are trying to do is com• question comes from those guesses. be an occassion to honour the dead bine the advantages of these two But now I can tell you those guess• and we believe Tiananmen Square economic modes. At least we will es were not accurate. What I can will pass the day in an orderly way. assimuljte the advantages of a tell you is that the core of leader• People's Liberation Army Daily: planned economy and bring into ship with General Secretary Jiang Last year, some "political elite" play the initiative of the market Zemin as the nucleus is united, called on the PLA to take a neutral economy. Of course, it is not all strong and I believe that it merits position in that struggle in which that easy and we are still in the the support of the Chinese people. the fate of the People's Republic experimental phase. We have al• So in spite of the diffficulties that was at stake. However, it is stipu• ready set out five principles and I we are facing I believe we can do a lated in the Constitution that the will not repeat them now. It is our good job in China. PLA is entrusted with the sacred hope that this year in the course of Japanese reporter: It has been re• duty of defending China against implementing these principles we ported in the Western press that all invasion and protecting the life will further enrich and improve the Chinese government has issued and work of the Chinese people in them. a circular to the various work un• peace. In regard to this, what hopes Of course, we also hope to get its advising them against going and expectations do you have for greater success in our policy of to Tiananmen Square. So, in this the PLA? opening to the outside world. This case, tomorrow will be the Qing Li Peng: I think that what policy should not be limited to de• Ming Festival, and then if this you have said is a correct and veloping small and medium-sized comes true, there wont be any commprehensive account of the sa• joint ventures, co-operative enter• wreaths around the Monument to cred duties entrusted by the Con- prises and solely foreign-owned en• the People's Heroes. Premier Li, stituion to the PLA. I have nothing terprises; it is also applicable to would you please say something new to add. I think what you have introducing big projects so as to about this? said is correct. further develop China's economy. Li Peng: Tiananmen Square is a Yugoslavia News: The Chinese In this regard China will create symbol of Beijing and of the Peo• Party and government leaders favourable investment environ• ple's Republic of China in general; have consistently said that China ment and as I mentioned just now it is a very solemn place. Here we will continue to deepen the reform one of our methods in this respect have many state and mass activi• and pursue the opening up policy. is to develop entire areas. Yangpu ties and so it is very normal for the Mr. Li, what are the most success• is one of the regions and so are

BEIJING REVIEW, APRIL 16-22, 1990 11 CHINA

Xiamen in Fujian and Pudong in er conservancy projects, develping during the turmoil and rebellion Shanghai. power generating capacity, and last year. It was quite serious for According to the theory that cultivating better grains and so on, him to make such mistakes when China is in the primary stage of one single household cannot ac• the fate of the country and the socialism, it has the economy of complish the task and it is neces• Party was in serious jeapardy. Ac• public ownership as the base and at sary to establish, a social service cording to the resolution of the the same time also permits a cer• system to solve these problems. Fourth Plenary Session of 13th tain role for private economic un• Therefore, in the rural areas, be• CPC Central Committee, Zhao Zi• dertakings and self employed busi• sides the contract responsibilty sys• yang was removed from his lead• ness people and permits them to tem, we have now worked out a ing post within the Party. Howev• play a certain role in China's econ• plan to set up the service sys• er, he remains a member of the omy. We support the development tem, which is called the double- party and an investigation is ongo• of these economic sectors. For ex• tier management system. This is ing. He lives in Beijing and the ample, in China the self-employed intended to further deepen the re• government has provided him with can continue to develop their oper• form in the rural areas. very good living conditions. I don't ations if they operate according to China Daily: In the past few years think there is any problem with his law and pay taxes according to agricultural production has stag• health. He still lives at home and regulations. The State Council is nated. What measures is the gov- not in the prison as you imagined now considering the possibility erment going to take to increase and he is still a free man. Regard• that these people can engage in production? ing your remark that some Chinese some wholesale operations in addi• ; In the last few years people predict that tion to their previous retail opera• there has been stagnation in agri• will return to the Chinese political tions. cultural production. That is the re• circle, I don't think that is a pred• There is the problem of the slug• sult of both defects in our policies iction of the majority of the gish market. Because of the slug• and in our practical work. Howev• Chinese people but is your own gish market, many enterprises can• er, over the past two years, as a prediction and you are not a not sell their products unless they result of the policies and measures Chinese. make changes. For example, read• adopted by the central authorities Xinhua News Agency: Premier Li, justing the product mix, raise the and Party and government organi• quality, etc. So it is necessary for you have said that only by build• zations at all levels to strengthen us to take advantage of the market ing a clean government can there regulatory mechanism to urge the agriculture, we are beginning to be stability, only by working dili• enterprises to readjust their prod• see the end of this kind of stagna• gently can there be hope of devel• uct mix, raise the quality and re• tion. Last year, we had a bumper opment. So, what measures has the duce the cost of the product and so harvest, especially in grain output, government taken to ensure dilig• to raise the competitive capacity which was even higher than the ence in the government's work? of those enterprises in the market. record level in 1984. Therefore, I Li Peng: In regard to building a This is something we should try believe if we can further stabilize clean and honest government, the our best to do. the agricultural policy and if we Chinese party and government at• can constantly improve on this pol• tach full importance to this task. In China, we have a total rural icy and increase agicultural input Many measures are proposed to be population of 800 million and it is and especially encourage and ex• taken at the Sixth Planary Session important to stabilize the situation pand measures to develp agricu- of the 13th CPC Central Commit• in the rural areas through our eco• ture through technology and nomic policies. In the course of our tee. Many deputies during the cur• science, then 1 believe that we are reform and opening up in the rur• rent session expressed their view al areas, we adopted a system of in a good position to put an end to and we have accepted their opi• household contract responsibility the agricultural stagnation of the nions and will exert ourselves to do with remuneration linked to out• past years and push production to a good job in this respect. As for put. That system has served to new heights. ensuring diligence in the govern• boost agricultural production and Reuter: Mr. Li Peng, can you tell ment, I just want to make one re• raise the living standards of the us where is Zhao Ziyang? Is he a mark and express one meaning. rural people. We believe that sys• free man or is he in prison? Is he That is we are now learning from tem is suited to the conditions of in a hospital as has been reported Lei Feng and his spirit. The subst• the overwhelming majority of the or is he healthy? Do you think that ance of Lei Feng spirit is serving rural areas. However, that system there is any possibility that he may the people heart and soul and I is far from enough. We have to make a return to politics in China? hope that all government employ• improve on it. That is to say, we Is he still under investigation? ees, including government leaders have to establish all kinds of ser• Li Peng: Comrade Zhao Ziyang at all levels will truely learn from vice systems. For example, in some made the mistake of supporting Lei Feng and plunge themselves fields of endeveavour such as wat• the turmoil and splitting the Party into this campaign. • n BEIJING REVIEW, APRIL 16-22, 1990 CHINA

Hong Kong's Future Political Structure by Lian Xisheng

ong Kong will return to enforced by Britain in Hong People with such views neglect the motherland on July Kong — Letters Patent and Roy• the fact that all political systems H 1, 1997. Its future polit• al Instructions, is the head of the are formed and developed under ical structure after the govern• Hong Kong government who re• specific historical conditions. ment of the People's Republic presents the British queen and Many countries' political sys• of China resumes the exercise of is vested with supreme power to tems show different characteris• sovereignty was one of the cen• guide government affairs. The tics simply because of their dif• tral problems facing the drafters system embodies Britain's cen• ferent historical conditions. Not of the Basic Law of the Hong tralized rule in Hong Kong and only do countries having diverse Kong Special Administrative Re• characterizes colonialism. political systems differ from gion. Since Hong Kong compatriots each other, but countries with Because of British occupation, have accepted the premise that similar systems show marked Hong Kong's current political Hong Kong's future will be de• differences. When formulating system is based on the model that cided according to the guiding Hong Kong's future political sys• Britain adopted for its other ov• policy of "one country, two sys• tem the essence of some political tems," it is natural for them to system should be used as refer• erseas territories. The governor, pay close attention to the ques• ence, but this does not mean co• according to constitutional laws tion of how to design Hong pying it completely. Therefore, The author is Professor of Constitution Kong's future political structure. Hong Kong's future system can• at the China University of Political not copy the Western political Science and Law and an expert with the Some believe that because Hong Secretariat of the Drafting Committee Kong will practise capitalism, model or imitate China's system of the Basic Law of the Hong Kong a capitalist democratic political of people's congress. Special Administrative Region. system should be carried out. Establishing a relatively ideal and perfect political NFC depnties use an automatic voting system to cast their ballots on a resolution of the Basic structure in Hong law of Hong Kong. CHEN ZONGLIE Kong requires con• sideration of Hong Kong's actual condi• tions. Hong Kong, not a sovereign state, has been deeply influ• enced by British co• lonialism, but it has not become complete• ly capitalist. Under Britain's rule, it made no attempt and has no experience in setting up a capitalist demo• cratic political sys• tem. After China re• sumes the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong in 1997, Hong Kong will be governed by the Hong

BEIJING REVIEW, APRIL 16-22, 1990 13 CHINA Kong people according to the promoting the development of Law. guiding policy of "one country, the capitalist economy there. At As a constitutional document two systems." How to make the same time, it must also take for the Hong Kong Special Ad• Hong Kong's future political sys• into account the interests of all ministrative Region, the Basic tem embody the principle of the social strata and be accept• Law devotes a special section to "one country, two systems" and able to the majority of Hong the Legislative Council, which at the same time retain its own Kong people. In other words, the plays an important role in the characteristics, requires a study political structure must preserve political system. of the issue with a creative spirit the parts of the existing political From what is contained in the because there is no model to fol• system that have proved effec• Basic Law, it can be seen that the low. It goes without saying that tive while gradually developing a Legislative Council will become a real legislature. According to the Letters Patent, the legislative power in Hong Kong is executed by the governor and the present Legislative Council is merely a consultative body. Laws and acts passed by the Legislative Council will become effective only after the governor approves them. Furthermore, the queen holds the right of absolute veto. Article 66 of the Basic Law states, "The Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Ad• ministrative Region shall be the legislature of the Region." Ar• NPC depnties from Hong Kong and Macao discuss the drafted Basic Law, ticle 73 further elaborates that CHEN ZONGLIE apart from having the right to enact, amend and repeal laws, the task is considerably difficult. democratic system that suits the Legislative Council has the Hong Kong's actual conditions. right to examine and approve Basic Principles The relationship between the budgets introduced by the gov• Hong Kong Special Administra• ernment; approve taxation and In the course of drafting the tive Region's executive, legisla• public expenditure; receive and Basic Law, people from all walks tive and judicial branches should debate the policy addresses of the of life in Hong Kong presented be one in which the executive Chief Executive; raise questions many proposals. Based on a con• and legislative branches check on the work of the government; scientious analysis of the histor• and co-ordinate with each other, debate any issue concerning ical and current conditions in while the judicial and prosecut• public interest; endorse the ap• Hong Kong, drafters from both ing branches operate indepen• pointment and removal of the the mainland and Hong Kong dent of interference. To main• judges of the Court of Final Ap• first reached consensus on the tain a high administrative effi• peal and the Chief Judge of the principles that should be ob• ciency, the Chief Executive of High Court; and receive and served in designing a political Hong Kong must hold real pow• handle complaints from Hong structure for Hong Kong. The er, but at the same time, he must Kong residents. If the Chief Ex• consensus is that, under the spirit be under supervision. ecutive is found to be in serious of "one country, two systems," Based on these principles, breach of the law or, has been the political system of the future Chapter 4 of the Basic Law clear• derelict in his duty and refuses Hong Kong Special Administra• ly outlines the respective powers to resign, the Legislative Council tive Region shall not be the same of the Chief Executive, the ex• may pass a motion to impeach as either that of the mainland or ecutive, legislative and judicial him. of foreign countries. Rather, pro• branches and their interrelation• All this demonstrates that the ceeding from Hong Kong's legal ships. The election of the Chief Legislative Council in the Basic status and actual conditions, it Executive and the Legislature is Law is completely different from must be favourable to stability stipulated in the same chapter the existing one. It will no lon• and prosperity in Hong Kong, and Annex I and II of the Basic ger be a consultative organiza-

14 BEIJING REVIEW, APRIL 16-22, 1990 DOCUMANTS

Continue to Woric for Stable Political, Economic and Social Development in China —Report on the Work of the Government

(Delivered at the Third Session of the Seventh National People's Congress On March 20, 1990)

Li Peng

Premier of the State Council

Fellow Deputies, On behalf of the State Council, I now submit a report on the work of the government for exami• nation and approval by this session.

I. Review of 1989

In the annals of the People's Republic of China 1989 was recorded as a very unusual year. During that year people of all nationalities in China experienced soul-stirring struggles and severe tests, overcame numerous difficulties, and achieved great, historic victories in consolidating and expanding the socialist position in this land of 1.1 billion people. The successes and achievements we scored in 1989 were concentrated in three areas: one, the stopping of the turmoil and the quelling of the counterrevolutionary rebellion; two, the fairly evident achievements in improving the economic environment, rectifying the economic order and deepening the reform; and three, the turn for the better on the political and ideological front. With• out a doubt, these successes and achievements are Premiec Li Peng. of supreme importance to and have far-reaching

I DOCUMANTS influence on people's understanding, inspiring na• this victory will undoubtedly become ever clear• tional enthusiasm and ensuring that China will er, both at home and abroad, with the passage of continue on the socialist road. time. In late spring and early summer last year a Since public order quickly returned to normal handful of people, taking advantage of the stu• after the quelling of the rebellion, the martial law dent unrest, organized, planned and plotted pol• imposed on parts of the capital was soon lifted; in itical turmoil, which later developed into a fact, it was lifted more than two months ago. Now counterrevolutionary rebellion in the country's political, economic and social stability prevails capital, Beijing. In essence, it manifested the throughout the country. Facts have proved that sharp conflict between bourgeois liberalization the policy decisions made and the measures taken and the four cardinal principles (keeping to the by the and the Chinese socialist road and upholding the people's demo• government in quelling the turmoil and rebellion cratic dictatorship, leadership by the Communist were correct and in line with the common aspir• Party, and Marxism-Leninism and ations and fundamental interests of all nationali• Thought — Tr.) and an acute struggle between ties in the country and can stand the test of infiltration and anti-infiltration, between subver• history. sion and anti-subversion, and between the forces Last year's disturbances greatly hindered our for and against peaceful evolution. The sole pur• efforts to improve the economic environment, pose of both domestic and foreign hostile forces rectify the economic order and deepen the re• in creating such disturbances was to overthrow form, causing huge losses to China's economy. leadership by the Chinese Communist Party, sub• Nevertheless, by dint of the hard work and joint vert the socialist system and turn China into a efforts of workers, farmers, intellectuals and peo• bourgeois republic and a dependency of devel• ple from the other sectors of society throughout oped capitalist countries. At that crucial moment, the country, we have, under extremely difficult when the fate of the state and the nation hung in conditions, achieved fairly satisfactory results in the balance, the proletarian revolutionaries of the our endeavour and the national economy is tak• older generation, represented by Comrade Deng ing a favourable turn. All this is evidence of the Xiaoping,- did all they could to turn the tide, strong will of the Chinese people to fight bravely playing the important role of mainstay. With the in unity and of the great vitality of the socialist support of all nationalities in the country, the system. heroic Chinese People's Liberation Army, the — The inflation that seriously retarded stable Armed Police and the Public Security Police suc• economic growth has been curbed, and the strain ceeded in quelling the turmoil and the rebellion. caused by total demand outstripping total supply Here, let us once again express our highest respect is easing. Last year's general index of national for them. retail prices was up 17.8 percent over the previous China's victory in quelling the turmoil and the year, a rise lower than that of the previous year. rebellion has not only foiled the vain attempt of Although we failed to make it significantly lower the international anti-communist and anti-China than it was in 1988, it is going down month by forces to subvert China's legitimate government month and the increase rate has been below 10 and socialist system, but also defended the fruits percent for five consecutive months starting with achieved by countless revolutionary martyrs and October last year. Today, the supply of commod• high-minded people in their struggle of more than ities is adequate and market prices are basically a hundred 100 years for the survival and libera• stable, which stands in sharp contrast to the con• tion of the Chinese nation, defended the gains of ditions leading to panic purchasing in 1988. Last the new-democratic and socialist revolutions over year total social investment in fixed assets came more than half a century, defended the achieve• to 400 billion yuan, nearly 50 billion yuan less ments in socialist construction over the past four than the preceding year. After allowing for price decades and in reform and opening to the outside rises, the actual reduction was greater. Excessive world of the past decade, and prevented China growth in consumption funds was checked and from utter political and economic destruction and savings deposits in both urban and rural areas historical retrogression. Having stood the test of increased by 133.4 billion yuan, up 35 percent blood and fire, the socialist People's Republic of over 1988, indicating people's effective support China has emerged before the world as an inde• for national economic construction and their trust pendent, self-reliant and vigorous nation, persev• in the government's economic policies. Currency ering in its pohcies of reform and opening to the put into circulation was cut back considerably, rest of the world. The immense significance of the scale of loans was brought under control and

