Journal of Popular Education in Africa, Vol. 1, No 3, December 2017 ISSN 2523-2800

Journal of Popular Education in Africa (JOPEA)

ISSN 2523-2800 (online)

Volume 1, Number 3, December 2017

1

Journal of Popular Education in Africa, Vol. 1, No 3, December 2017 ISSN 2523-2800

Editorial Journal of Popular Education in Africa (JOPEA) (ISSN 2523-2800) is a professional publication of the African Society for Research on the Education of Adults (ASREA), Nairobi, , published monthly. It is an interdisciplinary journal whose major focus is on issues which are central to the development of Africa and the entire world. Its principal objective is to provide a forum for the exchange of ideas among scholars from a wide range of intellectual persuasions and diverse disciplines, working on Africa and the world as a whole. The journal also encourages other contributors working on other parts of the globe or those undertaking comparative analysis of Africa and other parts of the world to contribute. Journal of Popular Education in Africa (JOPEA) welcomes contributions which cut across disciplinary boundaries. We accept and publish articles from all disciplines after rigorous peer review process. Articles with a narrow focus and incomprehensible to people outside their discipline are unlikely to be accepted. The journal welcomes articles and other academic communications from scholars in Africa and elsewhere regarding issues touching on Africa directly and indirectly. The Journal exists in the first instance to promote the extension of research and knowledge on Africa. Contributions must be in English only.

Editorial correspondence and manuscripts should be sent to:

Journal of Popular Education in Africa (JOPEA) African Society for Research on the Education of Adults (ASREA) Society for Research on the Education of Adults (ASREA) ch on the Education of Adults (ASREA) SREA) P.O. Box 13447 – 00400 Nairobi - Kenya Cell +254 700 744 545/ +254 729 758 193 Email: [email protected]

Editors/Editorial group Professor Maurice N. Amutabi, Lukenya University, Kenya, [email protected] Professor Elinami Veraeli Swai, Open University of Tanzania Professor Winston Jumba Akala, University of Nairobi, Kenya Dr. Linnet Hamasi, Kenyatta University, Kenya Dr. Pamela Akinyi Wadende, Kisii University, Kenya Dr. Urbanus Ndolo, The Catholic University of Eastern Africa, Kenya

Editorial assistants Magdalene Ndeto Bore, Lukenya University, Kenya Dominic Chungo, Kenyatta University, Kenya Alex Jackan Nyamanga, Centre for Democracy, Research and Development, Kenya Abigael Asiko Kutwa, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT)

Editorial Advisory Board Prof. Shadrack Nasongo, Rhodes College, Memphis, Tennessee, USA Prof. John Musalia, Northern Kentucky University,USA Prof. Jan Záhořík,University of West Bohemia in Pilsen, Pilsen, Czech Republic Prof. Ruth N. Otunga, University of Eldoret, Eldoret, Kenya Prof. Frederick Nafukho Muyia, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA Prof. Mary Nyangweso-Wangila, East Carolina University,USA 2

Journal of Popular Education in Africa, Vol. 1, No 3, December 2017 ISSN 2523-2800

University of Eldoret, Eldoret, Kenya Prof. Frederick Nafukho Muyia, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA Prof. Mary Nyangweso-Wangila, East Carolina University,USA University of Eldoret, Eldoret, Kenya Prof. Frederick Nafukho Muyia, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA Prof. Mary Nyangweso-Wangila, East Carolina University,USA Prof. Winston Akala, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya Prof. Kefa Otiso, Bowling Green State University, Ohio, USA Prof. Eunice Kamaara, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya Prof. Elinami Swai, Open University of Tanzania, Tanzania Prof. Maurice N. Amutabi, Lukenya University, Kenya Prof. Bongani D. Bantwini, North West University, South Africa Prof. John Mwaruvie, Karatina University, Karatina, Kenya Prof. Edmond Maloba Were, Kisii University, Kenya Prof. Frank Khachina Matanga, MMUST, Kaka