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A Grammar of Hatam, Irian Jaya, Indonesia A grammar of Hatam Bird's Head Peninsula, Irian Jaya Reesink, G.P. A Grammar of Hatam, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. C-146, xvi + 230 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1999. DOI:10.15144/PL-C146.cover ©1999 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. PACIFIC LINGUISTICS FOUNDING EDITOR: Stephen A. Wurm EDITORIAL BOARD: Malcolm D. Ross and Darrell T. Tryon (Managing Editors), John Bowden, Thomas E. Dutton, Andrew K. Pawley Pacific Linguistics is a publisher specialising in linguistic descriptions, dictionaries, atlases and other material on languages of the Pacific, the Philippines, Indonesia and Southeast Asia. The authors and editors of Pacific Linguistics publications are drawn from a wide range of institutions around the world. Pacific Linguistics is associated with the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies at The Australian National University. Pacific Linguistics was established in 1963 through an initial grantfrom the Hunter Douglas Fund. It is a non-profit-making body financed largely from the sales of its books to libraries and individuals throughout the world, with some assistance from the School. The Editorial Board of Pacific Linguistics is made up of the academic staff of the School's Department of Linguistics. The Board also appoints a body of editorial advisors drawn from the international community of linguists. Publications in Series A, B and C and textbooks in Series D are refereed by scholars with relevant expertise who are normally not members of the editorial board. To date Pacific Linguistics has published over 400 volumes in four series: Series A: Occasional Papers; collections of shorter papers, usually on a single topic or area. Series B: Monographs of intermediate length. Series C: Books; publications of greaterlength, especially reference books such as dictionaries and grammars, and conference proceedings. Series D: Special Publications; including archival materials, pedagogical works, maps, audiovisual productions, and materials that do not fit into the other series. Pacific Linguistics would like to assure prospectiveAustralian authors and readers that it qualifies as a commercial publisher for The Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs (DETY A) purposes in measuring research output. Series C, Volume 146 A GRAMMAR OF HATAM Bird's Head Peninsula, Irian Jaya Ger P. Reesink Pacific Linguistics Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies The Australian National University Canberra Published by Pacific Linguistics Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies The Australian National University PO Box 1428 Canberra ACT 2601 Australia First published 1999 Copyright © The author Bibliography. ISBN 0 85883 497 9 1. Hatam language - Grammar. 1. Australian National University. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. Pacific Linguistics. II. Title. (Series: Pacific linguistics. Series C- 146). 499.12 Copyedited by Basil Wilson Typeset by Margaret Forster Printed by ANU Printing Service, Canberra Bound by F & M Perfect Bookbinding, Canberra The Pacific Linguistics logo was designed by Ian Scales after one small panel of a poro batuna from Vella La vella, held in the Australian Museum (A8S17). This is an artefact made from a plaque of fossilised giant clam shell (Tridacna sp .), carved into an elaborate fretwork design. These particular artefacts were made in the western Solomon Islands, probably between 100 and 200 years ago. The basic cover design is also by Ian Scales. The motif was drawn by Malcolm Ross after the stylised representation of a design on Lapita pottery found by Roger Green in the Reefs-Santa Cruz Islands (source: Matthew Spriggs (ed.), Lapita design, form and composition. Canberra: Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University.) Ta ble of contents Acknowledgements xi Abbreviations xiii Maps Map 1 The area of the Hatam in the eastern Bird's Head in relation to the Cenderawasih Bay xiv Map 2 Approximate locations of Hatam dialects xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Hatam and its linguistic neighbours 2 1.3 Some anthropological notes 3 1.4 Data collection and presentation 7 2 Phonology 9 2.0 Introduction 9 2.1 Contrasts 10 2.1.1 Consonants 10 2.1.2 Vowels 13 2.2 Geminates 13 2.3 Final stops 16 2.4 Palatal series 20 2.5 Syllabic nasals 20 2.6 Unspecified vowel 21 2.7 V ocoid sequences 24 2.8 Consonant clusters 28 2.9 Syllable structure 29 2.10 Metrical stress 32 viii Ta ble of contents 3 Morphology 40 3.0 Introduction 40 3.1 Pronouns 40 3.2 