DOCSLIB.ORG

University of the Western Cape

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
University of the Western Cape University of the Western Cape Faculty of Natural Sciences Department of Statistics & Population Studies Socio-demographic analysis of domestic violence against women: evidences from DHS A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Magister Philisophiae in Population Studies By Judith D’or Donang Ngondiop 2013 Supervisor: Dr Nancy Stiegler ABSTRACT The right for every woman to live free of violence is one of the basic human rights. Nevertheless, this right is still subject to violation on a massive and systematic scale around the world. At least one of three women around the world has reported been physical, sexual and emotional abuse by an intimate partner in her lifetime. Although, gender inequalities and discrimination are considered as the underlying factors of domestic violence, little is known about the contributions of the presence of sons and daughters at home, age, gender, education, marital status, working status, place of residence. Despite the fact that recommendations have been made both at the international and national levels to reduce intimate female abuse, the issue is still rampant in developing countries. The aim of this study was to identify and compare the impact of women’s socio- economic and demographic characteristics on domestic violence across seven countries (Cameroon, Ghana, Haiti, Liberia, Moldova, Nepal and Philippines). Frequencies and bivariate analyses were performed using the latest Demographic Health Surveys from 2005 to 2011. The findings established that on average 33.37 percent of women across the seven countries are abused. Domestic violence is a high concern in Cameroon. The educational level still remains a predicting factor of domestic violence across the countries under investigation except in Liberia. The number of living children was also identified as a predicting factor across the studied countries. Finally, a woman having a son or a daughter at home is more likely to expose the woman to intimate violence in Cameroon, Haiti, Moldova, Nepal and Philippines. All the countries are entrenched in a culture of male domination whereby women lack the freedom to decide on marital issues. As a recommendation, the government of each of the studied countries should be more proactive in reinforcing judicial system, policies and education that will help to curb the scourge of domestic violence. Furthermore, improving the level of literacy for women and educating men as the perpetrators of domestic violence will go a long way in abating this social ill. i KEYS WORDS CEDAW Domestic violence Demographic Health Survey Demographic variables Eastern Europe Socio-economic characteristics Sub-Saharan, Southern Asia Violence against women ii DECLARATION I hereby declare that Socio-demographic analysis of domestic violence against women: evidences from Demographic health surveys is my own work, that it has not been previously submitted for any degree or examination in any other university or higher education; and that all the sources and quotations have been indicated and acknowledged by complete references Judith D’or Donang Ngondiop Date Signature iii DEDICATION To dad, mum, brothers, sisters and cousins for your undying love; continuous encouragement and support. iv ACKNOWL DGMENT To the almighty God for giving me the power and strength to overcome all the obstacles which came on my way during this study and seeing me throughout its completion. My heartfelt thanks are conveyed to my supervisor Dr Nancy Stiegler for her enormous assistance, guidance, constant encouragements and presence. Dear Dr Nancy, millions of thanks for your endless patience and constructive advices. Special thanks to the department of Statistics & Population Studies and to all my fellow students. I am also thankful to all my friends who provide me important advices, support, friendship at all times throughout the duration of my studies v Contents ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ i KEYS WORDS.................................................................................................................. ii DECLARATION.............................................................................................................. iii DEDICATION.................................................................................................................. iv ACKNOWLDGMENT ..................................................................................................... v LIST OF APPENDIX .................................................................................................. xviii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ xx LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................... xxiii LIST OF ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................... xxv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND SETTING OF THE STUDY ......................... 1 1.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................1 1.2 Background to the study .................................................................................................3 1.3 Problem statement...........................................................................................................6 1.4 Significance of the study .................................................................................................7 1.5 Objectives of the study ....................................................................................................8 1.6 Research questions ..........................................................................................................8 1.6.1 General question ................................................................................................................. 