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Etnicidades En Movimiento Etnicidades en Movimiento (Re)presentaciones identitarias en un contexto global. Los peul mbororo, entre Camerún y Europa Cristina Enguita Fernàndez Aquesta tesi doctoral està subjecta a la llicència Reconeixement 4.0. Espanya de Creative Commons. Esta tesis doctoral está sujeta a la licencia Reconocimiento 4.0. España de Creative Commons. This doctoral thesis is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. Spain License. ETNICIDADES EN MOVIMIENTO (Re)presentaciones identitarias en un contexto global. Los peul mbororo, entre Camerún y Europa. Cristina Enguita Fernàndez Tesis de Doctorado Directora: Yolanda Aixelà Cabré (IMF-CSIC) Tutora: Cristina Larrea Killinger (UB) Programa “Societat i cultura: història, antropologia, art i patrimoni” Departament d’Antropologia Social Facultat de Geografia i Història, Universitat de Barcelona Septiembre 2018 Fotografía y diseño de la portada: Albert Masias, Camerún, 2009. 2 Es tiempo de viaje, tiempo sin fronteras. Los obstáculos del viaje deben ser eliminados, pues son obstáculos al libre pensamiento. Pensar y viajar son dos experiencias paralelas. Son las dos expresiones directas de la libertad. Y, a menudo, ambas expresiones van asociadas: el viaje hace mover el pensamiento, le ayuda a saltar las trabas del dogmatismo y otras limitaciones. Luís Beltrán e Ignacio Duque, “Palabras de viaje. Estética y hermenéutica del viaje” (2007: 7) Munyal defan hayre. “La paciència pot fer coure la pedra”. Proverbi peul. 3 4 Índice Agradecimientos ...................................................................................................................................... 9 Resumen ................................................................................................................................................. 13 Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. 14 Presentación ........................................................................................................................................... 17 Capítulo 1 Introducción: Etnografiando etnicidades en movimiento ................................ 21 1.1. Antecedentes y formulación del problema de investigación ................................................... 21 1.2. Objetivos e hipótesis ..................................................................................................................... 26 1.3. Marco teórico ................................................................................................................................. 30 1.4. Metodología y trabajo de campo ................................................................................................. 38 1.5. Uso de etnónimos: aclaraciones terminológicas ....................................................................... 43 1.6. Los peul mbororo de Camerún: breve presentación y recorrido histórico ........................... 45 1.6.1. Algunos apuntes sobre la fulbeización: etnicidad e incorporación a la sociedad fulbe del norte de Camerún (s.XIX y s.XX). ...................................................................................... 52 Capítulo 2 Formas de movilidad entre los mbororo ................................................................ 57 2.1. Los peul mbororo y sus raíces migrantes ................................................................................... 62 2.1.1. Dispersión del pueblo peul. .............................................................................................. 63 2.1.2. Los mbororo y la persistencia del nomadismo .............................................................. 67 2.2. Consideraciones sobre la migración campo-ciudad. ................................................................ 69 2.2.1. Cambios de una vida sedentaria. ...................................................................................... 71 2.2.2. La vida en contexto urbano. ............................................................................................. 74 2.3. Movilidad transnacional mbororo y residencia en Europa. ..................................................... 78 2.3.1. Viajes de ida y vuelta. ......................................................................................................... 81 2.3.2. Migración transnacional hacia Europa. ........................................................................... 83 2.4. Conclusiones .................................................................................................................................. 89 Capítulo 3 Miradas cruzadas: los mbororo vistos por los mbororo. Identidad, política y estrategia. .............................................................................................................................................. 91 5 3.1. Ceux qui partent. Percepciones sobre el mbororo migrante. ..................................................... 95 3.1.1. Entre heroicidad y decepción. .......................................................................................... 96 3.1.2. Divergencias políticas y territoriales. ............................................................................... 99 3.2. Cuestionamientos desde el exterior. ......................................................................................... 102 3.2.1. Los “pilares” de la fulanidad. .......................................................................................... 103 3.2.2. Algunas objeciones a la fulanidad .................................................................................. 105 3.3. Coordenadas políticas del discurso identitario mbororo. ...................................................... 110 3.3.1. Contexto histórico-político y legado colonial .............................................................. 112 3.3.2. Los mbororo y su “despertar” político. ........................................................................ 117 3.4. Conclusiones. ............................................................................................................................... 122 Capítulo 4 Les mbororo, peuls de brousse. Reconstrucción identitaria y vuelta al mito ............ 125 4.1. “Etnicización” de la categoría mbororo ................................................................................... 129 4.1.1. Del estigma a la reivindicación político-identitaria. ..................................................... 130 4.1.2. Los Mbororo: reconocimiento y éxito de la causa indígena en África ..................... 136 4.2. Redefinición de “lo mbororo”. ...................................................................................................... 141 4.2.1. Revisando y reconstruyendo “la tradición”. ................................................................. 143 4.2.2. La mujer mbororo: objeto y sujeto de cambio ............................................................. 151 4.2.3. Reificación del estereotipo del peul nómada y pastor ................................................. 156 4.3. Conclusiones ................................................................................................................................ 160 Capítulo 5 Los/as mbororo en Europa: experiencias de una identidad étnica diluida.................. 163 5.1 Expresión de la etnicidad mbororo en Europa: una identidad desarticulada. ..................... 167 5.1.1. Vínculos desdibujados ..................................................................................................... 169 5.1.2. Prácticas relegadas y otros ejes de relación ................................................................... 177 5.2 ¿Fulbeización? Continuidades y discontinuidades de lo mbororo en Europa ............................ 182 5.2.1. “Lo mbororo” en Europa como fulbeización ............................................................. 184 5.2.2. Ambigüedades ante la exaltación de la “macrocomunidad” peul. ............................ 195 5.3. Conclusiones ................................................................................................................................ 198 Capítulo 6 Etnicidad mbororo: contingencias de una identidad contextual .................. 201 6 6.1. Contingencias de “lo mbororo” en Camerún ......................................................................... 205 6.1.1. Etnicidades, desigualdades y herencias coloniales ....................................................... 209 6.1.2. Etnicidad y movilización política de la desigualdad .................................................... 214 6.2. Reposicionando “lo mbororo” en Europa .............................................................................. 220 6.2.1. Comunidades (re)enlazadas en un espacio de diáspora .............................................. 225 6.2.2. Hacia una etnicidad móvil y contextual ........................................................................ 229 6.3. Conclusiones ................................................................................................................................ 232 Conclusiones ..................................................................................................................................... 235 Bibliografía ......................................................................................................................................... 247 ANEXOS ...........................................................................................................................................
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