African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Ordering the Other: A Feminist Interrogation of Carole Boyce Davies’ Maidens, Mistresses and Matrons: Feminine Images in Selected Soyinka’s Work Olalere Kunle Oluwafemi Patriarchy exemplifies the institutionalization of denigration and ordering of the African woman. The misrepresentation of African women resonates beyond ‘role playing’ into the creation of a structural and linguistic culture that further downplays the rights of the African woman through relegation and stereotyping as objects of sexuality and naivety. The recognition of the need to affirm the essence of gender equity by frontally challenging role- ascription and heteronormativity in Africa demands a canonization of its ideals. This paper, therefore, rethinks the basis for the emergence and perpetuation of a structural and linguistic culture that feeds the society’s misrepresentation. It employs Carole Boyce Davies “Maidens, Mistresses and Matrons: Feminine Images in Selected Soyinka’s Work” in relocating the discourse on women right within the African society. It discovers a portrayal of women as either “foolish virgins” or “female fatale” as embedded in Soyinka’s work. Also, it affirms that ascribing demeaning roles to women is a point in reference in resolving issues of gender equity. It concludes that recognition of the writers’ ability to create new realities, encapsulates the quest for a renewed vigor in the positive portrayal of the women. Keywords: Patriarchy, Feminist consciousness, equity, African woman, women right

“Feeding Lo-debar”: Peasant agriculture, urban development and survival in Zimbabwe Kauma Bryan Umaru Small grains have always mattered to small farmers. But now they are receiving renewed attention from various sectors of society including agricultural experts, the business fraternity and academics from Development Studies, Economics and Sociology. Yet hitherto, this social and environmental history of small grains – sorghum, millet and rapoko remained unwritten. This paper explores the growing significance of small grains over the longue durée from colonial rule into the post-colonial period in southern Africa, with particular focus on Zimbabwe. It discusses the evolving social, environmental and economic dimensions of peasant agriculture offering a fresh look at how African agriculture has instrumentally contributed towards the growth and upkeep of urban populations. Through a multidisciplinary analysis of colonial archival data and interviews with smallholder farmers and families the paper explores how small grains agriculture has been differently knitted into mainstream development discourse with widespread calls for its cultivation as a panacea to the vagaries of climate change and environmental degradation amid growing concerns over food security. Recurring droughts and insistent poverty on the continent has seen an upsurge in the consumption of small grains by the working urban population, who to consume them to counter the ever-increasing livelihood costs and supplement their food supply and dietary needs. Consequently, this paper narrates how small grains has been adopted in varying ways as a survival mechanism during periods of drought, social conflict and economic depression.

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It contributes to a reviewed understanding of traditional African agrarian practice, land rights and social narrative towards urban agriculture and its impact on local communities. Trajectories of Resistance against Slavery in the past and the present Alemayehu Getnet This paper aims at analyzing and showing the presence of resistance against slavery and the representation of slavery in Ngug's recent contemporary novel, entitled as Matigari. The paper advocates the trajectories of struggle for freedom or decolonization in the past and the present situation of Africa. African writers were artists and propagandist in bringing freedom for African society. Thus, this article discusses how resistance against slavery is represented in Africa. It also shows the new perspectives or paradigm shifts of post-colonial markers in the development of . The study explores the representation of resistance against disillusionment, absurdity, and the presence of struggle for practicing freedom, etc. A kind of continuous and conscious struggle against slavery and colonization in the past, and neo-colonialism and globalization at present; forces which have plagued the African continent for so many years. Therefore, the novels are meant to serve as a kind of liberation tool for African intellectuals in the continent. Matigari is a novel of liberation that provides survey of the history of Africa from the past to the future. This term paper shows what Ngugi’s strong reflections are and their usage for resistance in a certain society in Africa. The research has qualitative nature. Black writing model is used in this study. Key words: Resistance, slavery, Post-colonialism, Neo-colonialism, Decolonization"

Afrocentric Perspective and Indigenous Knowledge System: Rethinking Animism as a Basis of the Yoruba Belief System Olalere Kunle Oluwafemi "Western scholarship including the works of Darryl Wilkinson, project discussions permeated with constructs and arguments that suggests that the renewed interest in Animism is hinged largely on functionality and serviceability of eco-critical positions. While sparse attention is accorded the existence of an African orientation that constantly resonates the nexus between Animism and Human -Animal relations within a framework of beliefs that are poignantly mythicized and in literature as foundations for religious rites, epistemology and indeed, culture. This paper rethinks Animism as a basis of an epistemic belief system. Through an ontological appraisal of Caroline Rooney's African Literature, Animism and Politics, it concludes that there is an evident misrepresentation of Animism and as primarily, a tool in eco-critical ruminations. The paper submits that it percolates an established African worldview. It also affirms that its fecundity in the emergence and shaping of this worldview is fundamental. The paper concludes that Animism reaches far and beyond issues of environmental conservation. Keywords: Animism, Human Animal relation, African worldview, relational epistemology, belief system"

2 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

The Fallacy of Peacebuilding via Democratisation RWENGABO Sabatiano Nigeria’s failure to avoid or resolve the Boko Haram insurgency, and Uganda’s post-2012 violence in the Rwenzori Region, all reveal that democratisation processes in these countries have not enabled peacebuilding. Yet democratic peace theory (DPT) argues that democratisation promotes peace between and within nations by providing conditions that are conducive to peaceful conflict resolution. Accordingly, as a society democratises it institutionalises mechanisms, channels, through which competing ideals and interests are negotiated, processed, and amicable solutions reached. Henceforth, countries which embraced “Third Wave Democratisation” should be more peaceful and/or consolidating peaceful conflict resolution. Evidence from Africa reveals otherwise: violence is not uncommon in countries like Nigeria and South Africa where democratisation processes, in form of periodic elections, peaceful changes of government, a growing civil society and free media, have not provided channels for peaceful conflict resolution. This paper combines ideas from DPT, peace studies, and available evidence from Nigeria (generally presented in literature as instantiating global terrorism gone regional and national), and Uganda (one of whose conflicts reveals domestic violence) to compare two instances of peacelessness despite more than a decade of democratisation. While the two cases seem to differ on the natures of their current conflicts, they are common on one aspect: recourse to violence instead of peaceful resolution of conflicts involving citizens of these countries. This commonality underlines the failures of democratisation as a means to peacebuilding. These findings have important ramifications for thinking about the limits of democracy as a necessary and sufficient condition for peacebuilding in Africa.

In the name of “quality”: Greed, power and the Kenyan Academy Njoya Wandia "In 2009, ’s defunct Commission of Higher Education began implementing the European Union’s Bologna Process in Kenyan university education. The implementation was driven through the East African Community, and was touted as a move at improving quality of higher education and at fostering regional integration. Most Kenyan academics have accepted the ideology of the Bologna Process, and many publications express faith in its ability to improve higher education. In 2009, an issue of the Journal of Higher Education in Africa dedicated to the Bologna Process did question whether its implementation in African universities was not another form of neo-colonialism. However, none of the articles delved into the ideological, institutional and human impact of the policy on higher education in Africa. This paper will use the writer’s personal experience of implementing the regulations within a Kenyan academic department, and will reflect on the broader implications of higher education regulation in Kenya and Africa. It will present the Bologna Process as a metaphor of the impact of regulation on higher education. Instead of improving education, regulation has undermined academic freedom, corporatized the university, and made education even

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more expensive and difficult for students. Yet regulation remains largely unquestioned by Kenyan academics, because the neoliberal logic has attracted us through the financial rewards and promotions as administrators, regulators and full-time faculty earning extra money for classes taught on adjunct basis. All this points to the larger impact of neoliberalism on African higher education."

How the Use of Business Information and Knowledge Sharing Practices Influence the Performance of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Ibadan, Nigeria Ogunsola Kemi and Ayomide Jeremiah Babalola Information today has become a critical resource in any sector or sub-sector of a nation’s economy. It is important for growth and development in any society; especially for developing economies. This study examined how the use of business information and knowledge sharing practices influence the performance of Small and Medium Enterprises in Ibadan metropolis. It aimed at determining the business information available and the barrier to its use as well as knowledge sharing practices’ influence on the performance of SME in Ibadan. Survey research design was adopted. Data was collected with a questionnaire from 120 SME, and interview of 15 key informants were conducted. Data were collected and analysed using frequency and percentage distributions, and also logistic regression analysis. Seven research questions were answered, and three research hypotheses were tested. This study shows that the use of business information and knowledge sharing practices jointly predicts the performance of SME in Ibadan (p < 0.001). The study revealed that owners of SME are aware of the benefits of the use of business information and knowledge sharing practices, but they have not effectively utilised the different strategies to improve on their performance. It was recommended that government and other private organisations should provide for the information needs of the SME as well as embrace knowledge sharing practices.

