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Home , Populus

Map of Russia Native and cultivated poplars in Russia

Anatoli P. Tsarev

Petrozavodsk State University, Institute of Forestry of Karelian Research Center of Russian Academy of Science, Russia

Rome November 2003

Forest fund of Russia Billion ha An area and stock of natural poplar 1.2 stands in Russia

1.0 Names of poplars Area, Stock,

0.8, million ha million m3

0.6

0.4, P. tremula 18.9 2700

0.2, Other poplars (suaveolens, alba, 0 Gross Forested Commercial Categories of nigra, laurifolia, maximowiczii forest areas area area forest area etc.) 1.305 118 European- part of Russia Asian part of Russia

1 Some of Russian scientists in field of poplars breeding and culture Directions of basic researches of poplars breeding (undertaken by author*) Years Names Directions of researches 1. Selection of the best forms in natural stands; 1888 B.A. Kunitsky Intraspecies forms of 1934-1965 P.L. Bogdanov Hybridization of Eupopulus poplars 1935-1965 A.V. Albensky Hybridization of Leuce and Eupopulus 2. Introduction and testing of clones and ; poplars 1935-1965 A.S. Jablokov Breeding of aspen and hybridization of Leuce 3. Hybridisation. and Eupopulus poplars 1953-1992 M.M. Veresin Breeding and hybridization of Leuce and Eupopulus poplars 1955-1990 G.P. Ozolin Breeding and hybridization of Leuce and Eupopulus poplars *) Researches were undertaken in: 1956-1992 S.P. Ivannikov Breeding, hybridization and testing of Leuce and Eupopulus poplars xVoronezh State Forest-technical Academy, 1955-up N.V. Starova Breeding and hybridization of Leuce and to present Eupopulus poplars xCentral Research Institute of Forest Genetics and Breeding, 1957-1990 P.P. BesschetnovHybridization of Eupopulus poplars and research of Turanga xPetrozavodsk State University, 1959-1980 N.A. Konovalov Hybridization of Leuce poplars xInstitute of Forestry of Karelian Research Center of Russian Academy of Science.

1. Selection of the best forms in natural stands The characteristics of the plus and common stands of aspen

Species and intraspecies forms: Parameters Stands, No. experimental plots a) L. Plus, Com- Plus, Com- Plus, Com- xphenological forms (early and last spread), ʋ 3 mon, ʋ 12 mon, ʋ 9 mon, xmorphological forms (colour of and bark crack, height of rise rough bark), ʋ 31 ʋ 36 ʋ 34 xsexual forms (male and female),

xbest forms (plus stands and trees). Forest site type C2 C2 E3 E3 C2 C2 Age, years 454646394339 b) L. Average height, m 24.0 18.6 25.6 24.2 21.7 20.4 xbest forms (plus stands and trees). Average diameter,cm 26.4 26.5 31.1 21.8 22.6 21.8 c) L. Density 0.9 0.8 0.8 1.1 0.6 0.8 xexcrescence forms. Quality of locality Ib.8 II.1 Ib.7 Ib.3 Ia.5 Ia.5 xbest forms (plus stands and trees). Infected trees (with 5.2 77.1 0.0 91.1 6.1 21.3 Basic directions of breeding: bodies of mushrooms), % Stock at dencity 1.0 and 378.0 273.5 391.0 475.0 341.0 353.0 xGrowth (height, diameter, stock, mean annual increment), age 45 years, m3 •Resistance to decay caused by Fomes igniarius Fr. and Fellinus tremulae Bond. et Boris., Stock of healthy , m3 254.0 47.3 295.0 9.5 185.5 81.6 •Quality of stem and wood (straightness of trunks and technical properties of wood).

2 Fig. 3. The storing of branches for Fig. 2. Plus stand of aspen 3. hybridisation was making in plus stands of aspen 3. Age 45 years, April, 1972. The photo was made by Average height - 24 , R.P. Tsareva. average diameter - 26,4 , stock - 350 m3. Number of trees infected of heart decay - 5,2 % The Voronezh state reserve, quarter 6. A forest site type - C2. March 1967. The photo was made by A.P. Tsarev.

