Varieties and Production

«. 8, DEPT. OF iSfllCLilTUI« WTIONAL A^H.GLLTIIÎIU UíMRf ^^í' 2u I9Q6 Umax SÉAMI A£ca^ RICE IN THE UNITED STATES: VARIETIES AND PRODUCTION Agriculture Handbook No. 289 \ ■ Agricultural Research Service U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE RICE IN THE UNITED STATES: VARIETIES AND PRODUCTION l/4epé4á^í¿aled^aff¿^ POI-LOW THE LABEL u s. eeritiMiNT OF A&IKULTUIE Agriculture Handbook No. 289 Agricultural Research Service U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE IsHued 196« Washington, D.C. For sole by the Superintendent of Documents. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington. D.C. 20402 Price .$1. CONTRIBUTORS C. ROY ADAIR, leader, Rice Investigations, Crops Research T. H. JOHNSTON, research agronomist, Crops Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Division, Agricultural Research Service, Stuttgart Md. Ark. J. G. ATKINS, plant pathologist. Crops Research Division, D. S. IMiKKELSEN, associate agronomist. University of Agricultural Research Service, Beaumont. Tex. California, Davis, ('alif. H. M. BEACHELL, formerly, researcli agronomist, (^rops M. D. MILLER, assistant state director, Agricultural Ex- Research Division, Agricultural Research Service. tension Service, University of California, Davis, Beaumont, Tex. ; now, plant breeder. Varietal Im- Calif. provement Department, International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines. W. C. SHAW, formerly, leader. Weed Investigations in N. S. EvATT, associate agronomist, Rice-Pasture Research Agronomic Crops, Crops Research L)ivision, Agricul- and Extension Center, Texas Agricultural Experi- tural Research Service, Beltsville, Md. ; now, interde- ment Station, Beaumont, Tex. partmental pesticides coordinator, U.S. Department T. R. EVERETT, formerly, leader. Rice Insects Investiga- of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. tions, Entomolog^^ Researcli Division, Agricultural R. J. SMITH, JR., research agronomist, Crops Research Research Service, Baton Rouge, La. : now, associate Division, Agricultural Research Service, Stuttgart, professor, Louisiana State Universitv. Baton Rouire Ark. La. J. R. THYSELL, formerly, research agronomist, Crops Re- V. E. GREEN. JR., associate agronomist, p]verglades Ex- search Division, Agricultural Research Service, Biggs, periment Station, Florida Agricultural Experiment <'alif. ; now, agronomist. Crops Research Division, Station, Belle Glade, Fla. Agricultural Research Service, Brookings, S. Dak, NELSON E. JODON, research agronomist. Crops Research B. D. WEBB, research chemist. Crops Research Division, Division, Agricultural Research Service. Crowlev. La. Agricultural Research Service, Beaumont, Tex. Trade names are used in this publication solely for the purpose of providing specific information. Mention of a trade name does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by the U.S. Department of Agriculture or an endorsement by the Department over other products not mentioned. CONTENTS Introduction 1 Fertilizers 69 History of rice in the United States 1 Southern rice area 69 Distribution of rice in the United States 3 California 71 Acreage, yield, and production of rice in the Selected references 72 United States 3 Culture 74 Selected references 4 Rotation or cropping systems 74 Distribution and origin of species, botany, and Arkansas 75 genetics 5 Louisiana 76 Distribution of the species of Oryza and origin Mississippi 77 of cultivated rice 5 Missouri 78 Description and development of the rice plant Texas 78 and classification of cultivated varieties 6 California 79 Description of plant 7 Land leveling and seedbed preparation 79 Development of plant 8 Land grading and leveling 79 Classification of varieties 9 Seedbed preparation 81 Genetics 9 Seedbed preparation as related to method Selected references 16 of seeding 82 Rice breeding and testing methods in the United Construction of levees 83 States 19 Seed and seeding 84 History and objectives 19 Seed quality 84 Cultural methods and equipment for breeding Source of seed 85 rice in the United States 20 Seed treatment 85 Breeding methods 24 Time of seeding 86 Introduction 24 Rate of seeding 87 Selection 25 Method of seeding 88 Hybridization 25 Transplanting rice 91 Irradiation 28 Irrigating and draining 91 Breeding for agronomic characters 28 Amount of water required 92 Testing for milling, cooking, and processing Source of water 92 qualities 33 Quality of water 93 Milling quality 33 Water temperature and oxygen content 94 Cooking and processing qualities 35 Water control methods 95 Breeding for disease resistance 38 Water management 97 Blast 39 Draining for harvest 99 Brown leaf spot 39 Harvesting, drying, and storing 99 Narrow brown leaf spot 40 Harvesting 99 Straighthead 40 Drying and storing 103 White tip 40 Selected references 106 Hoja blanca 40 Weeds and their control 111 Description of varieties 42 Rice diseases 113 Short-grain varieties 