8 1.6.2 Specific questions ................................................................................................................ 9 1.7 Definitions of the terms used ..........................................................................................9 1.8 Outline of the remaining chapters .................................................................................9 CHAPTER 2: RELATED REVIEW OF LITTERATURE ON DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ..................................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................11 vi 2.2 Background ................................................................ ....................................................11 2.3 An understanding of domestic violence .......................................................................13 2.3.1 The concept and forms of intimate partner violence ..................................................... 14 2.3.2 Causes of domestic violence ............................................................................................. 17 2.3.2.1 Direct determinants of men intimate abuse against women ..................................... 18 2.3.2.1.1 Gender based violence ............................................................................................ 18 2.3.2.2 Factors leading to intimate partner violence by men on women .............................. 19 2.3.2.2.1 Individual level characteristics as risk factors of domestic violence .................. 19 2.3.2.2.2 Societal factors contributing to domestic violence ............................................... 21 2.3.2.2.2.1 Cultural factors ................................................................................................ 21 2.3.2.2.2.2 Alcohol consumption abuse ............................................................................. 23 2.3.3 Protective factors of women exposed to domestic violence ........................................... 24 2.3.4 Theories on causes and consequences of women intimate abuse .................................. 25 2.3.4.1 Public health approach ................................................................................................. 25 2.3.4.2 The criminal justice approach ..................................................................................... 25 2.3.4.3 The socio ecological approach ...................................................................................... 26 2.3.4.4 The feminist approach .................................................................................................. 26 2.3.5 Effects of domestic violence .............................................................................................. 27 2.3.6 Relationship between battered women and the perpetrator ......................................... 30 2.4 Women abuse and International Organizations ........................................................31 2.4.1 Importance of UN recommendations .............................................................................. 32 2.4.2 Evolution of guidelines...................................................................................................... 32 2.4.3 Millennium Development Goals (MDG) ......................................................................... 32 2.4.4 Proposed policies to prevent and eliminate domestic violence against women ........... 33 2.5 General
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Submission to the University of Baltimore School of Law‟S Center on Applied Feminism for Its Fourth Annual Feminist Legal Theory Conference
    Submission to the University of Baltimore School of Law‟s Center on Applied Feminism for its Fourth Annual Feminist Legal Theory Conference. “Applying Feminism Globally.” Feminism from an African and Matriarchal Culture Perspective How Ancient Africa’s Gender Sensitive Laws and Institutions Can Inform Modern Africa and the World Fatou Kiné CAMARA, PhD Associate Professor of Law, Faculté des Sciences Juridiques et Politiques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, SENEGAL “The German experience should be regarded as a lesson. Initially, after the codification of German law in 1900, academic lectures were still based on a study of private law with reference to Roman law, the Pandectists and Germanic law as the basis for comparison. Since 1918, education in law focused only on national law while the legal-historical and comparative possibilities that were available to adapt the law were largely ignored. Students were unable to critically analyse the law or to resist the German socialist-nationalism system. They had no value system against which their own legal system could be tested.” Du Plessis W. 1 Paper Abstract What explains that in patriarchal societies it is the father who passes on his name to his child while in matriarchal societies the child bears the surname of his mother? The biological reality is the same in both cases: it is the woman who bears the child and gives birth to it. Thus the answer does not lie in biological differences but in cultural ones. So far in feminist literature the analysis relies on a patriarchal background. Not many attempts have been made to consider the way gender has been used in matriarchal societies.