u DOCUMANTS the financial situation took a turn for the better. percent. The total agricultural output value — Economic restructuring has begun. In tigh• amounted to 655 billion yuan, up 3.3 percent. tening control over total demand and supply and Grain output was 407.45 million tons, an all-time readjusting investment patterns and the loan mix, high. The total industrial output value came to we cancelled construction of a number of office 2,188 billion yuan, an increase of 8.3 percent over buildings, auditoriums and hotels, the production 1988. A number of major products that bear or construction of a number of ordinary process• heavily on the national economy and people's ing industries plagued by high consumption of well-being maintained good growth momentum. raw materials and energy, low technological level The output of steel amounted to 61.24 million and overlapping production, and the production tons, outstripping its 60-million-ton target; that of of goods that encourage high consumption and chemical fertilizers (in terms of 100 percent ac• unduly high levels of spending. On the other hand tive ingredients) came to 18.55 million tons, up we strengthened agricultural production and con• 6.6 percent over 1988; that of coal, 1.04 billion struction of such basic industries as energy, essen• tons, surpassing the billion-ton target, and that of tial raw and semifinished materials, transport and electricity, 582 billion kwh, up 6.7 percent over communications. Many localities and enterprises 1988. From these figures we see that the gap met changing market demands by readjusting between the growth of energy production and that their product mix and increasing production of of industry as a whole — a problem of many readily marketable goods, achieving some posi• years' standing — was closed to some extent. tive results. — New success was gained in the construction — We have scored a preliminary success in of key projects. In 1989 a total of 57 large and checking the circulation chaos and screened and medium-sized capital construction projects and reorganized more corporations. By the end of 25 above-norm key projects for upgrading tech• February this year, we had abolished or merged nology were completed and put into operation. more than 70,000 corporations, accounting for Major newly added production capacities includ• 24.5 percent of the country's total. The over• ed: 9.02 million kw of electricity, 24.95 million whelming majority of the corporations run by tons of raw coal, 18.7 million tons of washed coal, Party or government departments have been abol• 17.05 million tons of crude oil, 318 kilometres of ished or have had their ties with such depart• double-track railways, 3,002 kilometres of high• ments severed, and the problem of Party and ways, 48.85 million tons in the handling capacity government cadres taking full- or part-time jobs of ports, and 1.05 million telephone sets in urban in corporations has basically been solved. In the areas. course of screening and reorganizing corpora• — Trade and economic and technological ex• tions, more than 90,000 cases involving violations changes with other countries continued to grow. of the law and lack of discipline were examined Last year total import and export volume reached and acted on; the money collected in the form of US$111.6 billion, an increase of 8.6 percent over fines or confiscations totalled 280 million yuan. 1988. Export volume alone was US$52.5 billion, The haphazard increase of corporations in the an increase of 10.5 percent. A total of US$10.06 circulation field was curbed. In rectifying the billion in foreign funds was actually used, includ• economic order, a total of 850,000 cases of var• ing direct foreign investment in 5,779 approved ious violations of economic laws and regulations projects. Progress was made in expanding the were examined and acted on, with fines and con• export-oriented economy in the special economic fiscations totalling 1.1 billion yuan handed over zones and the open coastal areas. In spite of grave to state financial authorities. The nationwide difficulties last year, China's international tour• check-up on taxation, auditing, business account• ism brought in US$1.8 billion, thanks to the ing and prices uncovered violations of discipline various sectors that have been working hard for involving more than 10 billion yuan. Various its restoration. The state's foreign exchange re• local authorities and relevant departments recti• serve increased, and a proper balance was fied market order and gradually improved mar• achieved in international payments. ket regulations and administration. — In the course of economic improvement and — The national economy kept growing, and rectification and the deepening of reform pro• the supply of essential products continued to in• gress was made in science and technology, educa• crease. In 1989 the gross national product reached tion, culture, public health, sports and national 1,567.7 billion yuan, representing an increase of defence. In 1989 the state approved 60 natural 3.9 percent over 1988; national income came to science awards, 504 scientific and technological 1,300 billion yuan, representing an increase of 3.7 progress awards, 150 invention awards and 123

ni DOCUMANTS spark awards. Some scientific and technological triotism, collectivism and socialism, highly com• achievements approached or reached advanced mended the deeds of labour heroes and advanced world levels. While trying to improve the quality workers and encouraged the people to learn from of instruction and readjust educational structure Lei Feng** and Lai Ning,*** with a view to fos• in the course of steady development, we streng• tering socialist morality. At the same time, we thened ideological and moral education. Various have launched an antipornography campaign and cultural undertakings continued to grow, and a campaign to eliminate "six evils,"**** resulting medical and health care in both urban and rural in an initial halt to the spread of objectionable areas improved to some extent. Sports registered fairly good results. The People's Liberation Army phenomena in society. We have also done a great stepped up the drive to revolutionize, modernize deal of work to punish criminal offences and and standardize itself and made fresh contri• economic crimes. More than 1.1 million crimin• butions to defending the motherland's security, al cases of different kinds, including more than maintaining social stability, supporting national 270,000 major cases, were cracked last year. At construction, and to other fields of endeavour. the same time, 53,771 perpetrators of economic Particularly gratifying is a new turn for the crimes, involving 511 million yuan, gave them• better on the political and ideological front, based selves up to procuratorial, judicial or supervisory on experience and lessons drawn from the tur-. organs at different levels. Some major, important moil and rebellion. A trend towards bourgeois- criminal cases have been made public and others liberalization thinking had run rampant during are under investigation. previous years. Instead of being refuted and res• Though our country is advancing, it still faces isted as it should have been, it received conniv• * The seven tasks of common concern are: 1, further screen ance and backing. This state of affairs has been and rectify companies; 2, resolutely stop children of senior reversed since the second half of last year. Im• cadres from engaging in commercial activities; 3, cancel "special supply" of a small amount of foodstuffs to leading portance has been attached afresh to ideological comrades; 4, allot cars to cadres strictly in line with relevant and political work, following its weakening dur• stipulations and stop the import of large sedans; 5, strictly ing previous years. Effective institutions and forbid the use of public funds to entertain guests and give methods of ideological education have been res• gifts; 6, strictly limit visits of leading cadres to foreign tored and improved. As efforts to build a clean countries; 7, severely punish corruption, bribe taking, prof• iteering and other criminal offences and, especially, lose no and honest government slackened during those time in investigating and dealing with major and important years, unhealthy practices, such as the spending cases of crime. of public funds on dinners and gifts, sumptuous ** Lei Feng (1940-62), a native of Jianjiatang, Changsha wining and dining, extravagance, waste and abuse County, Hunan Province, joined the Chinese People's Lib• of power for personal gain, grew and spread; eration Army in 1960 and was admitted to the Communist Party the same year. He died in the line of duty while some people even violated the law and discipline, serving as squad leader of a transport company in an offered or accepted bribes and bent the law, sev• engineer unit. Nurtured by Mao Zedong Thought, Lei Feng erely infringing upon the interests of the country grew up to be an outstanding Communist soldier, serving and the people and tarnishing the reputation of the people wholeheartedly. On March 5, 1963, Mao Zedong the Communist Party and the people's govern• issued a call "Learn from Lei Feng," launching a mass movement to emulate him. ment. During the second half of last year the *** Lai Ning was a Young Pioneer in the first grade of a Central Committee of the Party and the State junior middle school in , Sichuan Province. Council decided to punish corruption and do On March 13,1988, at the age of 14, he died heroically when everything possible to maintain a clean and battling a huge forest fire in order to protect state property. honest government, adopting many practical On May 31, 1989, the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Youth League and the State Education Com• measures and paying particular attention to seven mission conferred the title of Young Hero on this pupil of tasks of common concern,* thus making a good good character and scholarship and called on Young start on the building of such a government. Dur• Pioneers of all nationalities in China to emulate him. In ing previous years much importance was attached October of the same year, on the 14th anniversary of the founding of the Young Pioneer, he was commended as the to material progress, as it should have been, while first of the Ten Best Young Pioneers in China, and Premier little attention was paid to cultural and ideologi• Li Peng wrote an inscription in his honour. cal progress. As a result, unhealthy practices and **** In co-ordination with the anti-pornography cam• evil phenomena have increased in society and paign, the State Council in November 1989 organized a some repulsive matters that had been stamped out nationwide movement to do away with six evils: 1, prosti• tution and the frequenting of prostitutes; 2, pornography after the founding of the People's Republic have production and peddling; 3, abduction and sale of women surfaced again. Since the second half of last year and children; 4, illegal growing, taking and trafficking of we have intensified ideological education in pa• drugs; 5, gambling; 6, swindling through feudal supersti• tious practices.

IV DOCUMANTS many problems and difficulties. Economic prob• grammes of reform and opening to the outside lems have accumulated over the years, such as the world or to safeguard people's normal life and imbalance of the industrial structure, irrationali• protect their lives and property. The Chinese peo• ty of the economic structure and operational me• ple have suffered enough from the turmoil and chanism, and poor economic performance; these will allow no one to stir it up again, turning deep-seated problems are far from being settled. socialist China, full of promise for a bright fu• Furthermore, new contradictions and problems ture, into a chaotic and turbulent China. Preser• cropped up in the course of improving the econo• vation of China's stability and the great unity of mic environment and rectifying the economic all our nationalities is in the fundamental interest order, such as a sluggish market, a sharp drop in of the Chinese people and represents the aspira• the growth rate of industrial production and tions of the people and the general trend of the an increased number of enterprises that have times. Now, as we confront pressure from abroad stopped or partially stopped operation. The inter• and difficulties at home, preservation of the weave of old and new contradictions has aggra• country's stability is a matter of paramount im• vated the problems and difficulties, making it a portance. Every citizen of the People's Republic more arduous and complicated task to solve and of China should cherish the hard-won political overcome them. Although some progress has been stability and unity as he would treasure his own made in building a clean and honest government, life. negative and corrupt phenomena, such as bureau• cratism, formalism, authoritarianism, ultra- Second, we must keep to the socialist road and individualism and abuse of power for personal uphold leadership by the Communist Party. It was gain, in certain units and among a number of a necessity of historical development that the cadres remain serious problems arousing strong Chinese people choose the socialist road. The resentment among the general public. In some entire history of the Chinese nation, fighting for localities measures against grave criminal off• national liberation, state independence and the ences are not forceful enough, so there has been people's happiness for over a century, attests to no significant change for the better in public the truth: Only socialism can save China; only order. The influence of bourgeois-liberalization socialism can help develop China. In our country, thinking and undesirable social phenomena still if we did not keep to socialism but, instead, as need to be done away with. Some factors leading some people advocate, turned back to take the to social instability still exist. We should give full capitalist road, a wide gap between the rich and weight and pay great attention to the current the poor and a polarization of classes would inev• problems and difficulties, never lowering our itably arise, the overwhelming majority of people guard. Only thus can we become more resolved would sink into poverty and social unrest would to overcome the difficulties, solve the problems, prevail for a long time to come. Fraud, degener• further consolidate political stability and unity ation and crime, inherent in a society of exploit• and promote smooth progress of national con• ing classes, would spread unchecked. Under such struction, reform and opening to the outside circumstances economic development would be world. out of the question and the country could not be truly independent; instead, it would only be re• In 1989 the people of all nationalities in China duced to a dependency of the developed capitalist managed to hold fast to the socialist position in countries. Only by upholding socialism can we the complicated and constantly changing interna• attain common prosperity, enable all the people tional situation and accumulated valuable pract• of the country, who share the same fundamental ical experience that will prove to be important to interests, to work together for common ideals and our country's stable political, economic and social goals, and safeguard the country's independence development in the days ahead. and the nation's dignity. Only thus can we realize First, we must resolutely preserve national and modernization and can China show promise. Up- social stability. In order to carry on socialist * The three steps are: first, to double the 1980 GNP and modernization and reach our strategic goal in solve the problem of food and clothing for the Chinese three steps,* we need a peaceful international people; second, to quadruple the 1980 figure by the end of environment and domestic political stability and this century, thus enabling the Chinese people to lead a unity. The disturbances last year showed us once fairly comfortable life; and, third, basically to accomplish the modernization drive and reach the per-capita GNP of more that when turmoil prevails in the country moderately developed countries by the middle of the next and grave anarchy engulfs society, it is impossible century, thus enabling the Chinese people to enjoy a rela• to carry on economic development and the pro• tively affluent life. DOCUMANTS holding socialism is inseparable from upholding development and concentrate oii pushing the na• leadership by the Communist Party. The leading tional economy forward. To this end, we must position of the Chinese Communist Party has firmly implement the principle of sustained, been acquired through protracted struggle and stable and coordinated development of the na• accepted by the people of their own accord. In tional economy — this is the most important China, if we do not uphold socialism and leader• point to be drawn from the experience gained ship by the Communist Party, we can expect no over forty years of economic development since stability in the country, no unity among the peo• the founding of the People's Republic. In past ple and no rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. economic work we often sought an unduly high growth rate in disregard of national conditions Third, we must more closely combine adherence and beyond national capabilities. Despite tremen• to the Four Cardinal Principles with adherence to dous success in our economic development in the policies of reform and opening to the outside recent years, overheated economic growth and an world. The political disturbances in China and overextended scale of construction have caused abroad last year proved incisively that the build• an imbalance between total supply and demand, a deterioration of the economic structure and ing of socialism cannot do without reform and acute inflation, forcing us to readjust the econo• opening to the outside world and that, in turn, my once again. We must not look for quick suc• reform and opening to the outside world cannot cess in either economic development or reform. do without a socialist orientation. Reform and Similarly, we must not look for quick success in opening to the outside world are the only road we current economic improvement and rectification. can follow to develop the productive forces and To attain the strategic goal of quadrupling our make the country prosperous and strong. In fact, gross national product by the end of this century, there are two diametrically opposite views on the we must sustain an annual economic growth rate questions of reform and opening to the outside of about 5.4 percent, improve economic perform• world: One advocates self-improvement and de• ance and maintain a coordinated economic struc• velopment of the socialist system and the other ture and a balance between total supply and de• advocates capitalism. A correct orientation for mand, enabling economic growth to follow a reform and opening to the outside world can be steady course upwards. Our present efforts to maintained only by adhering to the Four Car• improve the economic environment and rectify dinal Principles. We must conscientiously learn the economic order are aimed precisely at elimi• from the experience of the past few years and nating instabilities caused by the overheated eco• work for both material and cultural and ideolog• nomic growth of the past few years and at creat• ical progress, press ahead with the programme of ing a favourable environment and conditions for reform and opening to the outside world and sustained, stable and coordinated development of unremittingly oppose bourgeois liberalization. the national economy throughout the 1990s. A Our opposition to bourgeois liberalization does lower rate of economic growth is normal in not mean opposition to the rights to democracy the course of improvement and rectification; it and freedom granted to citizens by our Constitu• should not shake our determination to improve tion, but bears particular meaning. We oppose the the economic environment, rectify the economic political propositions in contravention of the Con• order and deepen the reform. stitution put forward by people trying to negate the socialist system in China and leadership by the Chinese Communist Party under the banners Fifth, we must maintain the stability and contin• of freedom, democracy and human rights. The uity of our basic principles and policies. Since the struggle against bourgeois liberalization will be a Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central protracted one, for which we must be fully pre• Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, pared mentally. held in December 1978, we have formulated a Fourth, we must always adhere to the principle whole set of basic principles and policies for of sustained, stable and co-ordinated development building sociaUsm with Chinese characteristics. of the national economy. It is a fundamental task Practice has proved that they are correct, con• of socialism to incessantly develop the productive form to Chinese realities and enjoy the support of forces and gradually improve the material and the people. Since the disturbances last year we cultural life of the people, which provides the have stated over and over again that the general basic condition for maintaining state and social principles of reform and opening to the outside stability. Barring a massive foreign invasion, we world and the basic policies for all fields of en• must under all circumstances focus on economic deavour will not change. This has been most