Representations of the Luo Culture in the Music of Ayub Ogada and Susana Owiyo Otieno Sam Dennis "Ayub Ogada and Susana Owiyo have in the recent past cemented their place as some of the leading musicians of the Luo community. Their songs narrate both the ethos and the landscape of the Luo community. Echoing the spirit of Okot p’Bitek, both Ogada and Owiyo have emerged as rulers in terms of creating and sustaining a moral and the same time an aesthetic world-view. Bitek in his essay Artist the Ruler asks a very profound question “Who creates the world- view that dominates the behavior of a whole people for generations?” The ensuing arguments set up the artist as the creator and sustainer of this world view. What should thus be realized and encouraged is that the artist has the fabric of an entire generation at the command of her voice and performance and as such should tread between entertainment and morality.

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The aim of this paper will be therefore to first review the oral performances of Ayub Ogada and Susana Owiyo with the aim of analyzing their representations of the Luo community and its landscape. The underlying arguments being that both artists, being of different genders, create a sustain a moral fabric that cuts across almost all communities in the country and not only among the Luo. To achieve this, I rely arguments by Okot p’ Bitek on artistic performances and also performance theories of Oral literature."

The Teaching of Languages for Specific Purposes in Morocco: Towards Innovative Practices Belhassani hanae "Broadly speaking, the search for innovative methods and pedagogies in teaching English, French, , or any other language, for specific purposes has always been a current concern in higher education. The teaching of a language for specific purposes in the university context came in response to these three basic conditions: 1. The increasing demand for foreign languages to fit specific needs of a certain profession; 2. The shift in the orientation of language studies in terms of going beyond the formal definition of language and stressing the ways in which language is used in authentic situations and real-life communication; 3. The tenets of educational psychology: learners’ needs and interests are among the core factors of an effective and motivational learning process. Although this trilogy does not claim to be all-inclusive, these facets remain among the essential leitmotifs making English for Specific Purposes (ESP), for instance, stand as a branch in the field of applied communication and linguistics. However, much controversy has been incited on whether the teaching of a second/foreign language for specific purposes is an approach or a product. Within this frame, the paper in the conference will be taking into account theoretical and practical pedagogical considerations, in various higher education contexts. The event would be also an opportunity for sharing professional experiences/practices with much emphasis on the integration of new Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the teaching/learning process and Alternative/Formative assessment, testing, and evaluation"

Unchanging museums in a changing world: Towards Poverty Eradication Through Zimbabwe's Site Museums Nyambiya Humphrey, Getrude C. Nyakabawu & Ashley L. C. Maganzo In the past decades, museums were seen as the place where a passive audience came to consume knowledge. Site museums have been no exception to this perception. As such, site

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museums in Zimbabwe have to date remained traditional in outlook by merely providing cultural education. In a world that has changed to be characterised by economic depression, site museums in Zimbabwe have not fully assumed new socio-economic roles brought by this global change in the economy. Thus, site museums have to be relevant to contemporary societal needs especially by being a drive to poverty eradication, one of the most important Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Using case studies of site museums in Zimbabwe whose sites are not on the World Heritage List, this paper explores how site museums can be initiatives of economic development through community beneficiation and contributing to the national economy. The paper also discusses some of the challenges site museums face in this endeavour towards economic development. Finally, the paper reflects on the future of Zimbabwe’s site museums.

Prophesy Versus Philosophy: Nigeria’s Research Community and Mutual Connivance between Nominal Religiousity and Intellectual Indolence Omilusi Mike Opeyemi While some research studies suggest that religiousity is related to academic decline, others contend that religion has also been directly linked to academic achievement. However, the emerging peculiarity of the Nigerian academics- who are to help solve the economic, social and environmental challenges confronting the country or engaged in promoting infrastructural development- finding sanctuary in religious injunctions, with its attendant consequences on educational development, readily propels a research interest. This study examines how critical socio-political research problems in Nigeria are being explained away with religiousity (encompassing frequency of prayer, frequency of discussing religious teachings, and the overall importance of religion in everyday life) rather than rigorous empirical research engagements by the academics. Drawing largely from desk research and participant-observer methods of gathering data, the study also explains the soft landing this development has in intellectual laziness in the country’s ivory towel.

“Small grains, Small gains?”: Peasant agriculture and the development of small grains in southern Africa Kauma Bryan Umaru Small grains have always mattered to small farmers. But now they are receiving renewed attention from various sectors of society including agricultural experts, the business fraternity and academics from Development Studies, Economics and Sociology. Yet hitherto, this social and environmental history of small grains – sorghum, millet and rapoko remained unwritten. This paper explores the growing socio-economic significance of small grains over the longue durée from colonial rule into the post-colonial period in southern Africa, with a particular focus on Zimbabwe. It discusses the evolving social and economic dimensions of peasant agriculture offering a fresh look at how African agriculture has instrumentally contributed towards growth and upkeep of urban populations. Through a multidisciplinary analysis of colonial archival data and interviews with various stakeholders including

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smallholder farming communities, the paper explores how small grains agriculture has revived dialogue on the African peasantry. The paper explores the transformation of small grains from being traditionally viewed as ‘poor peasant crops’ to being neatly integrated into mainstream development discourse with widespread calls for their cultivation as a panacea to the vagaries of climate change, environmental degradation and conservation agriculture amid growing concerns over food security as a result of climatological droughts and poor food policies. This paper shows how small grains have been adopted in varying ways as a survival mechanism during periods of drought, social conflict and economic depression, reviewing their social and economic significance to society. It contributes to a renewed understanding of the role of the African peasantry in the modern global community.

‘WOMEN EMPLOYING INDIGENOUS CONFLICT MEDIATION MECHANISMS FOR COMMUNAL PEACE. A CASE FOR SUSTAINABILITY? Amoah Lydia The United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 recognizes the role of women in promoting peace around the world and makes the assertion of applying traditional methods of peace building in resolving community disputes. Hendricks (2016) argues that most records of women's roles in peace efforts are at the local level and are not highlighted. Hence, the resolution calls for state support for local women’s peace initiatives and indigenous processes for conflict resolution. The study seeks to buttress the important roles women play in peace building, by highlighting women’s unobserved role in conflict (dispute) mediation and resolution, particularly at the grassroots level. Therefore, I explore the role of the Asantehemaa as a peace broker or mediator by highlighting the varied conflicts (disputes) reported and demonstrating the indigenous mediation processes at her court. The study employed an ethnographic approach of the Asantehemaa’s court, at Manhyia palace, Ashanti Region of Ghana. Therefore, in reference to United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 5: Achieve gender equality and 16: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development and provide access to justice for all, I argue that Asantehemaa’s court employs indigenous methods of mediation aimed at restoring peace to resolve disputes. Preliminary findings suggest that her court is strategic in championing women’s rights, promotes societal inclusion and harmony, thereby contributing to national peace, security and development.

Conflict and belonging: Perception and Insights of Fulani Herders in Ghana APPIAH-BOATENG SABINA Globally, livelihood activities are diverse in nature with agriculture as the most dominant in developing countries. In Ghana, Agogo is one of the prominent farming communities that contributes greatly to the nation’s GDP. The farmers constitute both crop farmers and herders and their engagements have always been conflictual with land as a bone of contention. Whereas the indigenes view land ownership as cultural heritage belonging to the

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living, dead and ancestry, the migrant herders also conceptualize land ownership through the ECOWAS protocol agenda, place of birth and naturalization. The feeling of belonging that exist among the members of the groups is focused on the protection of values, culture, and power of the group. This paper explores how the actors perceive themselves and how they negotiate their sense of belonging and used the human need theory. This paper empirically collected data using interviews, focus group discussions and observation. The findings reveal that many young adult herdsmen were born in Agogo but do not have any sense of belonging due to their identity. Likewise, some indigene farmers explained that Agogo is not peaceful anymore and cannot call it home, hence, the itching desire to migrate to a stable community. This paper recommends trusting relationship between the parties to enable peaceful coexistence and minimize conflict eruptions. Keywords: Belonging, Farmer-Herders Conflict

The ghost of Apartheid in post Apartheid South Africa Mara Fikre Alemayehu Although political apartheid in South Africa ended in 1993, racial and economic inequity persisted. The end of White minority rule in government prompted the birth of the multicultural or non-racial “Rainbow Nation,” promising freedom and equality for all South Africans. However, the shift in political powers to Black majority rule in 1994 led by the African National Congress (ANC) and former president Nelson Mandela failed to confront and reverse the vast inequities between the Blacks and whites produced by the former apartheid state. Therefore, this paper contextualizes the current state of affairs by tracing the histories of occupation and racial capitalism in colonial South Africa.

Memory and Music: Reproduction of Victimhood among the Kumpal Ethnic Group in Northwest Amsalu Desalegn Music presents, constructs, and interprets information about the past, through its materials, content of verses, patterns of sound, time and place of performance. A small minority group known as Kumpal Agaw in northwest Ethiopia has a profound genre of music known as Fifi. Fifi is a commemorative ritual memory about the past. By virtue of it being commemorative, it remembers what happened or is believed to have happened in the past- which is about historical injustice and exploitation these minority group faced by a ruling group. And by virtue of it being ritual, it has historically informed formalized time, place, and behavior for performance. Yet a more important characteristic of Fifi is it reproduces a memory of victimhood. The Kumpal ethnic group has a high level of historical consciousness about how they were treated in history, in the centuries’ process of incorporating them into the highland Ethiopian empire. There are several theoretical questions here, but the one I want to advance in this paper is: how can a community actively reproduce a memory of victimhood, an identity that denigrates them?