    [Show full text]
  • Anthropological Abstracts
    Anthropological Abstracts Cultural/Social Anthropology from German-speaking countries edited by Ulrich Oberdiek Volume 3.2004 ___________ LIT Contents Editorial 4 General/Theoretical/Historical Studies 9 Regional Studies Africa 133 The Americas 191 Asia 219 Australia & Oceania 261 Europe 267 Periodicals scanned 327 Author Index 295 Subject Index Editorial This reference journal is published once a year and announces most publications in the field of cultural/social anthropology from the German language area (Austria, Germany, Switzerland). Since many of these publications have been written in German, and most German publications are not included in major, English language abstracting services, Anthropological Abstracts (AA) offers an opportunity and convenient source of information for anthropologists who do not read German to become aware of anthropological publications in German- speaking countries. Included are journal articles, monographs, anthologies, exhibition catalogs, yearbooks, etc., published in German. Occasionally, publications in English, or French, are included as well if the publisher is less well-known and when it is likely that the publication will not be noted abroad. The present printed volume of Anthropological Abstracts (AA) (2.2003) includes no. www-4 of the internet version (www.anthropology-online.de ’ Anthropological Abstracts ’ no. 4.2003); the printed version has about 30% additional material, however. Starting from the present volume the layout (size of script etc.) has been changed to ensure better readability. Some technical remarks This reference journal uses a combined and flexible approach of representation: While in most cases abstracts are supplied, for some anthologies and journals (e.g., Zeitschrift für Kulturaustausch, Kea) - because of space limitations - the Current Contents principle is applied, i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Prison Conditions in Cameroon: the Narratives Of
    PRISON CONDITIONS IN CAMEROON: THE NARRATIVES OF FEMALE INMATES by HELEN NAMONDO FONTEBO submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF LITERATURE AND PHILOSOPHY in the subject SOCIOLOGY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA SUPERVISOR: PROFESSOR ME RABE JUNE 2013 SUMMARY PRISON CONDITIONS IN CAMEROON: THE NARRATIVES OF FEMALE INMATES This study explores and critically analyses the lived experiences of female inmates in six selected prisons in Cameroon. The study contributes to the available knowledge regarding prison conditions from the perspectives of female inmates– a subject which has been under researched globally and has received little attention from researchers in Cameroon. The Cameroon Penitentiary Regulation (CPR) professes to be gender neutral and, therefore, it ignores the special needs of female inmates. The central research question is: How do the national policies and laws on prison conditions in Cameroon relate to the lived and narrated experiences of female inmates? The study is informed by two major frameworks, namely, Foucault’s analytical framework from his seminal work Discipline and Punish (1977) and a feminist analytical framework, standpoint feminism, which fills the gap in Foucault’s thesis that is largely devoid of gender analysis. The study is qualitative, using in-depth interviews and observations. It involved a sample of 38 research participants, comprising 18 female inmates, 18 prison staff members and two NGO representatives. The findings reveal that both international and national ratified policies are merely “paperwork”, lacking effective implementation in the prisons selected for this study. There is a general lack of infrastructural facilities in prisons and this prevents classification as suggested by the CPR 1992 and ratified international instruments.
    [Show full text]
  • 'We All Believe in the Same God'
    Wageningen University and Research Centre Department of Social Sciences M.Sc. Thesis Sociology of Development and Change ‘We all believe in the same god’ Urban youth perceptions on boundaries between religious groups in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Imme Widdershoven August 2020 931021969130 Programme: M.Sc. International Development Studies Supervisor: Dr. Gemma van der Haar Specialization: Sociology of Development and Change - Second examiner: Dr. Lotje de Vries Conflict, development and disaster Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor dr. Gemma van der Haar for her excellent guidance and feedback. As the writing process has been long and wavering, I am also very grateful for your patience and flexibility. Thanks to the Wageningen Writing Lab for facilitating a little writing club, and thanks to my club members for each morning’s motivation. I thank my parents, Merel and Wolf for bearing with me throughout the entire thesis writing process – it has been four years and yet you still love me! I want to thank everyone who contributed to making my research in Cameroon possible. I owe a lot to Dupleix Kuenzob, who facilitated my stay in Cameroon, introduced me to his colleagues and made sure I was invited to all meetings and events he thought could be useful for my research. I also thank dr. Ndi Richard Tanto for his warm welcome at the airport and his kind help and company during the months I spent in the lodging facilities of his organisation. A special thanks goes out to Cédric and his friends for their support and translations during the interviews with motor taxi drivers.
    [Show full text]
  • TRANSCENDING BORDERS Abortion in the Past and Present
    TRANSCENDING BORDERS Abortion in the Past and Present edited by Shannon Stettner, Katrina Ackerman, Kristin Burnett & Travis Hay Transcending Borders Shannon Stettner • Katrina Ackerman • Kristin Burnett • Travis Hay Editors Transcending Borders Abortion in the Past and Present Editors Shannon Stettner Katrina Ackerman Department of Women’s Studies Department of History University of Waterloo University of Regina Ontario, Canada Saskatchewan, Canada Kristin Burnett Travis Hay Indigenous Learning Department History Department Lakehead University York University Ontario, Canada Ontario, Canada ISBN 978-3-319-48398-6 ISBN 978-3-319-48399-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-48399-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017931665 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the pub- lisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.