VI DOCUMANTS important in reassuring the people and stabilizing strategic goal, i.e., to redouble the GNP and give the situation as a whole. In future we should go our people a fairly comfortable life. The task will on maintaining the stability and continuity of our be great and arduous. This year is also most basic principles and policies. Before adopting or important for improving the economic environ• altering any major policy decisions and reform ment, rectifying the economic order and deepen• measures, we must proceed from reality and fol• ing the reform. With long-accumulated problems low the mass line, submitting the measures to and newly emerging contradictions interweaving democratic discussion, scientific appraisal and with one another, various quarters will find diffi• careful consideration; we should absolutely avoid culties piling up before them. Thus doing our taking any hasty action in this regard. While work well this year bears not only on our imme• maintaining the continuity of our basic principles diate success in improving the economic environ• and policies, we must carefully analyse practical ment and rectifying the economic order, but also experience, promoting what is beneficial and er• on our success in economic development and re• adicating what is harmful, and make necessary form throughout the 1990s. readjustments to enrich and perfect certain spe• In keeping with the spirit of the Fourth, Fifth cific policies and reform measures so that they and Sixth Plenary Sessions of the Thirteenth CPC will better facilitate stable political, economic and Central Committee and in light of actual condi• social development in our country. tions, the government's guiding principle for 1990 is unswervingly to adhere to the fundamental line Sixth, we must firmly rely on and keep close ties of the Party in the primary stage of socialism, with the masse$, resolutely eliminate corruption focus on economic development, uphold the Four and effectively improve our work style. The masses Cardinal Principles and the policies of reform are the source of our strength and constitute the and opening to the outside world, bring every foundation for our victory. During the disturb• positive factor into play, unite the people of all ances last year the people resolutely opposed the nationalities of the country to overcome difficul• turmoil and rebellion and rallied closely around ties with full confidence, and to work for smooth the Chinese Communist Party and the people's progress in improving the economic environment, government, displaying a high level of political rectifying the economic order and deepening the consciousness and a strong sense of historical reform and for stable political, economic and responsibility. Without the support of the people, social development. Political and social stability it would have been impossible to stop the turmoil is a prerequisite for stable economic development, and crush the rebellion. After that, large numbers which in turn provides the foundation for the of workers, peasants and intellectuals, faced with former. Therefore, in the final analysis, we a great many difficulties, shared the concerns of should concentrate on pushing the national econ• the country and exerted their utmost to make up omy forward. According to the state plan for this for the economic losses caused by the turmoil and year, the gross national product is to increase by rebellion, greatly contributing to political and 5 percent over 1989, with a 6 percent increase in social stability. The Chinese people, with glorious total industrial output value and a 4 percent revolutionary traditions and lofty national integr• increase in total agricultural output value; grain ity, are a great people who never yield to external output is to reach 412.5 million tons, 5.05 million pressure. With such fine people, China is full of tons more than last year. As the drive to improve promise. So long as the Communist Party and the economic environment, rectify the economic the people's government consciously and unrem• order and deepen the reform is entering a crucial ittingly combat corruption, earnestly improve phase this year, we should persist in our efforts to their work style, steadily cement their flesh-and- tighten control over total supply and demand, at blood ties with the masses and work hard together the same time shifting the focus of work onto in the spirit of self-reliance, they will always be structural readjustment and improvement of eco• invincible, overcoming all difficulties and surviv• nomic performance, so as to integrate reform ing any violent storm. more closely with development and bring about a steady upturn in the entire national economy. To this end, the State Council urges governments at all levels to accomplish the following ten tasks II. Work on the Domestic Front this year: in 1990 This year commences the 1990s. In the coming First, concentrate on agricultural development, decade we are to attain the second step of our work for good harvests of grain, cotton and other

vn DOCUMANTS major farm products and promote all-round growth particularly in rural townships. They should of farming, forestry, animal husbandry, side-line provide financial and material support in this production and fishery. respect, adopt necessary measures to improve the Steady agricultural development is fundamen• working and living conditions of agrotechnicians, tal to China's political, economic and social stabil• increase the production and supply of such means ity. In their economic work governments at all of agricultural production as chemical fertilizers, levels should give top priority to agricultural de• pesticides, plastic sheeting and farm machinery, velopment, mobilize people of all trades and pro• and give first priority to the supply of materials, fessions to support agriculture and work as one to funds, energy and transportation services neces• ensure growth in agriculture. sary for agroindustry. They should continue to This year the government plans to increase its monopolize and improve sales of the essential input into agriculture, and banks at various levels means of production so as to keep prices fairly are required to offer more agricultural credit. Out stable. of the investment in capital construction at the Basically, the key to steady development of disposal of the central authorities investment in China's agriculture is enthusiastic participation agriculture is to have nearly a 30 percent increase on the part of the peasant masses. Governments over last year's, the largest in the past decade. at all levels should maintain stable and consistent Local governments at all levels, for their part, basic economic policies for the countryside and should reinvest more in agriculture. They should continue to deepen rural reform. They should guide and organize rural collective economic un• adhere to and perfect the contracted household dertakings and the peasant masses— the main responsibility system with remuneration linked to sources for agricultural input— to put more output, try to improve and develop a manage• capital into agricultural production and devel• ment system in rural areas whereby unified man• opment and increase the investment of labour agement is combined with separate management, through various channels. They should redouble establish and perfect a socialized scientific and their efforts to harness big rivers and, while con• technical, supply and marketing service system tinuing to keep tabs on grain production, pay for the entire process of agricultural production, special attention to diversified undertakings as i.e., before, during and after the farming season, well, in order to promote all-round stable devel• and take full advantage of both the superiority of opment of the rural economy. The nationwide a collective economy and the individual peasant's drive of last winter and this spring for the con• enthusiasm for production. Where conditions per• struction of irrigation and water-conservation mit, efforts can be made to expand farming on a projects should go on year after year; govern• proper scale and develop a sound collective econ• ments must do sound, practical work to achieve omy of a new type on a voluntary basis, in order tangible results and avoid formalism. to raise agricultural labour productivity and en• large the proportion of commercial farm prod• Governments at all levels should conscientious• ucts. With a view to encouraging peasants to grow ly implement the policy of invigorating agri• more cotton, oil-yielding crops and other crops culture by applying scientific and technological and coordinating comparative advantages in the achievements and provide better guidance for the rural economy, the State Council has decided to spread of scientific and technological achieve• raise the prices for cotton, oil-yielding and sugar- ments in agriculture. To strengthen the weak yielding crops to be purchased according to con• Unks in agricultural production and ensure the tract. In order to ensure that peasants increase central task of producing high, stable yields of their production and income, governments at all grain, cotton, oil-yielding crops and other farm levels should adopt firm measures to stop arbi• products, they should spread the use of improved trary imposition of production quotas and fees on crop strains, systematic cultivation and plastic them, so as to truly lighten their burden. To help sheeting and adopt, among others, technical mea• poor regions rid themselves of poverty and be• sures for the reform of planting systems, all- come prosperous is a task of far-reaching sig• round prevention and control of plant disease and nificance, demanding continued and systematic insect pests, rational application of fertilizers, and work in accordance with a plan. water-efficient cropping and dryland farming in the north. They should also-try to mobilize more Village and township enterprises have played agrotechnicians to work 3t the forefront of prod• an important role in developing the rural econo• uction, improve scientific and technical training my, creating new jobs and raising the peasants' for the peasants, and perfect organizations for living standard. They will surely do more in this spreading agricultural techniques in rural areas. respect. However, they confront a fairly great

VIII DOCUMANTS number of difficulties at present, so governments 3) Because of persistent defects in the at various levels should support and guide them. current economic structure and its operat• For their part, village and township enterprises ing mechanism, various localities, depart• should efficiently conduct their own economic ments and enterprises incline to pay more overhaul in accordance with the principle "re- attention to their own interests, retarding readjustment, overhaul, transformation and up• progress in readjustment of the industrial grading." Local authorities should, in line with structure and product mix. the actual development level of the productive 4) The State Council failed to adopt forces and the requirements of state industrial timely and rigorous measures for macrocon- policies and in light of local conditions, encourage trol and apply effective methods. the establishment of diverse forms of village and On the whole, the phenomena mentioned above township enterprises. Development of such enter• were hard to avoid during retrenchment to im• prises will lay the necessary material foundation prove economic environment and rectify econo• for increasing peasants' income, providing so• mic order; they are temporary difficulties and cial guarantees and promoting education in rur• problems that have cropped up on our way ahead. al areas, consolidating political authority at the However, we must take them most seriously and grass-roots level and promoting cultural and ideo• lose no time in solving them by effective mea• logical progress. sures. The State Council has decided to take various Second, work hard to enliven the sluggish market measures that will serve to ameliorate the present and stress readjusting structure and improving eco• contradictions but not prejudice efforts to re• nomic performance, so as to sustain a reasonably trench expenditures, reduce the amount of credit moderate growth rate in industrial production. to be granted and readjust interest rates on loans At present, our national economy, especially and savings deposits. These measures include ef• industrial production, is experiencing a series of forts to appropriately relax the curb on the money problems, such as excessive stoclcpiles of products supply and increase loans to be used mainly to and manufactured goods, shortage of funds in augment the working funds of enterprises and the enterprises, slow production growth and an in• purchase funds of commercial, materials supply creased number of enterprises running at half and foreign trade departments; properly readjust capacity or brought to a standstill. This has ar• interest rates for loans and savings deposits and oused the concern of the whole society. Recently, introduce interest-rate differentials for loans; set the State Council met on many occasions to study up specialized groups to break "debt chains" as and analyse the situation and came to the conclu• fast as possible, and resume the banks' honouring sion that the root cause of all these problems is of collection, so as to reduce defaulting in debt the sluggish market, which is caused by the fol• repayment between enterprises; appropriately in• lowing factors: crease investment, mainly in key construction 1) Because of the excessive economic projects covered by the state plan and the tech• growth, unchecked expansion of processing nological transformation of enterprises, in the industries over the previous years and cur• construction of low- and medium-grade housing rent efforts to improve the economic envi• for urban staff members and workers, and in the ronment and rectify the economic order, construction of water-conservation projects and curtail investment and consumer demand, highways in rural areas, as a form of relief fund, reorganize corporations and build a clean and honest government, some enterprises, while strictly forbidding resumed construction of especially ones turning out unmarketable office buildings, auditoriums and hotels; enliven products of inferior quality and high price, circulation and open up new markets, particular• have encountered serious difficulties in ly in rural areas, to promote the exchange of marketing their products. materials between town and country through var• 2) Thanks to economic improvement ious channels; readjust the prices of certain com• and rectification, market prices are rising at modities, raising some and lowering others; and a reduced rate and have become relatively so on and so forth. These measures, put into effect stable, and thanks to inflation-proof savings successively by all departments and local author• deposits, the residents have deposited their ities, will play a positive role in economic devel• money in banks for future purchases, fol• opment. lowing the consumer psychology of "buying The key to ending the sluggish market and when prices rise and not buying when prices ensuring appropriate and stable growth in indus• drop." trial production and the entire economy lies in

IX DOCUMANTS rationalizing the economic structure and greatly es themselves should allocate more funds to this improving economic performance. end, focusing on improving the quality of prod• The problem of irrational structure, caused by ucts, reducing consumption of materials and enh• overheated economic growth over previous years, ancing the capacity to turn out export products to is prominent in industrial production all over the earn foreign exchange and import substitutes. country. We must take advantage of the current Tightened management in enterprises plays a ma• economic improvement and rectification, turning jor role in and bears immediate impact on tapping the pressure from the sluggish market into a existing production potential and improving eco• motive force for structural readjustment, to de• nomic performance. It is therefore imperative to velop new products and varieties and increase run factories with strict discipline, perfecting bas• production of brand-name and quality goods and ic work and improving rules and regulations with commodities in short supply, especially the daily regard to fixed numbers of employees and prod• necessities that best meet rural needs. We should uction quotas, management of funds, cost and also work hard to increase products for export quality control, and business accounting. The and expand production of import substitutes. All working class is the main force of production and departments and local authorities are expected, in construction. We should wholeheartedly rely on line with state industrial policies and market de• it and institute the "three-in-one" system, consist• mand, to draw up catalogues of goods whose ing of cadres, technicians and workers, to bring production will be restricted, stopped or ensured into full play their collective wisdom and and, accordingly, adopt differing measures in strength. We should, more intensively and on a providing funds, energy, raw and semifinished wider scale, carry on the campaign to increase materials and transportation services. In readjust• production and practise economy, increase reven• ing the product mix, they should readjust the ues and reduce expenditures, so as to raise enter• internal industrial structure, for the purpose of prise management to a higher level. sustaining a steady growth of energy, production of important raw and semifinished materials and Third, in the course of improving the economic an increase in transportation capacity. environment, rectifying the economic order and Readjusting the organizational structure of en• deepening the reform, promote scientific and tech• terprises constitutes an important aspect of our nological progress and ensure the steady develop• effort to improve the structure of industrial prod• ment of education. uction. The crux of the matter is giving full play In our efforts to overcome existing economic to the backbone role of state-owned large and difficulties and ensure the prolonged, stable de• medium-sized enterprises and enterprise groups. velopment of the national economy, we must This year in allocating funds, materials and tran• highly value and truly accelerate progress in sportation services the state will adopt preferen• science and technology. Scientific and technolog• tial measures towards large and medium-sized ical work in rural areas consists of introducing, enterprises that produce high-quality, readily demonstrating and spreading the use of adv• marketable goods with low consumption of ma• anced, applicable scientific and technological ac• terials and good economic returns. At the same complishments, continuing to keep tabs on im• time, the state will follow a protective policy plementation of the "spark programme" and towards small and medium-sized enterprises that "harvest programme" and intensifying and devel• operate in conformity with industrial policies and oping research in key scientific and technological produce good economic returns and social bene• areas ~ all for the purpose of ensuring further fits. It will give effective guidance and support to growth of agriculture and the rural economy. In collectively owned enterprises in cities and towns industrial production we should focus on spread• so as to promote their healthy growth. ing the use of scientific and technological All the contradictions existing in industrial en• achievements beneficial to expansion of the in• terprises today boil down to scanty economic frastructure and basic industries such as energy, returns. Industrial departments and enterprises transport, and raw and semifinished materials should all shift the focus of their work truly onto and important to readjustment of the product improving quality and economic performance. mix, reduction of material consumption and im• This year they should work for substantial pro• provement of economic performance. Large and gress in this respect by stepping up technological medium-sized enterprises and enterprise groups transformation and improving enterprise man• should establish and perfect a technological- agement. While the state will increase loans development and managerial system whereby the for technological transformation, the enterpris• chief engineer assumes full responsibility under

X DOCUMANTS the director's leadership, so as to increase their dents by creating good conditions for their social ability to advance technology. Small enterprises practice. Primary and middle school authorities and enterprises run by townships and villages should see to it that their pupils are educated, in should form their own technical backstopping ways appropriate to their age levels, in patriotism, through various means. We should continue sup• collectivism, socialism, communism, China's ac• port for the "torch programme" and other pro• tual conditions, and the need to take part in grammes for developing new and high technolo• labour. They should continue cultivating them in gies. Where conditions permit, scientific research standards of social conduct and urge them to institutes, institutions of higher learning and mil• learn from Lai Ning. This year marks the one itary industrial enterprises should be encouraged hundred fiftieth anniversary of the Opium War; to run scientific and technological enterprises for they should make use of the occasion to expose the manufacture of new- and high-tech products. the crime committed by imperialists in their ag• We should continue to keep tabs on implementa• gression against China and to educate the pupils tion of the programme to tackle key scientific and about the history of the Chinese people's tradi• technological projects and develop high-tech re• tional patriotic struggles against imperialism, so search during the Seventh Five-Year Plan period, as to heighten their vigilance against the im• strengthen research on soft science, and build a perialist strategy of peaceful evolution. Efforts number of key development zones for such pur• should be made to strengthen the ranks of teach• poses. We should pay special attention to and ers and help them raise their ideological, political support basic scientific research and ensure the and professional levels. Governments at every steady development of medium- and long-range level should supervise school implementation of exploratory scientific research. We should im• education policy. They should pay attention to prove funding for natural-science research, make elementary education, gradually introduce nine- best use of the patent system, expand and im• year compulsory education and adopt measures prove the technology market and deepen and to keep primary and middle school pupils from improve reform of the scientific and technologi• dropping out of school. They should continue to cal management structure. This year the State implement the "prairie fire programme" so as to Council will organize people concerned to draw promote all-round reform of education in rural up medium- and long-range programmes for the areas. They should accelerate reform of the man• development of science and technology, in order agement of vocational and technical education to to guide and accelerate it. ensure its sound development. In restructuring The basic objective in developing education is certificate-oriented adult education, they should to raise the nation's quality and train builders of endeavour to raise its level. Along with good sociahsm in all fields. Accomplishing that objec• administration of existing institutions of higher tive will have a profound and far-reaching impact learning they should accelerate their structural on expanding the economy and consolidating and readjustment and deepen educational reform. All perfecting the socialist system. Therefore, schools teachers and schools of all types and at all levels of various types at all levels should overcome any should attach great importance to research in tendency to neglect the students' moral educa• socialist educational ideology, continually iin- tion, carry out the policy of having education prove teaching methods and raise the quality of serve socialist construction, combine with produc• instruction by tapping new teaching instruments tive labour, and ensure the moral, intellectual with up-to-date technologies. Governments at all and physical development of the students, and levels and departments concerned should provide consistently give top priority to a firm and cor• more effective leadership and guarantee success• rect political orientation. Universities and col• ful work assignments for graduates. They should leges should stress education in Marxism- make rational assignments with a view to rein• Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought and teach forcing grass-roots units and the forefront of students to follow the socialist road, learn from production. Sending students abroad for further the masses and serve the people. They should study is part and parcel of the open policy. They rectify order on the campus, paying attention to should improve this work, building on past exper• student conduct and discipline and adopting con• ience and abiding by the principles of considering crete measures to allow students to take part in both political awareness and professional compet• field work, social practice, military training and ence, dispatching students according to the state's physical labour. Governments at all levels, de• needs, insuring eligibility and applicability of partments concerned, enterprises and other insti• what they learn. They should also create neces• tutions should support and encourage the stu• sary working conditions for returnees. This year

