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Home , Lian Yu, Lin Boqu, Mudan River, Nie Rongzhen, Wuchang Uprising, Xi Zhongxun

A tourist hotel run by farmers in suburban .

Trying out a traditional waterwheel.

A bird's-eye view of Lake Toihu and the city con be had from the top of the pagoda on Luding Hill. j.

SPOTLiqHT Tourist Boom in Wuxi Wuxi, situated in the middle of the Changjiang () River Delta, used to be a trade and commercial centre in southern Province. But now it has become a flourishing tourist resort with exhileratingmountain scenery, lakes and numerous sites of historical interest. Photos hy Jin Yaowen and Xu Xiangjun

Overseas tourists get a taste of A trip by boat on the imperial life putting on clothes worn gives one a feel for the lifestyle and by emperors and empresses. customs of local people. iWD(iW

VOL. 29, NO. 45 NOV. 10, 1986 HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK

See-saw in Regional Conflicts CONTENTS • The Reagan Administration is pursuing a policy of regional NOTES FROM THE EDITORS conflict in an attempt to push back Soviet advances made in the Dr. Sun Yat-sen's Message 1970s. The Kremlin is responding with flexible and cautious For Today tactics to consolidate its gains. But the basic pattern of their relations—confrontation combined with negotiations — EVENTS/TRENDS 5-9 remains unchanged (p 14). Condolences on the Death of Marshal Peace. Keynote of Hcrmannsson's Continued Dialogue After Reykjavik Vi.sit Graxi"s Visit Stresses • An examination of US-Soviet relations since the Reykjavik Friendship summit: the causes of tension and the reasons for their Vice-Premier Tian Visits ASEAN continued dialogue (p 10). INTERNATIONAL 10-13 Sun Yat-sen Insfrires His Successors US-Soviet Relations; Twists And Turns After the Summit -lapan: New Trends in Its Relations • On the 120th anniversary of Dr. Sun Yat-sen's birth, With USSR NOTES FROM THE EDITORS looks at Sun's advocacy of Mozambique: Defending Legacy of reform through revolution, opening to the outside world, and Late President preserving the country's unity. Inspired by Sun's spirit, Chinese IAEA: "We Must Have Nuclear Party and state leaders now propose a third CPC-KMT co• Energy' operation, advancing the formula "one country, two systems" for China's reunification (p 19).

Regional Conflicts Between Two Superpowers 14 Contract System Fares Well in Anyang For Your Reference: 'Socialist Culture & Ideology:' Its Development 17 • Anyang, one of the industrial cities selected to test the Sun Yat-sen: Initiator of China's contract labour system three years ago, has proved the system's Democracy 19 worth. Breaking the "iron rice bowl," it has encouraged hard Anyang: Contract System Benefits work and punished the lazy. It has introduced a healthy Workers and Enterprises 23 mobility of labour, and advanced the training of the city's Tlie Tujia People: A New Image 26 industrial workers (p 23).

BUSINESS/TRADE 30-31 Economic Reforms Reach the Tujias BOOKS 32-34 COVER: Two Tujia girls discuss • Located in a remote region in Province, the Tujia brocade. national minority has long been neglected and is very Gao Mingyi backward. Nevertheless, the economic reforms have ca tight up with the Tujias. and amazing changes are now takine place (p 26).

Published every AAondoy by Distributed by China intan«crtienai Subscrlptien pri««s (1 year): REVIEW Trodins CorpcfwHon (GUOJI SHUOIAN), Awtnilki A.S 22.00 USA USS 22.00 24 Boiwanzhuang Road, Beijing P.O. Box 399, Beijing, CNna New Zaalami... NZ.S30.00 UK £1MI0 The People's Republic of China Cmda Can. S21.00 NOTES FROM THE EDITORS Dr. Sun Yat-sen's Message for Today by Our Special Commentator Wang QI

ovember 12 this year is the ing of Confucian classics to school safeguarding the country's unity. N 120th anniversary of Dr. Sun children. As early as 1906, he noted that Yat-sen's birth. There is still At Sun's insistence, the provi• imperiahst powers are seeking to inspiration to be drawn from this sional constitution of the Republic devour China. If revolutionary great patriot and pioneer of of China included this significant forces are divided and fight each China's democratic revolution. ardcle: The sovereignty of the other, he asked, how would they Dr. Sun lived at a time when Republic of China belongs to all avoid causing subjugation of their China was being cruelly oppressed citizens. This was the first time in own country. Noble-minded pat• by feudal forces and covetously China's long history that such an riots have feared that China would eyed by imperialist powers. In the arficle was included in its _be carved up by outsiders. But hope of making China powerful constitution. These revolutionary definitely they could not succeed; and bringing peace and happiness and democratic decrees were not my fear, he said, is that the to its people, young Sun submitted implemented however. The provi• Chinese themselves become dis• a written statement to Li sional constitution enacted under united. It would then be Hongzhang, a Qing official in the guidance of Dr. Sun was impossible to save China. charge of diplomatic, military and overturned by northern warlord Dr. Sun asserted that China had economic affairs. In it he . But that progressive always been one nation since the advocated the goals of full spirit and Sun's courage inspired Qin Dynasty (221-207 BC). The realization of people's talents, full his contemporaries and successive Chinese nation did not tend to utilization of land and material generations to continue the split because of the powerful resources and an efficient system struggle for reform. centripetal force. for the circulation of goods. Sun After China's defeat in the After the , Sun soon realized, however, how futile Opium War, progressive Chinese repudiated the separationist ten• it was to expect a reform from the looked for truth from Western dencies of the warlords, saying corrupt Qing Court. He thus countries. Dr. Sun was one of the that it was utterly absurd. "Those turned to revolution. earliest. His footprints were found who advocate splitting China are in Europe, America and Japan, undoubtedly careerists." Determined throughout to whose social and political systems Today, people on the mainland transform China, Sun experienced he studied and where he delved of China are striving for material repeated failures that sapped his into the works of bourgeois modernization and an advanced energies, but he never lost heart. enlightement thinkers and early culture and ideology. All Chinese He fought on till his last gasp. socialists. He saw both the who love their motherland hope superiority of capitalism over the that there will be early peaceful After the Qing Court was feudal system and the social evils reunification between and overthrown by the 1911 Revo• which capitalism itself entailed. the mainland. The leaders of the lution, Dr. Sun became president Therefore, while calling for the and of the provisional government in establishment of a bourgeois state have repeatedly proposed a . During his three-month republic, he built into his scheme third CPC-KMT co-operation. term of office, he promulgated measures to regulate capital and They have put forward the more than 30 decrees, including equalize land ownership. He concept of "one country, two the abolition of interrogation by considered communism "the best systems." These have gained torture and of corporeal punish• friend of 'the doctrine of people's increasing support from Chinese ment, the protection of people's livelihood.'" at home and abroad. We hope that equality, a complete ban on Dr. Sun maintained that the an early end will be put to the officials' bending the law for the world of today is open and no confrontation across the Taiwan benefit of their relatives or friends, country can prosper by closing its Straits and that dialogue will begin and the abolition of the feudal doors to the outside world. So to bring about friendly exchange hierarchic forms of address. These long as it keeps it sovereignty in of mails, trade and air and decrees also discouraged foot- its own hands, a country can use shipping services across the straits. binding, encouraged the cutting of foreign capital, professionals, At that point, we can boldly pigtails, and abolished the teach- technology and equipment witht proclaim to the world as our out fear. common cause: "Reunify the * The author is chief editor of the motherland and rejuvenate Tuanjie Bcio. organ of the Revolutionary As part of saving China, Dr. CommiMcc oflhc Kuomintanii. Sun consistently emphasized China." •

4 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 45 China's top Party and government ieaders—, , , U Xiannian —pay their last respects to Marshal on October 29.

Condolences on the Death of Marshal Ye

memorial meeting for Ye army officers attended the mem• their sorrow at Ye's death. A Jianying, the great proletarian orial service. Articles in honour of Ye Jian• revolutionary, was held on A memorial ceremony was also ying have been carried by the main October 29 at the Great Hall of the held on the same day in Chinese newspapers. Some were People in Beijing. , Pro• written by government and army More than 5,000 soldiers and vince. Five thousand people from leaders, including Rongzhen, civilians from across the country, all walks of life went to the hall of and . and compatriots the provincial government to These articles recalled Ye's from and Macao tender their condolences on Ye's glorious life — his heroic deeds in gathered in Beijing to honour the death. In Ye's native town in war years and the important memory of Marshal Ye Jianying Meixian County, Guangdong contributions he made to the and pay him their last respects. Province, more than 25,000 people Party, the state and the army, attended memorial meetings from especially the great role he played Deng Xiaoping, chairman of October 22 to 29. in the Party's struggle against the the Central Advisory Commission and counter• of the Chinese Communist Party The offices of all Chinese revolutionary cliques during the and chairman of the Central organizations in Hong Kong flew "." Military Commission, presided flags at half-mast to pay tribute to over the service. Hu Yaobang, Marshal Ye. More than 4,700 On October 31, Ye's ashes was general secretary of the Chinese Hong Kong residents and visitors carried to Guangzhou in line with Communist Party Central Com• went to the Hong Kong branch of the wishes of his relatives. It will be mittee, delivered the memorial the Xinhua News Agency to placed in the former Guangzhou speech. present their condolences. Peasant Movement Institute for Government and party leaders some time before being moved to All of China's top Party and of many foreign countries have the Honghuagang Cemetery of government leaders and senior also sent in messages expressing Revolutionary Martyrs. •

NOVEMBER 10, 1986 5 EVENTS/TRENDS

Peace — Keynote of Herraannsson's Visit

hina prefers international C dialogue to confrontation, veteran Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping told visiting Icelandic Prime Minister Steingrimur Her• mannsson on October 28. Deng said, "Talks are always better than no talks. Relaxation is better than tension. The overwhelming majority of the people in the world long for peace. Whoever launches a war would not win support, even from his allies. So peace can be expected." Hermannsson said he agreed with Deng's view, adding that dialogue was very important in to safeguard world peace. He said hegemonism. handling state-to-state relations, he was optimistic about the Hermannsson also told Deng and that Iceland, which hosted the prospects for peace. that his country was interested in recent Reagan-Gorbachev sum• Deng replied that safeguarding strengthening co-operation with mit meeting, regarded it as its peace was the core of China's China. To this, Deng replied that responsibility and right to work foreign policy. But to preserve there was no obstacle to the with other peace-loving countries i peace, it was necessary to oppose growth of co-operation between

years. He paid tribute to Italy for peace and stability in the Graxi's China Visit its open attitude towards techn• Mediterranean area and the world Stresses Friendstiip ological transfers to China, and its as a whole, Zhao said that positive policy of providing loans although international tension has on favourable terms and don• been eased to a certain extent, the he exchange of visits by the ations to China. arms race between the two Tleaders of China and Italy not superpowers is still going on and only demonstrates the sound In his toast, Graxi said Italy- regional conflicts still exist, political relations between the two China relations are based on a threatening world peace. countries, but also promotes the profound friendship; both coun• development of their bilateral tries are wilHng to make full use of He urged the and economic and technical co• their potential on the basis of the United States, which have operation, remarked Chinese mutual benefit. "Contacts be• special responsibilities for dis• Premier Zhao Ziyang in a speech tween the leaders and people in the armament as they have the largest he made on October 31 at a economic, scientific and cultural nuclear and conventional ar• banquet in honour of Bettino circles of the two countries in senals, to stop their arms race and Graxi, the first Italian government recent years have widened the take the lead in drastically head ever to visit China. common ground in their efforts reducing their arsenals. Bettino Graxi arrived in Beijing and goals," Graxi added. He expressed regret that the on October 30 for an official visit. In their toasts, both Zhao and Soviet and US leaders failed to In his speech, Zhao noted that Graxi touched on world peace. reach any agreement during their China and Italy have witnessed the Having praised Italy for its recent summit in Iceland. "We rapid development of friendly positive contributions to the hope they will continue their relations in various fields since the promotion of European unity, .dialogue to reach an agreement on establishment of diplomatic rel• relaxation of tension, disarma• disarmament, without prejudice ations in 1970, especially in recent ment and the maintenance of to the interests of other countries

