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Growth and Mortality of Little Tunny (<I>Euthynnus Alletteratus</I

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Growth and Mortality of Little Tunny (<I>Euthynnus Alletteratus</I BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE. 61(1): IS9-197. 1998 GROWTH AND MORTALITY OF LITTLE TUNNY (EUTHYNNUS ALLEITERATVS) LARVAE OFF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER PLUME AND PANAMA CITY FLORIDA Robert 1. Allman and Churchill B. Grimes ABSTRACT Larval ;md early juvenile little lunny, Eillhymlll.\· allelleralil.\', were collected from tile nonhern Gulf of Mexico (434 fish rTOIllthe Mississippi River della I'egion and 150 off Panama City. Florida) using a I X 2 111. 0.947-mITI mesh neuslOn net ami a I X I m, O,333-mm mesh Tucker trawl. Sagittae were I'emoved from 200 fish collected from the Missis il pi River delta region and 150 collected from off Pallam,. City. Florida. and examined whole ,It 8DOX m'lg- Ilificati n. Daily growth incremems were visible in the sagillae of lillie llInny (2.5-]4.0 mm SL) which ranged in age from :2 to 13 d. Growth e lim.\ted as the slope of a reg res. ion of SL on age, was mpid (].D7 mm cl-'). -ish collected off Panam:J City grew faster than those col]ected in the vicinity of the Mi sissippi River discharge plume. Instamalleous daily Illor- tality ratcs, estimated from survivorship curves were higher in the Mississippi River plume fish (0.95) llHln those from Panama City. Florida (0.72 . Previous studies have hown that phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish larvae are concentrated in the vicinity of the Mississippi River discharge plume in gen- eral, and its frontal region in particular (Govoni et aI., 1989; Grimes and Finucane, 1991; Dagg and Whitledge, 1991). The e concentration, due at least partly to physical aggregation (Govoni and Grimes 1992), create a potentially rich feeding environment for fish larvae. Grimes and Finucane (1991), therefore, hypothesized that larvae associated with the plume would consume a superior diet, grow faster and thus experience a shorter larval tage duration and have a higher survival rate than elsewhere. Larvae and early juveniles of several fish species have been shown to exhibit fa tel' growth off the Mississippi River discharge plume than in other areas of the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean (DeVries et ai., 1990; Leffler and Shaw, 1992). Growth also varies along salinity gradients associated with the plume (Lang et al., 1993; Day 1993; Grimes and DeVries, unpubi. data). However, because the factors that concentrate larval fish prey in the vicinity of the plume probably also concentrate predators fish larvae may experience higher mortality rates in the plume than elsewhere (Day, 1993' Grimes and DeVries, unpubl. data). Little tunny, Euthynn.us alletteratus, are common scombrids in tropical and ubtropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean, Meditenanean Sea, Black Sea, Carib- bean Sea and the GuLf of Mexico (Collette and Nauen, ] 983). The species has little commercial value in th United States, however it is a popular game fish and is sometimes sold commercially outside the U.S. (Mather and Day 1954). AJtbough larvae and early juveniles of many scombrids have been aged in- cluding, bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynl1us (Brother et ai., 1983), yellowfin tuna, Thu/1./ULS albacares (Lang et al., 1993), king mackerel S omberomorus cavalla and Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus macu/atus (DeVries et al., 1990), black kipjack Euthynnus lineatus (Wexler, 1993) skipjack, Katsuwonus pelamis (Ra- dkte, 1983), and Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus (Kendall and Gordon 1981), no results have been published on age and growth of wild larvae or early juvenile little tunny. The objective of this study was to provide additional evidence for evaLuating the oliginal hypothesis set forth by Grime and Finucane (1991) that larvae as- 189 ]90 BULLETIN OF MAI(INE SCIENCE, VOL. 62, NO. i, 199R sociated with the Mississippi River plume and its frontal region in particular, have higher growth and survival rates than those found elsewh re, presumably as a result of better feeding conditions. Herein we estimate age and growth of little tunny larvae and early juveniles and compare growth and mortality rates between the Mississippi River plume region and off Panama City, Florida, MATERIALS AND METHODS Liltle tunny were collected from two locations in rile nonllern Gulf of Mexico. off the Mississippi River delta and 2,0-4,0 kill off Panama City, Florida, Temperature (OC • salinity (%0) and depth (m) dat, were collected at each station witll an STD (salinity. temperature and deptll device), Little tunny were collected during both day and nigllt off tllc Mississippi River della on four cnliscs: 2-9 Seplember 1987. 