Rice Cultivation & Management
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Introduction To Rice Cultivation & Management Promoting Of Smallholders Rice Production Index One of the important activities of the promotion of smallholders rice cultivation INTRODUCTION 4-5 and production project in PNG is to Produce, Improve and Disseminate rice instruction, information and materials to smallholders rice farmers to enhance GROWING RICE 6-7 their knowledge and skills for rice cultivation. Currently there is a huge demand for information on rice cultivation in Lumi RICE PRODUCTION (A) Post Harvesting 8-10 area, Sandaun Province and the country at large emanating from the growing (B) Planting Method 11 interest of farmers and other people who want to grow and consume their own (C) Thressing 12 grown rice rather than imported rice. (D) Straining and Drying 12 This basic Rice Cultivation Manual is a guide intended to educate farmers to (E) Milling and Packing 13 equip them with knowledge and skills of rice cultivation. The Manual is also (F) Storing Method 14 intended to enhance the farmers appreciation, understanding and awareness (G) Weeding and Mulching 14-15 of the rice production system, which entails pre-harvest operations from land (H) Cooking Method 15 preparation to harvesting and post harvesting processes, from the produce for consumption and for seed production and storage for the next cropping. Some ABOUT RICE of the features in the manual provides comparative analysis between the rice (I) Production 16-17 cultivation and PNG traditional root crop cultivation. It highlights the variation (J) Harvesting, Drying & Milling 17 in the production and management practices and inputs of two main produc- (K) Distribultion 18 tion systems (up land or low land) that provides information on utilization of (L) Cultivation/Environment 18-19 simple low input post – harvest processing technologies and the production of (M) Pests and Diseases 19-20 good quality seeds. (N) Rice Types 20-21 (O) Rice Growing Ecology 22 (P) Nutritional Information 22-23 (Q) Comparison to Other Staples 23-24 THANK YOU 25 2 3 Introduction The rice is a food and cash crop as other grain crops. It is for consumption and for sale to earn money. Rice is an introduced plant like many other grain crops to most Papua New Guineans, even though we are subsistence farmers, we do not really know how to grow rice and manage the whole fieldourselves. Many of the farmers are just planters and not farmers. Farmers they do care for their crops, while planters don’t care. However, the National Food Security imposed the policy with their objectives, nutritional status and living standards of the people of Papua New Guinea should be improved. Therefore, with this basic training each farmers should now be able to see and make huge difference in the rice and other be grown practically anywhere, even on a steep hill or mountain. Although its related grain crops. parent species are native to Asia and certain parts of Africa, centuries of trade and exportation have made it commonplace in many cultures worldwide. Rice is the seed of the monocot plants Oryza sativa (Asian rice) or Oryza glaber- rima (African rice). As a cereal grain, it is the most important staple food for a While flooding is not mandatory for the cultivation of rice, all other methods of large part of the world’s human population. It is the grain with the second-highest irrigation require higher effort in weed and pest control during growth periods worldwide production, after maize (corn). Rice is the most important grain with and a different approach for fertilizing the soil. regard to human nutrition and caloric intake, providing more than one fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by people. Rice is normally grown as an annual The seeds of the rice plant are first milled using a rice huller to remove the chaff plant, although in tropical areas it can survive as a perennial and can produce for (the outer husks of the grain). At this point in the process, the product is called up to 30 years.The rice plant can grow to 1–1.8 m (3.3–5.9 ft) tall, occasionally brown rice. The milling may be continued, removing the bran, i.e., the rest of more depending on the variety and soil fertility. It has long, slender leaves 50–100 the husk and the germ, thereby creating white rice. White rice, which keeps cm (20–39 in) long and 2–2.5 cm (0.79–0.98 in) broad. The small wind-pollinated longer, lacks some important nutrients; moreover, in a limited diet, which does flowers are produced in a branched arching to pendulous inflorescence 30–50 not supplement the rice, brown rice helps to prevent the disease beriberi. cm (12–20 in) long. The edible seed is a grain 5–12 mm (0.20–0.47 in) long and 2–3 mm (0.079–0.12 in) thick. Either by hand or in a rice polisher, white rice may be buffed with glucose or talc powder (often called polished rice, though this term may also refer to Rice cultivation is well-suited to countries and regions with low labor costs and white rice in general), parboiled, or processed into flour. White rice may also be high rainfall, as it is labor-intensive to cultivate and requires ample water. Rice can enriched by adding nutrients, especially those lost during the milling process. 