6 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 45 China and Iceland and that it was "On the issue of peace, all his hope it would continue to countries, big or small, have their develop. rights and responsibilities," the News in Brief Meeting Hermannsson on the Icelandic prime minister said. same day, Chinese President Li Zhao Ziyang said China needs a Xiannian urged the United States peaceful international environ• hina has decided to and the Soviet Union to achieve ment whereby to work towards Cestablish a "National something positive through seri• modernization, and that China's Social Sciences Fund" to ous negotiation so that the people pursuit of an independent and subsidize studies in import• of the world could "breathe peaceful foreign policy will not ant, new and frontier easily." He said the Chinese only help in its relations with other subjects. people and people everywhere countries, but will contribute to The fund is mainly desired peace and development world peace and stability. supported by the state. It above all else. China's basic goals are the also receives donations from Chinese Premier Zhao Ziyang prevention of war and the individuals and organiz• met Hermannsson on October 27. safeguarding of world peace. It ations at home and abroad. The two prime ministers expressed therefore stands for the easing of The first state allocation will satisfaction with the development East-West relations and for be 5 million yuan. of Sino-Icelandic relations and disarmament so that the people of noted that there is still great the world may benefit, Zhao potential for co-operation be• added. tween the two countries in many "China supports all proposals fields, and pledged to further their and actions that help maintain trade, economic and technical co• world peace, prevent war and he number of China's operation. promote the relaxation of tension Tcities will reach 400 by Hermannsson told Zhao that and disarmament," he said. 1990 from the prcsem 324. Iceland is concerned about world Hermannsson arrived in Beijing according to the ministry in peace and fully supports efforts to on October 27 after visiting charge of urban and rural preserve it through disarmament, , Guilin, Hangzhou and construction. Residential including nuclear disarmament. Xian. • space in urban areas will increase by a margin of 650 million square metres. and conducive to world peace," he international co-operation — in a added. world full of conflict and tension. And the state will invest 45 billion yuan on urban Graxi said that it is comforting He was cited as saying to Zhao construction in the nexi live that Italy and China are working during their talks on the morning years; towards a common goal — the of the same day, "If world peace strengthening of peace and depended on China and Italy

Premier Zliao Ziyang iiolds talks with visiting Italian Prime Minister Bettino Graxi. • • • MA JUNTIAN ang Ping, cx-spikcr of the LChinese women's volley• ball team, gave a wedding party on October .30 to about 100 guests in the Beijing Hoicl. Lang. 26. will enter the Beijing Normal University to study Onglish after the wedding. The 27-ycar-old groom Bai I'an now works for the State Physical Culture and Sports Commission.

NOVEMBER 10. 1986 EVENTS/TRENDS

alone, their would be no met CPC Central Advisory problem." Committee Chariman Deng Xiaoping, Party General Secre• China & the World Graxi also expressed the belief tary Hu Yaobang and Chinese that peace should be sought not President . only by easing existing conflicts During their respective talks Li IVIeets New Ambassadors and striving for balanced arms with-Graxi, Deng explained to his to CIttna. On October 30 reduction, but also in down-to- guest the basic goals of China's Chinese President Li Xian• earth and frank international co• political reform as bringing full nian met new -ambassadors operation, more co-ordinated vitality to government bodies, to China from 14 development of international overcoming bureaucracy and countries—Lesotho. Mon• relations, and more respect for enhancing the enthusiasm of golia, Burma, Luxembourg, human rights and the interests of grass-roots units and the broad Malaysia, Kenya, Bolivia, ordinary people. masses, while Hu told Graxi that Argentina, Iraq, Algeria, the China is willing to co-operate with Netherlands, France, Swit• The Italian prime minister also zerland and Brazil. Also present at the Economic co-operation be• meetihg was the newly- Vice-Premier Tian tween China and Singapore has appointed ambassador of Visits ASEAN gathered momentum in the last the Palestine Liberation few years. Trade figures for the Organization in Beijing. hinese Vice-Premier Tian first half of 1986 indicate that last CJiyun was delighted to find year's figure of US$2.7 billion for the total two-way trade is likely to Notes on Sino-Japanese that China and the ASEAN be equalled or surpassed this year. Youth Exchange Centre countries hold similar or identical Goh Chok Tong, first deputy Exchanged. Chinese Assist• views on many major intern• prime minister of Singapore told ant Minister of Foreign ational issues, especially issues hrs Chinese guest at a dinner Economic Relations and concerning peace and stability in hosted by him that other areas Trade Shen Jucren and the Southeastern Asian region, where co-operation can bring .Japanese Ambassador to during a two-week tour of benefits to both are engineering, China Yosukc Nakac ex• Singapore, Malaysia, the Philip• consultancy and construction changed notes in Beijing on pines and Thailand. services, development and man• October 30 on a projected The Kampuchean issue and agement of sea ports, airports, Sino-Japanese youth ex• bilateral trade and economic co• aircraft maintenance and tourism. change centre, which will operation figured prominently in provide facilities for the his talks with the leaders of the "As an international financial education and training of four nations, all of whom agreed centre," he said, "Singapore also young people, and for to continue to support the welcomes China's participation in scientific, technological and CoalifionCJovernment of Democ• its financial and banking cultural activities. ratic Kampuchea. This support services." will be maintained until the The Chinese vice-premier also Kampuchean people are victori• met Singapore Prime Minister Lee Concludes Trade ous in their patriotic struggle Kuan Yew and they had talks on Contracts With Soviet against Vietnamese aggression. regional and international issues Union. Northwest China's Singapore. During his October of mutual concern. Xinjiang Uygur Autonom• 11-14 visit, Tian held talks with Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia hopes ous region has signed trade Singapore Acting Minister for China to play a positive and contracts with the Soviet Trade and Industry Brigadier- constructive role in world affairs, Union worth US$4 million General Lee Hsien Loong on new particularly in Southeast Asia. At this year. ways to broaden economic co• a dinner in honour of Tian, who Xinjiang is to export operation between the two arrived on October 14, Malaysian thcrmosfiasks, dresses, countries. They studied the Deputy Prime Minister Ghafar fiashlights and brushes to possibility of China raising loans Baba said: "Malaysia wants to the Soviet Union. The two on the Singapore capital market, broaden trade with China and to sides have also agreed to and of constructing a power plant strengthen co-operation in joint hold export commodity in China with financial help from ventures." exhibitions in 1987. Singapore. They also discussed While studying new avenues for payment by China in the form of bilateral co-operation, the coal or other commodities. Chinese vice-premier said China

8 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 45 other countries to tap China's resources. While Graxi was in Beijing, China and Italy signed an agreement on the avoidance of double taxation and the preven• tion of income tax evasion, as well as three protocols on establishing an emergency department in a Beijing hospital, a children's nutrition centre in , Province, and an Italian language training centre at the University of International Busi• ness and Economics in Beijing. • and Malaysia are friendly neigh• bours. The establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Malaysia 14 years ago has further increased the time- honoured friendship between our two countries. He told the prime minister of Malaysia that the main purpose of his visit was to try to find new ways to increase economic co-operation between the two countries. ZHANr. YAXIN During the visit the Chinese vice-premier heard introduction Amateur Lifeguards in Training from the Malaysian side on establishing a zone of peace, By the Mudan River and Lake Jingbo in , freedom and neutrality and a there is an amateuer lifeguard team made up of swimming nuclear-free zone in Southeast• enthusiasts from government offices, factories and schools. They ern Asia. have saved more than 200 people in the last decade or more. The picture shows some of the team members in training by a waterfall Manila. On October 21, Tian near Lake Jingbo. told reporters from the local newspapers Malaya and Chronicle that his visit had been completely said. "It is my belief that the Thailand. successful and had helped enhance Philippine government and people Pong Sarasin, deputy prime Sino-Philippine friendship. "What can make a wise decision and minister of Thailand, said he makes me particularly happy is appropriate arrangements to deal appreciated China's achievements that President Corazon Aquino with this question." in developing its agriculture and has accepted an invitation from Tian also urged the 1 million industry. "This is a result of the Chinese President Li Xiannian to overseas Chinese and Filipinos of open policy and the economic visit China," he said. Chinese descent there to help reforms now going on in China," Talking about China's position expand economic co-operation he said. on the military bases of the between the two countries. He noted that Thailand and superpowers in the ASEAN China are both developing region, Tian said it was up to the Bangkok. Bangkok was the last countries' and could help each governments and peoples of the stop of Tian's four-nation tour. other. He hoped China would countries concerned to make Meetings between Tian and Thai purchase more products made in judgements on this question. leaders also focused on bilateral Thailand. So far as the US military bases economic co-operation. In the In his reply, said in the Philippines are concerned, same friendly tone, the Chinese China wishes to have closer this question should be solved vice-premier said that he wel• political consultations with through consultations between the comes Thai entrepreneurs to in• Thailand, and to raise its governments of the Philippines vest in China, while Chinese enter• economic co-operation with and the United States, he prises are encouraged to do so in Thailand to a new level. •

NOVEMBER 10, 1986 9 INTERNATIONAL

States and the Soviet Union, plays US-SOVIET RELATIONS a big role in keeping the two superpowers working together for Twists and Turns After the Summit a world free of nuclear weapons. The negotiations between the US US-Soviet relations since the Reykjavik summit are still and the Soviet Union are of world characterized by both dialogue and confrontation, a concern because its security is in situation that is likely to continue for a long time to come. fact in the hands of these two countries. Any achievements to• wards nuclear disarmament are welcome, while setbacks or he past three months have seen dangerous collision. What is it, deterioration in US-Soviet rela• T many surprising, often drama• then, that makes their relations so tions always meet with the strong tic, turns in US-Soviet relations. turbulent and, yet, at the same opposition of world opinion. Both On August 23, Gennady time, prevents them from coming leaders riTust take into account the Zakharov, a Soviet employee at to blows? people's desire for peace. This is the United Nations, was arrested The Strategic Defense Initiative one factor containing confronta• by the US on espionage charges; (SDI) advanced by President tion within certain limits and On August 30, Nicholas Reagan in 1983 seems to be the keeping the negotiations going. main obstacle that stands in the Daniloff, an American journalist Another important factor is way of reaching substantial for the VS News and World that both have domestic economic agreements on nuclear disarma• Report, was arrested in Moscow problems. The Soviet Union has ment between the US and the and charged with espionage; long been bedevilled by the heavy Soviet Union. During the Reyk• On September 12 the two were burden of its huge military javik summit, after mutual released into the custody of their expenditures in the arms race with concessions, agreements were respective embassies and later the United States, which has reached in principle on allowed to go home; seriously delayed national intermediate-range missiles and On September 17 the US economic development and the strategic offensive weapons, and expelled 25 Soviet diplomats improvement of the living stand• on a nuclear test ban. The working for the United Nations; ards of the people. It cannot finalization of these agreements During the weekend of October afford a new and more costly was, however, prevented by a fatal 11-12, President Reagan and round of the arms race, especially dispute over SDI. The precon• Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev one in space. According to dition for the Soviet concessions held a summit meeting in Baltimore Sun, the US also has on nuclear arms reduction was Reykjavik, the capital of Iceland, problems: its huge budget deficit that the SDI programme must be with "disappointing" results; and mounting debts. Therefore confined to the laboratory for the On October 15, the first meeting both sides feel a need to control next ten years. This proposal was since the Reykjavik summit the arms race. Hence the rejected by the US, which views between the US and the Soviet importance they attach to remov• the SDI as a powerful bargaining Union on disarmament began in ing any obstacle to negotiations. chip and a defensive shield. Geneva; On the whole, the basic pattern On October 19, five American Following the summit came a of the relations between the US diplomats were expelled by the propaganda war. Each accused and the Soviet Union remains Soviet Union; the other of undermining the unchanged. Both suspect the other On October 21, the US expelled summit. Words like "disappoint• of trying to gain military 55 Soviet diplomats in retaliation; ment" and "failure" filled the superiority — this is the reason On October 22, the Soviet newspapers. But soon the tone their relations sometimes go sour. Union announced the expulsion of changed. Both sides shifted the Yet they do share something in another five American diplomats, emphasis onto the brighter side of common — a wish to find rules to along with the withdrawal of 260 the summit. Reagan indicated that restrain the endless arms race, Soviet employees from the US the invitation to Gorbachev to which neither of them can afford. embassy in Moscow and the US visit the US was still valid and the The year 1986 has been declared consulate in Leningrad; door to negotiation was still open. a year of peace by the United Gorbachev described the summit Finally, on October 23, the US Nations. The United States and as "useful" and "hopeful." But called a truce in the diplomat the Soviet Union have the main then came the expulsion war. expulsion war. responsibility for safeguarding It is clear that so far reason has The strong pressure for peace world peace. At least they are now prevailed in US-Soviet relations from the people of the world, talking to each other. • whenever there was a risk of including those in the United by She Duanzhi

