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Air-Raid Protection and Allied Subjects in Kyoto Japan .Pdf !^ ^ Given By t U. & SITPT. OF DOCLTMENTS ' THE UNITED STATES STRATEGIC BOMBING SURVEY Field Report Covering Air-Raid Protection and Allied Subjects in Kyoto, Japan Civilian Defense Division February 1947 — THE UNITED STATES STRATEGIC BOMBING SURVEY Field Report Covering Air-Raid Protection and Allied Subjects in Kyoto, Japan Civilian Defense Division Dates of Survey: 4 November 1945 — 9 November 1945 Date of Publication: February 1947 _ II ^r N --i_) ( o-o Vu),(d 0. S. SUPERINTENDENT Of D0UUM£«T8 APR 8 1947 This report was written primarily for the use of the United States Strategic Bombing Survey in the preparation of further reports of a more comprehensive nature. Any conclusions or opinions expressed in this report must be considered as limited to the specific material covered and as subject to further interpretation in the light of further studies conducted by the Survey. II : FOREWORD The United States Strategic Bombing Survey military segment of the organization was drawn was established by the Secretary of War on from the Army to the extent of 60 percent, and 3 November 1944, pursuant to a directive from from the Navy to the extent of 40 percent. Both the late President Roosevelt. Its mission was the Army and the Navy gave the Survey all to conduct an impartial and expert study of the possible assistance in furnishing men, supplies, effects of our aerial attack on Germany to be transport, and information. The Survey oper- used in connection with air attacks on Japan ated from headquarters established in Tokyo and to establish a basis for evaluating the im- early in September 1945, with subheadquarters portance and potentialities of air power as an in Nagoya, Osaka, Hiroshima, and Nagasaki, instrument of military strategy for planning the and with mobile teams operating in other parts future development of the United States armed of Japan, the islands of the Pacific, and the forces and for determining future economic Asiatic mainland. policies with respect to the national defense. A It was possible to reconstruct much of war- summary report and some 200 supporting re- time Japanese military planning and execution, ports containing the findings of the Survey in engagement by engagement, and campaign by Germany have been published. campaign, and to secure reasonably accurate On 15 August 1945, President Truman re- statistics on Japan's economy and war produc- quested that the Survey conduct a similar study tion, plant by plant, and industry by industry. of the effects of all types of air attack in the In addition, studies were conducted on Japan's war against Japan, submitting reports in dupli- over-all strategic plans and the background of cate to the Secretary of War and to the Secre- her entry into the war, the internal discussions tary of the Navy. The officers of the Survey and negotiations leading to her acceptance of during its Japanese phase were unconditional surrender, the course of health and morale among the civilian population, the Franklin D'Olier, Chairman. effectiveness of the Japanese civilian defense Paul H. Nitze, Henry C. Alexander, Vice organization, and the effects of the atomic Chairmen. bombs. Separate reports will be issued cover- Harry L. Bowman, ing each phase of the study. J. Kenneth Galbraith, The Survey interrogated more than 700 Japa- Rensis Likert, nese military, government, and industrial offi- Frank A. McNamee, Jr., cials. It also recovered and translated many Fred Searls, Jr., documents which not only have been useful to Monroe E. Spaght, the Survey, but also will furnish data valuable Dr. Lewis R. Thompson, for other studies. Arrangements have been Theodore P. Wright, Directors. made to turn over the Survey's files to the Cen- Walter Wilds, Secretary. tral Intelligence Group, through which they The Survey's complement provided for 300 will be available for further examination and civilians, 350 officers, and 500 enlisted men. The distribution. Ill TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Summaries * ^"'"' I. Introduction 1 II. Special Civilian-Defense Agencies 3 III. Organization and Operation of Japanese Civilian Defense 6 IV. Protection of Factories, Utilities, Installations, and Buildings Devoted to Public Use... , 36 V. Passive Defense Installations and Precautions 41 VI. Evacuation and Welfare ." 50 VII. Training 58 VIII. Reference Notes 60 IX. Exhibits..... 