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Ethnomusicology and African Music Performance vis-a-vis Popular Music in the 21st Century in Nigeria Adekogbe Olatunbosun Samuel "This paper examines peculiarities of the indigenous African music vis-avis popular music performance with particular reference to the observable traits in the 21st century musical practices in Nigeria. The observable shift from total indigenous musical practices to semi- western or total western musical culture has called for this investigative research. Participative observations in terms of oral interviews were used to gather data about indigenous African music and its paradigm shift over a period of ten years with Particular attention to indigenous and popular music practitioners. The results show that African music performance has been altered and new ways of conceiving, comprehending and communicating knowledge about indigenous African music has changed. This has also affected African musicology and performance which would have been capable of harnessing Nigerian ethno-musicological views, scope and validity of traditional scholarship and African music performance in the 21st century.

RECONTEXTUALISATION OF ALPHABETICAL IMAGERY FOR EARLY LEARNERS: A CASE STUDY OF LEARNING ACTIVITIES OF DALORI IDP CAMP BORNO STATE, NIGERIA Haruna Naomi Andrew & Dr Talatu Adiwu Onkola A picture idiomatically is posed to be better than a thousand words. Pictures are not only more effortless to recognize and process than words, but are also easier to recall especially during learning process (Devan, 2015). Comprehending the alphabetical table begins the learning process in the Nigerian educational system, starting with alphabets A-Z. It is pertinent that the early learner aligns and calibrate understanding of these alphabets with familiar and contextual pictorial imagery. This will preempt and ensure identification of the alphabetical letters, easing comprehension and formation of words. This paper aims to recontextualize existing pictorial illustrations to capture the learners immediate social context and determine the effectiveness of using these new system for assimilation and retention when learning the English Alphabets. Methodology used is qualitative in nature; combining practice based methods in design with bottom-up approach, where identified sample population participated in the designing process. The research further reviewed current learning activities in the internally displaced persons camp for a comparative analysis on the effectiveness of the new recontextualized Alphabetic imagery. Preliminary findings show that recontextualization of the imagery accompanying the alphabetic table is predominantly more effective in areas of recall and retention in the learning process of an early learner within the study scope.

The Other Kenya: Resistance to Colonialism and Imperialism in Kenya, 1945-1985

9 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Durrani Shiraz "The , as of Africa as a whole, is often presented as devoid of resistance. Thus, independence is shown to have been ‘granted’ by British goodwill. It also ignores colonial atrocities, massacres, systematic looting of resources, the impoverishment of workers and peasants and the destruction of social structures. That the colonial terrorism, looting and murders were forcefully ended by people’s resistance is systematically wiped out of history. A similar ban on information about resistance by people to the neo-colonial and imperialist- imposed settlement at independence is then imposed by the new, local ruling class. People are therefore not able to look back at the history of resistance to inform their own struggles against exploitation and oppression. Thus, people’s resistance includes the information field as well. This paper documents organised resistance in Kenya. A partnership of trade unions and peasants led to the armed Mau Mau movement for independence. Different, but related, methods were used after independence as the aims of the earlier resistance were not met. It shows a continuous line of resistance between the two phases. Various forms of resistance are examined, including ideological, culture, publishing and arts. The paper is in two parts, the first examines resistance from 1945 to independence in 1963. The second part then takes up resistance to the governments after independence. Using information from published and unpublished sources, the paper contends that resistance needs to be restored to its proper place in history if full African liberation is to be achieved.

COGNITIVE FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE INFORMATION SEEKING BEHAVIORAL PROCESS AMONG GRADUATE STUDENTS: A CASE OF KU POST MODERN LIBRARY IN NAIROBI, KENYA. Masinde Johnson Mulongo "This study focused on the cognitive information seeking behavior among graduate students at KU Post Modern Library. To develop the variables, Vroom’s expectancy theory of motivation was used. A descriptive survey method was used to study a sample size of 384 students spread across four main schools mainly Education, Business, Humanities, Social Sciences and Science and Technology. Results showed evidence that expectancy theory can be used to explain students’ information seeking behavior. Three different groups, some with strong, others with medium and others with weak influences were found. Interaction service quality driven by students’ perception of service quality was found to be the most critical. Information needs satisfaction (outcomes) together with student users’ perception of service quality among others informed the students level of satisfaction with the overall service. In addition, students and past level of experience in performing a service within the library informed their self-belief (Expectancies) to perform a task in the library or not. The results imply that cognitive information seeking process can be influenced by a user- centered service. Depending on the users’ past experiences, their perception of service

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quality, need satisfaction and personal competencies would seek or avoid using the library in the future. The findings support the idea that understanding cognitive information behavior can help University libraries to plan more appropriate services. The implication of this study are that there are key cognitive drivers that trigger users’ information seeking behavior in Academic libraries"

Resisting Erasure: Bisexual Female Identity in South Africa Zuziwe Khuzwayo & Tracy Morison Bisexual erasure refers to the cultural de-legitimation of bisexuality as an intelligible sexual identity. There is little South African research that considers how this occurs. Generally, bisexuality is “a silenced sexuality” both in popular and academic discourse. Research has not attended to (women’s) “self-aware bisexual identities”, tending to focus on men’s bisexual practices or other people’s perceptions of bisexuals. This article is intended as a starting point for further local research. Using an intersectionality approach, it looks at how race, class, space and gender intertwine with sexuality in ways that further compound marginalisation or provide avenues for resistance to dominant norms from an autobiographical perspective.The analysis shows how bisexual erasure occurs through acts of non-recognition and misrecognition, as well as instances of resistance. Keywords: bisexuality; erasure; intersectionality; identity; South Africa

Three Schools of Thought on ‘African Solutions’ in Peace and Security Ani Ndubuisi Christian Since the establishment of the African Union (AU) in 2001, the idea of ‘African solutions to African problems’ has enthralled policy makers in Africa and across the globe. The AU is equipped with a robust mandate to find solutions to the challenges on the continent and to foster the realization of the Pan-African ideals that have motivated Africans since the 1900s. However, while the idea of ‘African solutions’ is employed in various policy discourses, there is limited consensus on what the maxim entails in theory and practice. Using examples in African peace and security landscape, this paper delineates three (3) schools of thought – agency, indigenous and innovative perspectives – on what constitute ‘African solutions’. While the agency school of thought focuses on ‘who’ solves issues on the continent, the indigenous perspective explores the role of traditional peace and security practices and principles in addressing conflicts at the local and global levels. The innovative perspective further highlights the creative initiatives drawn from local and modern standards to address Africa’s challenges. The variances in these outlooks highlight the extensive but less understood view of ‘African solutions’ and the multi-pronged effort to advance Africa’s substantive contribution to solving regional issues, and by extension, global challenges.

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The in-flow of Refugees in the Tanzanian Northern Western Border Regions: their contribution to illegal trafficking and arms importation Emmanuel Marius This paper presents findings of the study conducted to find out the in-flow of refugees and their contribution to illegal trafficking and arms importation in the Tanzanian western regions borders. A multiple research design was adopted for the study in which purposive technique was employed to select a sample size of 134 respondents and 40 participants. Data were collected using a variety of methods, that is, a questionnaire, key informant interviews and documentary review. Qualitative data were analysed using content analysis. Quantitative data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) whereby descriptive statistics were utilized.The study found that, the in-flow of refugees into Tanzania is very much connected with the importation of illegal arms and trafficking across the border regions. The results show that 43% of respondents among refugees indicated that they have a very bad relationship with the hosting community. Among hosting community members 45.79% stated that refugees have increased illegal arms importation while 83.98% of hosting community indicated that refugees contribute to illegal trafficking and arms importation in Tanzania. It was shown that strategies put in place to maintain peace and security of both hosts and refugees were not effective as refugees could meander or rather roam around and outside the camps. The study, amongst others, recommends that effective plan should be made to increase the number of security personnel. Key words: Refugee in-flow, Refugees, illegal arms importation and hosting community.

Africanity and Its Discontents Nombila Ayanda Wiseman This chapter focuses on the debate about the possibilities of Africanity as a way of understanding and theorizing African postcolonial subjectivities. We suggest that the question at stake in this debate is that of “intellectual sovereignty or autonomy”. How do we understand postcolonial Africa? Who has the right over the object of knowledge in postcolonial Africa? It appears on the Codesria Bulletin of 2000. It is an exchange between Achille Mbembe and Archie Mafeje. Mafeje is a radical proponent of Africanity, and he sees it as a singular way to map a road for an independent “authentic representation” of African “concrete realities”. Mafeje sees Africanity as an organic methodology and politics that can be shared by the African intellectual community. It is Africans living/experiencing the struggles in Africa that can claim a legitimate right on this approach. Mbembe on the other hand does not see the possibility of “one word” capturing the diverse experience of Africa. He believes in the entanglement of experiences; therefore, we can theorize the African experience from anywhere and it can be done by anyone.