    [Show full text]
  • Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies Institute of Gender Studies
    ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES INSTITUTE OF GENDER STUDIES CHALLENGES TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MAPUTO PROTOCOL: THE CASE OF CAMEROON A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE INSTITUTE OF GENDER STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF ARTS IN GENDER STUDIES BY AYAMBA OJONGMBOH NJIKAM JUNE 2010 ADDIS ABABA 1 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES INSTITUTE OF GENDER STUDIES CHALLENGES TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MAPUTO PROTOCOL: THE CASE OF CAMEROON A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE INSTITUTE OF GENDER STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF ARTS IN GENDER STUDIES BY AYAMBA OJONGMBOH NJIKAM JUNE 2010 ADDIS ABABA 2 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES INSTITUTE OF GENDER STUDIES CHALLENGES TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MAPUTO PROTOCOL: THE CASE OF CAMEROON NAME OF STUDENT: AYAMBA OJONGMBOH NJIKAM APPROVED BY BOARD OF EXAMINERS CHAIR PERSON SIGNATURE DATE Dr. VIJAYA SUBRAMANIYAM ADVISOR SIGNATURE DATE Dr. EMEZAT HAILU INTERNAL EXAMINER SIGNATURE DATE Dr. HIRUT TEREFE EXTERNAL EXAMINER SIGNATURE DATE 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages Acknowledgements I List of Tables II List of Maps III Acronyms III Abstract IV CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION…………………………………1 1.1. Background of the study ………………………………………………………..1 1.2. Statement of the problem………………………………………………………..4 1.3. Objectives of the study…………………………………………………………..6 1.3.1. General objective………………………………………………………..6 1.3.2. Specific objectives………………………………………………………..6 1.4. Research questions……………………………………………………………....7 1.5. Rational of the study……………………………………………………………..7 1.6. Significance of the study…………………………………………………………7 1.7. Scope of the study………………………………………………………………..7 1.8. Limitations of the study……………………………………………………….....8 1.9.
    [Show full text]
  • Faith-Inspired Organizations and Global Development Policy a Background Review “Mapping” Social and Economic Development Work
    BERKLEY CENTER for RELIGION, PEACE & WORLD AFFAIRS GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY 2009 | Faith-Inspired Organizations and Global Development Policy A Background Review “Mapping” Social and Economic Development Work in Europe and Africa BERKLEY CENTER REPORTS A project of the Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs and the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University Supported by the Henry R. Luce Initiative on Religion and International Affairs Luce/SFS Program on Religion and International Affairs From 2006–08, the Berkley Center and the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service (SFS) col- laborated in the implementation of a generous grant from the Henry Luce Foundation’s Initiative on Religion and International Affairs. The Luce/SFS Program on Religion and International Affairs convenes symposia and seminars that bring together scholars and policy experts around emergent issues. The program is organized around two main themes: the religious sources of foreign policy in the US and around the world, and the nexus between religion and global development. Topics covered in 2007–08 included the HIV/AIDS crisis, faith-inspired organizations in the Muslim world, gender and development, religious freedom and US foreign policy, and the intersection of religion, migration, and foreign policy. The Berkley Center The Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs, created within the Office of the President in March 2006, is part of a university-wide effort to build knowledge about religion’s role in world affairs and promote interreligious understanding in the service of peace. The Center explores the inter- section of religion with contemporary global challenges.