Fig. 4. A trunk of a tree from plus stand of aspen 12. Age 46 years. Average height - 25,6 m. An average diameter 31,1 cm, stock - 313 m3. Number of trees infected of heart decay is absent. A forest site type – E3. Savalsky timber enterprise of the Voronezh area. Savalsky forestry, quarter 3. August, 1966. The photo was made by A.P. Tsarev.

Fig. 5. Common stand of aspen. Age - 40 years. Average height - 20 m. An average diameter - 25 cm. Number of trees infected of heart decay - 30 %. A forest site type - D2. Study and experience timber enterprise of Voronezh state forest-technical academy. Pravoberezhnoje forestry, quarter 54. May 2003. The photo was made by A.P. Tsarev

3 The brief characteristics of white poplar stands in Khoper Mean annual increment plus and common stands state reserve (Voronezh area) Populus alba (Khoper State Reserve) MAI,m³/ha/year

No. Age, Fo- Ave- Ave- Stoc Mean Share 16 plots ye- rest rage rage m3/ha annu- of 14 ars site he- diame- al healt- type ight, ter, incre- hy 12 m cm ment, trees, 10 3 m /ha % 8 /year 6

4

464E3 28.2 47.3 709 11.1 98.5 2

0 435Everage MAI 380C3 33.5 57.3 1249 15.6 87.0 Nos of plus stands of Reserve

MAI 595E3 42.5 82.2 1513 15.9 92.3

The brief characteristic of black poplar stands in Khoper state reserve (Voronezh area) Mean annual increment plus and common stands Populus nigra (Khoper State Reserve) MAI,m³/ha/yɋɣear ɛ ɣ No. Age, Fo- Ave- Ave- Stoc Mean Share plots ye- rest rage rage m3/ha annu- of 9 ars site he- diame- al healt- type ight, ter, incre- hy 8 m cm ment, trees, 7 3 m /ha % 6 /year 5

670C2 30.5 51.1 623 8.9 98.4 4 3 770E2 28.0 51.2 414* 5.2* 100.0 2

1 *)The number of trunks on experimental areas No 6 is equal 240 copies/ha, and on 0 67 No 7 one - 138 copies/ha (57,5 %), that has had an effect on a stock and MAI. There Everage MAI of Reserve Nos of plus stands are many trees of excrescence form on the areas No 7. MAI

4 Fig. 9. The plus tree of white poplar. Age 95 years. Height 44 m, diameter 87 cm. The Voronezh area, Khopersky state reserve, quarter 93. August 1972. The photo was made by M.M. Veresin

Fig. 8. Plus stand of white poplar (100 years). In the age of 95 years had average height 42 m, average diameter 82 cm, Stock 1500 m3/ha The Voronezh area, Khopersky state reserve, quarter 93. March 1976. The photo was made by A.P. Tsarev

Fig. 10. The plus tree of white poplar. Age Fig. 11. The plus tree of black poplar. 100 years. Height 45 m, diameter 90 cm. It Age 60 years. Height 30 m, diameter 70 has distinguished high straight of trunk. cm. It has distinguished high straight of The Voronezh area, Khopersky state trunk. The Voronezh area, Khopersky reserve, quarter 93. March 1976. The state reserve. August 1972. The photo photo was made by A.P.Tsarev. was made by A.P.Tsarev.

5 Fig. 12. Excrescence form of black poplar. Age 65 years. The Voronezh 2. Tasks of Introduction and Testing of poplars area, Khopersky state reserve, quarter 120. July 1972. The photo was made by Creation of collections of different (domestic and foreign) perspective clones and A.I Sivolapov. cultivars of poplars;

Working out program and technique of field testing forest ;

Creation of a network of test objects and realisation test task in various soil- climatic zones;

The establishment of objective laws and peculiarities of phenological development, growth, resistance and quality wood of testing forms on different environment conditions;

Selection and dividing into district of cultivars and clones of poplars in various zones with a various target orientation (for massive plantings - on balance wood, for minirotation - on , for planting trees in towns, for field shelterbelts etc.).