AFRICAN DEMOCRACY: AN ILLUSION OR REALITY

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Willingtone Ouma Otieno & Osiemo Obed Nyabicha Democracy is probably a miscued idea for Africans which should have never happen in the first place. It remains a practice which may not pick in any of the African country. Several decades after independence, democracy remains a term which has continued to taste sweet in the mouth, but, never in its application. It seems to have remained one of the greatest enemies to African “many” leaders. In fact, it could be that Africans were better off with other systems of governments before the introduction of democracy. The question many are raising is whether African democracy is dying or just surviving. In his article on Is Africa's democracy dying, Daniel Pelz (2018) submits that all signs indicate that African democracy is long gone. This paper will examine whether African democracy is a practice which can be realized or just an illusion of the mind. It will look at some of the practices by various African leaders such as Scrapping of term-limits, postponed elections and if any, marred with fraud claims and bowing to national and international pressure.

CHINWEIZU AND THE PURPOSE OF EDUCATION IN AFRICA: WHITHER THE ROLES OF THE AFRICAN INTELLECTUALS? Fagunwa Temitope Christopher "What should form the basis of the education system in Africa has received an extensive attention over a number of decades. Several scholars, bourgeois and Africanist alike, have sufficiently interrogated the various educational policies pursued by both the colonialists and the postcolonial African governments. However, the huge scholarly attention on the nature and character of the education system inherited and in practice in Africa today have not engendered a concrete comparative study on the variant perceptions of great pan-Africanists on how education can be designed for the liberation of the masses of African people. More than any other Africanist, perhaps in contemporary times, Chinweizu has helped in his numerous books, articles and speeches to design a hypothesis on how the education system can assuredly build a Black Africa that is liberated from oppression. It is imperative to state that this paper is not an anthology or a narrative on the works of Chinweizu; whilst this paper is rooted in the perception of Chinweizu as a major fulcrum for our discussion, the fundamental roles of the contemporary African intellectuals in bringing about a re- Africanized education system will be interrogated. And in conclusion, this work with the aid of both primary and secondary sources, and also an Afrocentric methodology, will identify some practical ways an absolute pan-African education system, entrenched in African philosophy and knowledge system, can be initiated en route the struggle for a liberated people. Keywords: Afrocentric, Chinweizu, Black Africa, African intellectuals, and pan-Africanism.

Homing in Exile: A Critical Examination of Ben Rawlence’s City of Thorns Sam Dennis Otieno

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"The Daadab Refugee camp in Kenya has been home to citizens of some of the most war torn countries in Eastern Africa. These countries include: , Sudan, and even Rwanda. It is a camp that in the recent past has been at the center of wrangles between the country of Kenya and the United Nations. The aim of this paper is to examine the narratives of trauma, dislocation, and ‘homing in exile’ as narrated by Ben Rawlence in City of Thorns. By homing I mean the act of making a home in a country of refuge and also the challenges that come with it. My paper examines Ben Rawlence’s City of Thorns: Nine Lives in the World’s Largest Refugee Camp (2016) which is a biographical collection of the lives and events within the Daadab refugee camp. Through the lives of the characters that Rawlence narrates to us we get to see the challenges of being uprooted from one’s own country and calling another country home. With this paper, I seek to explore the subjects on Belong: Space, race, and culture. This is a paper that will be theoretically grounded on post-colonial perspectives and especially on the issues of nationalism as evidenced in the narratives and the challenges that come with the philosophy of nationalism as a culture.

Accessing African knowledge through translation: Practices from translating African proverbs from Runyankore –Rukiga into French. Tumwine Agatha In the postcolonial Africa, indigenous languages have always been portrayed as “inferior” while foreign languages have been accorded the “superior” status. The latter are largely used as medium of instruction and in all public administration realms at the detriment of the former. No wonder it is not uncommon to find the “elite” in the urban settings only using the foreign languages as a language of communication in the family. This limits the transmission of African knowledge and linguistic identity to the future generations. Grounded on the Cultural Theory of Translation, this paper seeks to underscore the role of translation in enhancing accessibility of African knowledge and ideologies to other “worlds” in this highly globalized society. This paper is based on practical experience of translating of African proverbs from a Bantu language, Runyankore-Rukiga, spoken in Western and South Western Uganda, into French. Given that language and culture are intertwined, this study explores the knowledge and common cultural themes presented in the 470 African proverbs written by F.K.Karwemera in his book Shutama Nkuteekyerereze, that was first published in 1975. The study also highlights challenges involved in translating from into French. The study makes recommendations intended to stimulate and encourage translation from African indigenous languages as a way of promoting knowledge sharing, language development and intercultural competence. Key words: Indigenous languages, translation, cultural theory of translation, African knowledge, intercultural competence

14 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

From Batwa to Historically Marginalized People/HMP in Rwanda: Critical review on the origin of their vulnerability NDIKUBWIMANA Jean Baptiste "From the long past ago up to now, Batwa were called different names such as abaryantama (eater of mutton) abaryanzovu/Abayovu (eater of elephants), impunyu (pygmies), abasangwabutaka (those you meet on the soil) and from 1994 up to now, they are called Historically Marginalized People/HMP. This minority group was and is still caught in the bottleneck of political and economic vulnerability in spite of public policies aiming at their socio-economic development. The papers explored social, cultural, political, and environmental realities around Batwa to explain the root causes of their vulnerability. Epistemologically, the study reviewed the literature published up to 2018 and archives kept at the Royal Museum of Central Africa in Tervuren Belgium since the colonial era. From these writings exist controversies that contributed to the vulnerability of Batwa. The paper bases also its arguments on critical theory to investigate the dialectical information around the Batwa to deeply understand their vulnerability. The study ontologically used interpretive design to understand ideological positions embedded in the social phenomena. Briefly, social and cultural practices such as ‘kunena’, colonial imaginaries and environmental scarcity are explanatory factors of the vulnerability of Batwa in Rwanda. Key words: Batwa, Social practices, colonial construction, critical theory and vulnerability.

International response to state collapse in Somalia: Neither protecting civilians nor prosecuting perpetrators? Lau Kwun Sun (Raymond) There has been a change in international expectations since Rwanda and Srebrenica in relation to concerns about the need to respond to genocide and mass atrocities in a more effective and efficient manner. Perhaps the two most significant developments in this regard have been the establishment of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in 1998 and the emergence of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) principle in 2001. These two response mechanisms indicate a growing acceptance that protecting civilians from genocide and mass atrocities as well as holding perpetrators accountable would become a prominent feature of international politics. Despite the formation of the Federal Government of Somalia (FGS) in 2012 after the deployment of AU Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) in 2007, both AMISOM and FGS lack the capacity to adequately protect civilians from war crimes and crimes against humanity perpetrated by Al-Shabaab and various armed groups. Neither is the FGS able to carry out investigation of alleged war crimes in Somalia and prosecution of suspected Somali pirates. With Somalia being widely acknowledged as the world's most persistent failed state, this paper seeks to understand why neither R2P nor the ICC has been invoked in spite of the Somali government’s failure to protect civilians and punish perpetrators. As this is a significant case which highlights the constraints to the effective implementation of R2P and ICC under conditions of state collapse, it argues that the absence of an enabling political

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environment is an impediment to the effective international protection measures (AMISOM) and punishment efforts.

Global Inter-media Hegemony: A Discourse of Media Flow and Counter Flow in the Era of New Media Nzeaka Emmanuel Ezimako That the global media flow into Africa is one-directional. This writer intends to contribute to the study of the procedure of global media torrents. With the arrival of the new media, and the internet,the tide is turning slowly but steadily. News items are now generated autonomously without relying on the Global North. The work is relevant as it will create more awareness of this controversy because people are still of the initial understanding that news from Europe and America are more newsworthy. This happens oblivious of the capacity of the local media to develop content without seeking relevance from the hitherto traditional news suppliers. Therefore, this study will through qualitative through questionnaires and quantitative analysis of 200 online respondents and the application of Media Imperialism Theory and Critical Theory of Society, argue that there is a compliant effort by the media in Africa to stem the tide of media hegemony by the western conglomerates and will submit that with the advent of the new media, the mass media in Africa are untying their dependence by setting a new order of business from inside. It is thought that the findings would offer a new understanding of the exertions of the local media to evolve content that will identify with its sociocultural identities. Keywords:News,emancipation,Global North,dependence,Africa,conglomerates,hegemony

Filming the past: The storyline of the Nigerian 1976 Military Coup Olayiwola Elizabeth One of the expressive mediums that Africa count on in telling its own story is film. When it became expensive to tell stories through the celluloid format, Nollywood found a way of using the cheap video technology in telling its story. Today the digital format of telling stories has become a global practice and African film industry, Nigeria in particular is immersed in telling true African stories using whatever format of filmmaking available to them. It is on this account that this paper looks at Nollywood Cinema and the stories it tells, of specific interest is how Nollywood draws on past sensitive event and lend its voice to it. An example is Izu Ojukwu’s film titled 76 he recounts the 1976 military coup popularly refer to as the Dimka coup. This he did from a very unique angle, weaving filmic elements and techniques together as he builds on a historic past to create a fresh storyline. Another example is the recent documentary 76: The story Behind the Story directed by Adeola Osunkoju. Izu's 76 is the artistic staging of the Nigerian military coup while Adeola Osunkoju's 76: The story Behind the Story is the selective reality of the event and its effect. This paper employs formalism as it reads the intricacies involved in filming the past either with fictional (feature film) or non-fictional (documentary) type of filmmaking.

