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Adaptasi Linguistik Pada Beberapa Bahasa Di Pegunungan Arfak, Manokwari, Papua Barat

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Adaptasi Linguistik Pada Beberapa Bahasa Di Pegunungan Arfak, Manokwari, Papua Barat MUKHAMDANAH: ADAPTASI LINGUISTIK PADA BEBERAPA BAHASA ... ADAPTASI LINGUISTIK PADA BEBERAPA BAHASA DI PEGUNUNGAN ARFAK, MANOKWARI, PAPUA BARAT (LINGUISTIC ADAPTATION IN SEVERAL LANGUAGES IN ARFAK MOUNTAINS, MANOKWARI, WEST PAPUA) Mukhamdanah Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa Jalan Daksinapati Barat IV, Rawamangun, Jakarta Ponsel: 081361414989, Pos-el: [email protected] Tanggal naskah masuk: 25 Februari 2015 Tanggal revisi terakhir: 30 April 2015 Abstract THE influence from one language to another can be seen through the borrowings from another language. It is the feature of language universality. The emergence of new vocabulary reflects the language openness to influence from another language and the language of the receiver will develop. Such influence occurred in four languages of Arfak mountains in Manokwari. Linguistic adaptation occurred due to language contact amongst the speakers within the area. The language of Biak, Mansinam, Hatam, and Mansim Borai were the subject to study. Lexicostatistic method upon two hundred vocabularies of each language was used to determine the relationship among those languages. Sound changes upon the sets of cognate words or sets of words assumed to derive from the same source show the occurrence of linguistic adaptation as the result of language contact. Linguistic adaptation found was prothesis, epenthesis, paragoge, aphaeresis, syncope, apocope, and sound variations in the four languages. The most linguistic adaptation occurred was sound variations, prothesis, aphaeresis, and apocope. The highest percentage of linguistic adaptation was found in Biak language and Mansinam language and between Mansim Borai language and Hatam language. Key words: speakers, language contact, acculturation, linguistic adaptation Abstrak SALING pengaruh antara satu bahasa dengan bahasa yang lain dapat dilihat melalui kosakata yang dipungut oleh bahasa tertentu. Hal ini merupakan ciri keuniversalan bahasa. Hadirnya bentukan kata baru di dalam bahasa mencerminkan bahwa bahasa bersifat terbuka terhadap pengaruh bahasa lain sehingga bahasa penerima akan tumbuh dan berkembang. Hal ini terjadi pada beberapa bahasa di wilayah pegunungan Arfak dan Manokwari, Papua Barat. Adaptasi linguistik terjadi karena adanya kontak bahasa antarpenutur bahasa di wilayah ini. Bahasa Biak, Mansinam, Hatam, dan Mansim Borai menjadi subjek penelitian ini. Dengan menggunakan metode leksikostatistik terhadap dua ratus kosakata keempat bahasa ini, diketahui hubungan kekerabatan setiap bahasa dengan bahasa lainnya. Perubahan-perubahan bunyi dari perangkat kata kognat atau kata yang diduga berasal dari bentuk yang sama diketahui telah terjadi adaptasi linguistik berupa proses perubahan bunyi sebagai akibat kontak bahasa. Adaptasi linguistik yang berupa protesis, epentesis, paragog, aferesis, sinkope, apokope, dan 173 Metalingua, Vol. 13 No. 2, Desember 2015:173—184 variasi bunyi ditemukan pada empat bahasa di wilayah sekitar Manokwari. Adaptasi linguistik terbanyak berturut-turut