10 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 45 Japan had been fixed. Apparently JAPAN the Soviet Union no longer ex• cludes the possibility of discussing New Trends in Its Relations With USSR the territorial dispute. On Septem• ber 29, the Soviet ailibassador to The temperature of the long-frosty relations between the Japan said that the issue would Soviet Union and Japan has been rising steadily over the have a positive outcome after the past year. summit between Gorbachev and Nakasone. Then the chairman of the Council of the Soviet Press Agency said in an interview in ctober 19 was the 30th question of the northern islands is Iceland with a reporter from O anniversary of the signing of the principal barrier to the Yomiuri Shimhun that any issues the Soviet-Japanese joint declar• improvement of Soviet-Japanese of interest to the two countries ation and the resumption of relations. Japanese policy towards could be subjects for discussion, diplomatic relations between the the Soviet Union aims to resolve and any issue put forward by one two countries. They exchanged this territorial dispute first and side should not be ignored by the congratulatory letters and the only then to sign a peace treaty. other. Soviet Vice-Foreign Minister Japan does not intend to ignore Japan will only learn the real Mikhail Nikolaevich Kapitsa the territorial dispute while intentions of the Soviet Union began a visit to Japan. improving economic co-operation when Gorbachev visits the country. Soviet Vice-Foreign Japanese Prime Minister with the Soviet Union. It insists Minister Kapitsa said on October Yasuhiro Nakasone said on that the return of the northern 29 that the Kremlin is preparing September 30 that he was eager to islands is of top priority. It refuses for Gorbachev's visit to Japan, but improve relations between his to yield an inch on the question. he gave no exact date for it. The country and the Soviet Union. On On the Soviet side, when the Soviet ambassador to Tokyo will the same day. the Tokyo Shimhun Japanses foreign minister visited return to Moscow on No\ember published the preface to Soviet the Soviet Union in May this year, 11, jusl two days before a Japan- leader Gorbachev's collected Gorbachev reiterated that the Soviet working meeting in Mos• works translated into Japanese. northern territory dispute had cow on November 13 and 14 to Gorbachev said in his preface that already been resolved and Japan finalize arrangements for ihc Soviet-Japanese relations are now should not raise the matter again. pending Gorbachev's visit. at a turning point, pledging to expand co-operation with Tokyo But recently the Soviet position Japan hopes Gorbachev's visit in all fields. has changed subtly. On September will materialize before the end of 24. Soviet Foreign Minister next January, but the possibility of In July, the Soviet Union Eduard Shevardnadze told his a Reagan-Gorbachev summit approved, after 11 years of Japanese counterpart when they makes it difficult for the Soviets to opposition. an agreement with met in New York that any decide when their leader should go Japan allowing Japanese to go to question could be discussed after a to Tokyo. • the northern islands to attend the date for Gorbachev's visit to by Yu Qing graves of soldiers killed in the last war. In his Vladivostok speech, Gorbachev put forward the idea of establishing Soviet-Japanese MOZAMBIQUL; joint ventures. In September, negotiations were resumed on the joint exploration of oil and natural gas fields by the two Defending Legacy of Late President countries. On October 15, a Japanese industrial exhibition was The People of Mozambique are deeply mourning the held in Moscow, in which more tragic death of President Samora Machel, who than 460 Japanese companies took contributed to winning and consolidating the part. Since last autumn, many leading figures from Japan's independence of his country. business and cultural circles have gone to Moscow, something that has not been seen for years. housands of Mozambicans, the streets of Maputo on the route It is well-known that the Tmany of them weeping, lined to the Square of Heroes of

NOVl MBER 10. 1986 II mmmMMi

Vlo/aiiibiqiic loi' ihc funcrai of Picsiclcnl Samora Machcl. About 4(10 foiicgn guests attended. Among them were /imbabwean Prime !Vlini*-tei' Robert Mugabe. Zanibian ['resident Kenneth Kaunda. Congolese Piesident Denis SassoLi-Nguesso; Oliver Tambo. head of the African National Congress: Sam Nujoma. leader of the South West Africa People's Organi/alion: and repre- sentatixes from China, the Soviet Union and the United Slates. Mo/ambican leaders at the ftnieral spoke highly of the contributions made by I'resideni Samora. A leader close to Machel in the ruling Irelimo Political Bureau. Dos Santos, described Machcl's life as "" merging eompletel} with the history of the Mo/ambic;in people."" Defence Senior officials of Frelimo carrying Samora's coffin. Minister Alberto Chipande said liis troops "will al\\a_\ need the voice"" of the political leaders who worked with and will now succeed Machel. ""We will continue to make war against bandits and their masters."" he said, referring to the icbels of the South Africa- the eastern Transvaal I'rovincc of the traditional friendship between backed Mt)/ambique National .South Africa en route from the ihe iwo countries. Resistance Movei.iient. north Zambian town of Mbahi to He enjoyed high prestige at Maputo on October 19, which also home and abroad. His death was ;i People in various /MYican killed 33 other people. Among great loss to the Mo/ambican countries also expressed their them were Mozambican Trans-, people and the African people as a sorrow on October 28. the day of port and Communicatitins Mini• whole. At present Mo/ambique is the funeral. Leaders of the front• ster Alcantara Santos and Deputy still in the grip of ;i severe drought line stales pledged their support Foreign Minister Jose C"arlos and hunger. The life of the for efforts to defend the legacy of Lopo. The cause of the accident is Mo/ambican people is also nitide Samora. and Mo/ambican under investigation, but some difficult by the fact that the prices sovereignly and territorial in• African leaders expressed ihe of basic commodities on the world tegrity. They said President strong suspicion that the South market are depressed, and the Samora ""fell victim to apartheid"" African regime had a iKintI in the country"s income from the export and ""died on a mission of struggle "'crime."" of cashew nuts, cotton and sugar against apartheid and died for has decreased. The anti- peace in southern .Africa, for the Fifly-lhrec-year-old Samora government Mo/ambiqiie Na• freedom of the peoples, for the co• had achieved great successes in tional Resistance Movement said operation and progress of the safeguarding national indepen• on the day tifter Samora"s detith entire region."" They praised the dence and sovereignty, and that it would launch a military late president as ""an illustrious, developing the national economy offensive against Maputo. How• sellless rcvolutionai-y fighter in the of Mozambique. In foreign affairs ever, the international community Southern Africa Development he pursued a non-aligned policy has condemned their conspira• Co - o rd illation C o n fere nee and was one of the most active torial activities and expressed (SADCC). in the Organization of opponents of the while racist confidence that the Mozambican African Unity and in the non- regime of South Africa. He was people can overcome their present aligned movement."" also an old friend of China. He difficulties and defend the legacv visited China five times and made of the late president. • President Samora died in a a big contribution to cementing by Chang Qing plane crash near Komali-Poort in

ni":i.iiN(i Rnvir.w, NO. 4.S for nuclear fission and the absence of pollution. There were .^74 nuclear power stations operating 'We Must Have Nuclear Energy' in 1985. producing 14 percent of the world's electricity. 'Fhe i,^EA Most memhi'v countries of the Intcntutiintat Atomic predicts that this figure will rise to I'Mcriiy .iiicncy hare now built up popular confiilence in 20 percent by the year 2000. the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. The dc\elopment of the peace• ful use of atomic energy has always taken place against a thrcc-da\l confcicncc fossil-fuelled power plants also kill background of fear and oppo• A of ihc Imcriialional Auimie people by seriously polluting the sition from protesters. Far from Energy Agcncv (IAEA) ended on atmosphere, not to mention the holding the opposition in con• Sepleniber 26 after adopting two hea\ toll taken by the process of tempt, nuclear scientists luive convenlions to sirenglhen intern• mining and transportation. spared no effort to improve the ational co-operation in combating There have only been two major safety of nuclear power plants. nuclear accidents. The conference nuclear accidents, but neither of But broad international co• was the first of its kind in the them developed into a catastrophe operation is needed to guarantee history of the IAEA, and followed ^uch as that of a nuclear bomb as the safely of nuclear energy. At in the v\'ake of the Chernobyl ^'ime people had imagined. The this IAEA conference, Director- accident. The two conventions, i adioactivity gi\cn off by the General Hans Blix proposed that, one on the early notification of Threc-Mile Island nuclear acci• in addition to the two conven• nuclear accidents and the other on tions, norms and standards of mutual assistance in the event of a dent in Pennsylvania, USA in the nuclear safety binding on all nuclear or radiological emer• 1970s was so slight that it was countries must be formulated, and gency, were signed by more than barely detected. Now the No.l regular \isii made by experts to 50 countries, incltiding the Soviet reactor at Chernobyl has resumed one another's countries to see that Union, the United States, France. operations after five months, with nuclear power stations are kept in Britain and China. no new victims added to those who good working order. These All ihc signatories, who either originally died in the accident. received a favourable response • ha\'c their own nuclear powei" With 4.000 reactor years" from member countries because stations or are considering having experience in managing nuclear the effects of a nuclear accident them, have taken a new look at power plants behind it, mankind can spread across national nuclear energy following Cher• realizes more clearly than ever boundaries. nobyl, They have thought deeply before that nuclear power stations about whether nuclear energy is are superior to fossil-fueiled plants It is now clear that nuclear really safe to use, and whether the m both reliability and cost. gi\en energy has come to stay. • harm to the biosphere in the event the plentiful suppl\f III,IUTI:IK by Hu Houfa of a nuclear accident can be contained. The final opinion of the conference was "yes, we must go on developing nuclear energy, Beijing Review (no: I given the world energy shortage." Please enter my subcription to Beijing Subscription Rates Review for -year(s), Shocked by the Chernobyl CounifY 1 year 2 years 3 years I enclose- _in payment thereof. nuclear disaster, the whole world Name USA (USSl 22 37 52 has concentrated on the 31 people England (£| 12 22 30 who died, overlooking the import• Resi of Europe (USSl 16 21 37 ant fact that none of the local Job iiile Ausualia (Ail 22 3? 52 residents died or was even sent to hospital. All those who died New Zealand m\ 30 52 72 worked at the reactor or were fire Canada (C«) 21 36 50 fighters. Estimates that 5.000- Switzerland |SE| 45 77 108

20.000 people may die of cancer as W Germany (QM) 50 90 125 a result of the accident over the Couniiy Ausiria (Sch) 330 560 7B0 next 70 years should be set against llaly (Lire) 29,000 49,000 68,000 the fact that 15 million will die of cancers from other causes during Please mail Ihis form, together with your payment, to your local dealer or either of the following addresses: • 0"-d ItitiTti^tirna! Hoiik ft,i;ling Cuiporiil.or (C.ii.j' StniCianl f P Bti> J99 BH'iiny Ch.ffi • Mdridgtrrerl the same period. The fumes from npMniiHr; Hphinj lifi; I'A ?4 Hai'A/i-/hiiijii!; RDH;] Hi':)mi| Chitia HiMiii^rs •[! i f JH-r^v sitl]Hri,')H K. Hpi;i(ni HCVIP'A im .i: i;()St;ii

\()VnMlii;R 10. 19X6 ARTICLES

Regional Conflicts Between Two Superpowers by Wang Hexing In an attempt to "roll back" the advances made by the Soviet Union Into certain parts of the world In the 1970s, the Reagan administration has been pursuing a policy of regional conflicts. The Soviet Union has responded with a flexible and cautious policy, focusing its attention on consolidating its established gains, while at the same time losing no opportunity to advance further whenever possible. But the basic pattern of US-Soviet relations remains unchanged.