XI DOCUMANTS is international anti-illiteracy year; leadership tralized and that power is delegated in strict com• should be strengthened for further progress in pliance with the state's industrial policies. The eliminating illiteracy throughout the country. State Council has decided to levy a regulatory tax Though faced with many financial difficulties on the use of investment and enforce differential this year, the state has increased education funds tax rates, so as to guide the flow of funds from as it did last year. At the same time, it will arouse non-key to key projects. the initiative of people from all sectors of society, The purpose of production is to meet the peo• encouraging them to raise money for schools and ple's material and cultural needs, and their living open up new funding channels, so as to create standard and consumption level can rise only on more favourable conditions for school operation. the basis of expanded production. This year we Whether in the development of science, tech• shall institute more measures to reverse the situa• nology and education or in the socialist moderni• tion of the past few years in which the growth of zation drive, it is imperative to take full advan• consumer demand exceeded increase of the na• tage of the important role played by intellectuals. tional income and labour productivity. We should We already have a very good contingent of intel• continue to keep institutional consumption under lectuals who keep to the socialist road. Govern• control and take appropriate measures to control ments at all levels should carry out the principle and supervise wages, bonuses and other personal of "respecting knowledge and respecting trained income of office staff and workers. We should personnel" and do all they can to create and improve the examination and approval system improve intellectuals' working and living condi• concerning funds for wages and the banks' super• tions so as to bring their role into full play. We vision of and control over the dispensing of such also hope intellectuals in their vast numbers, par• funds. It is necessary to improve the system wher• ticularly young intellectuals, will assiduously stu• eby total wages are tied to economic performance, dy Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought, to tighten control over the use of funds pooled by plunge themselves into social practice, become enterprises themselves and to establish a wage- one with workers and peasants, try to be both fund reserve system in enterprises. politically conscious and professionally compe• While curbing the excessive growth of consu• tent, and give fully of their wisdom and talent to mer demand, we should further remedy the un• the building of a socialist society that is material• fair distribution of income, on the one hand ly, culturally and ideologically advanced. overcoming egalitarianism and, on the other, guarding against and overcoming wide discrepan• Fourth, continue to check the growth of total cies. Since last year, through screening and reor• demand and handle financial work well. ganizing companies, building a clean and honest This year we should continue to keep the government, improving tax collection and con• growth of total demand under control and pursue trol among individuals engaged in industrial and a policy of retrenched expenditure and credit. commercial businesses, owners of private enter• Nationwide total investment in fixed assets will prises and people with high income, and imposing be roughly the same as the amount actually used a fine on and confiscating unlawful income, we last year, and the State Planning Commission will have ameliorated unfair distribution of income, formulate specific investment plans in compli• but the problem is far from being solved. This ance with industrial policies and in light of the year governments at all levels should take as an different conditions in different localities. We important task solving that problem, protecting shall, then, rationally readjust investment pat• legitimate earnings, confiscating illegitimate ear• terns, increasing investment in agriculture and in nings and putting restrictions on unduly high basic industries such as energy and transport, earnings. They should further improve and en• continuing to cut back construction projects for force strict control over income of staff of all ordinary processing industries, and putting up no types and apply the system whereby each indivi• more office buildings, auditoriums or hotels. The dual declares his or her taxable income. power to examine and approve capital construc• The policy of letting some individuals and tion projects, delegated by the central authorities areas become prosperous first has greatly helped to provinces, autonomous regions and municipal• overcome egalitarianism and promote economic ities directly under the Central Government, will development. Practice has proved this policy cor• remain unchanged, but power delegated to low• rect, and we should continue to apply it. Two er levels by provinces, autonomous regions and points should be stressed, however: We should municipalities must be centralized at the provin• keep to our socialist orientation and achieve pros• cial level so that such power is not overly decen• perity through hard work and lawful means, and

XH DOCUMANTS we should encourage the individuals and areas Fifth, tighten control over commodity prices, try that have become prosperous to help those that to keep domestic markets stable, and arrange for have not, so as to achieve a common prosperity. people's well-being. This will be conducive to alleviating unfairness in Stabilizing prices and the markets is crucial to social distribution. It is essential to publicize good a stable life for the people. This year we must examples and experiences in this connection in continue to curtail social demand and increase order to make it a common practice. the supply of essential products. We shall contin• This year both central and local financial au• ue the "shopping basket" project by stepping up thorities will confront more financial difficulties construction of production bases of nonstaple than last year, because the servicing of domestic foods and paying particular attention to the prod• debts will hit a peak, expenditures for servicing uction of meat, eggs and vegetables and their foreign loans will increase and there will be addi• supply in large and medium-sized cities. We shall tional factors leading to less revenue and more see to it that more daily-use and small items are expenditure. There are two ways to solve the manufactured to enrich and enliven both urban financial difficulties. First, we should try by ev• and rural markets. State-run shops and supply ery means to increase revenues, strictly enforce and marketing co-operatives should serve as the the collection and control of various kinds of major channels for obtaining and storing goods, taxes, examine irrational tax reductions and ex• purchasing farm and sideline products, purchas• emptions and arrears in tax payments, stop tax ing and marketing major commodities and distri• evasion and readjust various subsidies. Second, buting such goods among different regions. They we should cut back all inflated expenditures that should especially try by various means to exploit occurred during the years of excessive economic the extensive rural markets and transport a good growth. To this end, we must cut back a number supply of manufactured items there. Commercial of government departments and screen organiza• and supply and marketing departments should tions of various types. All evnenditures should be further improve their operation to provide better handled strictly in accordance w-th the budget. service. They should correctly guide consumption The deficit should be kept within the amount set and expand market accessibility for commodities by the state plan by increasing production, prac• in order to stimulate production. They should tising economy, raising revenues and reducing permit some collectively and individually owned expenditures. Administrative departments, insti• commercial enterprises to wholesale certain small tutions and enterprises should all practise econo• articles, so as to enliven the market and promote my and thrift. Localities, departments and trades, commodity exchange between town and country. without exception, should combat extravagance and waste and practise strict economy and thrift Effective measures should be taken to tighten in all undertakings. control over market prices. While continuing con• trol over urban market prices, we shall gradually Banks should continue to control the volume of strengthen control over rural market prices. With credit and currency issue in accordance with the regard to the few major products whose price state's industrial and credit policies. They should restrictions have been lifted, we shall continue to readjust the credit structure, analyse the experi• fix their prices, and price rises must be approved ence gained last year, make proper and timely by competent authorities. We shall try to main• adjustments in light of changes in the economic tain the prices of basic daily necessities and the situation, give better guidance for the use of charges for labour services. Commodity prices credit and improve the granting and managing of must be marked. We shall arrange charges of bank loans. They should continue to pursue a various kinds and put an end to unauthorized policy favouring agriculture, the purchase of price rises and unjustifiable charges. We shall farm and sideline products and products for ex• strictly check and supervise prices and encourage port, state key construction projects and manu• the masses and public opinion to play their role facture of major products. Ih granting loans, they in this respect. Governments at all levels shall be should give first priority to large and medium- responsible for control over price rises of certain sized key enterprises with good economic per• commodities. formance. They should screen all loans granted, An important way of arranging for people's tap potential' sources of funds, accelerate capital well-being is to have as few people waiting for turnover, continue inflationproof savings and en• jobs as possible and take care of people from courage urban and rural residents to deposit more enterprises that have suspended or partially sus• savings in the bank. pended production. All departments and local authorities should open up new avenues in prod-

xni DOCUMANTS uction management and services and create more conducted at selected places on a sound job opportunities. Instead of thrusting surplus basis. personnel onto society, they should arrange for The key to deepening and improving the re• these people to take technical training, to repair form is to correctly understand and implement facilities, to make inventories of warehouses and the principle of combining a planned economy so forth. People who are out of work or waiting with market regulation. In light of practical ex• for work shall be provided with subsistence allow• perience over the years and current conditions in ances, appropriate to individual situations. In rur• the country we deem it necessary to reaffirm the al areas people should be organized to build following concepts: water-conservation projects, plant trees, build (1) The socialist economy of China is roads and bridges and engage in other activities a planned commodity economy based on that help boost agricultural production. People public ownership. A planned economy and should be encouraged and supported in efforts to a commodity economy are mutually uni• set up collective or co-operative economic under• fied, instead of being mutually exclusive. takings in cities and towns, and individual and The superiority of a planned economy can private economic undertakings should be urged to and should be combined with the positive develop in a healthy way in accordance with state role played by market regulation. (2) The planned economy and market policies, so that they will help increase produc• regulation are generally combined in three tion, stimulate commbdity circulation and create forms: mandatory planning, which, al• more job opportunities. Job opportunities being though of a compulsory nature, must be limited, the number of agricultural people to be made and achieved in accordance with the given non-agricultural status should be strictly relations between market supply and de• controlled. mand and by conscientious application of the law of value; guidance planning, which Sixth, deepen and improve economic restructur• is binding in the sense that it defines the ing, stressing deepened reform of enterprises and direction and goal of economic activities, improved macroeconomic regulation and control. but which is executed mainly through eco• Our efforts to improve the economic environ• nomic policies and levers; and market regu• ment, rectify the economic order and deepen the lation, which, under the overall guidance of reform complement each other ~ all for the pur• state plans and within the framework of pose of attaining prolonged, stable development laws and statutes, is carried out through of the national economy. Therefore, they must be relations between market supply and de• combined. To advance reform, we should like to mand and through price fluctuations. reiterate the following basic concepts: (3) These three forms are combined dif• — The four cardinal principles are fun• ferently in terms of ratio, depending on damental to the building of the country, and differing ownerships, enterprises, prod• reform and the open policy lead to a power• uction links and fields, industries or prod• ful China. Neither of these two basic points ucts, and should be readjusted and im• can be dispensed with. proved as necessary in a changing situation. Reform means the socialist system's (4) In macroeconomic activities we self-improvement and self-development, de• should strike an overall balance, maintain a signed to demonstrate the superiority of the balance between major sectors of the econo• socialist system. my, regulate and control economic opera• — Economic restructuring is chiefly tions by economic, legal and administrative | aimed at gradually establishing a manage• means, and thoroughly analyse economic j ment system and an economic operating me• information so as to predict economic devel- j chanism that combine a planned economy opment more accurately. i with market regulation, in order to meet the (5) The basic criterion by which to judge i needs of development of a socialist planned the success of combining a planned econo• commodity economy. my with market regulation is whether the — The reform now under way must combination helps improve economic per• serve improvement of the economic envi• formance and promote sustained, stable and ronment and rectification of the economic coordinated development of the economy, order. The reform measures already adopt• not by abstract principles or models. ed shall be stabilized, enriched, readjusted In accordance with the above basic understand• or improved, and at the same time experi• ing, acquired through practice, we should, from ments in reform in certain fields shall be now on, place production and circulation of ma-

XIV DOCUMANTS jor products essential to the national economy Taking advantage of improvement of the eco• and people's well-being under mandatory plans nomic environment and rectification of the eco• and place all other products manufactured in nomic order, we shall extend economic as• large quantities under guidance plans and market sociation among enterprises and organize more regulation. The central authorities and local gov• enterprise groups. Our main objective is to raise ernments will make policy decisions and plans the quality and economic performance of enter• with regard to the scale and pattern of investment prises and increase their capacity for develop• in fixed assets and to major construction projects. ment. We shall promote in various ways the opti• At the same time, we shall introduce market mum organization of elements of production and competition for use of investment and the design, readjustment of personnel patterns. construction and management of projects. Impor• In deepening enterprise reform, we shall im• tant economic activities of large and medium- prove macroeconomic regulation and control. We sized enterprises owned by all the people will be shall also improve management systems for plan• controlled by mandatory or guidance plans, ur• ning, circulation, finance, taxation and banking ban and rural collective economic undertakings to meet the requirements of improvement and will be subjected to guidance plans or market rectification. So far as planning is concerned, we regulation, and individual and private economic shall try to achieve an overall balance, appro• undertakings and foreign-funded enterprises to priately readjust the scope of mandatory planning market regulation. By so doing, we shall essential• and improve its management, adopt more effec• ly do away with the structure by which we exer• tive measures for implementing guidance plans cised rigid control and excessive interference and and improve general guidance of market- begin to combine planning with flexibility. Of regulated production and circulation. In the sup• course, combining a planned economy with mar• ply of materials we shall appropriately expand the ket regulation is a very complicated task. Since proportion of important materials to be distribut• we lack experience in this respect, we have to ed by the state and see to it that a proportion of explore ways for improvement. major products to be sold by enterprises is subject In reforming the economic structure this year to state guidance. We shall boost circulation of we shall concentrate on deepening enterprise re• materials and develop markets for means of prod• form. We shall improve the contracted manager• uction under guidance plans. As for banking, the ial responsibility system for enterprises by ana• central bank should exercise stringent regulation lysing experience, promoting what is beneficial, and rigorous control of the economy as a whole, abolishing what is harmful, and making the sys• and competent departments should give more ef• tem both encouraging and binding. It is necessary fective guidance to and tighten control over spe• to correctly handle the relationship among the cialized banks. Specialized banks should adhere state, enterprises and workers and between long- strictly to the state's industrial policies and credit term and immediate interests and refrain from plan. We shall set up banking institutions where being shortsighted in economic activities. We necessary, end their overlapping of business, and shall, in light of different conditions in different take advantage of interest rates to regulate de• regions, trades and enterprises, determine reason• mand for capital and the use of funds. We shall able terms for and the time needed to fulfil a further tighten control over money markets. So contract, exercise strict appraisal of contracts and far as the financial system is concerned, we shall, improve methods of distribution within enterpris• while holding departments and enterprises res• es, so as to ensure the integrity and appreciation ponsible for their own profits and losses, applying of state property. The enterprises, for their part, the principle that financial resources be concen• should take the overall interest into account, trated appropriately and taking into considera• trying to make a greater contribution to the coun• tion different situations in different regions, ask try. We shall experiment in selected places with local departments to turn over more of their separation of taxes and profits and with after-tax profits to the state, and the central authorities loan repayment and contract execution. We shall will give fewer subsidies to local departments. We deepen enterprise reform by implementing the shall experiment with a system of revenue sharing Enterprise Law and adhering to and improving in places where conditions permit. We shall im• the system under which the factory director prove the management system for taxation by (manager) assumes full responsibility, while the centralizing power, enacting unified laws and ad• Party organization in an enterprise fully exercises ministering separate management at different political and ideological leadership and the work• levels. We shall improve auditing, statistics, pric• ers' conference and trade union play their role. ing, industrial and commercial administration

XV DOCUMANTS and the economic information network, giving China will never close its doors, no matter what them full scope in regulating and controlling the changes occur in the world. At present we should economy as a whole. We shall gradually explore take full advantage of favourable conditions to ways to establish a system of rtiacroeconomic overcome temporary difficulties and, maintain• regulation and control based on the state plan and ing a self-reliant attitude, execute our open policy characterized by a comprehensive application of more effectively and achieve greater results. The economic, administrative and legal means. We way to promote sustained expansion of foreign shall speed up the drafting of basic economic laws trade is to increase exports. We should therefore and statutes, such as a planning law, investment continue to turn out more traditional products for law, budget law, banking law and pricing law, and export, readjust the mix of export commodities, submit them to the National People's Congress export larger quantities of manufactured goods, for examination and approval. including textiles, other light industrial products, This year we shall continue rectifying the eco• machinery and electronic products, and of inten• nomic order, particularly the sequence of circula• sively processed and high-tech products, and in• tion. The screening and reorganizing of compan• crease farm produce that can earn foreign ex• ies should be taken as an important task which we change through export. We should carry out and should continue to tackle and fulfil. We shall improve policies and measures encouraging ex• close down, merge or retain companies strictly in port trade and firmly support key trades and accordance with requirements laid down by the enterprises involved in export with regard to the state, properly handling problems therefrom and supply of funds, loans, energy, raw and semifin• protecting state property from damage. We shall ished materials and transportation services and in concentrate on drafting a company law, and com• quotas for export. Enterprises turning out prod• panies are required to institute necessary rules ucts for export and departments of foreign trade and regulations in order to standardize their op• must adapt to a changing world market by con• eration. We shall continue strict investigating and stantly updating product design and variety, im• handling of violations of the law and discipline. proving quality and packaging, and providing This year we must do our best to achieve notable better sales service and abide strictly by contracts. results in removing the chaos in the coal market. Commodity inspection departments should be From this year on, all coal produced by mines rigid in inspecting imports and exports. whose products are solely distributed by the state, While expanding export trade, we should ra• coal turned over to the state by localities, and coal tionalize imports, using our limited foreign ex• produced outside the state plan that is transport• change to import important equipment and ma• ed by rail to other provinces shall come under terials for construction of key state projects. We unified allocation, ordering, transportation and must ourselves produce more raw and semifin• dispatch. We shall sell publicly major means of ished materials, machinery and electronic equip• production that are not included in the state plan ment in order to reduce or obviate their import. and promulgate specific measures for that pur• The import of luxury goods and high-grade con• pose. We must firmly oppose and foil any at• sumer goods should be strictly limited and that of tempts to erect barriers between regions or to ordinary machinery, electronic products and ma• carve up the unified market. terials should be controlled. All localities and This year we shall continue experimenting in departments should produce more import substi• selected places with major reforms, including tutes, speed up substitution of domestically made comprehensive reforms in cities specially desig• goods for ones manufactured abroad and become nated in the state plan and others, improve com• more self-reliant. prehensive experiments in reform and the open While no drastic change should be made in the policy in Guangdong, Fujian and Hainan prov• contract system for management of foreign trade, inces, experiment in selected places with compre• the system should be readjusted in line with the hensive reforms at the county level, and success• requirements of economic improvement and rec• fully run reform experiments in designated zones tification. We should continue to reorganize insti• in the countryside. We shall steadily reform the tutions involved in foreign trade and take appro• housing and social security systems. priate measures against overdecentralized use of foreign exchange. Seventh, continue to open China to the outside We shall continue using foreign funds and im• world and expand trade and economic and technol• porting advanced technology. We shall keep im• ogical exchanges with other countries. proving the environment for investment, faith• Our government has stated repeatedly that fully implement economic laws and statutes con-