berupa variasi bunyi, protesis, aferesis, dan apokope. Persentase adaptasi linguistik tertinggi ditemukan pada bahasa Biak dan Mansinam serta antara bahasa Mansim Borai dan Hatam. Kata kunci: penutur, kontak bahasa, akulturasi, adaptasi linguistik 1. Pendahuluan Dalam kajiannya diuraikan relasi antara komunitas yang berbeda bahasa, yaitu Sasak, Sumbawa, 1.1 Latar Belakang dan Bali dengan memanfaatkan data kebahasaan. Perpindahan dan mobilisasi penduduk Hasilnya adalah terdapat kesepadanan antara seringkali memengaruhi perkembangan adaptasi linguistik dengan adaptasi sosial. Semakin penggunaan bahasa. Hal yang turut terjadi di tinggi adaptasi sosial yang tecermin pada tingginya antaranya adalah kedwibahasaan. Ketika adaptasi linguistik (baik dalam bentuk adopsi unsur perpindahan penduduk terjadi, kontak dan kebahasaan: fonologi, leksikon, gramatika, komunikasi dengan penduduk pribumi juga maupun berupa kemampuan beralih kode), terjadi. Oleh karena itu, sering juga terjadi kecenderungan masyarakat pluralis harmonilah penggunaan lebih dari satu bahasa, yaitu bahasa yang akan terbentuk; sebaliknya jika adaptasi penduduk pribumi dan bahasa pendatang. sosial rendah yang tecermin pada rendahnya Masyarakat Biak yang merupakan penutur adaptasi linguistik, tatanan kehidupan pluralis bahasa Biak di Papua karena “perpindahannya” disharmonilah yang terbetuk. ke Pulau Mansinam di wilayah Manokwari, Papua E.K. Damanik (2010) juga melakukan Barat, juga tidak terlepas dari kontak bahasa penelitian tentang bagaimana proses adaptasi dengan penutur bahasa lain. Sebagian penutur bahasa Karo, Batak Toba, dan Simalungun di bahasa di Manokwari, Pegunungan Arfak adalah Kabupaten Simalungun. Syarifuddin (2009) dalam penutur bahasa Hatam dan penutur Mansim tulisannya tentang adaptasi linguistik bahasa luar Borai. Adanya kontak yang lama antara Biak dan terhadap tradisi lisan masyarakat Bajo Manokwari juga membawa pengaruh terhadap menyatakan bahwa mantra magis nelayan Bajo kehidupan berbahasa antarpenutur bahasa ini, di Sumbawa berkaitan dengan budaya-budaya yaitu bahasa Biak, bahasa Mansinam, bahasa lain. Adaptasi linguistiklah yang menekankan Hatam, dan bahasa Mansim Borai. Hal-hal yang penyatuan dan perbedaan sekalipun dalam bentuk mungkin muncul akibat terjadinya kontak bahasa kata. tersebut antara lain adalah adaptasi linguistik. Adaptasi linguistik yang muncul dapat berupa 1.2 Masalah terjadinya beberapa jenis perubahan bunyi dan variasi bunyi pada bahasa-bahasa yang digunakan Masalah dalam kajian ini adalah sebagai oleh para penutur keempat bahasa ini. Perubahan berikut. (1) Bagaimana hubungan kekerabatan bunyi (pada kata kerabat) antarbahasa terjadi antara empat bahasa di Manokwari dan Arfak, karena terdapat hubungan kekerabatan yaitu bahasa Biak, Mansinam, Mansim Borai, dan antarbahasa dan juga karena adanya adaptasi Hatam? (2) Bagaimana wujud adaptasi linguistik linguistik sebagai akibat adanya kontak bahasa. atau jenis perubahan bunyi antarbahasa tersebut Weinreich (1970:5) menyebutkan bahwa karena adanya kontak bahasa? pengaruh bahasa lain ke bahasa tertentu merupakan difusi dan akulturasi budaya. 