S-S(,)viet rivalry for world The Soviet Union has been advantage of this favourable Udominance remains stale• trying hard to form a united front situation in an attempt to "push mated. However, some remark• to isolate the US. The United back" the Soviet advances of the able changes have occurred States, in turn, takes advantage of 1970s. Another reason for the US since Ronald Reagan began his the economic dilemmas of third emphasis on regional conflicts is second term as president and world countries, in particular their that Washington wants to coun• Mikhail Gorbachev came to need for capital and technology, terbalance the strong Soviet peace power. On the one hand, they have to promote its interests. While and nuclear disarmament com- returned to the negotiating table in seeking to consolidate its es• paigns launched this year, and win the hope of establishing "rules for tablished gains, the US does its more bargaining chips to use at competition" to control the level best to undermine the Soviet future US-Soviet summit talks. of the arms race. On the other Union's positions, with the aim of The Soviet leadership, for its part, hand, their conflicts in the third combining short-term conflict needs to accelerate economic world are tending to intensify. with the long-term strategy of development so that it may Negotiation coexists with containing communism. In most continue to compete with the US confrontation. cases, the actual confrontation for a long time to come. The United States has gone on between the two in the world's the offensive, while the flashpoints is carried on by their The Asian-Pacific Region Soviet Union is now essentially respective "agents." passive. "Reaganism" makes no Both superpowers exert a Both to contain the Soviet effort to conceal its attempts to aid strong influence upon some Union and to guarantee its control guerrillas or anti-government neighbouring countries, treating over the sea route from Northeast troops in Afghanistan, Nicaragua them as "forbidden territory" not Asia to the Indian Ocean, the and Angola. It has modified its to be interfered in by the other. In United States has strengthened its traditional policy of supporting those areas where one side's "defence partnership" with Japan pro-American and anti- influence is comparatively and South Korea and updated the communist totalitarian regimes; stronger, the other side will defence capacity of the ASEAN instead it emphasizes "democrat• try to check it by political countries, Thailand in particular. ization" in those countries and, in means. The Asia-Pacific area But the political upheavals and some areas, promotes a rival draws increasing attention from economic instability in certain party. It has also allocated USSI .7 both the US and the Soviet Union countries have embarrassed the billion for "low intensity wars." a and has become a zone of rivalry US. In a foreign policy statement strategy designed to win quick between them. on March 14, President Reagan victories when necessary in The uneven development of made an important adjustment in regional conflicts while avoiding today's world makes some areas, his foreign policy, advancing such direct military confrontation with such as the Asian-Pacific region, ideas as "freedom" and "democ• the Soviet Union. seem increasingly important. The ratization," and opposing any To meet the US challenge, the Reagan administration believes kind of tyranny, whether of the Soviet Union has adopted a that the new leadership in the left or the right. In order to secure flexible and cautious policy. While Soviet Union has got itself its strategic interests, the US must, giving most of its attention to entangled in resolving domestic step by step, abandon some of its those countries that are of economic problems and can give anti-communist and totalitarian strategic interest to it, it is at the little attendon to outside affairs, "old friends." For example, in the same time improving its relations and that American strength has case of the Philippines, under the with many moderate developing revived a little as a result. banner of promoting "democrati• countries. Therefore it has resolved to take zation," the US shifted its

14 BEIJING REVIEW. NO. 45 support for Ferdinand Marcos to US$500 million is to be spent in way into the Southern Pacific Mrs Corazon Aquino. the form of secret military support region, signing fishery agreements The US is also very concerned and Stinger missiles. Washington with Kiribati and setting up about the situation in South also appears more active in its diplomatic relations with Korea. While firmly supporting support of Democratic Vanuatu. the South Korean authorities, it is Kampuchea's anti-Vietnamese urging them to practise democ• forces led by Norodom Sihanouk The Soviet Union will not easily racy. On the other hand, the US and Son Sann. At the same time, it let go of Afghanistan. But it may has conducted large-scale military is attempting to persuade Hanoi to seek a political solution, providing manoeuvres with South Korea, withdraw its troops from its infiuence is not reduced. While bringing to an end the political Kampuchea. increasing its attack on Afghan dialogue between the north and Making use of its economic, guerrillas. Moscow is anxious to the south. This shows that the US scientific and technological su• improve the image of the is reluctant to make any periority, and by establishing a Mohammad Najibullah regime by substantial efforts to reduce the Pacific community, the United strengthening its social found• tension in the Korean Peninsula. States hopes gradually to have the ations and to release itself from the Economically, the US concen• whole Asian-Pacific region serve military burden. Although the trates its aid on countries like its strategic interest. But this goal Soviets realize that it will have lo Thailand and the Philippines in will be difficult to realize. help solve the Kampuchea pro• order to use them as barriers to blem if it wants to achieve better contain Soviet expansion. How• Moscow is determined to relations with ASEAN, it is ever, though trying to resolve the compete with Washington in the reluctant to take action and is still economic problems of these Asian-Pacific region, which is fumbling its way towards this countries and stabilize them, the militarily important to the Soviets. issue. US is unwilling to give up its In government declarations and Apart from the Asian-Pacific economic and trade hegemonism, Gorbachev's Vladivostok speech area, the United States and the controlling the ASEAN countries the Kremlin has come up with a Soviet Union both have an interest by means of its investment package of plans intended to deal in Southern Africa, Central policies, market quotas, tariffs, with the area "in a comprehensive America and the Middle East. etc. Thailand has suffered a way": a conference for collective In Southern Africa, the US tries dramatic drop in its rice exports of security in Asia, a Pacific nations by every means to prise the front• about 500,000 tons annually due conference, cTn Asian-Pacific line states away from the infiucnce to American trade protectionism. nuclear-free zone and so on, to of the Soviet Union. Angola, This will make it difficult for the divert the world's attention away along with the other front-line US to achieve its strategic goals. from its SS-20 medium-range countries, supports independence US influence in the South missiles deployed in Asia and from in Namibia. However, the US has Pacific has decreased as a result of the Afghan and Kampuchean insisted since 1982 that any disagreement with New Zealand problems. It also hopes to restrain withdrawal of South Africa troops over its anti-nuclear policy, which the Pacific community by turning from Namibia must be preceded, cripples the US-Australia-New it into an organization of Pacific or at least accompanied, by the Zealand alliance. All this has economic co-operation for withdrawal of Cuban troops from helped the Soviet Union to make Moscow's benefit, isolating the Angola. At the same time, it has certain gains. In South Asia, the Americans. strengthened its support for the US has achieved very limited Angola People's Union (APU) success by confirming its aid to Militarily, the Soviet Union while encouraging negotiations Pakistan, reducing India's reliance continues to contend with the between the APU and the on the Soviet Union through Untied States for control of government of Angola. But the military technology transfer, and strategically important sea routes United States suffers from its soft by persuading Pakistan and India and to increase the mobility of its policies towards the South African to improve their relations. troops for rapid deployment. racist regime which sticks to Politically, it wants to win over apartheid and is hostile to the The United States has stepped China. Japan and the ASEAN front-line states. However, the up its pressure on the Soviet nations by exploiting their differ• influence of the Soviet Union is Union over Afghanistan and ences with the United States. It limited in this area by geopolitical Kampuchea, two of the world's has made attempts to induce factors, although it has improved fiashpoints. In addition to US$15 Japan to invest in Siberia, and it relations with Zimbabwe. million approved by the US has opened its markets to the rice In Central America, Washin• Congress this year as aid to and textile products of ASEAN gton continues to interfere Afghan guerrillas, another countries. It has also pushed its militarily in Nicaragua. It smiles

NOVEMBER 10. 1986 15 ARTICLES

upon the Conladora Group's the US. It has established back. Their allies have their own peace initiative for appearance's diplomatic relations with the interests and need to develop sai

Id Bni.iiNG Rr:vir;w. NO. 4.S F OR YOUR RFFFRFNCE

'Socialist Culture & Ideology': Its Development by Liu Wusheng

The Resolution on the (iuiding discipline, and rejection of feudal, infiucnces of the remnant feudal Principles for Building a bomgeois and venal capitalist ideology. Carrying forward the Socialist Society With an Advanc• infiuences through constant criti• patriotic spirit of putting the ed C'ultui'e and Ideology adopted cism and improved laws and interests of the motherland above at the Sixth F'lenary Session of the regulations. everything else and contributing 12th Central C\'>mmittee of the all to the drive for modernization. Communist Party of China has Further means of achieving In April 1982, during discussion been published in full in Beijing those goals were suggested by the of the crackdown on serious Review, issue No. 40. Party Central Committee in its economic crimes, Deng declared "•Resolution on Certain Questions that building an advanced socialist To appreciate the document, it in the History of Our Party" in culture and ideology was indeed is helpful to recapitulate some of June 198F Declaring the Party's one of the essential guarantees the past statements of the I'arty goal for the new period as building that China will stick to the Central Committee and its leading a modern, highly democratic and socialist road. members on this issue. culturally advanced powerful This conviction was elaborated socialist country, it listed the on by Hu Yaobang, general September 1979 saw the first elements of that task as: AfTirming secretary of the CPC Central detailed expression of the need to the importance of education, Committee, at the 12ih National advance socialist cullin'e since the science, culture and intellectuals in Congress of the Party in previous year when the Parly the drive for socialist moderniz• September, 1982. He argued that Central Committee affirmed that ation. Affirming the need to China's material modernization China's principal contradiction and cultural development were was between its people's expect• indispensable to each other. While ations and China's inability to material prosperity lays a found• satisfy them, and instituted the ation for cultural development, modei'ni/ation drive. socialist CLilturc boosts economic advancement and ensuies its Ye Jianying. then chairman of of the goals of an correct orientation. the Standing Committee of the advanced socialist society Both were to have cqmil National People's Congress, said. is to adhere to communist ""While building a solid material priority, lest ""our society lose its foundation, we want to raise the ideals, morals and disci• ideals and objectives" in the educational, scientific, cultural pline and reject feudal and pursuit of material gains. Hu stressed that socialist cultLU'c and health levels of the whole bourgeois influences nation, fostei' lofiy re\y and ideokigy permeated and ideals and morals, develop a rich through constant criticism promoted each other. The two and many-sided cultm'al life and and improved laws and things, he said, constituted a thus build an advanced socialist major aspect of the superiority of cultui-e and ideology." He also regulations. socialism. stated that such a culture was a He said: "'To build a socialist necessary condition for the culture and ideology is a task for realization of China's the whole Party and the common moderni/alion. task of people in all fields of strengthen the study of Marxist endeavour. (I) Ideological educ• The same goals were reiterated theories. Chinese and world ation in the Party is the main pillar by senior leader Deng Xiaoping in history and current affairs, and of of the building of culture and December 1980. He eninnerated a social and natural sciences. ideology in the whole society, and major goal of an advanced Improving ideological and polit• • Party members should, first of all. socialist society as close adherence ical work; resisting the inroads play an exemplary role ideologi• to commimist ideals, morals and o\' bourgeois ideas and the cally and morally. (2) Ideological

NO\TMBr.R 10. |4S(, ARTICLES

and political workers and workers would suffer, and repercussions In January this year, in a in culture, science and might go even beyond that. move to develop socialist education — all shoulder especi• "However small and weak our spirit, the Party Central ally heavy responsibilities in Party was in the past, and Committee held a meeting building a socialist culture and whatever difficulties it faced, we of cadres from central Party and ideology. It is necessary to always maintained great fighting government organizations and organize a mighty co'ntingent of spirit thanks to our' faith in called upon Party, government militant ideological workers able Marxism and communism. With a and army organizations to set an to persuade and act as a magnet common ideal we have strict example to the nation. for others. (3) In formulating and discipline. That was, is and always On that occasion Hu Yaobang implementing policies in their will be our real strength," said invoked the spirit of the ""Foolish work, leading cadres in the Deng. Old Man" of ancient legend, who economic field should concern set about moving mountains, as themselves not only with produc• He stressed the need to oppose the motivating power with which tion but also with the building of a bourgeois liberalism which he ""we will certainly be able to socialist culture and ideology. defined as advocating taking the develop consistently." (4) Every working person should capitalist road. After the meeting the Party contribute his or her share to the At the Sixth Plenary Session of organizations and the com• building of socialist culture and the Central Commission for missions for discipline inspection ideology." Discipline Inspection held im• turned to improving the Party's In September 1985 at the mediately after the conference, style of work. Cases of major National Party Conference, Deng , first secretary of the misconduct were dealt with. Xiaoping noted that as production commission, warned against the General social conduct improved. had increased, pernicious capita• detrimental capitalist philosophy The latest resolution is the result list and feudal influences, some of which says that unless a man looks of the development in the Party's which had been extinct since out for himself, heaven and earth thinking on socialist culture and liberation, had reappeared. He will destroy him. and the slavish ideology, and is expected to exert a made it clear that unless ideology thinking which ignores national far-reaching infiuence on China's progresses, material progress and personal dignity. development. •