XVI DOCUMANTS cerning foreign nationals and firms, and concen• cipating in the administration of state affairs and trate on the successful operation of existing joint in democratic supervision and setting great store ventures and cooperative enterprises so they can by their opinions and suggestions, so as gradual• play an exemplary role. In the use of foreign ly to regularize, standardize and institutionalize capital we shall stress direct investment by for• consultation on public matters and democratic eign businessmen and guide their investment in decision making. In the course of advancing so• the right direction in accordance with the state's cialist democracy, it is essential to distinguish industrial policies. We should also encourage es• clearly between socialist democracy and bour• tablishment of more joint ventures and coopera• geois democracy. In China a handful of people tive enterprises that will retool China's existing who cling to bourgeois liberalization preach mul• enterprises, so that they will assist China's tradi• tiple politics and a multiparty system; in essence, tional industries to advance technologically and they are trying to exclude the majority of the upgrade their products. Efforts to increase con• people from democracy, reject the leading role of tracts for projects and labour-service cooperation the Chinese Communist Party and replace the abroad should continue. Foreign loans have ex• socialist people's repubhc with a bourgeois re• ceeded $40 billion. Although we are fully capable public. We must therefore maintain sharp vigil• of repaying this amount, we must still tighten ance and resolutely combat this corrosive trend of control over the borrowing, using and repaying of thought, preventing its spread. foreign funds and see to it that borrowing does Socialist democracy has to be protected by a not get out of control and that the loans go where socialist legal system. Now that a whole system of they are most needed in the country's construc• socialist law, based on the Constitution, has taken tion. shape in China, the former situation, in which We should stabilize and improve the basic pol• people had no laws to go by in state affairs and in icies and measures for the special economic zones economic and social activities, has changed enor• and open coastal areas, try to manage the econo• mously. This year governments at all levels, while mic and technological development areas in these focusing on improvement, rectification and dee• zones successfully, and encourage their develop• pening of reform, are expected to lose no time in ment of an export-oriented economy. The special drawing up draft laws, statutes, rules and regula• economic zones should continue to serve as win• tions. We shall disseminate knowledge of the law dows and bases of opening to the outside world. to enhance the nation's awareness of the legal system. Supervision over law enforcement shall Eighth, strengthen socialist democracy and the be strengthened and the still prevalent tendency socialist legal system and consolidate and develop to neither observe nor implement laws must be political stability and unity. corrected. The Administrative Procedural Law of As the economy develops steadily and the re• the People's Republic of China will go into effect form deepens, we must strengthen socialist demo• on October 1 this year. This is a great event in the cracy and the socialist legal system, provide building up of the socialist legal system and also guidance for systematic reform of the political an important move in establishing socialist demo• structure, and consolidate and develop political cracy. All departments under the State Council stabihty and unity. Governments at all levels and local governments at all levels should study should take the initiative in offering support and this law, prepare fully for its implementation, coordination for political restructuring, perform and co-operate enthusiastically with the people's their functions and exercise their powers well and courts. persevere in their efforts to help perfect the sys• Although class struggle is not the principal tem of people's congresses, pursue multiparty contradiction in our society, it will still exist to a cooperation and political consultation under the certain extent for a long time to come and may leadership of the Communist Party and establish even become acute under certain conditions. and improve procedures and systems for demo• While fostering socialist democracy and the so• cratic decision making and supervision. They cialist legal system, we must intensify dictator• should readily accept supervision and inspection ship by the socialist state apparatus. Procuratorial by the people's congresses and their standing com• and judicial departments should fully perform mittees; keep in closer touch with the people's their respective duties and be on the alert to political consultative conferences at correspond• promptly crush infiltration and subversion at• ing levels, the democratic parties, patriots without tempted by foreign and overseas hostile forces party affiliation and mass organizations, provid• and crack down on all sabotage by hostile ele• ing them with the necessary conditions for parti• ments at home. They must, in accordance with

xvu DOCUMANTS the law, resolutely crack down on and severely public thoroughly about national defence, so they and promptly deal with offenders who gravely will be aware of danger in time of peace, and threaten public security and disrupt economic enhance their understanding of the importance of development. In big and medium-sized cities, national defence. At the same time, we shall areas along trunk railways and open coastal areas increase defence capabilities and ensure the a special effort should be made to crack down on steady development of a modern national def• crime in order to rectify public order. Govern• ence. ments at all levels should provide more effective leadership over public security and build up con• Ninth, adopt effective measures for tlie building tingents of armed and public security police. At of socialist culture and ideology and promote all- the same time, they should mobilize the masses round social progress. and adopt comprehensive measures to ensure We must conscientiously learn the lesson from public order and tighten public security. Depart• previous years' neglect of socialist cultural and ments of justice should do a better job of educat• ideological progress and, along with economic ing juvenile delinquents and reforming criminals development, reform and opening to the outside through labour and provide legal services for world, redouble efforts to improve ideological political and economic stability. Governments at and political work. Among people throughout the all levels should take advantage of the present country, particularly young people, we should favourable conditions to strengthen, by effective conduct intensive education in the need to uphold measures, the building of political power at the the Four Cardinal Principles and oppose bour• grass-roots level in urban and rural areas. geois liberalization and in patriotism, collectiv• The stability and unity of the country depend ism, socialism, communism, self-reliance, hard on harmonious relations among all nationalities work, revolutionary traditions and professional in China and stability in the national autonomous ethics. We should urge people to take the interests areas. Governments at all levels should firmly of the whole into account and devote their all for carry out the Chinese Communist Party's policies the public good, and we should work hard to raise towards minority nationalities, maintain their the quality of the entire nation, training new equality and unity, respect their freedom of reli• socialist builders who have lofty ideals and moral gious belief and their customs and habits, help integrity, who are better educated and have a develop their economy and culture, and promote strong sense of discipline. common prosperity for all. They should put the The spirit of Lei Feng exemplifies the Chinese Law on Regional National Autonomy of the Peo• nation's traditional virtues combined with lofty ple's Republic of China into effect and lose no Communist ideology. Recently a vigorous cam• time in working out detailed rules and regulations paign to learn from Lei Feng was launched anew for its implementation. Depending on local con• throughout the country, achieving initial success. ditions, we shall train more people of minority We should carefully analyse experience in this nationalities as cadres and specialists of all kinds. regard and warmly commend advanced collec• We shall firmly protect the unity of our mother• tives and individuals learning from Lei Feng on land and the great solidarity among all our na• different fronts. We should publicize their exem• tionalities and resolutely oppose any actions de• plary deeds in conducting the drive to learn from signed to split China and the Chinese nation. Lei Feng extensively, thoroughly, persistently The Chinese People's Liberation Army is the and in a down-to-earth manner. This constitutes strong pillar of the people's democratic dictator• an important part of building socialist culture ship. Governments at all levels should show con• and ideology. cern for and give support to the building and Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought reform of the army, helping it solve all kinds of must prevail in the ideological field. Departments practical problems. They should, in accord with of theoretical studies, literature, art, the press, the characteristics of the new period, constantly publishing, film production, television, etc., must enrich and develop civilian support for the army, be oriented towards serving socialism and the giving preferential treatment to families of revo• people, adhering to the principle of letting a lutionary soldiers and martyrs, and the PLA, for hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools its part, should support the government and cher• of thought contend, giving wide publicity to the ish the people—all in order to strengthen unity of fine culture of the Chinese nation and learning army and people and army and government. We whatever is useful from alien cultures. In the should encourage people to learn from the PLA's ideological field our work should both be rectified fine morality and glorious tradition, educate the and flourish. We must resist and criticize views

XVIII DOCUMANTS advocating bourgeois liberalization, which have and put them into effect in grass-roots units. been spreading widely in recent years, Western Measures should be adopted to set rigorous tar• bourgeois views on philosophy, politics, journal• gets for birth control. In family planning we ism, literature and art, and the ideological trend should focus our attention on rural areas. We towards national and historical nihilism. We should continue to establish and improve service should continue to conduct a persistent and tho• networks for family planning in counties, town• rough campaign against pornography and the ships and villages, giving it more publicity, con• drive to eliminat "six evils," in order to purify the ducting more education and doing good work in social environment. We should give full play to prenatal care, mother and child care, old-age in• the initiative of the vast numbers of theoreticians, surance and so forth. Special attention should be propagandists, writers and artists, letting them paid to birth control among the floating popula• plunge into the thick of life and go among the tion. Governments at all levels should provide masses. They should work hard to provide more better leadership and redouble efforts to con• and better intellectual products to enrich and struct a legal system for family planning. This enliven the ideological and cultural life of the year the fourth national census is to be carried people, meet the diverse multilevel needs of socie• out. Governments at all levels and relevant de• ty, help cultivate public opinion and create a partments should strengthen leadership in this cultural environment favourable to stabilizing regard and co-operate closely, so as to do an the overall situation. admirable job. We should promote physical culture, sports We should resolutely put an end to indiscrimi• and public health. This year the Eleventh Asian nate occupation of arable land and waste of land. Games are to be held in China. People throughout All local authorities should strictly carry out the the country should support the Asian Games and state plan for use of land for construction pro• join efforts to make this year's games reach an jects, closely examine the use of land for such advanced level. Athletes and coaches should de• purposes and think twice before giving approval, monstrate the spirit of solidarity and fighting to advising people to use little or no arable land. It win, and the athletes should take pains to train is necessary to manage well and make the best use themselves and strive for excellence to bring cre• of funds for land development and to try by every dit to the motherland. In the health field we shall means to reclaim land for agricultural use. From further deepen the reform, improve medical prac• now on, any unit that has used farmland for tice and ethics, and emulate Dr. Norman Be- construction purposes should in principle have thune's strong sense of responsibility in work, his the obligation to reclaim land, so that land use constant effort to perfect skills and his warm• will be matched by reclamation. Local authorities heartedness towards the people. We shall stress should not only open up and use vast stretches of preventive health care and rural health work and wasteland and shoals, but also reclaim small, scat• do a superior job in the prevention and treatment tered plots of idle land and land abandoned after of major diseases, in order to further improve construction of factories and mines. hygiene in both urban and rural areas. It is necessary to rectify problems in the mining industry, strictly forbid unauthorized mining and Tenth, persist in family planning, tighten control other disruptive activities, preserve and make OTCr use of arable land, economize on the use economical use of mineral resources. of mineral resources and strengthen environmen• While improving the economic environment tal protection. and rectifying the economic order, we should Control of population growth, preservation of expedite work on environmental protection. This arable land and mineral resources and protection year we shall focus on comprehensive improve• of the ecological environment have a great bear• ment of the urban environment. We shall contin• ing on China's overall economic and social devel• ue to pay special attention to preventing and opment and the coming generations. Last year controlling enterprise pollution, making multi• people working in family planning exerted im• purpose use of gaseous, liquid and solid wastes. mense effort and scored success in controlling We shall mobilize people from all sectors of so• population growth. However, we must note that ciety to plant trees and make our motherland our country's population problem is extremely green, so as to protect and improve the natural, acute, because the third baby boom since the ecological environment. Governments at all levels founding of the People's Republic is due in the must resolutely enforce the statutes and regula• early years of the 1990s. We must therefore reso• tions concerning environmental protection and lutely stabilize all current birth-control policies try to achieve all objectives and tasks in this area.

XIX DOCUMANTS organs and cadres, law-enforcement and supervi• Fellow Deputies, sory departments and their personnel who strike In order to accomplish the tasks in all fields of a deal between power and money and obtain endeavour mentioned above, governments at all unlawful income through underhanded means, levels will have to exert still greater and more such as graft, taking bribes, speculation and prof• determined effort to make themselves clean and iteering, abuse of power, and extortion; two, no• honest, maintain close ties with the masses and torious cases of public concern that have aroused improve their work style. This is vital to the strong indignation in society, such as decorating survival of the state and must be adhered to year houses above set standards at public expense, after year. National stability hinges on a clean building private homes in violation of the law and and honest government and the only hope for standards of discipline by abusing power, touring China lies in an industrious government. Govern• the country at public expense, ostentatiously win• ments should do the following this year: ing and dining, and indulging in extravagance (1) Organize people especially to examine tho• and waste; three, cases of unwieldly bureaucracy roughly how the rules, regulations and measures and dereliction of duty, as well as practices in for building a clean and honest government, violation of the law and standards of discipline, adopted by the Party Central Committee, the such as going one's own way in disregard of State Council, all local authorities and depart• orders or prohibitions. ments, have been executed in the past year and Government personnel at all levels, and leading submit the results to the masses for their com• cadres in particular, must wholeheartedly aim to ment and supervision. Governments that have serve the people, follow the mass line and truly failed to implement the rules, regulations and improve their thinking and work style. In the past measures are required to carry them out within few months central and local Party and govern• a fixed period of time, and those that continue to ment departments have dispatched large numbers contravene them shall be investigated and dealt of cadres to grass-roots units, where they have with severely. been welcomed by the local cadres and people. (2) Establish a system of supervising the per• Beginning this year, government departments at sonal incomes of leading cadres at all levels and and above the county level must observe the other personnel and work out and put into effect long-term system of sending cadres to grass-roots rules and regulations concerning acceptance of units. At present the main tasks for such cadres gifts in contacts with Chinese and foreigners; are: carry forward the struggle against embezzlement To listen attentively to the opinions, and bribe taking. suggestions and criticisms of the masses, (3) Make more specific stipulations concerning answering questions about their concerns housing and house-building standards for leading and resolving their doubts in a realistic way. cadres at all levels and working personnel and To publicize the principles and policies correct and prevent such practices as occupying of the Party and government and explain too many houses, decorating houses beyond set the domestic and international situation. standards at public expense and building private When matters arise, to consult with the homes in violation of the law and standards of cadres and masses in the grass-roots units, discipline. requesting them to propose ideas and ways (4) Vigorously rectify and resolutely correct to solve practical difficulties encountered in unhealthy tendencies in departments and trades, production, other work and daily life. particularly breaches of the law and discipline by law-enforcing departments and supervisory insti• All government functionaries going to grass• tutions. roots units should observe strict Party and gov• In order to promote the building of a clean and ernment discipline, drop airs, get rid of bureau• honest government, we must concentrate on in• cratic tendencies and truly make friends with vestigating major cases, especially ones discov• workers, peasants, intellectuals and students. ered in the course of screening and reorganiz• They should lead a plain life and stress practical ing companies, and conduct a thorough struggle results in work. They should refrain from becom• against corruption. The investigation results of ing a burden on the local authorities and grass• major cases should be dealt with severely in ac• roots units, and they should also take part in some cordance with the law and made known to the labour. public without delay. This year we shall focus on The State Council and local governments at all three types of cases: one, those involving leading levels should foster an industrious and thrifty

XX DOCUMANTS style, avoid empty talk, seek high efficiency, be• All Chinese, both on the mainland and in Hong have modestly, take the lead in working hard and Kong and Macao, should respect each other, live living a plain life, heighten their sense of respon- in amity and value each other's social system and sibiUty and be devoted to their work. We should way of life. As Chinese citizens, compatriots in further streamline our structure and eliminate Hong Kong and Macao enjoy the right to partici• overstaffing. We should reduce the number of pate in the administration of state affairs within meetings and avoid issuing too many documents, the framework of the law. Nonetheless, in doing freeing ourselves from piles of documents and so they should respect the socialist system on the countless meetings. We should consciously over• mainland and observe the state Constitution and come and firmly combat practices characteristic laws. Our compatriots in Hong Kong and Macao of and tendencies towards decentralization and all love their motherland; however,' we should stress centralization, unity and a strong sense of guard against the handful of persons with ulterior organization and discipline. Confronted with the motives who attempt to make Hong Kong and arduous tasks in the present complex situation, Macao bases for overthrowing the Central Gov• leading cadres at all levels and all government ernment and the socialist system. In order to personnel should pay more attention to theoreti• maintain the stability and prosperity of Hong cal study, placing the study of Marxism, Lenin• Kong and Macao and achieve a smooth transfer ism, Mao Zedong Thought and Comrade Deng of political power, it is hoped that the British Xiaoping's works at the head of their agenda. and Portuguese governments will continue to co• They should establish a study system, integrating operate with the Chinese Government. theory with practice and trying to use a Marxist In the past decade some signal changes have stand, viewpoint and method to analyse situations occurred in the Taiwan Strait situation. Relations and solve all sorts of practical problems. between the two sides of the strait, going from tension and confrontation to gradual relaxation, Fellow Deputies, from long-standing seclusion to mutual contact, The 1980s witnessed significant progress in the are advancing in a direction favourable to the great cause of reunifying our motherland. After country's reunification. This conforms to the negotiations between the Chinese and British trend of the times and the fundamental interests governments and between the Chinese and Po• of the Chinese nation and represents long- rtuguese governments, a Sino-British joint declar• cherished wishes shared by people on both sides ation was signed on the Hong Kong issue and a of the strait. Sino-Portuguese joint declaration was signed on Nevertheless, we should be aware that many the Macao issue, confirming China's resumption man-made estrangements in relations between the of sovereignty over Hong Kong and Macao. In two sides of the strait have not been rooted out the next ten years China will ultimately fulfil a and obstacles hindering the reunification of the mission of historic significance when it recovers motherland have not been removed. Although the these two regions. Taiwan authorities have relaxed their policies Since Hong Kong and Macao entered the tran• with regard to the mainland to some extent, their sition period, our government has cooperated suc• actions are a far cry from the wishes and demands cessfully with the British and Portuguese gov• of people on both sides of the strait. The author• ernments in implementing the Sino-British and ities still cling to the policy of "no contact, no Sino-Portuguese joint declarations. Taking a talks and no compromise" and hold obstinately to forward-looking and serious attitude towards their position of anti-communism and refusal to these two declarations, the Chinese Government hold peace talks. Internationally, they are bent on will consistently abide by them and perform its pursuing "elastic diplomacy," "dual recognition," obligations. The policies relating to Hong Kong "one China, one Taiwan" and "two Chinas." Par• and Macao, formulated by our government in ticularly disturbing is the recent agitation in Tai• accordance with the principle of "one country, wan on the part of people with ulterior motives two systems," will remain unchanged. We are for the "independence of Taiwan," openly propos• happy to note that the Basic Law of the Hong ing to split Taiwan from the motherland. This Kong Special Administrative Region (draft), a was firmly opposed by all the Chinese people, and historic legal document, has already been com• the Chinese Government will not ignore it. pleted and will be presented to this session for The 1990s constitute a period of historic signif• examination and approval. It will provide a major icance in which we shall continue to promote the guarantee for Hong Kong's long-term stability peaceful reunification of the motherland and the and prosperity. revitalization of the Chinese nation. We shall