Experimental base of poplars created for 1971-1995 years Systematical and morphological* groups of Kind of objects Quantity Area, ha investigated poplars Regeneration plantations 15 8.8 Collections of clones and cultivars 4 8.4 1)White poplars with the pyramidal form of crone; Collections of created in CRIFG&B 5 5.5 Minirotation plantations 4 1.7 2)White poplars with the spread form of crone; Test plantations 22 70. 9 Total 50 95.3 3)Black poplar with the pyramidal form of crone;

4)Black poplar with the spread form of crone; Soil-climatic zones of object locations 5)Balsam poplars and their within section hybrids; Soil-climatic zones Quantity of objects Area, ha Forest and forest- steppe 36 63.1 6)Intersection and complex hybrids of the Eupopulus poplars. Steppe 8 12.6 ______Semidesert (North Caspian region) 6 19.6 * Besides that the geographical origin of clones and cultivars of poplars was Total 50 95.3 taken into account.

6 Average parameters of growth and efficiency of various morphological and systematically groups of poplars on forest-steppe zone (Semilucsky Mean stock of wood of different systematical and morphological populetum, tchernozyom, forest site type D2, age 24 years, spacing 5ɯ4 group of poplars ɦ) m³/ha The data represented by R.P. Tsareva 500 450 of gro- Num- Sur- Height, m Diame- Volu- Stock Mean ʋ 400 up ber vival, (X±sx) ter, cm me of of annual 350 of clo- % (X±sx) trunk, wood, incre- nes m3 m3/ha* ment, 300 3 m /ha 250

/year 200 1 2 29 24.4±0.8 26.3±1.8 0.503 73.0 3.0 150 2 5 58 24.1±0.4 30.6±1.4 0.673 195.0 8.1 3 5 58 25.7±0.5 30.8±1.3 0.796 231.0 9.6 100

4 26 82 28.4±0.1 36.7±0.4 1.125 461.0 19.2 50

5 12 92 26.1±0.2 28.9±0.4 0.648 298.0 12.4 0 6 18 86 25.8±0.1 29.8±0.4 0.704 303.0 12.6 123456 Nos. of systematical and morphological groups of poplars * - Calculated parameters

As a whole, the analysis of survival and increments of poplars on Groups of poplars recommended for various soil-climatic zones and purposes of cultivation forest-steppe zone has allowed tested clones of poplars to divide on Zones Cultivars and Indust- Protec- Recrea- clones rial tive tions follow three basic groups: planta- planta- and tions tions decora- (shelter tive 1. Short-lived clones and cultivars which had dropped out of belts) planta- plantations on the whole in 4-6 years age (the majority of white and tion black poplars with the pyramidal form of crone and the Italian Forest-steppe Some of Euramerican cultivars, 1-2* 1 1-3 hybrids with low frost resistance); ‘Pioneer’, 1 1 3 ‘Russian’, ‘POK’, 2 1 1-2 ‘Hibrid e.s. 38’, 1 1 2 2. Clones and cultivars which have reached the quantitative ripeness ‘Sovietsky pyramidalny’ etc. 3 3 1 in short period of ontogenesis (P. balsamifera, P. suaveolens, P. Steppe Some of Euramerican cultivars, 1 1 1-3 trichocarpa, P. laurifolia, ‘Ivanteevsky’, ‘Leningradsky’ etc.) ‘Pioneer’, - 1 1 ‘POK’, 1 - 1 ‘Hibrid e.s. 38’, 1 1 1 3. Clones and cultivars with the long period of productive growth ‘Rubrinervis’, 3 3 1 continuing to accumulate a wood stock in analysed age (24 years). ‘Sovietsky pyramidalny’ etc. Their current annual increments exceed the mean ones Semi-desert Euramerican cultivars, 1 1 1-3 P. pyramidalis, 2 2 1 (‘Brabantica-175’, ‘Brabantica-176’, ‘Gelrica’, ‘Regenerata’, P. P. bolleana 2 3 1 berolinensis, ‘Hybrid e.s.-38’ etc.). - recommendations to use: 1 – recommend, 2 – may be use, 3 – not recommend