(Continued from p. 16) World War II is the history of the step to advance their own struggle of the USA and the USSR development. This has become a for control of third countries and law of development. Regional Conflicts of the latter's struggle against their Therefore, he is looking for some control of their sovereignty and Regional co-operation is also compromise with the Soviet fundamental interests. Now third growing. The Association of Union. Reagan links the scUlc- world countries no longer tend to Southeast Asian Nations, the ment of regional issues with arms ally themselves with one or other South Asian Association for control negotiations. Gorbachev of the superpowers. The non- Regional Co-operation and other launched a '"war of proposals" aligned movement has become a regional organizations are now v\ith his speech at Vladivostock force to be reckoned with. In the making efforts to overcome their (Haishenwai) on July 28. Events United Nations and other intern• differences, strengthen South- have shown that it is not ational arenas the developing South co-operation, promote impossible that limited agreement countries have made outstanding North-South dialogue and call for on arms control and even on the achievements in safeguarding the establishment of a new question of Afghanistan could be their own rights and interests and international economic order. The reached after several summit in co-operating to uphold justice. ASEAN and Gulf states now meetings. Moreover, countries that have lies support each other in defence. The As more and more third world with the United States are now nations of the South Pacific are ct)untries follow independent developing relations with the endeavouring to set up a nuclear policies and act against hegemon- Soviet Union and those countries free zone. The movement of the ism, the road for peace and that favour the Soviet Union have people of the world, including the development will grow wider and begun to improve relations with American and Soviet peoples wider. US and Soviet influence the United States. In this way they against war and nuclear weapons, and control in other parts of the can make use of the contradictions and for peace is now in the world will be further reduced. between the United States and the ascendant. The history of the 40 years since Soviet Union. They evolve step by

18 BEI.)[NG REVIEW. NO. 45 Sun Yat-sen: Initiator of Ciiina's Democracy by He Zhongxin

un Yat-sen, also known as Sun Realizing that there was no for the first time, put forward his SZhongshan, was born into a hope of peaceful reform in China, three principles of nationalism, peasant family in 1866 in Cuiheng Sun Yat-sen turned to revolution. democracy and people's liveli• Village, Xiangshan (now named In 1894, he founded Xing Zhong hood. Through the magazine he Zhongshan in his memory) Hui (the Society for the Revival of conducted a heated debate with County, Guangdong Province. China) in Honolulu calling for the conservatives who advocated While still a boy he was deeply expulsion of the Manchus, the constitutional monarchy. Revo• impressed by stories of the Taiping revival of China, and establish• lution and royalism were poles Heavenly Kingdom (1851-64) and ment of a popular government. apart he claimed; this was just as Hong Xiuquan, hero of the The next year the Hong Kong clear as black and white which peasant insurgent army, which Xing Zhong Hui was established. could never be mixed and east and were told by the old people in the Immediately afterwards the west whose positions could never village. When he was 13, his society gained a stronghold in be reversed. Led by Sun Yat-sen mother took him to Honolulu Guangzhou, and prepared for an the league launched a number of where he received Western armed uprising. Sun Yat-sen took revolts with the aim of overthrow• education and converted to an active part in the preparation. ing the Qing government, building Christianity. He returned to China But because the plan was leaked, a revolutionary momentum in and studied at a medical school the revolt ended in failure. southern China. run by the Guangzhou and Hong The Qing government ordered On October 10, 1911, the Kong churches. He envisioned Sun Yat-sen's arrest and sent spies Wuchang Uprising in central reforming China along Western to track him down. Sun was forced China succeeded, inspiring revo• capitalist lines. After he graduated to leave China for Japan. Later he lutionaries in many other prov• from the Medical College in Hong travelled to America and Europe inces. Sun Yat-sen, then in the Kong in 1892 he started practising to propagate his revolutionary United States, was acknowledged medicine in Macao, the first ideas and make contact with leader of the 1911 Revolution. Chinese doctor there trained in people who shared his views. The provisional government of Western medicine. During his stay in London, he the Republic of China was He continued to follow current read extensively in the British founded on New Year's Day 1912. world events and concerned Library and made a study of Sun Yat-sen was elected provi• himself with the future of China. capitalist society. He was then sional president of the first He wrote to Li Hongzhang, a kidnapped by the embassy of the bourgeois republican government high-ranking official in charge of Qing government in London and in China's history. The provi• foreign, military and economic imprisoned there. He was re• sional constitution promulgated affairs in the Qing Court, leased when a cleaner passed a by Sun Yat-sen stated: "The proposing political reforms in letter to his teacher who alert the sovereignty of the Republic of China. He argued that the public. China belongs to all people of the prosperity and strength of Eu• nation." The provisional govern• ropean countries did not lie in In 1905, Sun Yat-sen, Huang ment issued a series of decrees for their possession of powerful Xing and others organized Tong reforming politics, transforming warships and cannons but in their Meng Hui (Chinese Revolution• social traditions, and eliminating ability to make the best use of ary League) based on Xing Zhong outmoded conventions and every talent, tap the potential of Hui and a number of other customs. every piece of land, make revolutionary organizations. The The Qing government in Beijing everything serve its proper league's programme was to drive was compelled to proclaim the purpose and open markets for out the Manchus, restore China, abdication of the emperor, their goods. These, he said, were establish a republic and equalize simultaneously ending more than ihe four cardinal principles for land ownership. Sun Yat-sen was two centuries of Qing Court rule running the country. But his elected president of the league. In and two millenia of autocratic proposal was ignored by Li the introduction to Minquan feudal monarchy in China. Hongzhang, a defender of the (Democracy), a magazine pub• In February the following year, feudal monarchy. lished by the league. Sun Yat-sen, however. Sun Yat-sen was forced

NOVEMBER 10. 1986 19 November 1924. Before he travelled north Sun Yat-sen issued a declaration reiterating his call to overthrow imperialism and feudal warlords and proposing a national conference and the abolition of unequal treaties. Sun Yat-sen (middle) at the first cabinet meeting of the provisional government, January 4, 1912.

Sun Yat-sen (right) and others leaving the meeting hall of the First National Congress of the .

) Yat-sen (seated) and Soong Ching Ling (on his right) with participants at a Tokyo meeting denouncing Yuan Shikai, April 1916. f-i

NOVHMBFR 10. lysri ARTICLES

to resign when the revolutionaries Communist Party of China. In KMT representative and hoped to came to terms with the warlord Shanghai he met with Li Dazhao, establish, through the academy, a Yuan Shikai who usurped what one of the founders of the Chinese revolutionary army distinct from the 1911 Revolution achieved and Communist Party, and , the old landlords" army. became the provisional president. an old member of Tong Meng As China sank deeper under the Not wanting to interfere in affairs Hui, who joined the Communist exploitation and oppression of of government, Sun Yat-sen took Party. Their talks filled Sun Yat- imperialist powers and disin• the post of minister of railways. sen with hope and strengthened tegrated as the warlords pursued Yuan Shikai forced the parlia• his confidence. He came to see that their warfare. Sun Yat-sen ment to elect him the formal unless the future revolution took determined to use force to president, and quickly dissolved it. the Russian course as its example overthrow the northern warlords. Sun Yat-sen initiated a struggle it was bound to fail. He also met In September 1924, he led an against Yuan but failed. After that Soviet representative Joffe, and advance party of his army to he fled to Japan, hoping to restart with him put together a joint Shaoguan, Guangdong Province, the revolution. declaration on the Chinese from where he set out on the In 1915 Sun Yat-sen married revolution. northern expedifion. He stated Soong Ching Ling in Japan and Soon afterwards Sun Yat-sen that the aim of the expedition was the couple saw each other through drew up the policies of alliance not only to overthrow the thick and thin. with Russia, co-operation with the northern warlords but also the Dismissing the provisional Communist Party and assistance imperialist powers on which the constitution Yuan Shikai soon put to the peasants and workers. warlords depended. on the imperial robe and declared The Kuomintang, reformed and The CPC-KMT co-operadon himself emperor. Sun Yat-sen led by Sun, held its first national propelled the revolution forward issued a declaration denouncing congress in 1924 and allowed and promoted the worker-peasant Yuan, which was echoed by anti- members of the Communist Party movement. Yuan struggles in many provinces to join it. This was the first phase In October 1924, a coup d'etat in China. Yuan fell from power 83 of co-operation between the was staged inside the northern days after he put himself on the Chinese Communist Party and the warlord government. Feng Yu- throne; his successor was another Kuomintang and gave new life to xiang, leader of the coup, invited feudal warlord backed by the revolution. The manifesto of Sun Yat-sen to Beijing. For the imperialism. the congress gave a new interpre• sake of peaceful unification of the Sun Yat-sen went to Guang• tation of the Three People's nation and propagating revo• zhou in 1917 to take the post of the Principles advanced by Sun Yat- lutionary propositions. Sun Yat- commander in chief of the sen in 1905. Here, nationalism was sen and Soong Ching Ling Constitution Protecting Military explained as achieving full equali• travelled north. Government, but without a single ty for all nationalities within Sun Yat-sen proposed holding a soldier or any arms he was China and opposition to imperial• national conference with the elbowed out by the warlords and ism; democracy as allowing all purpose of overthrowing the was forced to resign again. common people to have democ• warlords and imperialism, believ• In 1921, Sun Yat-sen took office racy and not just the privileged ing that to be the only way China as the extraordinary president of few; and people's livelihood as could achieve unification and the Republic of China in equalizing land ownership and peace. Guangzhou, but was soon be• regulating capital. The three Already in poor health. Sun trayed by Chen Jiongming, who principles, then known as the New Yat-sen's condition worsened in had reached the position of Three People's Principles, was the Beijing and he died on March 12, commander of the land force of political foundadon for the co• 1925. On his deathbed he still the government of the Republic of operation between the two parties. repeated these words: "Peace, China through Sun's support. Upon the death of Lenin, Sun struggle on, save China." This was a time of tremendous Yat-sen wrote an elegy, calling In a testament he wrote before change in the world. The October Lenin the friend of the nation and he died he said: "For 40 years I Revolution in Russia had suc• teacher of the people. have dedicated myself to the ceeded in 1917. In 1919 the May To establish a military force for national revolution. To ensure the 4th Movement started in Beijing, revolution. Sun Yat-sen founded liberty and equality for China, we facilitating the Chinese working the Huangpu Military Academy must awaken our own people and class' ascension to China's with the help of the Chinese ally ourselves with peoples of the political arena. Two years later, in Commimist Party and Soviet world who treat us as equals." 1921, the Chinese Communist advisers. He himself headed the His coffin was first kept in Party was born. academy, with Chiang Kaishek as Beijing and in 1929 u was Sun Yat-sen came to know the president and Liao Zhongkai moved to Nanjing. •

BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 45 ANYANG Contract System Benefits Workers and Enterprises China has taken some new steps in reforming its labour system this year. This follows a three-year experiment in selected industrial cities. Anyang is one of the cities, and the experiment there has wrought many changes. by Our Correspondent Wu Naitao

nyang is a medium-sized city in agreed. Tang came back to rate of the contract workers in the A northern Province, its Anyang, took a factory's exam city is 99 percent, 5 percent higher population numbers 530,000. One and signed a five-year contract' than that of the permanent of the 16 pilot cities in the country, with the factory. "If I were a workers, Anyang introduced the contract permanent worker, I would not labour system at the end of 1982 to have been able to change my job so Professional Training break the old "iron rice bowl." quickly," he said. Through this system, 11,000 new The Yubei Textile Mill has since • One of the most important workers have by now been 1983 recruited more than 800 features of the new labour system employed by more than 300 state- owned enterprises. They form 6.1 percent of the city's industrial workers and 3.7 percent of its total employed workforce.