XXI DOCUMANTS adhere unswervingly to the policies of "peaceful parties concerned to solve regional conflicts reunification" and "one country, two systems" through political means, with outstanding results and augment and improve our policies towards in southwestern Africa. Taiwan. To attain China's reunification, we place We believe that the concerted efforts of people our hopes on the Taiwan authorities and, even of all countries will make it possible to preserve more, on the Taiwan people. We are concerned world peace and create a relatively long-lasting about the restive political situation in Taiwan peaceful international environment. It should be today. However, we are willing to cement ties noted, however, that the threat to world peace with the various parties, organizations and far- remains, the arms race between the two super• sighted people of all circles in Taiwan, exchang• powers continues and regional conflicts in many ing ideas, discussing the major topic of reuni• places have not yet ended. Certain big powers fication and promoting contacts and exchanges have wantonly interfered in the internal affairs of between the two sides of the strait in economic, other countries in contravention of norms govern• cultural, scientific, technological, sports and oth• ing international relations. The economic gap be• er fields. We encourage entrepreneurs from Tai• tween developed and developing countries is wan to invest, run wholly owned enterprises, joint widening and North-South contradictions are ventures or co-operative enterprises, or develop deepening. Needless to say, this does not contri• whole regions on the mainland through construc• bute to international stability. tion projects, so as to jointly expand the export- Particularly noteworthy at present is the in• oriented economy. The Taiwan authorities should creasingly evident trend among certain countries make further changes in their policies restricting to pursue power politics. The world will not be a investment on the mainland. We are ready to tranquil place to live in until hegemony and provide Taiwan investors with a good investment power politics quit the international arena. climate and preferences. How to propel such an international situation We shall continue to implement established in a direction favourable to peace and devel- policies with regard to overseas Chinese and 'bpment constitutes a major task for people the sincerely hope that returned overseas Chinese, world over. Chinese nationals abroad and their family mem• The Chinese Government has consistently fol• bers in China will continue to play an important lowed a policy of maintaining and developing role in accelerating the modernization drive and normal relations with all countries on the basis of accomplishing the peaceful reunification of the the five principles of mutual respect for each motherland. other's sovereignty and territorial integrity, mu• tual nonaggression, noninterference in each oth• er's internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, III. The International Situation and peaceful coexistence. We shall as always And Our Diplomatic Work hold to this principled stand in the current ever- changing international situation. The international situation is presently under• Over the past year China has improved and going tremendous changes. Relations between the strengthened its relations with many countries, United States and the Soviet Union, between the particularly its neighbouring countries. Our Eastern and Western blocs and between states friendship with the Democratic People's Republic within both blocs are all evolving. The question of Korea is on an ever more solid basis. We of German reunification has already been placed support the proposals put forth by the DPRK on the agenda. Europe is experiencing great Government for the independent and peaceful changes. Diverse forces in the world are realign• reunification of Korea and hope that the parties ing and regrouping, with intricate interests at concerned will work for continued relaxation of stake and amidst complex contradictions. Greater tension and for stability on the Korean peninsula. unrest is still brewing in the world. Our friendly relations and co-operation with Pak• The move towards multipolarization reduces istan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka in South the influence of both the United States and the Asia have been satisfactory. Sino-Indian relations Soviet Union on international affairs. Neverthe• are improving. We have normalized relations less, the relationship between the two countries with the People's Republic of Mongolia and remains a major influence on international de• the People's Democratic Republic of Laos. The velopment. US-Soviet military confrontation has friendly relations between China and the ASEAN receded, and disarmament negotiations continue. countries play a positive, significant role in the The past year has seen efforts on the part of maintenance of peace and stability in Southeast

XXII DOCUMANTS Asia. Fruitful talks now under way between between China and the United States more than China and Indonesia are bringing normalization ten years ^ ago, bilateral relations, based on the of relations between the two countries nearer. In three communiques issued by the two countries, addition, the past year has seen further progress have expanded. Only by strict observance of the in unity and co-operation between China and principles contained in the three communiques, Arab, African and Latin American countries. particularly those of non-interference in each oth• Circumstances fully demonstrate that friendship er's internal affairs and of seeking no hegemony, between China and other Third World countries can relations between the two countries be res• can withstand all storms. tored and furthered. Since relations between China and the Soviet China and Japan are close neighbours with Union were normalized last May, the two sides, a long history of friendly communication. The acting on the principles for promoting bilateral Chinese government has always attached great relations and the agreements reached at the sum• importance to developing friendship and co• mit meeting, have broadened contacts in all operation with Japan. It is our hope that the fields. In the border talks still under way negotia• Japanese government will join the Chinese gov• tions between the two teams of diplomatic offi• ernment in restoring and furthering normal and cials and military experts have progressed. The friendly relations and co-operation between the development of good-neighbour relations between two countries by adhering to the principles em• China and the Soviet Union, based on the Five bodied in the Sino-Japanese Joint Communique Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, is not only in and the Sino-Japanese Treaty of Peace and the interest of the two peoples, but conducive to Friendship. peace in Asia and the world. In its consistent advocacy of the fair and rea• Traditional ties of friendship exist between the sonable settlement of regional conflicts through peoples of China and Eastern Europe. As a social• political means, the Chinese government's posi• ist country, China is naturally concerned about tion on the Cambodian question is that establish• the drastic political changes that have taken place ment of a provisional quadripartite coalition gov• in Eastern Europe. However, we never interfere ernment, headed by Prince Norodom Sihanouk, in the internal affairs of other countries in con• following Viet Nam's complete troop withdrawal ducting inter-state relations. We hope to maintain under effective international supervision, will en• normal, friendly relations with East European sure peace in Cambodia. We appreciate and en• countries on the basis of the Five Principles of dorse the United Nations' initiative in solving the Peaceful Coexistence. Cambodian question. We welcome any proposals We understand the aspirations of the German that can lead to a fair, reasonable and complete people for national reunification and hope that solution, but we believe that all proposals should settlement of this question will not only benefit be submitted to Prince Sihanouk for his opinion, the two German states and the German people, which should be respected, and should have the but also contribute to peace and stability in Eu• consent of all factions in Cambodia. Only in this rope and the world. way will it be possible to ensure total implemen• Since last June our relations with the United tation of the proposals. States and some other Western countries have We have always sympathized with and support• encountered greater or lesser difficulties and ed African countries and peoples in their just complications, caused by the sanctions and mul- struggle for national independence and against tifaceted pressures imposed on China by a few racism. The independence of Namibia marks the countries and their interference in China's inter• accomplishment of the historical mission of de• nal affairs. The world has seen once again from colonizing the African continent, for which we the past months' events that the People's Republic should like to extend our cordial congratulations. of China never yields to external pressure and The South African authorities should yield to that no one can succeed in isolating China. Nor• historical trends and take further measures to mal inter-state relations are based on equality and abolish apartheid. We are concerned about the mutual benefit. Now that some Western countries peace process in Central America and hope the have realized the importance of restoring and United States will respect the sovereignty of the maintaining normal ties with China, their rela• Central American states. We strongly condemn tions with us are taking a turn for the better. We the US invasion of Panama and do not wish to see hope this trend will continue, and we are ready to the recurrence of similar events. We demand that do our part. Israel stop its suppression of Palestinian inhabi• Since the establishment of diplomatic relations tants and withdraw from the occupied Arab ter-

xxin DOGUMANTS

ritories. We hope that the Middle East question conditions, they can establish and develop nor• will be settled by political means and in a fair and mal, friendly relations with one another so long reasonable manner, so that the Middle East will as they truly abide by those principles. Reason• be transformed from a turbulence-plagued region able solutions can be found to all international into a peaceful one. It is also our sincere hope that disputes no matter how complex they may be. We Iran and Iraq, proceeding from acceptance of UN are convinced that the establishment of a new Security Council Resolution 598, will, through international political order on the basis of the direct contact and negotiations, advance from five principles conforms not only to the in• ceasefire to lasting peace. terests of all countries, but to popular aspira• Disarmament has a direct bearing on world tions throughout the world. peace. Stopping the arms race and bringing about Developing countries have suffered cruel ex• genuine disarmament remain formidable tasks. ploitation and plunder from irrational interna• We hope the US and USSR will cease all forms tional economic relations and unequal exchanges. of the arms race, fulfil their disarmament duties The heavy burden of foreign debt has shackled and take the lead in drastically reducing their the developing countries' economic development. ] nuclear and conventional arsenals. We hope that As a result, in the present-day world conditions as countries possessing the largest arsenals of are worsening, with the rich countries getting chemical weapons, the two countries will stop richer and the poor ones poorer and a great many producing such weapons and destroy existing people still struggling on the verge of starvation. stocks. We also hope that the Conference on Di• This is a vital issue that calls for universal con• sarmament in Geneva will make headway to• cern and urgent solution. China supports develop• wards concluding an international convention on ing countries and the Nonaligned Movement in complete prohibition of chemical weapons. Chi• their efforts to establish a new international eco• na's reasonable stand on disarmament has re• nomic order and hopes that developed countries ceived extensive support in the international com• will take the initiative to assume their due respon• munity, and we are ready to join all countries in sibility. ensuring that the cause of international disarma• Our diplomatic work over the past year further ment follow the correct path. proves that the foreign policy of independence In recent years the United Nations has done and peace we have consistently followed is cor• much useful work^ and scored commendable rect. The Chinese government will continue to achievements in facilitating political solutions to implement this policy, opposing hegemony and regional conflicts, preserving world peace and preserving world peace. We shall continue to promoting economic and social development. strengthen unity and co-operation with other China is ready to add its own strength to that of third world countries, play a constructive role in other member states to enhance the UN role in international affairs and work unremittingly to international affairs. solve all major questions confronting the world. The drastic changes in the international situa• We shall persist in the Five Principles of Peaceful tion impel the world community to establish a Coexistence and establish and expand friendly new international political order. The Chinese relations with all countries on the basis of these government has consistently held that all coun• principles. We shall not interfere in the internal tries, big or small, strong or weak, practising affairs of other countries or allow any country to whatever social system, should respect one anoth• interfere in ours. Foreign forces hostile to China er, treat one another as equals, seek common that engage in subversive activities are bound to ground on major issues while reserving differ• fail. Come what may, socialist China will stand ences on minor ones, and foster friendship and rock-firm in the East. co-operation for the common prosperity. Any at• tempt to impose one's ideology, values, or even social system upon others through political, eco• Fellow Deputies, nomic, cultural or other means will fail in the The course of history is tortuous, but the world end. The Chinese government believes that the has a bright future. China holds great promise, Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, which and the tide of human progress is not to be have already been endorsed universally by the stemmed. The great Chinese people, determined international community, form the rational basis to work hard to make their country strong and for a new international political order. Interna• prosperous, have entered the 1990s with high tional practice has repeatedly proved that no mat• resolve, advancing fully confident along the so• ter how countries differ in terms of domestic cialist road! •

XXIV CHINA tion but rather a typical legisla• the history of Hong Kong. How• members will be elected to the ture that is vested with extensive ever, candidates could contend Legislative Council, the opinions power. As a local power organ, for only 24 seats out of 56, and of representatives from all social the Legislative Council of the the election had certain consti• strata in Hong Kong were con• Hong Kong Special Administra• tuents of appointment. Current• sidered during the process of tive Region exercises greater ly, appointed officials and un• drafting the Basic Law. Some power than that of the legislative official members make up more supported direct elections of one bodies of the provinces as well as than half the Legislative Coun• vote for one person; others autonomous regions on the main• cil. Thus, the British government adopted a prudent and unhur• land. This is a significant demon• policies for Hong Kong easily ried attitude; standing for indi• stration of the high degree of au• passed into law. Therefore, it rect elections. tonomy of the future Hong Kong cannot be called a government In theory, direct elections are Special Administrative Region organ that is deeply rooted in ideal for democratic partici• in the area of legislative power. Hong Kong society and holds pation, but the conditions must responsibility for the Hong Kong exist for direct elections. These people. conditions include the popular Democratic Participation With the transfer of the power demand for political partici• The Basic Law also takes into in 1997, the Legislative Coun• pation, which is determined by account the democratic partici• cil with extensive representa• such complicated factors as the pation of Hong Kong compa• tion will be established in order people's educational levels, cul• triots in the government and the to realize the social democratic tural backgrounds and social interests of the various social participation in Hong Kong. Ar• conditions. If the conditions do strata. not exist for political participa• ticle 68 of the Basic Law states, tion, the society will face inst• For more than 140 years, there "The Legislative Council of the ability. Hong Kong is a com• has been no social democratic Hong Kong Special Administra• prehensive entity consisting of participation in politics in Hong tive Region shall be constituted personalities in all classes. Be• Kong through direct elections or by election." This shows that the cause capitalists, industrialists, indirect elections. The president Legislative Council will not have businessmen, professionals, of the Hong Kong Legislative appointed members. As for how middle-class and ordi• Council has been the nary people have differ• governor of Hong Kong, ent interests and aspir• appointed by the queen ations, they have dif• of Britain. Besides the ferent requirements for governor and three ex- political participation. official members, other As for those who consi• official members and dered social stability the unofficial members are first priority, it is rea• all appointed by the gov• sonable that they show ernor of Hong Kong. Al• concern about the niam-„ though unofficial mem• ber of seats filled in di• bers are responsible for rect elections. The ma• soliciting and reflecting jority of people in Hong the citizens' opinions Kong have no objection and have become a to the value and princi• bridge between the citi• ple of direct elections, zens and the government but some of them have of Hong Kong, they are stressed thfe actual con• all appointed rather than ditions of Hong Kong elected. In essence, the and maintain that demo• way the Legislative cratic development must Council is formed has conform to the special not been done through environment of Hong democratic means. Kong. In September 1985, the Legislative Council The regional flag and emblem of the Hong Kong Special The Basic Law is a held its first election in AdminlstraHve Region. collection of reasonable

BEIJING REVIEW, APRIL 16-22, 1990 IS CHINA proposals from representatives of elected by the Election Commit• lead to an unstable and unclear various social strata in Hong tee for the second term will be situation in Hong Kong. In order Kong. Based on the principle smaller than that for the first to maintain Hong Kong's stabili• that Hong Kong's future political term. In fact, such an election is ty, it said, the development of structure should favour the re• only a type of transition. Hong Kong's representative sys• gion's stability and prosperity, These stipulations in the Basic tem should not be an abrupt choices were made in the process Law show that to realize demo• change but should progress grad• of deciding the election method cratic participation through var• ually. that the Hong Kong Special ious channels fully accords with In working towards democracy Administrative Region should the will and demands of Hong in Hong Kong, the Basic Law has adopt. Kong compatriots. They also specified the method for the for• According to the Basic Law's show that the Basic Law provides mation of the Legislative Coun• Annex II, which is entitled an ideal form that could be ob• cil during its first three terms Method for the Formation of the tained under particular con• and clearly stipulates the course Legislative Council of the Hong ditions in the process of realizing it should follow after 1997. The Kong Special Administrative Re• democratic participation, and Decision of the National People's gion and Its Voting Procedures, thus it will be accepted by a Congress on the Method for the and the Decision of the National majority of Hong Kong citizens. Formation of the First Govern• People's Congress of the People's The Sino-British Joint Declara• ment and First Legislative Coun• Republic of China on the Meth• tion states that members of the cil of the Hong Kong Special Ad• od for the Formation of the First Legislative Council will be elect• ministrative Region states that Government and the First Legis• ed. However, some people in the first Legislative Council will lative Council of the Hong Kong Hong Kong misunderstand the be composed of 60 members, Special Administrative Region, elections as direct ones and they with 20 members returned the first three terms of the Legis• see the Basic Law and some re• by geographical constituencies lative Council of the Hong Kong levant stipulations in the Sino- through direct elections, 10 Special Administrative Region British Joint Declaration as con• members returned by an Elec• will be elected after 1997 by flicting. Their reasoning does not tion Committee, and 30 mem• functional constituencies, the hold water. bers returned by functional con• Election Committee and geo• stituencies. The decision also sti• graphical constituencies through Gradual Development pulates that those members of direct elections. Each of these the Legislative Council in its last three will elect a certain number Because the trend in today's term before 1997 who uphold the of members. To promote the de• world is to strengthen democra• Basic Law and meet its require• velopment of democracy and ob• tization, is it necessary to further ments, will become members of tain Hong Kong citizen's recog• develop Hong Kong's democratic the first Legislative Council of nition of the future Legislative system? Of course it's necessary. the Hong Kong Special Adminis• Council, it is necessary that a However, the scenario will not trative Region, upon confirma• number of members of the Leg• be one of abrupt changes before tion by the preparatory com• islative Council be elected 1997 and then no changes after mittee. The makeup of the by geographical constituencies 1997. Both historical experiences second-term Legislative Council through direct elections. Howev• and reality have shown that the will follow the rules stipulated er, in order to best reflect the development of a democratic sys• by the Basic Law's Annex II. In aspirations of all social strata in tem is a huge systematic project. the second term, the Legislative Hong Kong, it is also necessary It is closely connected to numer• Council will be composed of 30 that a certain number of the ous social factors. In Hong Kong members returned by functional Legislative Council members be particularly, where a democrat• constituencies, six members re• elected by functional constituen• ic tradition is lacking, it is even turned by the Election Commit• cies. This is also a reflection of more impossible to accomplish tee and 24 members returned by democratic development in Hong the development of democracy in geographical constituencies. In Kong. The method that a num• a single move. More haste, less the third term, the Legislative ber of the Legislative Council speed. Even the Hong Kong gov• Council will be composed of 30 members be elected by the Elec• ernment that is now actively members returned by geographi• tion Committee will only be making efforts to pursue a repre• cal constituencies through direct adopted for the formation of the sentative system admits that to elections, without any members first two terms of the Legislative forcibly accelerate the reform of returned by the Election Com• Council. Moreover, the number political structure might possibly mittee. After 2007, if it is neces-