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"STATE AND COUNTER- CULTURE GROUPS IN AFRICA: EXAMINING THE STATE OF PEACE AND SECURITY IN NIGERIA Chidume Chukwudi Godwin "The States in Africa emerged after the ruins of colonialism and imperialism beginning in the late 1950s. This never meant that States were the creations of colonialism and imperialism in Africa but indicated that the growth and evolution of States were altered and impeded in the onslaught and holocaust of imperialism. The States formed were based on parochial economic interests of the colonizing powers rather than consensus among the divergent groups inhabiting the geopolitical space. The contemporary States in Africa failure to address the challenges of nation building and enshrine the tenets of social democracy and good governance among the constituent sub-cultural groups that constitute the various States brewed up further political conflict and crises. Under this circumstance, marginalization and structural violence orchestrated upon the repository sub-groups necessitated and motivated the formation of various counter-culture groups such as Boko Haram, OPC, Bakassi Self- Determination Front, MOSOP, MASSOB, MEND, IPOB etc. All these groups challenge the structural violence evident in Nigeria. The data for the work is sourced through secondary materials and presented through content analysis. The theoretical framework adopted in the study is psycho-cultural conflict theory. The paper therefore concludes that structural victimizations prevalent in Africa induce counter-culture formations and operations that make peace and security difficult in the continent. It recommends that appropriate and robust democratic institutions that will guarantee good governance should be sought for by all African States, and not merely the presence of civil rule as option for peace and security.

Film: Let us gaze towards Nyandarwa Borona Kendi This film is a by-product of research on Agikuyu people-forest relationships in the the Nyandarwa[Aberdare] forest in Kenya. It explores pre-colonial, colonial, and post- independence forest governance through the voices of Agikuyu people. It delves into issues of tenure, contestation over land, land and the Mau Mau liberation struggle, seed and food sovereignty, and community-based landscape restoration.

AFRICA-US RELATIONS UNDER TRUMP AMERICA: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF OBAMA AND TRUMP ADMINISTRATIONS’ POLICIES ON AFRICA AND A PREVIEW OF THE FUTURE Ogutu Gordon Ochieng "The relationship between the United States of America (USA) and America dates back to the slave trade period and was further transformed in the Cold War era. It can be said that the

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relationship has been cordial in the last century with Africa benefiting massively from the development programmes launched by the USA. African countries welcomed the Obama presidency in 2008 and saw it as a beginning of a period under which, great things were expected to happen to the continent now that for the first time in the history of the USA, the president had roots in Africa and by and large, was a black man. Indeed, under his Presidency, President Obama focussed on five key areas: Democracy, Health, Economic Development, and Security (Shrivastav, 2016). The Bush presidency focussed majorly on health under the United States President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) and made tremendous progress in terms of access to ARVs and healthcare across the continent. Despite all the gains witnessed under Bush and Obama Presidency, there is no certainty that things will remain the same under President Trump as his ‘America First’ approach threatens the good relations with Africa and other US allies. A review of the Presidents’ strategies on Africa reveals a huge difference in terms of priorities and what actually happens in terms of aid and development cooperation. Should Africa revise its relationship with the US? And with the possibility of winning a second term, how will the continent be affected under Trump’s era?

Death, Burial and Public Health in Colonial Ghana from the Late Nineteenth to the Early Twentieth Century Amoako-Gyampah Akwasi Kwarteng The imposition of British colonial rule in the Gold Coast (present day Ghana) during the late nineteenth century had a profound impact on the methods and values surrounding the burial of bodies. Intramural sepulchre (home burials), which was perceived to be widely practised in the Gold Coast was among one of the earliest public health concerns that the British colonial administration raised. Influenced by the prevailing Euro-Western aetiological thought of the late nineteenth-century, colonial administrators presented intramural sepulchre as unsanitary and detrimental to health. The assumption was that miasma – that is effluvia from decaying organic matter – under certain climatic conditions could cause epidemic outbreaks. Therefore, inhabiting the same space with a decomposing human body buried some few feet below the earth’s surface was regarded as dangerous to health because the surface of the graves could emit noxious gases that could cause illness. While the British colonial administration could not with any certainty determine the health implications of intramural sepulchre among the African population, it believed that it was one of the principal causes of ill-health among Europeans who were permanently settled among Africans, especially, in towns along the Gold Coast littoral. Drawing on archival documents and European travelogues, this paper is concerned to examine how the British colonial administration sought to deal with intramural sepulchre, and in what ways the African population responded to colonial measures that targeted burials.

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RETRIEVING AFRICAN COMMUNALISM FOR A VIOLENT-FREE POLITICS ADEATE TOSIN BLESSING "African communalism portrays that Africans do not think of themselves as ‘discrete individuals,’ but rather understand themselves as part of a ‘community.’ This work attempts a critical examination of the idea of communalism, communal values and practices among traditional Africans, without overlooking the challenges it posed in modern period. We also considered the form of epistemology that gave birth to communal living among Africans. The problem identified in this research, is that, the basis of political violence in Africa is due to the breakdown of the spirit of brotherhood entrenched in our trado-indigenous communal living as Africans which has affected our political co-existence. Arising from the above, this paper attempts to argue that the communal-thesis of brotherhood should be theorized to form the ontology of politics in Africa. By implication, this would form our consciousness and methodology in the political space. It is in the opinion of the researcher, just as Julius Nyerere conceived Ujaama: African Socialism as an attitude of the mind, which we can in the same vein import African communal attitude, its brotherhood spirit into our modern practice. This research is not calling for a journey into the primitive African past; rather, for an importation of the epistemologies, communal attitudes and ethos that guides life and existence in those days, in this contemporary period. Keywords: communalism, communal ethos, traditional African society, brotherhood ontology, political violence, "

An Art Installation Wambui Wamae Kamiru Collymore Wakariru is an exhibition about the destruction of language for everyday things and the accompanying loss of orally documented knowledge. It looks at memory and the forgotten history of the role of women in the Mau Mau war. Data and methodology Installations, interviews recorded in audio, photographs and video performance. Unusual Format for Presentation I would like to suggest that I install “Wakariru” as an artwork within your conference and within it have the necessary conversations. Please find a video of the work here: https://vimeo.com/328940890 as well as this press release about the work itself: https://www.contemporaryand.com/exhibition/wambui-wamae-kamiru-collymore-wakariru/

THE PHILOSOPHY AND IDEAS OF TAJUDDEEN ABDULRAHEEM IN THE PAN -AFRICANISM STRUGGLE, 1961-2009.

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Tukur Mubarak Late Dr Tajuddeen Abdulraheem was born on 6th January 1961 to the family of Alhaji Abdulraheem Funtua, Katsina state, Nigeria. The radical Marxist comrade, a former Deputy Director United Nation Millennium Development Goals Africa region, chairperson Center for Democracy and Development (CDD) Abuja Nigeria. He dedicated his life to patriotism and Pan-Africanism of the African countries. This became his major nexus of struggles and movement, that sharpened his world view and activisms as a great Pan-Africanist during his lifetimes. Tajuddeen was to many people, a journalist and columnist, political scientist, a freedom fighter, campaigner and a Pan Africanist. The paper will examine his enormous contributions in the Unity of African countries, and the Pan Africanist struggle, as a former Secretary General, Pan -African Movement Secretariat. Pan-Africanism was championed by the 19th century nationalists in Africa and the diaspora, whom faced with onslaught of racism and colonialism, defended the dignity of blacks’ people and sought common solutions to the subjugation of the African peoples. Since the 1960s, when must African States gained political independence, Pan-Africanism has been mainly concerned with forging of African unity and economic decolonization. The methodology of this paper was the general assessments of Taju’s Pan-African works, and other works written or edited, lectures and his daily columns written on national dailies, on Pan-Africanism, African development and the black diaspora relationship. Keywords: Tajuddeen, Pan-Africanism, economic and political decolonization.