42 Major diseases 113 Medium-.grain varieties 44 Blast 113 Long-grain varieties 45 Brown leaf spot 114 Other kinds of rice 47 Narrow brown leaf spot 114 Performance of varieties 47 Root rot 115 Choosing the variety 49 Seedling blight 116 Varietal response to seeding date 51 Stem rot 116 Results of tests with older varieties 51 Straighthead 117 Results of tests with newer varieties and White tip 117 selections 52 Minor diseases 118 Production of seed rice 56 Origin of high-quality seed rice 50 Bordered sheath spot 118 Classes of seed in a certification program, 56 Hoja blanca 118 Kernel smut 119 Cleaning, grading, and processing seed rice 59 Standards for seed certification 61 Kernel spots 119 Selected references 62 Leaf smut 119 Soils and fertilizers 65 Selected references 120 Types of soils used for rice production 65 Insects and their control 121 Arkansas 65 Rice water weevil 121 Louisiana 65 Rice stink bug 121 Texas 65 Grape colaspis 122 California 65 Other pests of rice 122 Chemistry of flooded soils 67 Selected references 124 111 RICE IN THE UNITED STATES: VARIETIES AND PRODUCTION INTRODUCTION By C. ROY ADAIK Eice, a leading cereal crop in many countries, ond i o Ri'azil in the AVestern Hemisphere. Other is grown on all continents. It often is considered leading rice-producing countries, outside of Asia to be a tropical crop, although it is grown in both and adjacent islands, are United Arab Republic the temperate and the tropical zones in Africa, (Egypt) and Malagasy Republic (Madagascar) Asia, Xorth America, Oceania, and South Amer- in Africa, and Italy and Spain in Europe. ica, and in the southern part of Europe. About 93 percent of the world rice crop was produced Rice yields yary widely among the rice-produc- in Asia during the 5-year period ending in 19(30 ing countries (table 1). Yields generally are (table 1). Only slightly more than 1 percent was nnich liigher in temperate than in tropical produced in the United States during this period. zones, not only because of diiferences in climate The United States is, howeyer, the leading rice- but also because of differences in cultural prac- producing country in North America and is sec- tices and in yarieties grown. TABLE 1.—Rice- acreage, production, and yield' per arre for each continent and selected' countries, averages for 5-year period. 1956-60 Continent and country Acreafre Production Yield 1,000 acres Million pounds Pounds per acre Asia 258,000.4 427,330.2 1,656 India 81,353.2 99,106.7 1,218 Japan 8,050.2 32,845.4 4,081 South America 8,091.6 12,496.2 1,544 Brazil 0,615.0 9,539.7 1,442 P»^ru - - 166.4 574.4 3,452 Africa 7,808.0 9,686.0 1,240 Coníío 400.0 392.C 982 United Arab RepubUo (Etiypt) 095.4 2,832.4 4,073 North America 2,825.0 6,985.3 2,473 Mexico 315.0 582.0 1,844 TTnited States 1,501.8 4,946.2 3,294 Eurooe 860.6 3.434.8 3,991 Italy 325.6 1,440.3 4,423 Spain 157.0 841.7 5,341 Oceania 117.2 330.9 2,823 Australia 50.2 240.7 4,795 World total 277,702.8 460,263.4 1,657 Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Statistics: 1958, p. 21; 1959, p. 1960. p. 1961, p. 22. History of Rice in the United States made in the prairie section of southwest Louisiana from 1884 to 1886 (7), and rice culture became Rice has been grown in the United States since established in that area about 1888. Production the latter part of the 17th century {;3)} Trial then increased rapidly in that part of Louisiana, plantings of rice were made in Virginia as early and in the adjacent part of Texas. Some rice was as 1609 (4). Apparently other plantings were grown along riyers in Arkansas in early years, made in the colonies along the South Atlantic but it did not become an important cash crop in coast from that time on, and ricegrowing was the State until after 1904 (P), when ricegrowing firmly established in South Carolina about 1090. was started in Grand Prairie. Experimental Until about 1890, rice in the United States was plantings were made near Butte Creek in the Sac- grown principally in the Southeastern States, al- ramento Valley in California in 1909 (5), and though some was grown along riyers in the South rice became established as a commercial crop in Central States. Experimental plantings were that area about 1912. Rice production has been 1 Italic numbers in parentheses refer to Selected Ref- of considerable importance in the delta area of erences, p. 4. Mississippi since about 1948 (2). AGRlCLíLTURE HANDBOOK 2 89, tl.S. DEPT. OF A(iRI(!ULïURE ARKANSAS ARKANSAS CONT. CALIFORNIA LOUISIANA SECTION AND ACRES SOUTHWEST SECTION AND ACRES SECTION AND ACRES COUNTY Lo f a y e 11 e COUNTY PARISH NORTHEAST Linie River .... 2,000 SACRAMENTO VALLEY NORTH Clay 7,770 Miller Butle 55,202 Eost Corroll* -•5,267 Croigbeod 16,935 TOTAL ACRES... Coluso 74,125 ■430,061 Grant ••••185 Crittenden 6,439 ARKANSAS 1963 Glenn 40,846 Madison Cross 34,060 •••896 Placer 3,050 Faulkner 318 TEXAS Morehouse.*.

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