27-31 May 1988, 25 Augu, I to I Seplember 1988 and I-10 Seprember 1989, Samples were collected with a I x2 m. 0.947-mlTI mcsh neuston net lOwed al tile surface at 2 kn for 10 min and a I X I m. 0.333-mm mesll Tucker trawl fished obliqucly from mid-depth to tile surface at 1.2-1.5 kn for approximately 3 min. All little tunny larvae collected from off Panama City. Florida were captured between 21 :00 and 23:00 on 12 July 1988 using the neu ton nel. Following capture all fisll were preserved in 95% erhanol for 24 h, after which the ethanol was drain d and fresh ethanol added. Tn the laboratory all fish were measured to the nearest O,l-mm standard length (SL) using a dissecting microscope (SOX magnification) and an (cular micrometer, Larvae were idemified mainly by the pigmentation on tile forebrain. lower jaw ramus and first dorsal fin (Ricllards. 1989). The largest otolith, the sagittae. was removed with fine probes under plane polarized light. Otoliths were washed with distilled water. dried, and mounted using the polymer mounting medium Flo-Texx [Reference lO trade names does not imply endorsement by the N<ltional Marine Fisheries Service. NOAA.] Polishing or rhe otoliths was not required for increment 'lI1alysis, Mounted sagiuae were examined whole at 800X magnification under polarized, transmitted light using a compound micro"copc to make increment counts, Increments were counted by the same reader twice, with several days between repeal counts, and without knowledge of prior ounts. Fisll with identical counts were included in the analysis. while those that differed were counted a third time. If there was no agreement on the third count the otolith was rejected. To determine the relationsllip between SL and otolith radius, we measured radii on sagittae of larvae from the Mississippi River delta region using an image analysis system. The radius was measured (I.l.m) opposirc the rostr;ll region. The regression of SL on otolith radius was used \0 back-calculate Icngths ar age to compare LO observed lengths <II age. We estimared growth by least sqllares linear regression of length on age, lising linear, I garithmic and exponential modelS anel present the model with the highest coefficient of determination (1-2), We lIsed multiple regression \0 evaluate the effects of temperaturc on growth then performed :1Il an.1Iy 'is of variance (ANOV A) all the rcsiduals to cOlltrol for temperature effects while testing growtJl differellces among areas. A calch or survivorship curve approach was used to estimate instantaneous daily mortality rates, We plotted the age-frequency distribution. then regressed the log., frequency on age of lhe descending limb of tile pial. We. included the most f,.equently OCCUlTing age in the. regression, reasoning that to do otherwise would bias slopes downward. Slopes of the regression, are estimates of daily instanta- neous mortality nlt s (Ricker. J 975). Neuston catches were used to estimate and compare morwlity rmes between the two siles because the neuston net was the less size selective of the two gear types and no Tucker trawl collections wcre made off of Panama City. Because, II of the fisll collccted from Pamlma City were caught at night, only night catches were used from the Mississippi River plumc for ealculming and comparing mortality rates, We did not age all fish from each sampl locali 11, unaged fish were aged using a . ample site specific growth curve, RESULTS We collected 434 fish from off the Mississippi River delta (2.5-14.0 mm SL) and 150 fish from off of Panama City, Florida (3.5-13,0 mm SL), (Fig, I), Two- hundred sagittae were removed from Mississippi River delta fish and 150 from Panama City fish and we were able to assign ages to 106 (2.5-14.0 mm SL) and 110 (3.5-13.0 rom SL) of these fish, respectively. Presumed ages ranged from 2 d for a fish 2.5 mm SL to 13 d for a 14 mm SL fish, Growth increments, as defined by Brothers et al. (1983), were visible on the sagittae of little tunny (Fig. ALLMA AND GRIMES: LAllVAL AND EARLY J V' ILE UTILE TUNNY 191 .,---~-.-- 150 r' Miss. River piu~ Neuston 120 ~ N=434 lS[15 N=BO i i 12 i igor i 9 g60 i to. l 4- 3:t. 0 0 3 9 12 15 ~L~0 3 6 9 12 15 6 40 r~'---'-'-r--~a~ama ~ i t yj Tucker trawl 5 N"'26 N~150 tr 1 4 &20 3 ~ 1 2 '-<- 10 J 1 0 , :-' ,~ 0 0 12 15 0 3 6 9 12 15 SL fmml Figure I. Length-frequency disLribution of litlle tunny (£11111.1'1//111.\' a/lellerallls) collected ff the Mis- sissippi River discharge plume (1987-89) and Panama Cit)'. Florida (1988) and mcthod of collection (neusLOnnet and Tucker trawl) from the Mississippi Rivcr Plume. 2). The otoliths appeared circular to oval in shape with a darkened primordial region' the rings were mor pronounced and visible distal to the primorctium. We ctid not directly establish that growth increments were deposited on a daily basis.
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