Everyday Border Crossings: New realities to the Eritrea-Ethiopian border Okubaghergis Biyan Ghebreyesus "After nearly two decades of military and political tension, Eritrea and Ethiopia have now reversed the course toward peace and reconciliation. The tension was formally defused following an unprecedented agreement reached between President Isaias Afewerki and Prime minister Dr. Abiy Ahmad on July 9, 2018. Since then, the two countries have kept the open border as their essential future development strategy. After the border was reopened on September 11, 2018, everyday border crossings by ordinary citizens, petty traders, business people, formerly border separated families, and Eritrean and Ethiopian tourists brought life and prosperity to the once neglected and militarized peripheral border region. This is evidently welcomed by the borderland communities who experienced the personal and wider effects of the hardest border as borderland residents. This paper attempts to examine the theme of border crossing in terms of its everyday dimension in light of these extensive changes. It mainly focuses on the interaction between people who reside across the borderline. The aim is to understand how the recent change in the form and function of the border in relation to changes in political relations between the two countries is experienced, defined and understood in everyday lives by the inhabitants of the borderland. The paper is mediated through individual stories, in-depth interviews, ethnographic observation, media sources and some archival materials gathered from local and national archival centers from Eritrea and Ethiopia during the summer season of 2018.

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Keywords: Cross-border interaction, Borderland, Peace, Eritrea, Ethiopia

Reshaping Africa – European ways of dealing with a crisis Cserkits Michael In my paper, I will deal in how the EU reshapes African states (with the case example of Mali), by redefining help for self-help into an interventionist style of military expansionism. In doing so, I will present current work on the development of EU Training Mission in Mali, starting in 2013 up to 2016, and the broader political environment that led to the implementation of the mission. I will further argue that stabilizing the country for the sake of human rights and the protection of civilians was only a fraud. Instead, manifold security reasons had led to the implementation of current military missions (beside MINUSMA, Operation Sérval etc.), such as the upcoming migration wave and the exposure of French uranium mines to jihadist groups as well as individual agendas of specific countries. I will conclude my paper in how the European bank sector is involved in the struggle for strategic resources, prominently dealing with AREVA and GoviEx as the two biggest mining corporations with strong ties to European governments. My data set will encompass official documents released by the EU (in the mentioned timeframe), as well as business information of the respective corporations. The theories used will be constructivism by Wendt (1992), combined with Security Theory (Buzan et al. 1998). As a methodological framework, I will approach the case with a three step Critical Discourse Analysis by Fairclough (1995) (Describe-Interpret-Explain) to gain as much information out of the Data as possible.

The role of traditional governance structures in the protection of traditional ecological knowledge in Kenya Kariuki Francis "The role of traditional governance structures in the protection of traditional ecological knowledge in Kenya The protection of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) has been debated in numerous fora, but we do not have a globally agreed mechanism on how to protect it. The focus has always been to fit TEK protection within existing intellectual property (IP) forms of protection without taking into account the fact that TEK holders have their own protection mechanisms. However, the ideological, conceptual and epistemological foundations, and orientation of existing legal and IP frameworks, make them inapt in protecting the holistic nature of TEK. Moreover, these frameworks are not shaped by the concerns, beliefs, worldviews and customary laws and practices of TEK holders. Consequently, there has been increased misappropriation and loss of TEK and TEK systems. In this chapter, the author argues that due to the unique nature and characteristics of TEK and TEK systems, there is need to un- earth and explore indigenous protection systems used by local communities and assess the extent to which they can be harnessed in protecting TEK in Kenya. In this chapter, the

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prevailing IP forms of TEK protection in Kenya are discussed to assess their effectiveness in protecting TEK. The chapter then uses case studies of communities in Kenya to show the appropriateness of traditional governance structures in protecting TEK.

The role of indiginous knowledge systems in water resources management. Makwanise Moses "Reforms in water sector swept across Africa. Countries aligned their water sector towards an Integrated water resources management approach (IWRM). Intended benefits were not realised quickly. Mainly because they failed to include the role of indigenous and community involvement in water resources management. Local communities posses inconsiderable knowledge which is vital for natural resources management. This paper explores the role and challenges of including IKS into the management of water in Zimbabwe. This is with special reference to how a compromise management framework can be achieved for the benefit of rural communities.

Cultural deviance in Africa: Examining contemporary behaviors that defy social norms among the Baganda People. Wagobera Eric Junior Cultural deviance has facilitated the adoption of western-style culture that has replaced many African traditions – a phenomenon blamed for the extinction of countless African norms. As cultural communication processes, social norms were pillars to the preservation of African cultures that are now regarded as insignificant by the ‘advanced’ generation. There is a severe concern that some African social norms which used to provide socio-cultural control and organization are now openly defied with assertions that they are backward and inappropriate in the 21st century. The Baganda are some of Africa’s most reformist ethnic group and the contemporary behaviors that defy their social norms have not been scholarly examined. Still, it is a common cognizance that the Baganda are embracing western norms while ditching their traditional ones which also needs to be academically proved. The objective is to identify, examine, and interpret the contemporary behaviors that defy social norms among the Baganda people. These are the research questions: what are the contemporary behaviors that defy social norms among the Baganda people? how does western culture influence Baganda’s deviance against their social norms? and in spite of cultural deviance, what does the future hold for Buganda’s social norms? The research will be guided by two theories - Cultural imperialism and Cultural convergence theories. The qualitative exploratory methodology will guide the use of questionnaires to collect data which will be presented in a narrative description format.

Role of Indigenous Knowledge in Flood Risk Communication in Malawi’s Lower Shire

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Kimu Saizi Salim Katete The lower Shire region has been the most flood prone area in Malawi over the past decades which has led to severe loss of lives and property. Although previous early flood warnings from various stakeholders have yielded futile results, it still remains one of the viable solutions to mitigate the problem if efficiently used to communicate flood onset in time. However, with 40% illiteracy rate in the region, the importance of Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Practices (hence forth, IKSP) in aiding or impeding public perception and interpretation of flood risk messages cannot be over-emphasized. Adopting a phenomenological research design, this study therefore, endeavored to examine the role of IKSP in interpreting various flood risk communications in the region. With data from unstructured interviews of 23 purposively sampled participants, the results show that people’s perception and interpretation of flood risk communications is inextricably intertwined with their IKSPs on the same. Hence, while some IKSPs promote torpidity amidst the call for evacuation during flood onset, others act as early flood warnings which help to reduce the flood disaster when effectively used. Stakeholders in flood risk communication should therefore demystify IKSPs that impedes flood risk communication while modifying and (or) adopting those that aid people’s understanding of flood risk communication in their messages.

Chinese Social Credit initiatives and African Surveillance States Jili Bulelani The paper reviews the recent development of the Chinese social credit system. It challenges some of the easy, and now common, suppositions about the development of an Orwellian scoring nightmare. It chiefly brings attention to the denial of privacy that has been prompted by public and private surveillance mechanisms and the automation of censorship. The project highlights and explores the relationship between China and African countries, like Ethiopia, that have adopted its model of economic development and surveillance. The paper stresses the centrality of delegated, commercial systems of automated surveillance in China by large firms, moreover, explores how that might unfold in the context of Ethiopia’s hybridized surveillance order. The ICT systems resourced by Chinese firms and loans have become instruments for development in places like Ethiopia, but also contested sites for competing political visions, which bear little resemblance to the matrix of private and public interests in China. This outcome suggests that the fundamental architecture of the social credit system is not exportable. Messaging Tabooed Topics on Sexuality to an African Audeince Nzingo Fiona Love Matters Africa provides easy-to-access information and news on sexuality and sexual health for young adults in the continent. We provide our content in fun and engaging methods so as to promote discussions on topics that are considered as taboo, yet necessary for our African youth. Some of the content we produce is campaign modified, such as the Love ABC campaign. The Love ABC were meant as a fun, engaging way to introduce our hetero,

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cisgender audience to some of the basic LGBT-related terminology. We are aware that exclusively LGBT content often does not stimulate this audience to open and read content. This is why, with the Love ABC, we offer this information alongside terminology that is interesting for everyone, regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity. From this campaign data, we measured the reach of articles and social media posts. This answered in part our first goal of raising awareness on LGBTQ terminology. We also saw if people were engaging more with this topic, and compare that with our reach on content that is exclusively LGBTQ-related. The social media results exceeded our expectations because we were able to spark conversation on LGBT-topics and sexual rights among our audience. The Love ABC was a great way for us to explore campaigning with taboo content. We believe that our approach of packaging taboo content around LGBT-topics and sexual rights in a fun, approachable way that is not obviously related to these ‘difficult’ topics worked very well for us.

Unions and the rhetoric of the nationalization of mines in South Africa: a mineworker’s perspective Maseko Robert In this paper I examine the views of the mineworkers regarding the government, the unions and the in particular the discourse of the nationalization of mines as pushed for by the Economic Freedom Fighter (EFF). The paper attempts to capture the feelings and the opinions of the rank-and-file mineworkers. This will assist policy makers in providing initiative that could uplift the living and working conditions of black mineworkers in the Platinum Belt. The decolonial critique is given as an alternative theoretical framework in tackling the issues related to the challenges of mineworker in South Africa. Using empirical evidence from in-depth interviews this paper argues that mineworkers are still skeptical about the project of nationalizing the mines, they have lost trust in their union leaders and government. This paper is also an attempt to capture the views of ordinary mineworkers without altering them, something that has not been adequately researched in the mining industry in South Africa. It is an attempt to give mineworkers a voice regarding the role of the current government and the unions.