    [Show full text]
  • Index of Subjects
    Index of Subjects Abaluyia (Kenya), 469, 549 in South Africa, 413, 433, 707 Boarding schools, 97, 768, 827. SeealsoEducation Abbott, Joseph, 892 in Uganda, 372 Bodo (India), 489 Abolition of slavery, 131 Anglican Mission of Santo Agostinho, Maciene BoH,Leonardo, 778 Aboriginal peoples, 788 (Mozambique), 727 Bok(blessing), 461 Aborigines (Australia), 93, 533, 646 Animism, 587 Bolivia, 627 Abraham, 57, 146 Anthropology, 64, 226 Bonnand, Clement, 20 Acculturation, 42, 259, 698, 710. SeealsoAncestor theological, 238, 915 Booth, Catherine, 479 practices; Contextualization; Cultural Anti-Communism, 223 Borneo, 194 assimilation; Culture change; Ethnic identity; Apartheid, 823 Botswana, 387, 439, 603 Inculturation; Indigenization; Syncretism Apocalyptic, 96 Bouldin, George Washington, 374 Acoma (United States), 706 Apologetics, 750, 762, 850, 872 Braga, Erasmo de Carvalho, 516 Acosta, Jose de, 87 Appalachia, 669 Brazil, 48, 112, 160, 168, 198,276,386,438,516,548, Acts of St. Mark, 90 Appavoo, James Theophilus, 754 725 Acts of the Apostles, 52, 311, 341,440,517,518,573, Appenzeller, Henry, 565 Bridgman, Elijah Coleman, 451, 767 690, 703, 734 Arab Christians, 36, 270, 566 British Columbia, 66, 195, 272 Adjustment, cross-cultural, 4, lIS, 228, 918 Arathi (Agikuyu Spirit Churches), 248 Bronson, Miles, 685 Administration, 74, 263, 887 Archeology, 42 Brown, William Adams, 60 Afonso I (Mvemba Nzinga), 610 in China, 173 Buber, Martin, 70 Africa, 269. Seealsounder respective countries Architecture, 458, 860 Buck, Pearl 5., 476 culture of, 485, 558, 561 Armenian Christians, 50S, 553 Buddhism, 206, 495, 804, 813 traditional religions of, 172, 225, 487, 560, 578, Armenian Evangelical Church, 281 Bulgaria, 694 579,592,620,62~802,838,848 Art, 37, 864 Burma, 337, 659, 721.
    [Show full text]
  • The Struggle for Space: Minority Religious Identities in Post- Independent Kenya
    CODESRIA 12th General Assembly Governing the African Public Sphere 12e Assemblée générale Administrer l’espace public africain 12a Assembleia Geral Governar o Espaço Público Africano ةيعمجلا ةيمومعلا ةيناثلا رشع ﺣﻜﻢ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء اﻟﻌﺎم اﻹﻓﺮﻳﻘﻰ The Struggle for Space: Minority Religious Identities in Post- Independent Kenya Mildred A. J. Ndeda Kenyatta University 07-11/12/2008 Yaoundé, Cameroun Introduction Despite differences in religious integration there is a tendency by many countries to allow some religions to have an upper hand (Ibid). In Britain, for example, the Anglican faith is universalized at the expense of the existing religious diversity (Beckford, 1999). The marginalization of minority religious identities by the former colonial powers was duplicated in the colonies that they occupied. By so doing, the process of national homogenization necessarily eluded historical, social and cultural differences among the colonized people of Africa. The nature of the contemporary African state is largely due to the colonial era, when administrators employed religion tactically in their pursuit of religious political domination. Missionary activities were an important facet of attempted colonial cultural domination, with both repressive and liberal functions. They were agents of both European superiority and political domination and the agents of modernization especially western education. Most African countries became independent in the 1960s on a surge of optimism. The new governments set to work without an effective model other than Western one. Before long, however, the optimism of early 1960s turned sour because the African state had merely become an agency for control and extraction. There was no attempt to merge the state and society as common expressions of shared values.