62 A. List of air-raid attacks in Kyoto prefecture, excluding Mai- zuru, a naval base city north of Kyoto 62 B. Illustration of large municipal siren on tower of Kyoto city hall 63 C. Illustration of Control panels from which the sirens in Kyoto were operated 64 D. Illustration of the improved panel board intended for instal- lation in the siren control room 65 E. Diagram of Kyoto prefectural control center 66 F. List of officials of Kyoto city fire and water departments 67 G. Translation of first-aid regulations, air defense, Kyoto prefec- ture, 7 July 1945, together with chart showing channels for medical instruction and training 68 H. Chart of guard rescue unit 71 I. Report on air-raid protection inspection of Mitsubishi Air- craft Engine Plant, plus Annexes I-l and 1-2 72 J. Report of air-raid protection inspection of Kyoto Imperial University 78 K. Report on air-raid protection inspection of the Miyako Hotel, Ltd 81 * See paragraphs headed "Comments" at the end of each titled subsection. V Exhibit Page L. Report on air-raid protection inspection of the Daiken office building 83 M. Report on air-raid protection inspection of the St. Agnes' Epis- copal Church and girls school 85 N. Translation of table of contents and summary of air-raid defense book: Training Orders, Training Notices, and Pre- fectural Orders Concerning Air Defense ; Kyoto Prefecture Police Department. (Reference Item No. 21) 87 O. Pictures of: (1) Conical-shape black-out street lighting unit; and (2) dome-shaped street lighting reflector unit 89 P. Translation of bill proposed for effecting evacuation of per- sons, published by Kyoto Prefecture, August, 1945. (Ref- erence Item No. 25).. 91 Q. Translation of section 3, Prefectural Regulations for Wartime Damage Rescue Work, 18 March 1945, abstracted from Kyoto Prefectural publication dated April 1945, Compen- dium of Matters Pertaining to Wartime Damage Protection Law No. 71, Promulgated February 24, 1942. (Reference Item No. 26) 93 R. Translation of questionnaire designed to determine destina- tion of persons seeking other locations. (Reference Item No. 27) 96 S. Translation of compendium of regulations relating to school children group evacuation. Issued by educational section of Kyoto Prefecture, May 1945. (Reference Item No. 28).... 97 T. Translation of : (1) Ration card for sufferers ; and (2) suffer- er's certificate. (Reference Item No. 29) 100 U. Guide to wartime damage insurance (original Japanese text and translation) 101 V. Translation of wartime disaster protection law 105 VI : I. INTRODUCTION 1. Relative importance of Kyoto.—a Kyoto is the cultural center and one of the oldest of the cities of Japan. It was for centuries the capi- tal, the primary metropolitan area, and the seat of the imperial court. b. History has left a deep imprint on the city; the old imperial palace and grounds still occupy its central area ; extensive and well es- tablished temples, libraries, museums, universi- ties, and schools are to be found in larger num- bers in Kyoto than in any metropolitan area of comparable size. It is thus the classical city and the recognized cultural center, a position which has been strengthened by the absence of heavy air raids, since it is the only important city in Japan that was not devastated. c. Kyoto prefecture extends some 74 miles in a northwesterly direction from the city to the Sea of Japan. It is largely mountainous and includes no other cities of importance with the possible exception of Maizuru (population 29,908), a naval base town located on the small coastal plain bordering the Sea of Japan. 2. Area and Population.—The city of Kyoto is 112 square miles in area, in that respect being second only to Tokyo. In population, however, it ranked fourth prior to the air raids, being exceeded by Tokyo, Osaka, and Nagoya. The population figures for the city and the prefec- ture from January 1, 1940 to September 1, 1945 are given below Date 1 factory building completely demol- mass raids on Osaka, Nagoya, and Kobe made ished. heavy demands upon Kyoto in terms of food, 5 factory buildings partially demol- shelter, clothing and transportation for the vic- ished. tims. They also convinced Kyoto officials that air-defense measures which were moderately 5 structures completely demolished effective against small, short raids, would be (military). entirely ineffective against prolonged mass in- 13 structures partially demolished (mili- cendiary raids, since Kyoto was fully as vul- tary) . nerable to such raids. b. As compared with any other major Japa- c. As mass air raids on other cities increased, nese city, raids on Kyoto were small and cas- Kyoto officials abandoned many of the air-de- ualties, as well as property damage, were ex- fense measures designed to save property, and tremely light. Kyoto is less than 30 miles concentrated on measures looking toward the from Osaka, however, and is only about 60 saving of lives and providing emergency relief miles from Nagoya and Kobe. Next to Tokyo, to victims. In view of the vulnerability of they were the three largest cities and were Kyoto and the nature of the equipment then among the most completely devastated. The available, that was a logical policy. ; II. SPECIAL CIVILIAN DEFENSE AGENCIES Auxiliary Police and Fire Units (Keibodan) fire, guard, and first aid. Early organization plans provided for a headquarters arm but it 1. Introduction.—Since the organization, op- was later discontinued, and its duties were erations, and equipment of the auxiliary police assumed by the guard arm.
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