Application Open to All In December 1983, the Anyang Electron Tube Factory wanted to build a new production line and needed 200 new workers. The factory advertised the positions and used examinations to select 230 from the 1,500 applicants. The new workers had to attend a six- month training course before signing seven-year contracts and beginning work. Workers and employers are happy with this. In the past the workers were assigned to their Contract workers at Anyang Rubber Factory sit for promotion exafns. jobs by the labour department and had no choice in the matter. Neither did the enterprises. The contract workers. The contracts is training. Anyang has run 350 workers had to stay with the stipulated a three-month prob• professional training classes, each factory and do the same job ation period. Forty-four people three to six months long, and regardless. Recruitment through have not continued beyond that trained 20,000 people. More than advertising and exam helps period. The rest are working hard 90 percent of these trainees were worker mobility and the elimin• and their attendance rate is high.' employed by state enterprises and ation of nepotism. As a result, the enterprise's collectively or privately run Tang Binghua, 23, thought he performance has improved. In businesses. This is a great wanted to be a sailor and signed a comparison with the same period improvement over past practice contract with the Guangzhou in 1983, the mill's total output when permanent workers were Ocean Transport Company in value in the first half of this year usually apprenticed for several 1983. A year later he had changed was 21.9 percent higher and years after being assigned jobs. his mind. He asked for his contract productivity increased by 20.3 to be terminated. The company percent. The average attendance Anyang's labour department

NOVEMBER 10. 1986 :3 ARTICLES

has cslablished an employment than their permanent colleague^ one complained, on the contrarv. training centre. This conducts in the Anyang Electron Tube 1 encoui-aged the permancni training courses for all comers Factory, 84 percent of the contract uorkeis [o work hard." who will pay. The centre has 12 workers with three years' expe• The difference in welfare classrooms and trains 1.200 rience have been promoted to the betv\een contract wtukers and people a year. third grade after an exam. But it permanent staff is that contract The city has introduced the takes al least five vears. and a workers' children cannot enjo> following employment training maximum of 13 years, for a half-price medical treatment. practices: permanent worker to achieve the Since most contract v\orkers are Skilled workers have to take same grade. very voung and most of them have courses at professional schools According to the .Anyang not married yet. tiiat has not been and work under probation before government regulations, the new a serious problem yet. taking up their posts. contract workers are paid as first- — Workers are trained accord• grade workers for the first year, Cracked "Iron Rice Bowl" ing to the needs of the enterprises. and second grade the next year. In Before signing contracts with their the third year they are assessed In the past, eating from the employers, workers must be and may be promoted and paid in "iron rice howl" the workers recruited by examination and accordance with their technical seemed safe. They had fixed must attend their factory's skills. If they reach the level incomes, whether thev did their training classes for at least three required for a third-gracie worker job well or not. and did not worry months. or above, their skills must be abotit employment. Some people — At the beginning of every assessed every three years. They took advantage of this and were year, the employment training can be promoted to the equivalent slack in their work, and the factory centre asks for a letter of needs of fifth grade. Permanent workers leader was hclpicss. The new from every factory in the city and by tradition have to wait a long labour system empowers factory designs its courses according to time to be promoted. The state leaders to sack their workers if the results. At the end of the class, unified plan sets a maximum on they break labour discipline. the centre recommends workers to the number of promotions among The citv's Electron Tube the enterprises. permanent staff. r-actorv has discharged 31 out of In general the centre's training The system under which 219 contract workers, eight classes last six months and those contract workers work means they sackings were for absence without run by enterprises and govern• can get more bonuses than good reasons, stealing or causing ment imdertakings three. The permanent workers. The Anyang serious damage to machines. training fee is 10-30 yuan. No. I Rubber Factory has 341 Naturally, introducing sackings Manager Li said that the contract workers, accounting for will meet with opposition since the purpose of his centre is to train 35.6 percent of the workforce. "iron rice bowl" has been industrial workers with a skill and With their higher educational prevalent in China for at least 30 a professional attitude. The level, easy acceptance of innov• years. Chang Junlin was lazy, and enterprises have found that ation and hard work, they often worked badly despite his col• trained workers settle into their outdo their colleagues. Contract leagues" entreaties. In the process jobs quickly, helping the workers in the factory get a basic he damaged equipment. After enterprise's efficiency and produc• average monthly salary of 42 consulting the workei's' congress, tion management. For the yuan, equal to a second-grade the factory head Zhang Zhaoming workers themselves, the fees are a pei'manent worker. Bonuses may sacked Chang. Chang and his worthwhile investment as they bring that up to 90 yuan, higher relatives used their connections to learn skills in a short time and can than the average permanent prevent his sacking and put enter a job as first-grade workers worker. Zhang Limin, deputy pressure on Zhang by writing instead of working for little pay as head of the No. 3 workshop, said. letters to his superiors and apprentices. "There is a contract worker in my threatened to take Zhang to court. workshop who came to the factory Zhang stuck by his decision and Rights and Privileges several months ago. His salary is received the support of the only 36 yuan. Last Jime he factory's Party committee and produced better products more workers' congress. The episode Liu Fu. an officer at the Anyang quickly than anyone in the dragged on for six months causing labour department, said, "The workshop. For this he got 86 yuan Zliang much anxiety. contract workers enjoy the same as a bonus. In total he had an political rights as the permanent Zhang said that he persists in income of 1 50 yuan that month. 30 workers and have the same salary, instructing those who make yuan more than I, a fifth-grade welfare and labour provisions." mistakes and sacking those who worker of 17 years' standing. No In fact they are paid a little more make serious mistakes and rel'use

24 Bt-MING RI-VIF.W. NO. U) correct llicni. because the factor} is a produclion unit not a rel'c) r :1V t h ro iig li -1 a lio u r sell ool. He .Imuvvu stLuetl a\\a\m his work for 12 tlaxs. The factory heat! wanted to sack him hul ft)inid that he had had good leason. So he got a second elitmcc. Since then He lias woiked \er_\ iiard, "1 like my work ver\ nuich." He said. "After this event 1 d.ecided to work much haixier. 1 beliese the factory will renew m\ contract provided I do my Job well." His colleague. Dong Yoiigben. fared worse. Dong entered the factory together wilh He but he was discharged for taking off one month without reason. In the hist three years the basic wage packet). In addition the ilie pcinia.nent workers. Tliev all factory let 50 of the 400 conlracl enterprise adds 10 yutm a month are the masters of our enterprise." workers go before the end of the for every conlracl worker. she said. contiacls. fotir of them were It will take lime for people to Our coiaespondenl also inter• actually dismissed. understand and accept such a viewed conlracl workers in the major change. As China is not commercial and service fields. The> feel secure. Tliev' all believe Social Insurance about to abolish the life-lorig permanent work system some lliey can work there until As tilings stand, permanent people think the new contract retiremem as long as ihey do iheir workers enjoy insurance services system is unsafe in comparison job well. provided by their enterprises and with the old one. if they have the Is ihei'c a difference then receive a pension, health care and opporlunity they want to be between the conlrtici system here funeral expenses after they retire, permtmeni workers, .lia Wanniin ;ind the system in capitalist while contract workers receive was a young filler who was countries'.' Li Zuvvei. mayor of social insurance. Eventutilly social satisfied with his vvoik. After his .Anyang, said. "Our purpose is lo insmance will completely replace father retired though, he took up avoiti ihe slioi'tcomings of the old enterprise-based welfare services. his father's less skilled work as a svstem and encourage a reason• The contract workers in An• warehouse keeper. (Children t;i- able How of labour. Conlract yang have the following social king up their parents" work after workers enjoy llie same political insurance serv ices: they rclired used to be a privilege and economic rights as permaneiil Once employed, they are permtmcnl workers h;id.) "'I workers, (aider this new syslem. guaranieed injuiy and sick pay certainly wouldii'i be a warehouse the public ow nership of the metms and funeral expenses by the keeper if it weren't a permanent of production, equality among factory they work with according Job."" he said. workers and the distribution 10 the contract signed. The eontracl workers them• system of lo each according to his -When tliev lose a job they selves arc often uneasy. Lin Anxia work rem.iin unchtmged. We receive welfare from the laboiu' became a contract worker after dismiss so-me of the conlract service companies but thai is she failed ihe college enlrance workers in order lo punish a few decreased gradually in order to examination. At the beginning she bad ones and protect and encourage them to find a new job. fell inferior to the permanent encourage the majority. But we After retirement they will workers ;ind was afraid she would coniinue to educate and punish receive a pension from the labour be looked down on. Three yetirs only a few. insurance comptmy based on their later she was no longer wxuried "Of course, the new syslem still past insurance contributions. and was elected head of her needs perfeclicMi. Related laws and Twelve percent of tin average production group bectiuse of her regulations arc needed so lliat conlracl worker's salary goes to excellent work. Now a third-grade workers and enterprises have the labour and service companies worker she has a iiionlhly income something to go by. thus as uiiemploymeni insurance (2 of 100 yutin. "T find no difference eliminating aiiv' worries thev' mav percent acUuilly comes out of the between the contrtict workers and htive."" the mayoi' concluded. •

NOVRMBHR 1(1. 19X6 ARTICLES

The Tujia People: A New Image

By Our Correspondent Lu Yun

he Tujia people have a long these, the Tujia makes up 32.3 impression that many changes Thistory, but somehow it was not percent and Miao 5.3 percent. have already taken place, despite recognized as one of China's General Secretary Hu Yaobang the still obvious poverty. national minorities until nation• and Premier Zhao Ziyang have ality identification after 1949. On both inspected Exi. They brought December 1, 1983 the Exi Tujia. important news for the economic Miao Autonomous Prefecture was development of the area. Hu even Agro-Technology Pays Off founded in southwest Hubei proposed to "build Exi into the Province (see sketch map). It most advanced autonomous pre• Exi is a mountainous area with borders on other Tujia commun• fecture." Exi has rich natural 72 percent of it over 800 metres ities in west and east resources, but for historical above sea level. For over 30 years Sichuan provinces. reasons, it is relatively very the area has been short of food. The 23,900-square-kilometre backward. With the founding of And because of very bad transport prefecture administrates two cities the prefecture which brings with it conditions, it is almost impossible and six counties with a total many privileges and economic to bring food in from the outside. population of 3.37 million. reforms, the prefecture's develop• Therefore it has been the National minorities number 27 ment has speeded up. Wherever prefecture's priority to raise the and amount to 39.32 percent. Of one goes, he always gets the grain yield.

26 BEIJING REVIEW. NO. 45 of pesticides, especially on rice crops. The total grain yield last year was 1,268 million kg, three times as much as that of 1949. There are many possible avenues for economic develop• ment in Exi, such as forestry, animal husbandry, medicinal herb growing and other local specialities. The prefecture has decided to take advantage of these and to develop a "diversified economy with emphasis on forestry." The fact that Exi's people, having ensured a food supply, have shifted their priority in economic development to making use of the mountains is undoubtedly proof of progress.

Exi could be important to the forest industry. It has a plantable area of 1.45 million hectares. Since 1984 some 1.07 million hectares of forest, about 72 percent of the area available, have been distributed to individual families to look after. Ownership is gained by planting and tending the trees, and can be inherited or sold. The collectively owned forests, on the other hand, have been reduced to only 200,000 hectares. This has accelerated the development of forestry. In the last couple of years over 130,000 hectares of trees and U860 hectares of seedlings have been planted. This spring over 390,000 hectares have been afforested, 86.6 lacquering. percent privately owned. With scientific guidance, the city of Lichuan has succeeded in Tian Hengcai, past director of and by now it has been used over developing the Fubao Mountains the Agricultural Bureau, told me 250,000 hectares, about 60 percent by using all resources and tha; for a long time, local corn of the total cultivated area. The recycling what they can. The crops had suffered because it was yield per hectare has increased mountains cover about 7,000 not warm enough. The prefecture from 2,200 kg to 3,700 kg, and hectares and come as high as 1,700 decided to experiment with the this has basically solved the metres above sea level. More than high altitude plastic covering problem of food supply in the two thousand people live here, technique in 1982. Experience area. about 79 percent are Tujia. They proved that the new technique Tian also told me that two other have planted a forest at 1,450 could raise the temperature, measures have been adopted in metres and above and built a herb improve soil content by ac• order to increase production. The farm below. In the forest clearings cumulating nutrients, and eventu• first is to grow hybrid rice and they raise cattle and sheep, and in ally increase the yield. It was hybrid corn. About 60 percent of the valleys they have built ten popularized in 1984. Funding the rice and 80 percent of the corn reservoirs with a total water came from government subsidy, are grown this way. The second capacity of 1,600 cubic metres. bank loans and private resources. measure is the comprehensive use Seven power stations with a total NOVEMBER 10. 1986 27 ARTICLES generating capacity of 2,952 kw Workers at the reservoirs have there are as many as 470,000 have been built on the reservoirs. planted trees over 80 hectares of hectares of land suitable for The water from the power stations mountain slopes. Beneath, they growing feed grass. There is is used to irrigate over 2,000 have planted huanglian and other optimism about the potential for hectares of farmland nearby. herbs in 15 hectares. Last year they development along these lines The major plant crops are trees made a profit of 300,000 yuan, throughout southern China. and herbs, but land shortage is a averaging over 10,000 each. The problem. With the help of Xu 1,750 herb farm workers also Jintang, associate researcher at the made about 1,000 yuan last year. Co-operative Industry Institute of Medicine of the China • The city of Enshi established a Medical Science Academy, the 9,200-hectare pasture at Dashand- Exi does not have much Fubao herb farm started to plant ing in 1983. It now supports more decently equipped industry, small huanglian (rhizomes of Chinese than 1,000 heads of cattle, 3,000 factories predominate. Yet it has goldthread) between rows of trees sheep and 5,000 geese. The dairy many local products like raw in the 1970s. They now have a factory produces milk powder lacquer, tung oil, tobacco, tea, huanglian plantation of 100 from four tons of milk a day. oranges, yangtao (actinidia chin- hectares and feed grass grown in Pasture and dairy farming on the ensis) and herbs. It is also rich in the same way. They also have 73 high mountains have been success• natural resources, iron, phos• hectares of tea and 700 head of ful so far. There is a great potential phorus, coal, natural gas, to name cattle and horses. for animal farming in Exi, where but a few. It has rich water resources and a great potential for tourism. In the past few years Exi Plastic covering is now common in Exi. has been engaged in establishing economic and scientific relations with several bigger cities to develop Exi's rich natural resources. So far Exi's cities and counties have set up co-operative relations with 159 institutions in nine different areas! They have es• tablished similar relations with businesses in the US, Japan, Indonesia, Hong Kong and Macao. More than 160 letters of intent and 70 contracts have been signed. Fifty-one projects have gone into operation and 218 scientific personnel from other areas are working in Exi. Some of the projects involve relocating high energy consumers from the old industrial cities to places of raw materials. Calcium carbide and crystal silicon, for example, have begun production by com• bining local anthracits, limestone, silica and electricity with equip• ment and fund from Badong and Jianshi cities. Other projects process local agricultural pro• ducts. The South China Potato Research Centre bought a potato chips production line from the US and installed it in Enshi. It turns out 500 tons of chips each year. Laifeng County has introduced technology from Jiading County in suburban Shanghai for its