7 Fig. 14. A hybrid poplar created by . . Veresin ‘Hybrid e.s. 38’ Fig. 15. A poplar ‘Vernirubens’. (‘Voronezh giant’), received from Age 29 years. crossing P. deltoides P. Height 31 m, diameter 48,1 cm, volume of balsamifera. trunk 2,2 m3. Age 29 years. The Voronezh region, Semilucsky populetum. Parameters of the marked tree: A forest site type - D2. May 2003. height 28,5 m, diameter 42,7cm, The photo was made by A.P. Tsarev. volume of trunk 1.6 m3. The Voronezh region, Semilucsky populetum. A forest site type - D2. May 2003. The photo was made by A.P. Tsarev

Fig. 17. A poplar ,Regenerata-78’. Age 29 years. Parameters of the marked tree: height 32 m, diameter 64,6 cm, volume of trunk 4,5 m3. The Voronezh region, Semilucsky populetum. A forest site type - D2. May 2003. The photo was made by A.P. Tsarev

Fig. 16. The euramerican hybrids of poplars. On the left is ‘Vernirubens’, on the right ‘Sacrau- 59’. Age 29 years. Parameters of the marked tree: height of 31,5 m, diameter 49,7 cm, volume of trunk 2,4 m3. The Voronezh region, Semilucsky populetum. A forest site type - D2. May 2003. The photo was made by A.P. Tsarev.

8 3. The basic purpose of hybridisation was creation of hybrids with Fig. 18. . frost and windbreaks resistance and with good parameters of growth Age 29 years. Parameters of the marked tree: and decorative habit for conditions of Central forest steppe of the height 27 m, diameter 30,3 cm, European part of Russia. volume of trunk 0,8 m3. The Voronezh region, Semilucsky Since 1974 to 1992 years there were involved in hybridisation about populetum. 200 parental forms. Some of them are given in table 1. A forest site type - D2. May 2003. The photo was made by A.P. Tsarev. There were carried out more than 700 variants of crossings.

It has brought up about 100 thousand hybrid seedlings from more than 120 families.

From the received material 9 collection and test sites in timber enterprises of the Voronezh, Lipetsk and Tambov regions have created.

Fig. 20. A hybrid poplar ‘Stepnaja Fig. 19. A hybrid poplar ‘Veduga’ Lada’ created by A.P. Tsarev, created by A.P. Tsarev, recived recived from crossing P. deltoides from crossing P. Alba x P. x P. Pyramidalno-osokorevy bolleana. Kamyshinsky. Age 26 years. A pyramidal crone. Age 26 years. A halfpyramidal Frostresistant in Central forest crone. Frostresistant in Central steppe. Parameters of the marked forest steppe. tree: height 22.7 m, diameter 36.9 Parameters of the marked tree: cm, volume of trunk 1.1 m3. height 23.0 m, diameter 43.0 cm, The Voronezh region, Semilucsky volume of trunk 1.5 m3. collection of poplar hybrid No 1. A The Voronezh region, Semilucsky forest site type – D1. May 2003. collection of poplar hybrid No 1. The photo was made by A.P. A forest site type – D1. May 2003. Tsarev. The photo was made by A.P. Tsarev.

9 Fig. 21. A hybrid poplar ‘Breez’ Fig. 22. A hybrid poplar ‘Surprise’ created by R.P. Tsareva, recived from created by R.P. Tsareva, recived free crossing P. ‘Pioneer’. from free crossing P. ‘I-455’. Age 14 years. A halfpyramidal crone. Age 14 years. Frost resistant in Frostresistant in Central forest steppe. Central forest steppe. Parameters of the marked tree: height Parameters of the marked tree: 17.8 m, diameter 30.3 cm, volume of height 17.5 m, diameter 34.7 cm, trunk 0.6 m3. volume of trunk 0.8 m3. The Voronezh region, Semilucsky The Voronezh region, Semilucsky collection of poplar hybrid No 2. A collection of poplar hybrid No 2. A forest site type – D1-2. May 2003. forest site type – D1-2. May 2003. The photo was made by A.P. Tsarev. The photo was made by A.P. Tsarev.