4 5 Growing Rice (1) ADVANTAGES OF RICE: (4) UPLAND AND LOWLAND: • Saves your money – own grown rice. Grow rice in the water (lowland or wetland). Rice grows well and produces • Surplus, sell some to earn money any time. more yields or production. These varieties are better to grow in the water logged • Full of enrichment, more nutritious. areas or swampy land: the varieties are Nari 1- 5, 15, 16 and 17. They also • Supplement to food shortage. grow well in the temperate and cold regions and can also be grown in the dry • Can be stored for at least 1 year and 6 months (one and half years) land areas, but can’t produce much seeds. • Takes only 2- 3 Months mature to harvest. • Easy to carry to longer distances. (2) DISADVANTAGES OF RICE: • Weeds can affect your rice yields. • Needs more men power to work in the bigger fields. • Must have own tools and equipment. • Larger fields needs more men power and also will destroy environment. (3) RICE CYCLE: If you are good rice farmer, you should look after yourselves with rice. Remember that rice is a seed - just like other seed plants you begin with seed and you will finish with seeds. Rice seed is very important because will help in The dry land rice are Tru kai, (TCS 10), IR10, Golden mountain land and many the near future when harvesting rice for milling. Don’t mill all the rice at once others. These varieties of rice grow very well in the dry land areas which are always save some for replacement and also keep the rice seeds in a proper rich and contains much nutrient in the soil. However, upland and lowland rice place after harvesting and drying. both grow well and gives high yielding and quality production depending on the management per yield by each farmer. 6 7 RICE PRODUCTION OUTLINE: NARI rice are harvested when they are three (3) months mature and golden (A) Post Harvesting (E) Milling and Packing mountain (TCS10) are harvested when at the stage of two (2) months and two (B) Planting Method (F) Storing Method (2) weeks. TCS-10, is a variety of golden mountain and both are hybrided (C) Thressing (G) Weeding and Mulching from tru kai. Both have the larger grain than Nari ones. Nari ones have smaller (D) Straining and Drying (H) Cooking Method grain, but depends on the soil nutrients and management. (A) Post Harvesting There are three ways of harvesting rice: (1) TIP HARVESTING: Harvest when rice begins to turn yellow from the tip of the rice to the edge. All rice must turn yellow or golden brown before you harvest them. (2) PANICLE Harvesting: Harvest from the top of the rice, through selecting and picking. This is when all rice grains turn yellow or golden brown before you could harvest them. (3) Stock Harvesting (SWEEP): Harvest at the base level when all the rice grains turn yellow or golden brown. However, it normally happens when you harvest your rice three (3) times already at the same field. Remember – NARI, 1-5, 15, 16, 17 harvested when they are still green with spotted black on them. Over ripe rice may affect the milling process This may sometimes crushes into pieces and get mixed with good rice and spoil it. 8 9 RICE AND FOOD CROP PRODUCTION STRUCTURE: (B) Planting Method: This method depends upon the physical landscape or the geographical Basic Rice Cropping: location of the land area that you want to plant your rice. This does not border Land Stored Prepar- about accurate measurement of planting. As long as you plant them in rows Seeds ation Seed and allow space between each plant so that would allow space for you to pass Storage Preparation Shed through during the harvesting and weeding periods. Seedling Drying Weeding (3-6 wks) Threshing Drying Ripening Harvesting Milling and Eating Process: All the seeds have to be stored up to three (3) months only for planting and if more than that required period the seeds would be of no use. Be careful Storage Stored Shed Rice during harvesting and planting season remember not do mix the varieties of Storage rice seeds. For instance when planting TCS10, you must always put a mark CookingShed Rice to avoid confusion with other varieties.