28 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 45 fertilizer production. As a result Promoting New Life Habits and stands have been set up. Many the cost has fallen from 184 yuan people even come in from outside to 148 per ton. The Shadaogou the prefecture to start their Confectionery in Xuanen lost Enshi is the capital of the business here. Generally speaking, money consistently for three years autonomous prefecture, and has a they have offered good services. until last year when, with the help population of 70,000. The Shengli Wen Falin and his wife, a shoe of Food Industry Tech• Street is the downtown area. Over making family by tradition, have nology Development Corp., it 4,000 people live here. But it used opened a store selling leather started to produce Yangtao to be notorious for being dirty and shoes on the street. Wen is very products and baked food. Its unsafe, littered with rubbish and sympathetic with people who have products sell very well as far away puddles; gambling, theft and irregular feet. He shapes and as the province's capital city violence were rife. In just one year reshapes their shoes until they fit. Wuhan, and it has started to make 34 people were arrested for violent In the past few years he has made a profit. crimes. such shoes for more than 140 So in the latter half of 1984, the customers from outside the With the help of six technicians street's people set up a neighbour• province, and in return he has from the Dongwu Silk Mill, a well- hood committee. By way of received numerous letters of equipped and technically powerful lectures, wall newspapers and thanks. Last year he was factory in Jiangsu Province, the broadcasts, the committee mem• honoured with the title "most Laifeng Silk Mill has improved its bers have done a lot to change the courteous pedlar." management and the quality of its tarnished reputation. They have Shengli Street has been trans• products. They are very popular in fixed the sewage system and the formed into a clean, civilized and the surrounding 38 counties and deserted drinking water wells, and prosperous commercial street. cities, and its silk sheets are have also formulated rules against Some 174 of 197 unemployed probably the best known in the gambhng, theft, pornography, young people are now either area. violence, and dumping rubbish working in factories or running Xianfeng County's claim to outside designated areas. "In the small restaurants, repair shops fame has been the old palace past we never felt comfortable and hotels of their own here. compound of Tangya , the coming home," the neighbours all Together with business people tribal leader of the Tujia. It say. "But now we feel relaxed from other places, they all includes marble figures (built in living here." contribute to a prosperous and 1611), the Sicheng Archway (built There used to be only a few pleasant atmosphere in the in 1623), and Tusi's tomb. The stores here. Recently many shops market. • "No. 1 metasequoia in the world,'' a living deciduous coniferous tree of the pine family, is one of the few plants in China which has survived the quaternary Glacial Age. Exi also abounds incaves. The 22-kilometre-deep Tenglong Cave was discovered only last year and Badong is the biggest of its kind in the Jianshi world. It has numerous branch Enshi caves, but the main cave is divided Lichuan into ten big halls, each covering 80,000 square metres and 110 metres high. In it, stalagmites and stalactites of various shapes and colours present a beautiful yel Xianfeng mysterious picture. The cayes play host to many bats and in the waters there is a kind of rare, transparent fish. Engineers believe Exi Tujia, that Tenglong cave is actually a Miao Autonomous series of caves on different levels, Prefecture representing different periods and preserving their various geological characteristics. Therefore it is very important for scientific research.

NOVEMBER 10. 1986 29 BUSINESS/TRADE

airguard fighter equipped with seven kinds of electronic devices, Asian Defence Show in Beijing and the A5-M aircraft handled by the China National Aero Tech• nology Import and Export Corp. he Asian Defence Technology port and Export Corp., China have aroused the interest of TExposition (Asiandex'86) is National Nuclear Energy Industry foreign businessmen. being held between November 4 Corp., China Precision Machine The Chinese Hall shows China and 11 at the China International Import and Export Corp., China is not only developing its economy Exhibition Centre in Beijing. State Shipbuilding Corp. and swiftly but is also catching up with China North Industries Corp. Participating in the exposition the world's advanced defence are 158 companies from China, On display is the C-IOl technology. the United States, France, Britain, supersonic and low attitude The exposition is organized by Italy, the Federal Republic of missile designed and produced in the Commedia Associates Ltd. of Germany, Switzerland, Canada, China and handled by the China Hong Kong and supported by the Brazil, Austria, Spain. National Precision Machine Im• China Xinshidai Corp., the Australia and Hong Kong. A port and Export Corp. The missile Beijing Society for International total of 1,200 varieties of arms are is designed to get through, evading Strategy, and the China Council on display, including planes, the enemy's defences. The SST- for the Promotion of International warships, tanks, armoured cars, 600 missile, a surface-to-surface Trade. _ rifles and guns as well as radar, tactical ballistic missile handled by electronic and navigation equip• the same corporation, is powered ment. About 500 of them ''are by solid fuel and its maximum physically there on display. range is 600 kilometres. It is New Accords Avoid transported on a multi-function Double Taxation According to A-Lan Sze, mobile launching vehicle and can Project Director of Asiandex'86, be used against fixed or slowly all the exhibits are of the most moving targets such as concen• o encourage foreign investment advanced type in the world. trated troops, tanks, communic• Tin China and protect foreign To show its increasing capacity ation centres, air defence sites, investors' profits, the Chinese to produce arms, China is command posts, ammunition government has signed agree• displaying a large range of depots, aircraft at airfields and ments on avoiding double tax• equipment provided by the China missile launching sites. The ation and tax evasion with Japan, National Aero Technology Im- medium-range bomber, the F7-M the United States, Britain, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, A Chinese missile on display. CHEN ZONGLIE Belgium, Singapore, Malaysia, Canada, Finland, Denmark, Nor• way, Sweden and New Zealand. Negotiations on the issue began in 1981. The agreements signed with Japan, Britain, France, the Federal Republic of Germany and Singapore have come into effect. That with Malaysia will be effective from January 1987 and the others will follow. China has also initialled agreements in the same vein with Thailand, Romania and Italy. Talks with Yugoslavia, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Austria, Australia and Czechoslovakia are under way. The agreements signed include tax exemptions to avoid double taxation. The governments of France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Belgium, Norway and Sweden agree not to levy income

30 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 45 taxes on their citizens (including policies well. I chose Shanghai for fruit trees, geothermal and tourist businesses accorded legal person its comparatively developed in• resources. It contains 13 Ming status) who have already paid dustry and trade, its excellent emperors' tombs built in the 15th taxes in China. technical and manpower re• century, the Juyong Pass, one of Another provision is to deduct sources, its infrastructure and its the important passes on the taxes already paid in China. transport facilities. In addition, 10,000-/; Great Wall, and the only Japan, the United States, Britain, Shanghai turns out 70 percent of road to Badaling, the Beijing Singapore, Malaysia, Denmark, China's bottled and tinned foods section of the Great Wall. With its Canada and Finland agree to and washers are in great demand. good industrial base, the county deduct from their taxes whatever Shanghai is an ideal place for my has excellent prospect for develop• their people have already paid in investment." ing co-operation with foreign China on incomes gained in Mr. Grace went on to say: Our countries. The county is now China. Some agreements also experience in running businesses talking with foreign investors stipulate that whatever income over the last 50 years makes me about building a fishing centre, an taxes China exempts should also believe that the Chinese people international sanatorium, a shoot• be deducted from the taxes levied have by tradition a fine commer• ing club, gardens and villas. on people in their countries. • cial attitude. I'm not worried According to the Provisions for about my investment in China and Encouraging Foreign Investment, do not intend to withdraw as soon the ciHinly has the right to as I've made enough profits. My approve projects with an invest• Confidence in aim is long co-operation with ment of less than US$1 million.* China. China is a huge market for by Yao Jianguo Cliinese JVIarl^et foreign investment. • News in Brief he Grace Co. of the United TStates has established the Cliangping Attracts Grace China Co. Ltd. in • The biggest radio equipment Shanghai's Minhang Develop• IVIore Foreign Funds plant in China is building a quartz ment Zone, having received its crystal production line, a huge business certificate in mid- ne of the four satellite cities technical project valued at 3.52 October. The company is the first Obeing built around Beijing, million Swiss francs. It is being solely foreign company opened in Changping county is devodng done in the context of a trade China since the promulgation of particular attention to absorbing agreement signed by China and the Provisions for Encouraging foreign capital. By the end of Romania in 1984, the first time for Foreign Investment on October 11 October the county had approved China to export such equipment to (see issue No. 43). eight projects, entailing an East European country. Now a Grace China has a total US$28,715 million in foreign large variety of new equipment investment of US$650,000 and capital and it has six more waiting have been finished and others are will produce 1,600 tons of washers approval entailing US$45.55 being processed. for bottles and tins a year. The million. • Four oil wells have been put business period is for 30 years, and The Beijing International Golf into trial operation in the Wei 10-3 the product is to be sold in China. and Amusement Park Co., a Sino- Oilfield, the first Sino-foreign In order to help the company Japanese joint venture, .has joint co-operation oilfield on the balance its foreign exchange, already opened for business. South China Sea. From August 7 China will pay for the product in Other projects are under construc• to October 15. these oil wells foreign exchange by exporting tion, such as the Jinghe Co. Ltd. produced 70,000 tons of crude oil. tinned foods. set to slaughter 40,000 head of After officially going into oper• The Grace Co. has confidence horses and cattle for export; ation, they are expected to in China. Mr. Grace, 73-year-old another is a horse and cattle produce 700,000 tons a year. chairman of the board and fattening farm, and there is also Located to the northeast of the president of the US company, the Ming Tombs museum of Beibu Gulf, the oilfield is jointly made a special trip from New imperial life in the Ming Dynasty managed by six companies from York to Shanghai to congratulate (1368-1644). These projects are China and four foreign countries the new company. Mr. Grace said: expected to be completed by the including France, Japan and I have followed and studied the eiid of 1987. Norway. Its verified oil reserves Chinese market for six years, I Changping is about 30 kilo• cover an area of 15 square know the policy of opening to the metres north of Beijing proper. It kilometres and amount to dozens outside and other economic abounds in building materials. of millions of tons.

