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Notes and References Notes and References 1 China and Britain: A Theme of National Liberation 1. G.C. Allen and Audrey G. Donnithorne, Western Enterprise in Far Eastern Economic Development: China and Japan, 1954, pp. 265-68; Cheng Yu-kwei, Foreign Trade and Industrial Development of China, 1956, p. 8. 2. Wu Chengming, Di Guo Zhu Yi Zai Jiu Zhong Guo De Tou Zi (The Investments of Imperialists in Old China), 1958, p. 41. 3. Jerome Ch'en, China and the West, p. 207. See also W. Willoughby, Foreign Rights and Interests in China, vol. 2, 1927, pp. 544-77, 595-8, 602-13. 4. Treaty of Tientsin, Art. XXXVII, in William F. Mayers, Treaties Between the Empire of China and Foreign Powers, 1906, p. 17. 5. Shang Hai Gang Shi Hua (Historical Accounts of the Shanghai Port), 1979, pp. 36-7. 6. See Zhao Shu-min, Zhong Guo Hai Guan Shi (History of China's Maritime Customs), 1982, pp. 22-46. With reference to the Chinese authorities' agreement to foreign inspectorate, see W. Willoughby, op.cit., vol. 2, pp. 769-70. 7. See S.F. Wright, China's Struggle for Tariff Autonomy, 1938; Zhao Shu-min, op. cit. pp. 27-38. 8. See Liu Kuang-chiang, Anglo-American Steamship Rivalry in China, 1862-1874, 1962; Charles Drage, Taikoo, 1970; Colin N. Crisswell, The Taipans, Hong Kong Merchant Princes, 1981. See also Historical Ac­ counts of the Shanghai Port, pp. 193-240; Archives of the China Mer­ chant's Steam Navigation Company, Maritime Transport Administration Bureau of the Ministry of Transport, Shanghai. 9. Chi-ming Hou, Foreign Interests and Economic Development in China, 1840-1937, 1965, pp. 17-18. Chinese Marxist economists subdivide 'di­ rect investment' into 'productive capital-assets' and 'landed property'; and 'loans' into 'direct borrowings' and 'Boxer Indemnity payments', arguing that no direct foreign capital investment was involved in foreigners' land speculation and Chinese payments of war indemnities. Their figures, as a result, have come out somewhat differently. See Wu Cheng­ ming, op.cit. pp. 52, 64. 10. Harold C. Hinton, China's Turbulent Quest, 1970, pp. 11, 17; E. LeFe­ vour, Western Enterprise in Late Ch'ing China, 1968, p. 49. D.K. Fieldhouse (ed.), The Theory of Capitalist Imperialism, 1967, p. 93. 11. Cheng Yu-Kwei, op.cit, pp. 48-9, 89-90; Zhang Zhongli, 'The Develop­ ment of Foreign Enterprises in Old China and Its Characteristics - The Case of the British-American Tobacco Company', in SASS Papers, 1986, pp. 132-73, at 134; Zhang Zhongli and Chen Zengnian, Sha Xun Ji Tuan Zai Jiu Zhong Guo (The Sassoon Group in Old China), 1985, pp. 56-9. 184 Notes and References 185 12. See A.K. Caimcross, Home and Foreign Investment, 1870-1913, 1953, p. 235. 13. Mao Zedong, 'On New Democracy', SW, 2:354. 14. See Robert F. Demberger, in D. Perkins (ed.) China's Modern Econ­ omy in Historical Perspective, 1975, pp. 19-35; Mark Elvin, The Pattern of The Chinese Past, 1973, p. 298; E. LeFevour, op.cit., pp. 2, 130-1. 15. R. Demberger, op.cit., 30-5; John G. Gurley, China's Economy and the Maoist Strategy, 1976, p. 98; for counter-arguments, see E. LeFevour, pp. 4, 131. See also Lan Yiqiong, lie Kai Di Guo Zhu Yi Zai Jiu Zhong Guo Tou Zi De Hei Mu (Unveil the Medusa of Imperialist Countries' Investment in Old China), 1962, pp. 34-5, 49-55; Wu Chengming, op.cit. pp. 5---{). 16. 'Treaty between the Republic of China and the United Kingdom and India for the Relinquishment of Extra-territorial Rights in China and the Regulation of Related matters' (With Exchange of Notes and Agreed Minute), signed at Chungking, 11 Jan. 1943; ratification was exchanged at Chongqing, 20 May 1943. Yin-Ching Chen, Treaties and Agreements Between the Republic of China and Other Powers 1929-1954, 1957, pp. 140-8; Wesley R. Fishel, The End of Extraterritoriality in China, 1952, pp. 210-12. 17. Aron Shai, Britain and China, 1941-47, 1984, p. 22. 18. Aide Memoire prepared for Sir William Strang, 10 Jan., CA: M & C, vol. I, no. 49/G/2; A. Shai, op.cit., p. 21. 19. E. Luard, Britain and China, 1962, p. 57. See also F0371/279, 280 and 281 for Chinese and British positions on various points during the negotiations. 20. Historical Accounts of the Shanghai Port, pp. 153-8; Aide Memoire by the British Embassy at Nanking to the Chinese government, on the question of re-opening Yangtze ports to foreign flag vessels, 12 May 1947, F7458, F0371/63275; Extract from Issue no. 131 of News Mess­ ages from Nanking, 14 March 1947, F3753, F0371/63275; a report by Commercial Joumal30 Jan. 1947, in F2454, F0371163374. The pressure was said also to have come from the Communists, see accounts of a conversation between Stevenson and Chiang, letter from R.S. Stevenson to M.E. Dening, 29 Jan. 1947, F2645, F0371163274. 