c The Biodiversjty ~upport Program is a USAID-funded ' . J co~~ortium of World Wildlife Fund, i::_he Nature Conservancy, and World Resources lnste~; '-../ .:P~ De s i g n i n g In t e g r a t e d Conservation and De v e l o p m e n t Pr o j e c t s De s i g n i n g In t e g r a t e d Conservation and De v e l o p m e n t Pr o j e c t s REVISED EDITION Michael Brow n P VO-NGO/NRMS Project, a USAID-funded Consortium of World Learning Inc. (formerly the Experiment in International Living), CARE, and World Wildlife Fu n d Barbara Wyc k o f f - Ba i rd Technical Advisor in Community-Based Natural Re s o u rce Ma n a g e m e n t L I F E Pro j e c t Windhoek, Na m i b i a The Biodiversity Support Program is a USAID-funded program of World Wildlife Fund, The Nature Conservancy, and World Resources Institute November 1992 Designing Integrated Conservation and Development Projects, Revised Edition Michael Brown and Barbara Wyckoff-Baird ISBN 1-887531-16-5 © 1992, 1994, 1995 by the Biodiversity Support Program. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced without the permission of the Biodiversity Support Program. Cover Photo by Kate Newman. During a Buffer Zone Workshop in Uganda (see Annex A), Dr. Edouard Tulilunkiko Shaban (left) confers with a landless Rwandan refugee whose cattle graze in the buffer zone of Kibale Forest. Cover design by Mimi Hutchins, World Wildlife Fund, Washington, D.C. Printed by Corporate Press, Inc., Landover, MD. Printed on recycled paper. C O N T E N TS Forward.........................................................................................................................................ix Preface .........................................................................................................................................xi Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................xiii Introduction .....................................................................................................................................1 I. The Context of Integrated Conservation and Development Projects (ICDPs) ICDP’s and Environmental Degradation...........................................................................................3 Current Knowledge of ICDPs ...........................................................................................................4 Achieving Development Objectives in ICDPs ...................................................................................5 Distinguishing Assumptions from Facts ............................................................................................6 l Boxes 1. The Himalayan Environmental Degradation Theory..............................................................4 2. Separating Assumption from Fact: GNP in Nepal...................................................................5 3. When Unproved and Questionable Assumptions Lead to Inappropriate Policies: Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania..............................................................................6 4. Assumptions and Their Implications for Design: Forest Degradation in Nepal .......................7 II. Key Issues in the Design of ICDPs Linkages between Development and Conservation............................................................................9 Criteria for Deciding Where, and Where Not, to Site an ICDP ......................................................11 Biological Criteria.....................................................................................................................11 V Socioeconomic Criteria.............................................................................................................13 Political Criteria........................................................................................................................14 Participation of Stakeholders...........................................................................................................14 What Is Participation?...............................................................................................................14 Participatory Rural Appraisal ....................................................................................................15 Gender Considerations .............................................................................................................16 Indigenous Knowledge..............................................................................................................18 Stewardship and Ownership of Natural Resources by Local People .................................................20 Definitions of Stewardship and Ownership...............................................................................20 Management of Common Property ..........................................................................................20 Ownership and Its Importance to Conservation........................................................................22 Potential Impacts of Laws and Policies on Local Resource Use and Management Options ..............23 l Boxes 5. Rapid Appraisal for Women: The Northwest Frontier of Pakistan.........................................16 6. Gender Factors in Natural Resources Management: Namibia................................................17 7. Indigenous Knowledge and Sustainable Agroforestry: The Huastec Maya of Mexico ............19 8. Different Perspectives on Stewardship: The Rwenzoris..........................................................21 9. The Eastern Senegal Livestock Development Project.............................................................22 III. Components of ICDPs Research for Planning, Monitoring, and Assessment .......................................................................25 Biological Monitoring...............................................................................................................25 Socioeconomic Monitoring.......................................................................................................26 Conservation of the Resource Base and Environmental Management..............................................27 Management Planning..............................................................................................................27 Buffer Zones to Protected Areas ................................................................................................27 Conservation Education ...........................................................................................................29 Social and Economic Development.................................................................................................30 Improved Natural Resource Management .................................................................................30 Provision of Social Services to the Community .........................................................................30 Protective Enterprises................................................................................................................33 Institutional Strengthening for Local Stewardship of Resources.......................................................34 Brokering and Balancing Stakeholder Group Interests.....................................................................36 l Boxes 10. Buffer Zone Management: Madagascar ..............................................................................28 11. Improving Production through Intensive Technologies: Irrigation Outside Dumoga-Bone National Park, Indonesia ...............................................30 12. Providing Community Social Services: Potential Success with the Oku Mountain Forest Project, Cameroon ..........................................................................32 13. Providing Community Social Services: Disappointment at Amboseli National Park, Kenya .........................................................................................33 14. Nature Tourism as a Protective Enterprise: Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda....................34 15. Prospects of Nontimber Forest Product (NTFP) Promotion: Papua New Guinea...............35 V I D E S I G N I N G I N T E G R A T E D C O N S E R V A T I O N A N D D E V E L O P M E N T P R O J E C T S IV. Implementation Arrangements Partnerships Between Development and Conservation NGOs, Governments, and Local People..............................................................37 l Boxes 16. Partnerships for Implementation: Zimbabwe......................................................................38 17. Environmental NGOs in Indonesia....................................................................................39 V. Recommendations for Implementing Agencies..........................................................................41 Annex A. Tools for Developing an ICDP Gender Information Framework .....................................................................................................45 Participatory Rural Appraisal...........................................................................................................45 Steps for Designing a Conservation Education Program..................................................................46 Workshops as a Mechanism for Brokering Relationships.................................................................47 Criteria for Sociocultural Feasibility Analysis...................................................................................49