Indigenous Knowledge and its Contribution for Tourism: the case of Konso, Ethiopia

Frehiwot Alemu "The major objective of this paper is to address various indigenous knowledges of the Konso communities. Besides, indicating their potential for tourism development is the additional objective of this paper. In order to achieve the above objectives a field visit was made to Konso and purposive sampling was employed. Besides, secondary sources mainly books and journals were also consulted. After the data has been collected, analysis was made qualitatively.

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Findings reveals that the traditional Konso societies have a number of indigenous knowledges. They manage their landscape in a way to suit their agriculture by employing indigenous terrace construction, which is dated to four hundred years. The Konso terraces are valued as people successfully maintained their indigenous knowledge for nearly 400 years. Consequently, UNESCO recognized and included it to world heritage list in 2011. In addition to this the Konso communities also have a unique and indigenous way of conflict resolution system. Their cultural space (Mora) is intentionally built as a public space to use it for traditional court place. Moreover, the medicinal plant Moringa Stenopetala is main staple food in individuals’ regular meals. The Konso communities are among few surviving people in the world that uses this plant for different diseases in a traditional way. Hence, currently government is hardily working to increase the GDP of Ethiopia through tourism. And the above mentioned indigenous knowledges of Konso communities can be promoted as a means to attract a number of tourists in to the country.

Perceptions and views on cybersecurity among South African Government officials Bester Kyle The 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR) has advanced various aspects of human life is rapidly altering the way individuals communicate with each other in the work place. This study focused on the qualitative exploration on how the advancement of cybersecurity may influence the behaviour of military officers and the manner in which they interact with changing technology in the workplace. Exploring the views and perceptions of cybersecurity and how threats are scrutinised among military officers is considered to be vital when producing knowledge in an emerging research area. The securitization framework was used to indicate how participants securitize an issue within the military context, particularly when viewing the 4IR as an agent that advances technological innovation in the workplace and demands social acceptance. Exploring the views and perceptions of military officers from an organizational psychology perspective necessitated that the researcher explores this emerging topic from a qualitative method of inquiry and highlighting a site of knowledge which has often been left unengaged in mainstream psychology. This study employed non-probability purposive sampling and selected 20 participants enrolled in a senior officers’ course at one South African Military Tertiary Institution. Findings point towards the notion that securitizing an issue such as cyber-attacks have an impact on threat perception and behaviour when interacting with others through cyberspace.

‘To Create and Foster Public Opinion in Africa and Make it Racy of the Soil’: Early Pan African Contributions to the Emergence of Africology Flemming Tracy This paper is an expansion of previous research on the study of Africa from an African centered perspective and ongoing scholarship about the impact and significance of the first book-length monograph to explicitly focus on Africology by E. Uzong (1969). The work of an early Pan Africanist, Edward Wilmot Blyden (1832-1912), in creating the first Pan

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African newspaper in the world, and his contribution to Africology, will constitute the focus of this paper.

Reading the stomach: toxicity, healing and resistance in Nakuru, Kenya Rahier Nick Chemicals and toxins tend to penetrate our bodies and environment, jeopardizing our health and well-being in multiple ways. In Nakuru, one of Kenya’s fastest growing towns, herbal doctors argue that African bodies are infested by chafu (dirt). Gathering at crossroads, they preach about the dangerous entanglements of toxins and their socio-material effects on African bodies. During their performances, they patch together urban gossip, kemikali (chemicals), and consumer goods from abroad, visualizing the “heat” (joto) these artifacts produce within stomachs. This bodily condition of overheating, results in a state of wasting. They consequently show how a return to the kienyeji or “the local” cools down the body and restores bodily and social strength and vitality. In this paper, I examine the multiple meanings of chafu, dirt, in Nakuru and how, in times of global overheating, the Kenyan kienyeji acts as a means to cool down toxic excesses and protects oneself against the challenges of globalization. While doing so, I argue that miti dawa (herbal medicine) goes beyond mere local ideas of healing and imaginations of the body and should be read through a lens of resistance against the toxicity of post-colonial modernity.

Colonial Subjects, Propaganda, and Wartime Intellectualism in Nigeria During the Second World War Korieh Chima J "On 16 September 1939, two weeks after the British went to war with Germany, the pupils and staff of the Qua Iboe Mission Institute in Eastern Nigeria’s Uyo District wrote a letter addressed to the King and people of England. In their letter, they wrote: “The attitude of Germany towards other whites has been a fearful shock to us, and our ardent wish is that the Germans be brought to their knees in the shortest possible time, so that some measure of peace may be obtained for the inhabitants of the world.” This paper examines Nigerian intellectual production in support of the Allies in World War II. It argues that despite the pre- existing tensions between Africans and the colonial authorities before the war, wartime propaganda encouraged Africans to join the war effort on the side of the Allies because doing so presented, in their view, a lesser evil to Hitler’s nationalist and racist ideology. Thus, propaganda proved to be an excellent method to test the fluidity of the changing relationship between empire and its subjects. The propaganda intended for African audiences reasserted the idea of the “interdependency” of the Empire. Imperial propaganda stressed the unity of the British . Discourses around the legitimacy of the war against Nazi Germany helped to break down previous divisions between the “empire” and “subject” peoples, forcing each side to organize around the common goal of defeating totalitarianism, arguing that a threat to Europe was a threat to the world, including African societies.

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Decentralisation: Road to Development or Bridge to Nowhere? Estimating the Effect of Devolution on Public Goods Provision in Kenya Lockhart Kurtis Does the decentralisation of state institutions result in a more equitable distribution of public goods in the African context? To answer this question this study examines a natural experiment in Kenya where the new 2010 Constitution devolved political and fiscal powers to 47 newly established county governments. A difference-in-differences strategy is employed that exploits heterogeneity in the ethnic alignment of each county to the president. This effectively varies the intensity of the 'treatment' of devolution across counties. Using data on road expenditure across all 47 counties from 2010 to 2017, this study finds that the devolution of state structures in Kenya resulted in a significantly more equitable distribution of road spending. These results represent an important contrast to the prevailing view in the literature that asserts that decentralisation reforms in sub-Saharan Africa have largely failed to meet their stated policy objectives.

The influence of decolonisation and globalisation on cultural and literary production by women in 1960s Adima Anna The 1960s were a vibrant and important era in East African history - independence, the birth of the nation, and rapid globalisation all affected the region’s production of art, literature and knowledge. Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda, arguably one of Africa’s best universities at the time, was a hub for cultural production in the region. The first African Writers Conference in 1962 was held at the institution, and renowned East African writers in attendance included Ngugi wa Thiong’o, John Nagenda, and Jonathan Kariara. It is notable, however, that amongst these writers, a minority were women - one participant being Grace Ogot - which is testimony to the paucity of women’s voices on the East African literary scene at the time. This paper will examine the marginalisation of East African women’s voices in the region’s literary and cultural production in the 1960s, using primary sources such as novels, newspaper and magazine articles. It will analyse what role decolonisation and globalisation played in this, and how they influenced female-produced cultural and literary thought. A full understanding of globalisation in the post-colonial world is only obtainable if it features the voices of African women; thus, this paper will argue for the inclusion of their voices as a prerequisite for decolonising the academy.

Promoting electoral peace and integrity in Africa: the role of women Asunka Joseph The impact of election observers on electoral processes and outcomes has been well documented in the literature. An emerging body of research draws attention to factors that

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condition the effectiveness of observers; I extend this line of research by focusing on gender. In contexts where politics is male-dominated and generally perceived to be corrupt, women standout as apolitical and more trusted to do the right thing or at least not condone wrongdoing. This, I argue, creates an environment for women to be effective promoters of electoral peace and integrity. I find strong support for this argument using data from a nationally representative random sample of 1500 polling stations from Ghana’s 2016 elections: polling stations with female election observers recorded significantly fewer incidents electoral fraud and violence. This paper extends the literatures on election observation and democracy promotion and provides actionable recommendations for electoral authorities and other stakeholders seeking to promote peace and protect the quality and integrity of elections in Africa.

Making the Invisible Visible: and Crime from Anti- to Postcolonialism Slavin Molly In 1977, Kenyan writer and literary theorist Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o both published Petals of Blood, which took as its main subject matter the murder of three African directors of a foreign-owned brewery during the height of the Mau Mau Rebellion, and was himself imprisoned for writing the play Ngaahika Ndeenda (I Will Marry When I Want), which was deemed to promote political ideas dangerous to the postcolonial Kenyan government. Over 30 years later, his son, Mũkoma wa Ngũgĩ, picked up some of his father’s threads and wrote Nairobi Heat (2009) and Black Star Nairobi (2013), novels which look at continuing foreign interference in Kenya, as well as the legacies of the Mau Mau Rebellion, again through the lens of crime. Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o’s literary and academic work is polemically anti-colonial and anti-capitalist, while his son’s takes a more postmodern approach to similar subjects. In this presentation, I will investigate how literary depictions of Kenya and Nairobi have shifted from a framework of anti-colonialism to postcolonialism, and will ask what roles crime and perceptions of crime has played in this process. By working with theorists such as Achille Mbembe, Ato Quayson, and Grace Musila, this paper will challenge dominant discourses on Kenya, especially as they relate to crime and perceptions of crime, eventually working to reframe how crime is presented in discourses on Kenya specifically and Africa more broadly from the negative to the positive.

