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By Matthew Muriuki Karangi Thesis Presented for the Degree of Doctor The sacred Mugumo tree: revisiting the roots of GIkCyu cosm ology and worship A case study o f the Glcugu Gikuyu o f KTrinyaga District in Kenya By Matthew Muriuki Karangi Thesis Presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Oriental and African Studies University of London 2005 ProQuest Number: 10672965 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10672965 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT The aim of this thesis is to examine the Gikuyu traditional cosmology and worship, taking the Mugumo {Ficus natalensis / Ficus thonningii), a sacred tree among the Gikuyu as the key to understanding their cosmology. The research explores in depth the Gikuyu religio-philosophical world-view as an advent to preparing the ground for understanding why the sacred Mugumo played a paramount role in the life of the Gikuyu people. In the study of the sacred Mugumo the thesis examines a three-tier relationship relevant and integral to understanding Gikuyu cosmology: Ngai (God) as the Mumbi (the creator) together with the Ngoma (ancestors); the Gikuyu people, and finally with nature. The thesis focuses on the sacred Mugumo tree, taken as the axis of the Gikuyu religio-political configuration. Consequently, crucial questions are asked: what are the characteristics of this tree? What religious and political role does it play in Gikuyu cosmology and worship? In other words, what are its religio-political functions? What ceremonies and rituals were conducted around it and how does this sacred tree and the rituals associated with it validate the Gikuyu claim to land, political power, religious hegemony and identity? Using mainly the theories of V.Y Mudimbe, B. Berman, R. Horton, and an analysis of data collected in the GTcugu Division, Kenya, the thesis contends that the Colonial government, the Missionaries, the African scholars and the Gikuyu elders collaborated in the forging and invention of the Gikuyu identity. Thus emerges the present image of Ngai and the Gikuyu as we know them today. The crucial question addressed is whether this conception is congruent to the original Gikuyu understanding of Ngai. The findings indicate that the sacred Mugumo was mythically veiled both with religio-political power and used by the elders for social and religio-political control of the group. They also strongly indicate that it was this religio-political symbiosis which was celebrated, ritualised and revitalised around the sacred Mugumo tree. Finally, following the research findings, the thesis shows that the sacred Mugumo prepared the ground for the evangelisation in the Gikuyu land and the continuation of political hegemony based on power-knowledge and control. This critical analysis will lead us on the one hand to demythologise the colonial and missionary discourses based on epistemological dynamics about Gikuyu cosmology and worship which were in fact meant to create an identity of the oppositional “Other”, and on the other hand provide conceptual tools for a contextualised evangelisation and the study of local religions. TABLE OF CONTENT ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................................I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................................................ VII LIST OF ACRONYMS................................................................................................................................... VIII GLOSSARY .........................................................................................................................................................VIII G E N E R A L I N T R O D U C T I O N ..............................................................................................................1 P A R T O N E CHAPTER ONE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ...................................................................................................................8 1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 8 1.2 The Three Theories : A critical appraisal ..................................................................................... 8 1.2.1 The paradigm of power - knowledge ............................................................................................. 8 1.2.2 The Constructivist Approach..........................................................................................................13 1.2.3 Horton and the intellectualist theory ......................................................................................... 18 1.3 The Relevance of the three theories on the analysis of the GTkuyu and the MOg um o ..................................................................................................................................................... 22 1.3.1 Mudimbe: Power-Knowledge theory ..........................................................................................22 1.3.2 Berman: The Constructivist theory.............................................................................................. 23 1.3.3 Horton: Intellectualist theory .........................................................................................................24 1.4 C onclusion ................................................................................................................................................ 26 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE SURVEY .................................................................................................................................. 27 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................27 2.2 The creation of the Gikuyu image and identity ......................................................................27 2.2.1 Scoresby and Catherine Routledge .............................................................................................. 27 2.2.2 Cagnolo: The Akikuyu ....................................................................................................................28 2.2.3 Leakey: The Southern Kikuyu .......................................................................................................31 2.2.4 Jomo Kenyatta: The ‘invention’ o f GTkuyu............................................................................... 34 2.2.5 Middleton and Kershaw ..................................................................................................................37 2.2.6 Kitching: The making of an African ‘Petite Bourgeoisie’ .....................................................38 2.2.7 Muriuki: The Gikuyu Ethnographic Past ....................................................................................39 2.2.8 NgugT: The Gikuyu Image ..............................................................................................................41 2.3. Gikuyu Relig io n .....................................................................................................................................42 2.4 C onclusion .................................................................................................................................................50 CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY 52 3.1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................52 3.2 Area of s t u d y ...................................................................................................................... 54 3.2.1 Time scale and Field work .............................................................................................................54 3.2.2 The language ......................................................................................................................................56 3.2.3 Research Assistants .......................................................................................................................... 56 3.2.4 Informants’ age .................................................................................................................................. 57 3.2.5 Questionnaire .....................................................................................................................................58 3.2.6 Support of Officials and Personnel ...............................................................................................58 3.2.7 Reaction of the local people ...........................................................................................................59 3.3 Techniques used for the data collection ................................................................................. 60 3.3.1 Participant observation....................................................................................................................60
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