NOVEMBER 10, 1986 31 BOOKS The Story of Bainqen Erdeni

he Story of Bainqen Erdeni (in twice led his people, both religious hostile attitude towards the T Chinese) is to be published and secular, in a war against Yellow Sect, killing its clergy and soon by the People's Publishing British invasion. The second book believers, and in fact almost House. This is a companion mainly describes the relationship extinguished it. volume to The Story of the Dalai of subordination between author• The fourth Bainqen became a Lama published in 1984. ities in Tibet and the central lama when he was 13, and was The two books are written by government. The author gives later named a Living Buddha at YaHanzhang, former director of considerable coverage to the Angkong Monastery. In 1601, he the Institute of Nationalities efforts of the 9th Bainqen Erdeni was invited to become the under the Chinese Academy of to restore Tibet's normal subordi• sixteenth triha (master in Lama• Social Sciences. • nate political position. ism) at the Trashilhunpo Monas• After the publication of The The publication of the two tery. From then on, successive Story of the Dalai Lama, Mr books will clear up much confused Bainqens were all given the title of Xakabba Wangqug Dobdain, a thinking about Tibet's history . triha of the monastery. former local Tibetan government Beijing Review in issue No. 38, The third Dalai died in Inner official, who now lives abroad, 1984, carried a review of The Story Mongolia. The "reincarnation" of wrote some articles in 1985 against of the Dalai Lama. We now give the Dalai, discovered in Mon• Ya's book, again arousing con• the main points of The Story of the golia, was invited to Lhasa to be troversy about the history of Bainqen Erdeni, with the stress on the fourth Dalai in 1602. He Tibet. the fourth, sixth and ninth became a disciple of the fourth The publication of The Story of Bainqens. Bainqen, therefore forming a master-disciple relation between Bainqen Erdeni is not unconnected The first Bainqen (1385-1438) Bainqens and Dalais. with that controversy. was a disciple of Tsong Kha-pa, In The Story of the Dalai Lama, the founder of the Yellow Sect of Shortly after the fourth Dalai Ya argues that the relationship Lamaism. The second Bainqen died at the age of 28 in 1616, the between the local Tibetan author• (1439-1504) was a Living Buddha Buddhist doctrine of reincarn• ities and the central government of of the Angkong Monastery, and ation, or rebirth, was banned by China was both a political one oi the third Bainqen (1505-1566) was the Tsangba Khan, head of the subordination, and also a religious also a Living Buddha. The three Karma political power. However, one between "the benefactor and generations of Bainqens were all the fourth Bainqen took the the Lama." Mr. Xakabba Wang• very infiuential in religious opportunity to give medical qug Dobdain on the other hand matters, but they had no real treatment to the Tsangba Khan in takes the view that the relationship political power. Local Tibetan order to persuade him to revoke was only one between benefactor political power was then in the his ban. As a result, the and Lama. He denies the existence hands of the leader of the White reincarnation of the fifth Dalai of a political relationship of Sect, who was given the title of was not identified until 1623. He subordination. This is at the centre King Chanhua by the central later too became a disciple of the of the continuing controversy. government of the Ming Dynasty fourth Bainqen. Ya's two books marshal a (1368-1644), and who took a battery of historical facts to show positive atfitude towards the The fourth Bainqen made two that Tibetan history is an Yellow Sect of Lamaism. contribudons. First he united as inseparable part of the history of many clergy as he could to fight China. Ever since the Yuan During the period of the fourth against Tsangba Khan's perse• Dynasty (1271-1368), local Bainqen (1570-1662), China went cution of the Yellow Sect. Tibetan authorities have officially through a dramatic change Together with the fifth Dalai, he had a relationship of subordin• marked by the collapse of the sent a secret envoy to Xinjiang to ation to Chinese central Ming Dynasty and the establish• ask Gushri Khan, leader of governments. ment of the (1644- Mongolian tribe, to send troops What's the difference between 1911). A major political into Tibet to protect the Yellow The Story of the Dalai Lama and change also took place in Sect. In 1642, Tsangba Khan's The Story of Bainqen ErdenP. The Tibet — Tibetan political power troops were defeated, and first book deals with the Tibetan was usurped by Tsangba Khan, Tsangba Khan himself killed. people's patriotic anti-imperialist the head of the Karma Sect. Gushri Khan devoted all taxes struggle in modern history. For Though the Karma Sect was a levied in Tibet to the "support" of example, the 13th Dalai Lama branch of the White Sect, it took a the Dalai Lama, and gave some

32 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 45 manor houses to the Trashilhunpo birthday of Emperor Qianlong. in fighdng the Monastery. After that, the Yellow His audience with Emperor British, but were eventually Sect became the local Tibetan Qianlong was of great importance defeated. authority. in maintaining a stable political The British occupation of Secondly the fourth Bainqen, situation in Tibet as well as in Lhasa compelled the thirteenth together with the fifth Dalai Lama Mongolia and Xinjiang. The sixth Dalai Lama to move to the and Gushri Khan, sent envoys to Bainqen was given a red-carpet interior. However, he was dismis• Shengjing (today's Shenyang in reception in Chengde. A monas• sed as Dalai Lama because the northeast China) to establish tery similar to Trashilhunpo central Qing government believed relations between Tibet and the Monastery was especially built for a false accusation made against new Qing government. Tibet the Bainqen and his party. After him by the Qing commissioner in remained part of the Chinese the celebration, the sixth Bainqen, Tibet, You Tai. The Dalai Lama empire by reaffirming its sub• accompanied by the emperor's had no choice but to take refuge in ordination to the central sixth son, went to Beijing to stay at Mongolia. You Tai then proposed authorities. the East Yellow Monastery, where that the ninth Bainqen replace In 1720, the fifth Bainqen (1663- the fifth Dalai Lama had lived. him. However, the Bainqen 1737) was given the title of Here the sixth Bainqen contrac• rejected this idea. "Bainqen Erdeni" by Fmperor ted smallpox and died. Emperor The British at this time tried to Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty for Qianlong built the West Yellow force the Bainqen to meet the helping Qing troops force the Monastery in Beijing in his British crown prince in India, in Dzungars out of Tibet. memory. A Buddhist shrine in the the hope of drawing the Bainqen In 1728, Emperor Yongzheng monastery still survives. to the British side. In the face of of the Qing Dynasty took two The seventh Bainqen (1782- this political pressure, however, political measures to manage 1853) had a frustrating life. The the ninth Bainqen stuck to his Tibet: (1) He sent a resident Gurkhas launched two incursions position of preserving the unity of commissioner to Tibet; (2) the into Tibet. China and rebuffed the British. Bainqen was granted the right to In their second invasion in 1791, In 1906, the Qing government administer some areas in the rear they occupied the rear of summoned the thirteenth Dalai of Tibet, putting him on an equal Tibet, plundering the Trashilhun• Lama to court in Beijing, where footing with the kasha (the po Monastery. The nine-year-old the Qing emperor restored the title Tibetan local government under seventh Bainqen averted disaster of "Dalai Lama" to him, and the Dalai). Both the Bainqen and only by moving to Lhasa, allowed him to return to Tibet. the kasha were subordinate to the arranged by the Qing resident After his return to Lhasa in 1909, leadership of the Qing central commissioner in Tibet. the thirteenth Dalai Lama soon government. Both had to submit In order to drive the Gurkhas fell out with Lian Yu, then the via the Qing commissioner in out of Tibet, Emperor Qianlong Qing commissioner in Tibet. Their Tibet major decisions to the Qing dispatched 20,000 troops to Tibet. relations deteriorated to the point emperor for approval. The King of the Gurkhas was where Lian Yu dispatched 2,000 The sixth Bainqen (1738-1780) forced to surrender and vowed Sichuan troops to Tibet, where lived at the height of Qing power. that he would never invade Tibet they went on the rampage, killing After their invasion of India, the again. After that the seventh civilians, and even firing at the British imperialists began casting Bainqen devoted the rest of his hfe Potala Palace where the Dalai greedy glances towards Tibetan to restoring the Trashilhunpo Lama lived. territory. In 1774, the British Monastery. viceroy in India sent an envoy to The eighth Bainqen (1855-188.2) The thirteenth Dalai Lama left Xigaze to try to alienate Tibet died at only 27 after many years of Lhasa for Beijing via India with from the Qing government. But illness. the intention of filing charges against Lian Yu at fhe Qing the Bainqen said that Tibet was The ninth Bainqen (1883-1937) imperial court. But no sooner had an inseparable past of China, witnessed two British invasions of he arrived in India than the Qing and that the Qing emperor Tibet, both during the reign of government again dismissed him, forbade foreigners to enter Tibet. Emperor Guangxu. In the first in placing trust in Lian Yu's false The sixth Bainqen's patriotic 1888, Bridsh troops occupied accusations against him. The stand frustrated the British Longtu on the border between thirteenth Dalai had no alterna• imperialists' designs on Tibet. Tibet and India, thus opening a tive but to stay in India as he no route through the mountains to longer felt able to present himself In 1779, the sixth Bainqen made the interior of Tibet. In 1904, the before the Qing emperor. Lian Yu a long trip to Chengde, the Qing British captured Lhasa. The still wanted to put the ninth emperors' summer resort in Hebei thirteenth Dalai Lama and the Bainqen in his place, but Lian's Province, to celebrate the 70th ninth Bainqen jointly led the

NOVEMBER 10, 1986 33 attempt failed again when the three biggest monasteries in Tibet cabled the Bainqen, latter politely declined. and the Trashilhunpo Monastery thanking him and hoping that he In 1911, the Chinese bourgeois had all dispatched their represen• would "work hard with the democratic revolution led by Dr. tatives to the interior of China to patriots in Tibet for the liberation Sun Yat-sen overthrew the Qing urge the ninth Bainqen to return to of Tibet and for unity between the Dynasty, and the Dalai Lama Tibet. This caused panic among Hans and Tibetans." Unfortu• returned to Tibet to resume the British imperialists and the nately the fourteenth Dalai had control of Tibetan affairs. pro-British separationists in Tibet, not yet come to power and the After the founding of the who tried to prevent the Bainqen Tibetan government was headed Republic of China, the central from returning. The British by a pro-imperialist regent who government decided to send an ambassador to China told the refused to enter into negotiations official to Tibet, but he was Chinese government and the with the central people's prevented from taking up his post Bainqen himself that Britain did government. by pro-British separationists in not oppose his return to Tibet, but In October 1950 the PLA began Tibet. For a period of time, the that he must travel home via India. its march to Tibet and encoun• relationship between the local This suggestion was turned down tered the Tibetan army in Qamdo. Tibetan authorities and the central by the government and the ninth The regent was forced to step governent was abnormal. Bainqen. down and the fourteenth Dalai came to power. A Tibetan local At the same time, relations In the winter of 1936, the ninth government delegation headed by between the thirteenth Dalai Bainqen finally arrived in was Lama and the ninth Bainqen Province, which borders Tibet, dispatched to Beijing on April 27, worsened. The main reason for together with his party, including 1951 to conduct negotiations with this was that the thirteenth Dalai special envoys and a guard of the central people's government Lama, after the withdrawal of the honour. He was, however, unable headed by . On May 23 Qing commissioner from Tibet, to return to Tibet because of an agreement for the peaceful compelled the Bainqen to put the obstruction from the Kasha. liberation of Tibet was concluded. areas he governed under kasha The first article read: ""The jurisdiction. The Bainqeh thus lost With the outbreak of the war Tibetan people will unite to dri\ his position and inherited rights. against Japanese aggression in imperialist aggressive forces out of The kasha also required Bainqen- 1937, the national government Tibet. The Tibetan people will controUed areas to provide one had no time to solve the Tibetan return to the big family of the quarter of the provisions for the question. The Bainqen then fell ill motherland, the People's Republic army, imposing a heavy economic and died on December 1, 1937 in of China." This restored the burden on the people in these Yushu, Qinghai, at the age of 54. authority of the central govern• areas. ment over the Tibetan local The tenth Bainqen was born in The ninth Bainqen went to government. The fifth article read: 1938 in Xunhua County in Beijing in 1923 to discuss ways to "Bainqen Erdeni should hold Qinghai Province. He was re• restore the traditional relationship office as before." This paved the cognized by the national govern• between the Tibetan and central way for the return of the tenth ment on June 3, 1948 and was governments. But the endless civil Bainqen to Tibet. officially installed on August 10, wars prevented a solution to the 1949 in Qinghai. The ceremony Tibetan problem and the Bainqen was condiicted by Guan Jiyu. On December 19. 1951, the retired to Inner Mongolia, where chairman of the Mongolia-Tibet tenth Bainqen left Qinghai for he conducted Buddhist activities Committee of the national Lhasa escorted by the representa• for eight years. government. tives of the Northwest Military In 1931, the Nanjing govern• and Administrative Committee ment (The national capital moved Qinghai Province was liberated and arrived on April 28, 1952. He from Beijing to Nanjing) gave the by the People's Liberation Army received a warm welcome from the ninth Bainqen the title of "Grand (PLA) in September 1949. On Tibetan local government and the Protecter of the Country" in October 1, PLA stationed in Tibet. That recognition of his patriotism. In 1949, when the People's Republic evening, the tenth Bainqen and the 1934, he was appointed as a of China was founded, the tenth fourteenth Dalai met in a cordial member of the central government Bainqen cabled Chairman Mao atmosphere at the Potala Palace. and was to be escorted back to and Commander-in-Chief Zhu De On June 28, 1952, the tenth Tibet by a "special envoy" and to express his congratulations and Bainqen reached Trashilhunpo hundreds of guards of honour. hoped the PLA would liberate Monastery where he received an The year before, the thirteenth Tibet at an early date. On emotional welcome from tens of Dalai had passed away, and the November 23, Chairman Mao and thousands of people. •

34 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 4> ART PAQE

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