1.3 Tujuan Kajian tentang adaptasi lingusitik di Kajian ini bertujuan untuk (1) menjelaskan antaranya pernah dilakukan oleh Mahsun (2006). hubungan kekerabatan antara bahasa Biak, 174 MUKHAMDANAH: ADAPTASI LINGUISTIK PADA BEBERAPA BAHASA ... Mansinam, mansim Borai, dan Hatam pengelompokan bahasa yang dilakukan dengan berdasarkan kelompok kata kognat dari dua menghitung persentase perangkat kognat. ratus kosakata dasar Swadesh dan (2) membuat Kosakata dasar menjadi dasar penghitungan ini. deskripsi adaptasi linguistik yang terjadi pada Oleh karena itu, untuk menentukan persentase beberapa bahasa di Manokwari dan wilayah perangkat kognat dari empat bahasa yang Pegunungan Arfak, Papua Barat berdasarkan menjadi objek kajian ini, yaitu bahasa Mansinam, kata kognat yang ditemukan. Biak, Hatam, dan Mansim Borai, dua ratus kosakata dasar Swadesh digunakan untuk dasar 1.4 Metode analisis. Pembahasan dilakukan berdasarkan teori Metode komparatif digunakan untuk perubahan kajian bunyi yang dikemukakan mengetahui hubungan kekerabatan empat bahasa Crowly dan Claire. Beberapa tipe perubahan yang menjadi objek kajian. Untuk menentukan bunyi yang dikemukakan Crowly dan Claire, apakah kata-kata dari bahasa yang dibandingkan yakni (a) lenisi (lenition) yang terdiri atas kognat atau bukan, digunakan acuan dari Crowly penghilangan gugus konsonan (cluster dan Claire. Hubungan kekerabatan antarbahasa reduction), apokope (apocope), sinkope yang menjadi objek kajian didasarkan atas (sincope), haplologi (haplology), aferesis, dan persentase kata kerabat dengan menggunakan kompresi (compression), (b) penambahan bunyi metode leksikostatistik. Sementara itu, metode (sound addition) yang terdiri atas anaptiksis, padan digunakan untuk menyejajarkan unsur- epentesis, dan protesis, (c) metatesis, (d) fusi, (e) unsur teranalisis, yakni kata-kata yang diduga asimilasi, dan (f) disimilasi. berasal dari bentuk kata yang sama atau dari Sejalan dengan Crowly dan Claire ada jenis- kognat yang sama (satu etimon). Dari jenis perubahan bunyi yang dikemukakan oleh perbandingan terhadap bunyi-bunyi atau fonem- Kridalaksana (1990). Jenis penambahan berupa fonem pembentuk kata dari empat bahasa, yaitu protesis (prothesis), yakni penambahan vokal bahasa Hatam, Mansim Morai, Mansinam, dan atau konsonan pada awal kata, epentesis Biak, diketahui bentuk-bentuk adaptasi linguistik (epenthesis), yaitu penyisipan bunyi atau huruf yang terjadi. ke dalam kata, terutama kata pinjaman untuk menyesuaikan dengan pola fonologis bahasa 2. Kerangka Teori peminjam; paragog (paragogue), yaitu penambahan bunyi pada akhir kata untuk 2.1 Pengantar keindahan bunyi atau kemudahan lafal Crowley dan Claire (2010:78) menyatakan (Kridalaksana 1990:46). bahwa hubungan kekerabatan bahasa dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode 2.2 Bahasa-Bahasa di Pegunungan komparatif. Metode ini dapat dilakukan melalui Arfak dan Manokwari rekonstruksi dan korespondensi bunyi. Untuk menentukan apakah dua buah bentuk kata A. Bahasa Hatam merupakan kognat atau bukan, perlu diperhatikan Bahasa Hatam disebut juga dengan Hattam, dua buah kata yang hampir sama tersebut dalam Atam, Tinam, Miriei, Moi, Adihup, Uran, Borai, dua hal, yaitu bentuk dan makna. Jika dua buah atau Mansim (Dinas Kebudayaan, SIL, DAP, kata yang kita asumsikan merupakan perluasan BPS, 2006). Bahasa ini terdiri atas dialek Moi dari satu buah bentuk dan makna aslinya, dapat (Moire), Tinam,
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