21. Statement by Lord Ailwyn, House of Lords, 1947, cited in letter from G.V. Kitson to G.A. Wallinger, Nanking, 12 Feb. 1947, F1407, F0371/63274. See also Nanking to FO No. 001, 17 June 1947, F9104, F0371/63276; L.H. Lamb to FO, 9 Aug. 1947, F11937, F0371/63726. 22. Historical Accounts of the Shanghai Port, op.cit. pp. 105-7. 23. BoT to Shanghai, No. 1 Askew, 18 Nov. 1946, BT11/3390. 24. Shanghai to BoT, No. 11 Askew, 24 March 1947, ibid. 25. A.L. Scott (FO) to L.H. Lamb (Nanking), 2 Sept. 1947, BT11/3390. 26. Note of a BoT meeting, 19 Oct. 1948, BT11/4139; H.O. Hooper to A.S. Gilbert, 8 Sep. 1947, F12378/37/10, F0371/63308. 27. A. Shai, op.cit. p. 149; Allen and Donnithome, op.cit. p. 263. See also Parliament question, 8 May 1950, FC1106/106, F0371/83347. 28. J.C. Hutchison (Commercial Minister at Shanghai), 1947, BT11/3390. Information received from about 40 firms suggested that approximately 186 Notes and References £7 million would be required to replace war damage to their physical assets. Shanghai to BoT, No. 11 Askew, 24 March 1947, ibid. 29. Parliament question, 8 May 1950, FC1106/106, F0371183347; R.S. Ste­ venson to Dr Wang Shih-chieh, Nanking, 12 July, 1948, BT1113390. 30. Note by MoT, in Roland Liem to Bottomley, letter dated 14 Oct. 1947, BTll/3406. 31. The British estimates appear to be at variance with the Chinese statistics, probably owing to a difference in ways of calculation. The total amount of British capital based on Chinese figures was US$1 095 337 000 in 1941 and US$1 033 674 000 in 1948, which, at the exchange rate of $4.03, would be £271 795 780 and £256 494 790. These then broke down into four sub-figures for each year, including Enterprise Investment (US$545 859 000 and US$393 752 000 for 1941 and 1948 respectively, or £135 448 800 and £97 705 211), Real Estate (US$219 504 000 and US$321 763 000, or £54 467 494 and £79 841 936), Loans (US$314 438 000 and US$318 159 000, or £78 024 318 and £78 947 643), and Boxer Indemnity Payment (US$15 536 000, or £3 855 087, for 1941 alone). Wu Chengming, op.cit. p. 52. 32. E.G. Price (B & S) to J.C. Hutchison, 24 Dec. 1947, BT1113406; Historical Accounts of the Shanghai Port, op.cit. pp. 154-8. 33. Printed letter despatch from Shanghai to Nanking, 28 Jan. 1948, BTll/3406. These were admitted by British officials to have constituted a disguised form of encroachment upon China's navigation rights. 34. 'British Shipping Interests in the China Trade', Jan. 1949, F0371/75864. 35. Financial Times (China) 21 March 1949, Archives of the China Merchant Steam Navigation Co., File No. 502/634, Shanghai. 36. Zhao Shu-min, op.cit. p. 50. 37. Wu Chengming, op.cit. p. 59. 38. Memorandum on the position of British banks in China, encl. in Nanking to FO, 9 Jan. 1948, F1771, F0371/69617. See also Nancy B. Tucker, Patterns in the Dust, 1983, p. 117. 39. Wu Chengming, op.cit. p. 68; p. 52. 40. According to British officials, high in this roll of dishonour stood the names of the shipping and other transportation interests such as those controlled by Tu Yueh-sheng and Li Yun-liang, both being officials of the National Federation of Shipping Guilds, and having ample connec­ tions with the government. L.H. Lamb to P.W.S.Y. Scarlett (FO), 30 June 1948, BTll/3406. See also I.C. Mackenzie to BoT, 6 Oct. 1948, F15619, F0371/69619. 41. J.R. Hobhouse to Major General R.C. Money (MoT), 29 July 1948, BTll/3406; John Gittings, The World and China, 1974, pp. 123-4, 128; Lands and buildings occupied by American military forces were exempt from rent and other charges. Lan Yiqong, op.cit. pp. 73--5. 42. As John King Fairbank wrote, 'having backed the [Guomindang] government increasingly since 1937, we [the Americans] could not in the Chinese view divest ourselves of responsibility for its evils ... 'John K. Fairbank, The United States and China, 1979, p. 348. 43. Mao, 'Introducing The Communist', SW, 2:289. Notes and References 187 44. Mao, 'Chinese Revolution and Chinese Communist Party', SW, 2:313, 318-320. 45. Mao, Ibid., 309--10; 'On New Democracy', SW, 2:341. 46. Mao, 'Chinese Revolution and Chinese Communist Party', SW, 2:315, 318. This is also in line with Lenin's idea: for Lenin, as for the Chinese Communists, salvation of the nation was not merely the basis for tactical manoeuvres, but was a virtue in itself.
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