    [Show full text]
  • Clandestine Abortions in Cameroon: Risk Factors for Severe Complications ELIE NKWABONG1, EFUETNKENG BECHEM2, JOSEPH NELSON FOMULU3
    Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2014; Vol. 29(1) : 21-25 Clandestine Abortions in Cameroon: Risk Factors for Severe Complications ELIE NKWABONG1, EFUETNKENG BECHEM2, JOSEPH NELSON FOMULU3 Abstract: Objective (s): The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for severe complications (SC) of clandestine abortions. Methods: This retrospective descriptive study was conducted between March 1st and August 31st, 2012 in the maternities of the University Teaching Hospital and the Central Hospital, Yaoundé (Cameroon). Files of women with clandestine abortions were recruited. Main variables studied were maternal age, parity, gestational age, the method used, the time interval between abortion and consultation, the complications presented. Data of women with SC were compared to those of women who had with non severe or no complications (NC). Fisher exact test and student t test were used for comparison. The significance level was p=0.05. Results: Amongst 94 women, 76 (80.9%) had SC against 18 (19.1%) with NC.Risk factors for SC were gestational age e”12 weeks (OR 2.7, 95%CI 0.8-8.9), abortion carried out with dilatation and curettage/evacuation (OR 2.4, 95%CI 0.6-9.2) or with intramuscular injection of a non specified medication (four cases against zero respectively), by a nurse (OR 1.4, 95%CI 0.5- 4.1), by a friend (nine cases against zero respectively) or a traditional healer (three cases against zero respectively). Other risk factors were abortion carried out in a primary health center (OR 1.5, 95%CI 0.4-4.7) and late consultation after abortion (P=0.0404).
    [Show full text]
  • FULLTEXT01.Pdf 22. Krug EG, Dahlberg LL, Mercy JA, Zwi AB, Lozano R, Eds
    Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Medicine 1677 Exposed to Violence MARIELLA ÖBERG ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS ISSN 1651-6206 ISBN 978-91-513-0994-1 UPPSALA urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-417782 2020 Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Sal IV, Universitetshuset, Biskopsgatan 3, Uppsala, Thursday, 15 October 2020 at 13:00 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Faculty of Medicine). The examination will be conducted in Swedish. Faculty examiner: Docent Lotti Helström (Karolinska institutet). Abstract Öberg, M. 2020. Exposed to Violence. Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Medicine 1677. 69 pp. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. ISBN 978-91-513-0994-1. Violence against women is a crime against human rights and a major global public health issue affecting the lives of millions of girls and women worldwide. Exposure to violence poses a threat to health, both in the short and the long term. To minimize the devastating consequences of violence it is central to identify girls and women who have been exposed and to find possible risk factors that may serve as targets for prevention efforts. The main aims of this thesis were to study the prevalence of sexual, physical and psychological violence among women in Sweden and to explore possible associations to violence and polyvictimization during childhood as well as sociodemographic factors. In a family planning unit, 1226 women seeking either termination of pregnancy or contraceptive counseling were recruited to answer questions about different types of violence. Of the women seeking termination of pregnancy, 29% reported experiences of intimate partner violence, compared to 22% of women seeking contraceptive counseling.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Maps
    List of Maps 1. The Early Africa ........................................................................................ 43 2. Early Christianity in Egypt.. ...................................................................... 74 3. Early Christianity in Nubia ...................................................................... 116 4. European Discovery of Africa between the 1400s and the 1700s .......... .139 5. Early Roman Catholic Missions in West Africa ...................................... 171 6. The Gospel into the Heart of Africa (1790-1890) ................................... 217 7. Early Missions in East Africa .................................................................. 256 8. Early Missions in Southern Africa (1790s-1860s) .................................. 257 9. Principal Locations of African Instituted Churches ................................ 308 10 Contemporary Africa ............................................................................... 515 Digitised by the University of Pretoria, Library Services, 2013 Subjects, Names of Places and People Acts, 48, 49, 50, 76, 85, 232, A 266,298,389,392,422,442, AACC, 283, 356, 359, 360, 365, 537 393,400,449,453,470,487, Acts of the Apostles, 232, 389, 489,491,492 422 Aachen, x Ad Din Abaraha, 106 Salah ad Din, 98 Abdallah Adal, 110 Muhammad Ahmad ibn Adegoke Abdallah, 124 John Adegoke, 507 Abduh Adesius Muhammad Abduh, 133 Sidrakos Adesius, 106 Abdullah Arabs, 100 Abdullah, 128 Ado game Abeng A. Adogame, iv, 312,510 N. Abeng, x Afe Adogame, vi, 37, 41, 309, Abiodun
    [Show full text]