Clitics 43 3.2.1 Citation marker -a 43 3.2.2 Inclusive disjunction -0 44 3.2.3 Areal nominalisation 44 3.2.4 N ominalising gi 46 3.2.5 Relativisers 47 3.2.6 Purposive bi 47 3.3 Nouns 47 3.3.1 Inalienable nouns 48 3.3.2 Alienable nouns 49 3.3.3 Plurality 50 3.4 Verbs 51 3.4.1 Intransitive verbs 51 3.4.2 Transitive verbs 52 3.4.3 Hybrid verbs 52 3.4.4 Position & Motion verbs 52 3.4.5 Verbs of emotion 53 3.4.6 Modals 54 3.4.7 Verbal affixation 54 3.5 Adjectives 56 3.6 Classifiers 57 3.7 Quantifiers 59 3.8 Demonstratives 60 3.9 Spatial nouns 61 3.10 Prepositions 63 3.11 Textual deixis 66 3.1 1.1 Given marker ri 66 3.1 1.2 Topic marker ne 67 3.12 Question words 68 3.12.1 Polar question markers 68 3.12.2 Content questions 69 3.13 Adverbs 71 3.13.1 Time adverbs 71 3.13.2 Modal adverbs 72 3.13.3 Intensifying adverbs 73 3.13.4 cern 'also' and bu 'again' 73 3.13.5 Sentence-final adverbs 73 3.14 Verbal adjuncts 73 3.15 Conjunctions 75 3.16 Reduplication 77 4 Syntax 78 4.0 Introduction 78 4.1 Noun phrase 79 Ta ble of contents ix 4.1.1 Possessives 80 4.1.2 Adjectives 82 4.1.3 Quantification 82 4.1.4 Determiners 83 4.2 Non-verbal predications 84 4.3 Impersonalpredicates 86 4.4 Clause constituents 87 4.4.1 Temporal adverbials 87 4.4.2 Subject 87 4.4.3 Object 88 4.4.4 BeneficiarylRecipient = bak-constituent 89 4.4.5 Purpose mem 90 4.4.6 Locative 90 4.4.7 Comitative 93 4.4.8 Position of adverbials 94 4.4.9 Position of negative 96 4.5 Combinations of predicates 97 4.5.0 Introduction 97 4.5.1 Directional 98 4.5.2 Instrumental 101 4.5.3 Purposive 102 4.5.4 Complements of perception and speech verbs 104 4.5.5 General juxtaposition 106 4.5.6 Scope of negation 107 4.6 Relative clauses 112 4.6.1 Relative clauses with HN as subject 113 4.6.2 RC with HN as object 114 4.6.3 RC with HN as instrument 116 4.6.4 RC with HN as oblique object 117 4.6.5 RC with HN as possessor 119 4.7 Clause combinations 119 4.7.0 Introduction 119 4.7.1 Sequencing conjunctions 121 4.7.2 Contrastive conjunctions 126 4.7.3 Adverbial conjunctions 128 4.7.4 Complex conjunctions 130 Appendix: Texts 132 1 Digomang 133 2 Anggos 156 3 Dowansiba 169 4 Kwanding 183 5 Kain tirnur 203 References 214 xi Acknowledgements Research for this grammar was conducted in the framework of the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) priority programme 'The Irian Jaya Studies: a Programme for Interdisciplinary Research' (ISIR), financed by the Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical Research (WOTRO). The programme is carried out in cooperation with LIPI (Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, The Indonesian Institute of Sciences). I would like to thank Dr Hasan Alwi, head of the Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa (National Centre for Language Development), for his willingness to be the sponsor of the linguistic studies carried out under the auspices of ISIR. In order to study the Hatam language in the Bird's Head area of Irian Jaya I also needed and readily obtained permission from the authorities in Jayapura, Irian Jaya, and more specifically in the regency (Kabupaten) Manokwari. I thank the heads of Sospol (Direktorat J enderal Sosial Politik) and Bappeda (Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah) for their permission. But with just the permission and support of the governmental authorities it is hard to study a regional language such as Hatam. During my first visit to Manokwari, Rogier Gruys gave me many useful suggestions about whom I should contact. So, before I even travelled to Hatam territory, I visited the office of World Wide Fund for Nature, where various Hatam speakers were employed. The director, Daud Womsiwor, arranged for me to meet with Yohanes Wonggor and Marinus Mandacan, both from Mokwam. They taught me a few useful expressions in Hatam, and supplied me with a letter in Hatam about regulations for the nature reserve. Yohanes read it on tape and gave me the meaning in Indonesian. In Minyambou I was welcomed by the missionaries of The Evangelical Alliance Mission, Dick and Char Griffiths and Walter and Dianne Kennedy. My thanks are due to them for their hospitality and their help. The TEAM director in Manokwari, Elmer Lorenz, graciously allowed me to use the organization's address and infrastructure to keep in contact with people in my home country. There is no way to learn a language without native speakers willing to teach. Many Hatam people have been very friendly and helpful. They were willing to tell stories, which I recorded and transcribed, or just provided words or sentences which I needed in order to make progress with my analysis.
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