16 BEIJING REVIEW, APRIL 16-22, 1990 CHINA sary to amend the provisions of right to vote and the right to lation of Hong Kong, it will be Annex II, the amendments must stand for election. According to difficult for those permanent re• be endorsed by a two-thirds ma• Annex II of the Sino-British sidents who are not Chinese or jority in the Legislative Council Joint Declaration, the govern• who have the right of abode in and must be made with the con• ment and legislature of the Hong another country to submit their sent of the chief executive. The Kong Special Administrative Re• opinions to the Legislative Coun• amendments must also be report• gion shall be composed of "local cil if the council is composed ed to the Standing Committee of inhabitants." Chapter III of the only of people of Chinese nation• the National People's Congress Basic Law defines "local inhabi• ality. Article 67 shows the prob• for the record. This demonstrates tants" as "permanent residents of lem has been handled flexibly. that the process of democracy af• the Hong Kong Special Admin• It adds: "Permanent residents of ter 2007 depends on the Hong istrative Region," which include the Region who are not of Kong people. residents of Chinese nationality, Chinese nationality or who have It can be seen that all of these those who are of foreign nation• the right of abode in foreign regulations will result in the alities and those who enjoy the countries may also be elect• gradual development of demo• right to live in foreign countries. ed members of the Legisla• cracy in Hong Kong. With re• Article 26 of the Basic Law states tive Council of the Region, prov• gard to direct elections, an ap• that "permanent residents of the ided that the proportion of such propriate step forward has been Hong Kong Special Administra• members does not exceed 20 per• maintained during the initial tive Region shall have the right cent of the total membership of terms of the Legislative Council. to vote and the right to stand for the Council." The Legislative This is favourable to achieving election in accordance with the Council, as a local government Article 68 of the Basic Law — law." Therefore, permanent re• body, must administer the Hong "the ultimate aim is the election sidents who are not Chinese or Kong Special Administrative Re• of all members of the Legislative those with the right to live in gion within the power assigned Council by universal suffrage." foreign countries can exercise by the central government. The The Basic Law has drawn up a their rights in participating in Legislative Council does not plan for promoting democracy in pontics in line with the Basic have the authority to deal with Hong Kong within a specified fu• Law. This will help increase the matters of defence and diplo• ture time frame. Now, the most sense of belonging of those peo• macy. Therefore, allowing some important thing for compatriots ple who take Hong Kong as their people who are not Chinese or of Hong Kong to do is to have a home, as well as encourage them who have the right of abode in genuine understanding of its his• to participate in the adminis• foreign countries into the Leg• tory and the current situation as tration of local affairs in Hong islative Council will not affect well as a sense of reality, to build Kong. China's exercise of sovereignty up self-confidence and create Second, permanent residents over Hong Kong. On the con• conditions for the development of the Hong Kong Special Ad• trary, it merely reflects the sov• of Hong Kong. ministrative Region who are not ereignty of a country. Within certain guidelines, per• Chinese or who have the right of The stipulations in the Basic manent residents of Hong Kong abode in foreign countries can be Law dealing with the composi• who are not Chinese or who have elected members of the Legisla• tion of the Legislative Council the right of abode in foreign tive Council. Article 67 of the shows just how reasonable the countries may be elected mem• Basic Law states: "The Legisla• political structure to be esta• bers of the Legislative Council. tive Council of the Hong Kong blished in the Hong Kong Spe• Hong Kong is a city with people Special Administrative Region cial Administrative Region will of many nationalities. The Basic shall be composed of Chinese ci• be, a structure that has been Law takes this into account in tizens who are permanent resi• accepted by most of the Hong regard to political participation dents of the region with no right Kong people. There is every rea• by considering the interests of all of abode in any foreign country." son to believe that in the years level of Hong Kong society. The The article is in accordance with after 1997, the Hong Kong Spe• relevant stipulations of the Bas• the principle of sovereignty and cial Administrative Region will ic Law are embodied in two as• has provided the necessary con• practise the political system for• pects: ditions for realizing the principle mulated in the Basic Law, and First, permanent residents in that "Hong Kong is administered that the democracy in the region Hong Kong who are not Chinese by the Hong Kong people." How• will be greatly improved, leading or have the right of abode in ever, in view of the diversity to a more stable and prosperous foreign countries shall have the of nationality of resident popu• Hong Kong. •

BEIJING REVIEW, APRIL 16-22, 1990 17 CHINA

Saving Wildlife: A Nation Mobilized by Our Staff Reporter Liu Jianjun ach April, when high school one-tenth of the world's wildlife theast China tiger, south China and primary school stu• will come under due protection tiger, wild horse, wild ass, E dents start hanging bird after many years' neglect. Yangtze River crocodile and cages on the heavily wooded Fra• giant salamander. The current grant Hills in Beijing's western Abundant Resources number and geographic distribu• suburbs, it is a sign that the na• tion of these animals are as fol• tion's annual "bird-loving week" China's territory is vast and its lows: is under way. natural environment varied. The Mammals. The giant panda in• Since China adopted the policy numerous mountains, plateaus, habits only the west of Sichuan of reform and opening to the out• lakes, rivers and forests teem Province and the alpine belt on side world in 1979, the idea that with wildlife, making China one the boundary between Sichuan wildlife should be protected has of the few nations to lead the and Gansu provinces. Recent es• taken root in the public mind. At world in the number of animal timates show that there are now the same time, the government species. only about 1,000 giant pandas in has recognized animal protection Official statistics indicate that, existence. as a means to maintain the ecol• as of now, there are more than The lesser panda mainly lives ogical balance so vital to man• 2,100 kinds of terrestrial verte• in alpine forests of Yunnan and kind's existence. brates, including 1,186 birds, 450 Sichuan provinces and the Tibet The extensive effort made over mammals, 210 amphibians, and Autonomous Region. the last 12 years has paid off 320 reptiles. Several hundred of Of the world's 190 species of handsomely in saving endan• these animals are found native to primates, seven genera and 16 gered species. Although the ef• or living mainly in China; these species are found in China. fort is still in its infancy and include the giant panda, les• These include the snub-nosed there are still many problems to ser panda, snub-nosed monkey, monkey, gibbon, leaf monkey be tackled, indications are that white-lipped deer, takin, nor- and rhesus monkey, all of which are scattered south of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River and most of which are in Yunnan Province. China possesses five of eight subspecies of tigers. These are the northeast China tiger, south China tiger, Indian tiger, Bengal tiger and Xinjiang tiger (the last has not been seen for years). China has one of the only two subspecies of elephants in exist• ence. They are found in the sub• tropical forests of Xishuangban- na, Yunnan Province. The wild horse, probably ex• tinct now, and the wild ass roam the chilly desert area of Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and Tibet. Various members of the cat• tle family are scattered widely In 1986, a coaple of snub-nosed monkeys from the Chongqing Zoo were on exhibit throughout China. These in• at the Woodland Zoo in Seattle, USA. XINHUA cludes the takin, saiga, Asian

18 BEIJING REVIEW, APRIL 16-22, 1990 Zhong Zhaomin (second right), engineer of the Forestry Bureau of Pingwu County, Sichuan Province, has saved 32 giant pandas over the past 20 years. The picture shows his family feeding a baby panda. ;;N XUQI wild cattle and argali. all of which are widely distri• sible for scientists to probe into There are ten genera and 19 buted. They mainly inhabit the the relationship between ani• species of deer family, of which lakes and tropical forests of mals, and between living crea• the white-lipped deer is special to south China. The giant salaman• tures and inorganic matters." As China, mainly found in the nor• der is the most numerous and is a result, a plan was drafted to thwest plateau areas. indigenous to China. In addition, designate more than 40 forest re• Birds. China's birds make up there are the Yangtze crocodile, serves and natural preserves in 14 percent of the world's existing giant lizard and python. 15 provinces and autonomous re• 9,000 species, surpassing that of gions and listed this task as a Europe and North America. Ni• Legislation theoretical research project. nety of which are found either China's management of its Subsequently, 20 wilderness exclusively or mainly in China. wild animal resources began in preserves were set up successive• China has nine of the World's the 1950s. At the time, the Min• ly in Guangdong, Fujian and 15 species of cranes, such as the istry of Forestry set up a hunt• Yunnan provinces, northeast red-crowned crane, black crane ing department in charge of co- China and the Guangxi Zhuang and grey crane. The black- ordinatirlg and administrating Autonomous Region. Conserva• collared crane is China's special• hunting activities and the inves• tion experts and researchers ity. tigation and planning of the na• from the Ministry of Forestry In China, there are 56 of the tion's animal resources, putting and some research institutes world's 270 species of pheasants, an end to the chaotic situation of have conducted extensive surv• 20 of which are rare. Their num• the past. eys of the animal and plant re• bers are highest in Qinghai-Tibet At the Third Session of the sources in these areas and col• Plateau, known as the "Pheasant First National People's Congress lected a large amount of data Kingdom." (NPC) held in 1959, several and information. There are more than 80 species scientists submitted a motion, Zhu Kezhen, a famous scien• of birds of prey in China such as suggesting that natural forest tist, made new proposals on na• the eagle and vulture. preserves be marked off, where tural conservation work at a There are 44 species of ducks, the felling of trees would be NPC session held in 1963. In res• including big and small swans. prohibited so as to "prevent the ponse, conservation work grad• Reptiles. China has 430 of the natural scenery from being des• ually came into full swing and world's more than 2,000 species, troyed by man and make it pos• the destruction of forest and wild

BEIJING REVIEW, APRIL 16-22, 1990 19 ing and smuggling activities and punished a number of criminal offenders. The same year, the Supreme People's Court issued an urgent circular on curbing the hunting of giant pandas. The public se• curity department handled sev• eral dozen cases of illegal hunt• ing and smuggling of giant pan• das according to law. On this basis, the government in November 1988 promulgated China's first law for the protec• tion of wildlife, stipulating in de• tail the methods of administra• tion, protection, production and trade of wildlife and the punish• ment for relevant illegal activ• ities; similar legislations were adopted as well by local authori• ties. Wildlife protection was thus brought within the orbit of the legal system. Administrative organs have been set up at the central and local levels, and forest police and supervisory teams established in each conservation area. In addi• tion, the production and use of hunting rifles has been put under licence control, and wildlife im• Three artificially bred south China tiger cubs are growing well in the Suzhou Zoo port and export subject to strict with the careful tendance of senior veterinarian Huang Gongqing. ZHANG RUIQI approval procedures. Moreover, the state has come animal was, to a certain extent, In 1984, the state promulgated up with lists of 300 endangered controlled. many decrees such as the Forest species and put them under first- However, the work came to an Law, the Fishery Law, and the and second-class state protection. abrupt stop because of the "cul• Aquatic Law to protect animal What is worth mentioning is tural revolution" that broke out resources. that China has included protec• in 1966. Forest and wild animal In 1985, the Ministry of Fores• tion of the environment and resources were severely damaged try publicized the Measures for wildlife in the Constitution. during the decade-long chaos. Administration of Forest and Within a short period of time it After 1979, greater attention Wildlife Conservation Areas. In has set up and improved various was. paid to conservation and 1986, the State Council an• laws and administrative mea• progress and achievements were nounced lists of 20 forest and sures for wildlife protection. An made in protection of wild ani• wildlife preserves. authoritative American conser• mals. To curb and punish those in• vationist said at the Beijing In• In the 1980s, the government volved in killing and smuggling ternational Conference on Wild set up a wildlife protection wildlife, the State Council in Animal Protection held in 1987, bureau and an office to control 1987 issued an urgent circular "The Chinese have showed their import and export of endangered to resolutely curb the indiscri• leadership ability in the field animals and plants under the ad• minate hunting and smuggling of of environmental protection as ministration of the Ministry of rare wildlife. Thereafter, the China is one of the few countries Forestry. The China Wildlife various provinces, municipalities using the Constitution to protect Conservation Association and its and autonomous regions beefed wildlife. This has not yet been branches were also founded. up surveillance over illegal hunt• done in the United States al-

20 BEIJING REVIEW, APRIL 16-22, 1990 CHINA though such a step is being advo• own particular ecosystem rare in groups. A total of 627 species cated." animal or plant resources. This is of terrestrial vertebrates have seen, for example, in the Zha- been verified in the province, long Red-Crowned Crane Sanc• a two-fold increase. In some Wildlife Reserves tuary in Heilongjiang Province, places, wild animals, like the At present, China has more the Wolong Giant Panda Protec• wild elephant, have become re• than 300 wildlife sanctuaries and tion Zone in Sichuan Province gular visitors to nearby villages plans to increase this number to and the grassland ecosystem in and roadsides. Even the tigers 500 with a total area of 20.6 mil• the Inner Mongolian Autonom• and leopards, which come hunt• lion hectares by the end of this ous Region. The state has adopt• ing for livestock, are left un• century. Most of these safe hav• ed measures on wildlife and harmed. ens for wildlife, scattered in var• plant resource protection within After a bird sanctuary was set ious provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, were established and developed in the 1980s; northeast China alone has nearly 30 such reserves. Thirty of these natural reserves, includ• ing the Wolong Mountains in Si• chuan Province, the Wuyi Mountains in Fujian Province, Xishuangbanna in Yunnan Prov• ince and the Changbai Moun• tains in Jilin Province, have been designated as national wildlife reserves and six have become part of the international Man and Biosphere Programme. Each conservation area has its Foreign experts condact research at the Eld Deer Conservation Area In Hainan Province. There were only 24 eld deer species indigenoos to the area whert the reserve was set np. Now, the nnmber has reached more than 240. these preserves, and made great up in the Inner Mongolian Au• progress in relevant planning, tonomous Region, the decline in scientific research, culture, edu• the bird population has been cation, sanitation and tourism. halted and the number of bird In ^Yunnan Province, called species has reached 109. The the "Kingdom of Animals and number of swans alone reached Plants," several thousand game• 2,400. The white owl, once list• keepers have been organized to ed as near extinction, has been patrol 30 natural reserves, 16 sighted. Although there are only factories making hunting rifles about 200 such owls in the world, have been shut down, and local some 20 were seen in China. In• minority ethnic residents depen• ternational conservationists said dent on hunting for a living have that the Chinese government's been either moved out of game decision to designate some 500 preserves or given jobs in farm• conservation areas nationwide is ing and other businesses. After all the more remarkable in a several years, many rare animals country which lacks land for cul• that were once thought to be ex• tivation. tinct have reappeared. The num• ber of wild elephants now has reached several hundred. The Saving Animals A Crane on the Poyang Lake. south Asian tiger, not seen for Despite its tight financial si• YOU YUNGU years, is now roaming the forests tuation, China invested several

BEIJING REVIEW, APRIL 16-22, 1990 21 CHINA million yuan in saving and build• protection and propagation of have managed to increase the an• ing up the stocks of rare wildlife, this national treasure has been imal population. and a large number of endan• issued by departments con• The Chinese government and gered, sick and wounded animals cerned. Also, pedigrees of giant local organizations are popu• were thereby rescued. pandas have been compiled. larizing zoological knowledge In the 1980s, the international Scientific propagation bases, through a variety of means in community looked on in admir• first-aid stations and a blood order to enhance public aware• ation as China saved the giant bank for giant pandas have been pandas, the stubby-tailed animal set up in Chengdu, capital of Si• ness of the importance of saving seen as a national treasure. chuan Province. mankind's four-legged friends. In 1983, about 250,000 hec• Steady progress has been made tares of arrow bamboo forests in in artificial breeding, the most Sichuan and Gansu prov• World Co-operation inces, home to the bamboo- Since it opened its doors eating giant panda, began to the outside world in to die out, putting the lives 1979, China has actively of the panda population on participated in internation• the line. Several dozen pan• al efforts to strengthen the das died from starvation. protection of wildlife, in• The entire nation pitched crease its animal resources in. All the resources avail• and improve relevant tech• able were pooled. Special niques. organizations and founda• Since becoming a mem• tions were set up. Money ber of the UNESCO Man started pouring in and res• and the Biosphere Pro• cue parties rushed to the gramme in 1979, China has scene. put six wildlife reserves, In the 20-odd counties North salamander discovered in west Xinjiang Uygui including the Changbai where giant pandas inhabit, Aatonomous Region. XIALIHAER Mountain and Wolong na• some 10,000 people attended to notable being the success in test- tural reserves, under an interna• the animals day and night. A tube breeding. According to the tional wildlife-preservation net• contract responsibility system Zoological Society of China, the work. Quite a number of scientif• was adopted so that every corner country started artificial giant ic research projects have since of the area was put under the panda feeding in 1955. In 1963, been undertaken in these areas. watchful eyes of gamekeepers, a giant panda gave birth to a After participating in the Con• who made it a point to send litter under captivity. Since then, vention on International Trade starved, sick giant pandas to res• China has successfully bred 30 in Endangered Species of Wild cue stations no matter how far giant pandas. Fauna and Flora in 1981, China away they were found. This of• Besides giant pandas, China set up an office to oversee the ten meant a trudge of. several has also come a long way in the import and export of wildlife and dozen kilometres up and down protection and breeding of other plants. Any trade involving the the thistle-covered mountains. So rare wild animals. For example, import and export of rare ani• intent were the people on rescu• with only several dozen crested mals and plants under the pro• ing the animals that they would ibis left on earth, China, for the tection of the state and in• not bring themselves to hurt any first time in the world, succeeded ternational convention has been panda that happened to be feed• in artificially breeding the rare banned since. ing on their crops. bird in 1989. An agreement was signed be• Thanks to such herculean ef• Scientific research centres in tween China and the Interna• forts, several dozen giant pandas north and northeast China have, tional Wildlife Foundation that were saved in five years. Today, up to now, bred several dozen year to co-ordinate the effort of with the bamboo forest sprouting south China tigers and northeast protecting and studying the giant new shoots, the emergency res• China tigers, which will be grad• pandas and other rare species in cue operation has been trans• ually released into their natur• China. Funds allocated especial• formed into a long-term protec• al habitat. In another example, ly for this purpose and experts in tion programme. centres for raising David's deer the field have already been sent In addition, a guideline for the in Beijing and Jiangsu Province to China.