The conclusion 3. The distinction in growth of separate cultivars and clones with close frost resistance within the limits of morphological-systematic 1. The selection works with a poplar, which will be carried out groups in the same conditions of cultivation on height in Russia in last 60-70 years, have allowed selecting in natural reached 20-80%, on a diameter – 50-110%, on volume of trunk stands, among introducents and by hybridization a number – 100-600%. It testifies about perspectiveness of and of the valuable forms and cultivars, suitable for introduction clone selection. in various types of plantations.

4. Use of the selected and created best clones and cultivars of poplars 2. By experimental researches of growth, phenology will allow considerably to lower deficiency of wood in forest deficit development, stability, straightness of trunks and the regions of Russia. A lot from them can be used also for planting qualities of wood are established the tendencies of these in towns and for creating shelterbelts. parameters depending on a geographical origin, ecological- climatic conditions of growth area, genetic peculiarity of poplar clones and cultivars. 5. Part of these best and tested clones, cultivars and hybrids can be propose to transferred in other regions of globe.

10 List of some publications of Anatoli P. Tsarev on poplars breeding xTsarev A.P. Genetical resources of Populus L. at European Part of USSR. // X Congress of dendrologiests. Temporary State of common research of natural dendroflorae by particular xTsarev A.P. Breeding of Populus L. // Breeding and Reproduction of Forest Tree Species. The textbook for high schools. Moscow: Logos, 2001. 520 p. / A.P. Tsarev, S.P. Pogiba, V.V. Trenin. P. conservation of its genfund. (Sophia, 3-8 October 1988). 1988. P. 260-265. 311-334. (In Russian). xOzolin G.P., Ivannikov S.P., Tsarev A.P. Industrial cultivation of poplars. // Vestnik xShirnin V.K., Tsarev A.P., Kazantsev I.Ja. Technical properties of different poplar cultivars selskokhozjajstvennoi nauki (News of agricultural science), 1988. ʋ 12. P. 142-145. (In Russian). wood. // Annales of Forest Engineering Faculty of Petrozavodsk State University issue 3. 2001. P. xTsarev A.P. Poplar cultivarology. Voronezh: Publishers of Voronezh State University. 1985. 152 109-110. (In Russian) xTsarev A.P., Mironenko S.S. Possibilities of energetically poplar plantations in Central forest- p. (In Russian). steppe. // Lesnoje Khozjajstvo (Forestry), 1997. ʋ 2. P. 35-36. (In Russian) xTsarev A.P. The new testing approach and its using by poplars. // Lesovedenije (Forest xTsarev A.P., Tsareva R.P. Experimental base and some results of poplars breeding. // Science). 1981. ʋ 2. P. 74-81. (In Russian). Experimental base in forest breeding. Voronezh: Research Institute of forest genetics and breeding, xIvannikov S.P., Tsarev A.P. Experience of poplar cultivate by irrigation of waste water of 1995. P. 65-73. (In Russian). xTsarev A.P., Tsareva R.P. Poplar breeding in the regions of temperate climate of the USSR. // mills. // Soviet-Italian symposium. Kiev, 1973. P. 65-80. Proceedings XIX World Congress IUFRO (5-11 August 1990, Montreal, Canada).- Division 2 – Tsarev A.P. Aspen tree improvement in Voronezh district. // Forest genetics, breeding and Montreal, 1990. P. 28-37. production. Petrozavodsk: Karelia publishers. 1970. P. 346-352. Tsarev A.P. Breeding Programs of Poplar Improvement. // Lesovedenije (Forest Science). 1988. ʋ 6. P. 64-71. (In Russian).

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