22 BEIJING REVIEW, APRIL 16-22, 1990 CHINA

In addition, the Environmen• tion and domestication, China tion of the entire nation. The ev• tal Society of China and the has introduced from foreign ent was proceeded by the killing China Wildlife Conservation As• countries some wild animals for of a swan and giant pandas as sociation became a member of breeding purposes such as the well as the smuggling of snub- the International Union for Con• wild horse and blue fox from nosed monkeys. And, in Fe• servation of Nature and Natural America, and the David's deer, bruary this year, Beijing was Resources in the early 1980s and originally native to China, from again stunned by the slaughter of participated in devising and im• Britain. It has also exported a leopard and a black wolf. Ac• plementing protection policies. some of the nation's rare species. cording to a China Wildlife Con• Such international co-operation About 30 giant pandas have been servation Association bulletin, has helped China improve zool• presented to foreign zoos. two trade companies in Jilin ogical research and wildlife pro• In 1987, at an international Province managed to illegally tection. conference on wildlife protec• purchase several freight wagons In addition to its presence at tion held in Beijing, participants of wild animals in a month. conferences and activities organ• from more than ten countries Such activity shows that pro• ized by the above-mentioned in• submitted and read 100 essays tection of wildlife is still an ar• ternational organizations, the and exchanged views on how to Chinese government frequently duous and prolonged task. As a protect rare wildlife in China sends representatives on fact• government official put it, the and the rest of the world. finding tours of foreign countries crime of destroying wildlife re• to study the advanced technolo• sources, as a global problem, has gy and management expertise of Problems existed through the ages and in foreign countries. For example, societies; it can be rooted out inspection groups have visited In spite of the progress China only by unremitting vigilance some world-famous natural re• has made in recent years, it also and effective measures. serves, research personnel have faces many thorny problems. With the establishment and been sent to further their studies Much remains to be done in improvement of China's legal abroad, and Chinese and foreign order to deal with the illegiti• system, however, the problem is researchers have joined each oth• mate hunting and trading of the gradually being brought under er on expeditions. wildlife under state protection. control. The government and To protect and increase the In November 1989, a tiger conservation organizations at all number of wild animal species weighing 200 kg was killed in levels have planned to popularize and expand artificial propaga• northeast China to the consterna- both the law and scientific know• ledge in order to help the public realize the value of wildlife and foster a consciousness of the need to conserve wildlife. More funds are to be allocated and more professionally trained personnel will be assigned to con• struct and manage natural re• serves. A more effective nation• wide protection network is to be set up in a few years. Stricter control measures will be taken in the trade of animals and the finished products. Artifi• cial products will be used to re• place those dependent on wildlife resources. With the continuous imple• mentation and expansion of the open policy, China will further strengthen its international co• White marten bred in the wildlife farm of Jixian County, Heilongjiang Province. operation and exchange and help XUE CHAD promote wildlife protection. •

BEIJING REVIEW, APRIL 16-22, 1990 23 CULTURE / SCIENCE

Zhou Enlai on Film Screen new documentary film on completing the . the life of , Chi• This illustrated Zhou's military A na's late premier, received talent and leadership ability. its first public screening on On December 12, 1936, two March 5, the 92nd anniversary generals who were of Zhou's birth day. willing to co-operate with the The 90-minute film by the Communist Party against the Ja• Zhou Enlai and his wife . Central Newsreel and Documen• panese invaders and who op• made diplomacy an art, his out• tary Film Studio is the latest in a posed Chiang Kai-shek's anti- standing ability in negotiations series on China's leaders, a series Communist campaign, impri• and foreign affairs gaining the that already includes Mao Ze• soned Chiang in what came to be respect and trust of foreign dong and . known as the Xian Incident. friends. It was through Zhou's Most people know of Zhou as Making a rational analysis of efforts that diplomatic relations a great leader of outstanding pol• the complicated situation, Zhou were established between China itical talent but the film also mediated between the Nanjing and the United States and be• shows him as a faithful servant government and the two gener• tween China and Japan. als. He played an important role When the "cultural revolu• in the peaceful solution of the tion" began, Zhou used his influ• Xian Incident, laying the ence to protect many Party lead• foundation for Kuomintang- ers and democratic personnel Communist co-operation in the from the . At the anti-Japanese war. same time he also worked to To maintain the co-operation, maintain the normal operation Zhou stayed in Chongqing and of the national economy. Nanjing for 10 years as the re• In 1975, despite suffering from presentative of the Communist cancer, Zhou delivered his gov• Party. His broad knowledge, ernment report to the Fourth dignity, heroic spirit and dilig• National People's Congress, set• ence won the respect of many ting forth China's four moderni• people, including foreign friends zation goals. He died in 1976 at who gained an understanding of the age of 78. Zhon Enlai at work. the Communist Party's policies. Wang Ronghong, writer and of the people. After the founding of the Peo• director of the film, has worked Zhou Enlai was among the ple's Republic in 1949, Zhou in the documentary field for first group of Communists. In contributed all of his wisdom, many years. He wrote the script 1924, during China's First Civ• talent and energy to the recon• for Zhou Enlai in 1979 but did il War period, Zhou returned struction of the country. As the not begin filming until almost 10 home from Europe and led a ser• republic's first premier, Zhou years later, finally realizing his ies of armed uprisings in the worked day and night to heal the long cherished goal to produce a wounds of long years of war and complete and accurate documen• struggle against Kuomintang re• explored effective ways to carry tary on the late premier. pression. In the following 10 out socialist construction. Three factors contribute to the years, he made accurate evalua• He was concerned solely for success of the film: 1) historical tions of the situation and the prosperity of the country and events are presented accurately; checked the party's mistakes in the welfare of the people. He also 2) a large amount of documen• military leadership. showed great respect for intellec• tary footage, some released for He played a decisive role in tuals and democratic personnel, the first time, has been used; 3) securing Mao Zedong's lead• winning the trust of intellectuals the film contains interviews with ership of the Party and army, who were willing to give all they Zhou's colleagues and friends, assisting Mao in leading the had to the country. including Marshal Nie Rong- Red Army out Kuomintang- As the People's Republic's first zhen and Xu Xiangqian. blockaded southern China and minister of foreign affairs, Zhou by Hong Lanxing

24 BEIJING REVIEW, APRIL 16-22, 1990 CULTURE / SCIENCE seums, which has been a problem for Dunhuang experts. It is particularly inconvenient A Dunhuang Document to Be Off Press for Chinese researchers. Do• cuments left in China are mainly n May 1900, a Taoist monk huang in Gansu Province used to Buddhist copies. Chinese scho• named Wang Yuanlu cut be a political, cultural and reli• lars have to go to the Britain or I into a wall of Grotto No. 17 gious center as well as the site of France to see the originals. In the of the Dunhuang Grottoes in economic and cultural exchanges 1950s and 1970s more than 10,- Northwest China and discovered betweeen the east and the west. 000 pieces of Dunhuang docu• tens of thousands of volumes of Carved over a period of 1,000 ments in British and French Buddhist classics and other his• years begining in 353, Dun• hands were put on microfilm, torical documents. Wang could huang has nearly 500 grottoes which gave a boost to Dunhuang hardly have dreamed that his and is rich in ancient stone- Studies. However, due to the age discovery would create a whole sculptures, murals, graffiti and of these documents, they are al• new academic subject: Dun• architecture. Fifty thousand vol• most illegible on microfilm. This huang studies. umes of Buddhist scripture and makes the publication of the do• In memory of the 90th Anniv• documents as well as Buddhist cuments a must. ersary of the discovery, the In• instruments, paintings on silk According to a rough esti• stitute of Chinese History under and embroidery excavated from mate by experts, apart from the the Chinese Academy of Social Grotto No. 17 at the beginning of Buddhist texts, there are about Sciences, the Dunhuang-Turfan this century have been of par• 6,000 social documents among Academic Society of China, the ticular interest to academics the collections in Britain, British Library and the School throughout the world. The docu• France, the USSR and China. of Oriental and African Studies, ments were written in different Britain has the largest collection, University of London have co• languages, including the Chinese which accounts for 40 percent of operated to edit the eight vol• and Tibetan and cover the period the total. umes entitled Dunhuang Man• from the 4th to the 11th century. In order to make a full use uscripts in British Collections Books, poetry and literature, de• of this important source, the (Non-Buddhist Texts), which crees and regulations, official Chinese and the British sides will be published by the Sichuan transcripts, residence booklets, signed an accord under which People's Publishing House over letters, contracts and account the Chinese side sent scholars to the next three years. books, were all included in this Britain for one year (1988-89). The contents, indexes and spe• cache. Among them were rare They visited the British Libary, cific names given to each docu• historical documents and the sole the India Office Libary and the ment are to be published in both copies of manuscripts by ancient British Museum and singled out Chinese and English, making it writers. They are of unmatched more than 2,000 Chinese docu• easy for academics to use both value to research concerning so• ments from the total 15,000 inside and outside of China. cial, economical, political, cul• Dunhuang documents there. The tural, religious and military af• chosen documents were pho- Professor Ning Ke, the fairs and to developments in lit• tograghed, labelled, edited and Chinese editor of the book erature, science and technology, published. The selected photos in and the vice-president of the medicine and foreign relations at the book were all taken with Dunhuang-Turfan Academic So• that time. In the past 80 years, high-quality film. Inscriptions ciety of China, refers to the book with the help of these docu• that used to be unrecognizable as "an illustrative collection, such as some characters written which is the most complete, most ments, academics have made re• with red dye show up clearly on accurate and clearest reflection markable progress in Dunhuang the new film. Particularly note• of the original texts". studies, which has become a worthy is that this book will fill "Its publication," Ning says, world-wide pursuit of learning. in a gap in microfilm archive "is the result of the joint ef• Unfortunately, after Wang's including the Chinese part of Ti• forts made by Chinese and Bri• discovery, some documents were betan documents collected in the tish scholars and is due to play a smuggled out of China beginning India Office Libary, the au• positive role in promoting Dun• in 1907 by the British, French, tographs and graffiti on Dun• huang studies and other related Russian and Japanese. Now the huang silk products and paint• subjects." 50,000 volumes of documents are ings collected in the British Mu• Located at an important pass in the hands of collectors in these seum. on the ancient Silk Road, Dun• countries or in the state mu• by Wei Liming

BEIJING REVIEW, APRIL 16-22, 1990 25 BOOKS

2. Detailed projects for econo• mic, technological cooperation A Guide to Investinen t and suggested methods of co• operation; location, telephone ^^uide to Economic and try, and Liu Guoguang, a distin• and telex numbers of relevant • "r Technical Co-operation guished Chinese economist, it is enterprises; and Investment in China the first major guide which aims 3. Economic and technological (1986-90 English Edition), pub• to give an overall introduction to lished by China Economic Pub• economic resources and relevant advances made by various de• lishing House, is being distribut• economic aspects. partments and enterprises with an introduction of their prod• ed by the China International The key contents of the book Book Trading Corp. (Guoji Shu- are: ucts; dian) and the China National 1. Location, economic devel• 4. The State Council regula• Economic Publications Import opment and investment environ-, tions on encouraing foreign in• and Export Corp. (CENPIEC) ment, forecast for co-operation vestment. internationally. of various economic, scientific . With the continued implemen• Chinese Premier Li Peng and and educational departments, tation of the policy of opening to former State Councilors and companies under the direct the outside world, the book will and Zhang Jingfu wrote inscrip• command of the State Council play a positive role in promoting tions for the book. and in various provinces. Mun• Sino-foreign economic and tech• Co-edited by Lin Zongtang, icipalities and autonomous re• nological co-operation. It is a the current minister of Aeron- gions and cities, prefectures and helpful guide for international austics and Astronautics Indus- counties under their jurisdiction. entrepreneurs or businessmen. •

in Asian, African and Latin Music Encyclopecl lia Off the Press American and other third world countries and regions. sions including "musicology," Third, it observes contempor• 1 musical literature, the Mu- "musical theory," "musical ary and historical musical contri• sic volume of the Ency• type," "voice and vocal art," butions by both the ruling class clopedia of China, was recently "musical instruments and per• and the ruled . A systematic in• published by the Encyclopedia of formance," "ancient Chinese mu• troduction is made of the musi• China Publishing House and is to sic," "modern Chinese music," cal achievements of peoples in be distributed domestically and "music of China's minority na• the course of their revolutionary internationally(the Circulation tionalities," "Western music," struggles, particularly of the So• Department of the publishing "Asian, African and Latin viet and the Chinese people dur• house offers mailing sale set- American music," the volume ing the period of ^their socialist vice). has a total 1,8 million Chinese construction. From conception to final characters. Fourth, in its introduction to printing, the work has been near• The volume is unique in many the Chinese music, it deals ly ten years in the making. Edi• respedts. First, it has a balanced equally with Han music and mu• tors and contributors come from focus on professional and folk- sic of other nationalities. It reaf• 300 distinguished Chineses musi• music and distinctive musicians firms the important role of the cians and prominent academics and pop artists and singers. Han musical culture in the devel• including Lu Ji, president of the There are quite a number of sub• opment of the Chinese music and Chinese Musicians' Association, jects such as the Chinese folk• on the other hand, many issues He Luting and Zhao Feng, both song, folk-dance, nationalities in• give a clear and concise intoduc- vice-president of the association, strumental music, narrative and tion to the music of China's 55 Miu Tianrui, a well-known musi• dramatic music, and renowned nationalities. cologist and president of Tian- folk-singers and artists. Finally, it impartially eval• jin Conversatory of Music, and Second, not only does it take uates various important histori• Yang Yin-liu, director of the In• notice of the significant impact cal figures and places controv• stitute of Music under the China of Western music to the develop• ersial musicians in the proper Art Academy. ment of world music, it also out• perspective. With more than ten subdivi- lines the musical developments by Lou Xinyue

26 BEIJING REVIEW, APRIL 16-22, 1990 ART PAGE

Chinese Paintings by Huang Zhufu

Huang Zhufu, born in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in 1914, worl

A Landscape of the Ninghe River near the Lesser Three Gorges of the Changjiang River.

A Galloping Horse. Morning Glory. Fish. Plum-brand glassware has enjoyed a 36-year history of export to more than 80 countries and regions. With im• proved technology, new variety, bet• ter style and packaging, our company's products receive favourable comments from consumers wherever they are sold. Now the assortment of Plum-brand glassware include the following prod• ucts: 1. Machine-moulded products: These include various kinds of cups, beer glasses, teacups, drinking glasses, milk glasses, ash trays, sugar bowls, glass bowls and coffee cups. 2. Machine-blown cups: These in• clude plain-glass cups, printed-glass cups and carved cups in various styles, volumes and models. 3. Broad assortments of individual• ly blown products: These include palin- glass cups, carved cups, scenic patterns, colourless wine glasses, colourless cut glass vases, jacketed vases, colourless beer sets, seven-piece drinking sets of cups and vessels. With varied models, new styles, bright colour and high transparence, the various kinds of glassware are ideal for big or small banquets, restaurants, bars and family use. In addition to the above-mentioned goods customers can also choose from and order the products made by the Tianjin Light industrial Products Import & Export Corp. that offers sales services and can also pro• cess goods according to buyers' samples (including designs). coca TIANJIN LIGHT INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS IMPORT & EXPORT CORP. Address: 164 Liaoning Road, Tianjin, China Cable: "INDUSTRY" Tianjin Teiex: 23142 TJUP CN