Negotiating Acceptance: Reflections on being Coloured Females in Post-Apartheid South Africa Arendse Danille & Fatima Peters The contentious racial category of ‘Coloured’ given during the Apartheid rule has remained a racial category which continues to give way to stereotypes and negative perceptions. Thus, the experience of being Coloured in a multicultural country such as South Africa does in certain spaces give way to minority experiences. This is also due to the lack of integration and transformation of racial groups which has created minorities in different geographical

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locations within South Africa. This paper explores the narratives of two-Coloured females in South Africa through an African feminist lens which creates a unique perspective on consciousness raising of a mixed racial identity. The crucial engagement of experiences of inferiority, doubt and shame underlying Coloured identity makes it an imperative that this racialized category of mixed persons be decolonized. The awareness that one is neither white nor black should not limit the acceptance of persons but rather celebrate the lack of racial boundaries. The added complexity of gender stereotypes in understanding how Coloured identity is negotiated in spaces makes oppression visible. The necessity to engage in the intersectional nature of race, class, and gender contextualizes the reflections on being Coloured females in post-Apartheid South Africa. The discussion of these reflections seeks to inform the perceived lack of belonging and agency observed in Coloured individuals, specifically female Coloureds. It is hoped that this engagement will inform the breakdown of colonial racial barriers surrounding Coloureds and inform more transformative practices that limit minority experiences.

Bound by recognition: ethnicity and boundary making in colonial and post-colonial Kenya Balaton-Chrimes Samantha Boundaries occupy a remarkably significant place in Kenyan political life. Administrative boundaries determine the allocation of development resources. Electoral boundaries determine the allocation of power. And both are today, and always have been, deeply inflected with considerations of ethnicity. The British colonial authorities, in the establishment of Native Reserves, saw themselves as simply recognising and protecting existing ethnic groups and their territories. The ethnic classifications and boundaries that became sedimented through the colonial administrative apparatus persisted well into the postcolonial period. Over recent decades, with greater democratisation, an increase in population, and in land scarcity, and since the 2010 Constitution, a program of political devolution, the stakes of boundary drawing have escalated. In the leadup to a Boundaries Review slated for 2020, this paper considers the relationship between ethnic recognition and boundary drawing. Patchen Markell argues that the politics of recognition can serve to bind, rather than to free, as recognition relationships serve to maintain hierarchies of perceived ontological security, such that some groups ‘enjoy a semblance of sovereign agency at others’ expense’. I argue that the intrinsic connection between ethnic identity boundaries in Kenya operates in a similarly ambivalent way: it is at once emancipatory, especially for smaller ethnic groups, and binds the nation to a spatially, administratively and politically divided tribalism.

Pepetela's Just War Theory Rodrigues Luis Pepetela is perhaps the most famous Angolan writer; some his writings during Portuguese colonialism aimed at providing a normative groundwork for revolutionaries on how to act in

29 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

war against Portuguese domination. This is particularly noticeable in his earlier works Muapa Puo, A Corda, As Aventuras de Ngunga and Mayombe. However, to date there has not been any systematic explanation of Pepetela’s work regarding the core normative values during war. That is, no work to date has explained what Pepetela’s just war theory is. In this article, by focusing on his earlier works, I will systematize Pepetela’s thought on war.

AFRICAN AGENCY IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THE PURSUIT OF AFRICAN CONTINENTAL FREE TRADE AREA OPONDO Paul Abiero A few months ago, African Union member states, met at Kigali, hosted by the new chair of AU, President Paul Kagame of Rwanda, to discuss the possibility of opening borders for trade between all African nations. This ambition, based on the original objectives of African Union, since 1963 was a noble idea. Far from being achieved, out of 55 nations in Africa, 44 signed the treaty for free trade area, but ten countries opted not to sign, citing certain fears associated with free trade. However, South Africa and Nigeria were reluctant to open their borders for free trade yet they do robust trade with the USA, Europe and China. Using dependency paradigm and African agency, this paper posits that despite almost sixty years since Ghana gained independence, there still exists mutual suspicions in the achievement of the ideals of pan-Africanism and free. Africa is still beholden to the former colonial powers, notably Britain and France, and of course USA and China, who continue to give Foreign Direct Investment and have trade agreements such as AGOA with African states. What are the challenges that hinder the new perspective of free trade between African states? How will Africa benefit when they trade among themselves? KEY WORDS: African Union, Free trade Area, Dependency theory, Intra-African, pan- Africanism

"GANG UP OF ENEMIES": Discourse Patterns and Contexts in Christian Liturgical Prayers in Niger Olajimbiti Ezekiel Opeyemi "Prayer, a form of social interaction that connects the terrestrial with the celestial, reflects socio-cultural experiences of the people who engage in it. Being culture-specific, it manifests different patterns in different religions. This paper therefore investigates discourse patterns and contexts in Christian warfare prayers in Nigeria. Sampling 50 prayer sessions between the clergy and laity in two Pentecostal churches, Mountain of Fire and Miracle Ministries and Christ Apostolic Church, in Oyo and Lagos states through audio-recorder in twenty branches of both churches, data were transcribed using Jefferson’s notations. Data are analysed basically with Halliday and Hasan’s Generic structure potential and Mey’s Pragmatic act theory. Four discourse patterns: pre-prayer stimulation, prayer, in prayer stimulation and closure configured in three African socio-cultural contexts of spirituality, war and aggression

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structured the discourse. The foregoing manifest shared situational knowledge (SSK) and mutual contextual belief (MCB) in the interactions between the clergy and laity with commanding, suppressing and agitating as the linguistic functions. These linguistically distinguish Nigerian Christian liturgical prayers within the purview of societal realities and religious practices. Keyword: Christian prayers, Socio-cultural context, Generic structure potential, Discourse patterns

Implementable or not? The Nature of Ugandan Petroleum Industry Local Content Policy and its Effects on Implementation. Byaruhanga Julius The successfulness of local content policies has been often times associated with their implementability and the approaches of public and private actors while responding to them. However, these LCP implementation variables have been discussed in a more generalized way which makes the studies less robust. Yet, local companies’ participation in the petroleum industry relies on the successful implementation of such policies which also depends on the policy’s implementability. To explore this further, we answer the question: how has the nature of Ugandan local content policy affected the implementation process? This study designed semi-structured interview techniques to gather the primary data from sixty key informants which was complemented by a qualitative analysis of contents of petroleum policy documents and reports from both private, public and civil society actors. The findings indicate three different faces of the policy requirements which for analytical purposes are categorized into – (a) restrictive, (b) compromised and (c) ambiguous. The analysis of these findings indicate that the incoherence of the policy and the manner in which it is perceived and addressed by the top-down and bottom-up actors negatively affect the achievement of the policy objectives. This paper concludes by showing how these gaps can be addressed if – the policy targets are made clear and implementable and when such process involves both top- down and bottom-up actors. Panty Robbery in Nigeria: Security and the Limits of Western Epistemologies David Stephen "There have been several reports of female panties being stolen by Yahoo boys (internet fraudsters), sometimes at gun point, due to its perceived spiritual value as a source of wealth. This has exacerbated women’s apprehensions concerning their security and altered how, where, and when they wash and dispose panties. Despite outrage concerning these incidents, security agents have struggled with how to react to these crimes, how to investigate – and possibly prosecute those arrested. In the face of a lethargic governmental response, citizens are turning to spiritual entrepreneurs for help while also dispensing mob justice to those caught in the act. This study examines reactions to narratives of panty theft to get a sense of the importance attached to these incidents in the public domain, and to map how these events affect women’s

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sense of security. These reactions are read in comparison to those from government officials to examine how the difference in response might further erode faith in the capacity of the Nigerian state to provide security to her citizens. My approach is intersectional, paying attention to gender, class, age and level of education in examining comments and reactions on the selected platforms. My aim is to call attention to the “incompleteness” (Nyamnjoh 2017) of western epistemologies in interpreting African experiences. I argue that the Nigerian state, and of course other African states, needs to “see with a third eye” (Cooper 2004) by adopting endogenous epistemologies capable of apprehending diurnal African experiences.

Floating histories. Deconstruction of a tropical pictorialism Gugolati Maica "I propose an example of a visual and sound installation I created, that aims to demonstrate the construction of colonial pictorialism, by deconstructing the fictionalization of tropical representations of landscapes and of postcolonial identities on the territory of Trinidad and Tobago (WI), the location of my PhD fieldwork. Colonial pictorialism represents the “new world” as a paradise created by European civilization that responds to its exotic imaginings. The installation superposes paintings of colonial landscapes with personal contemporary digital photography. This visual corpus is accompanied by a sound installation in which the audience listens to self-exoticizing contemporary biographies while watching the new exoticized images. The ultimate aim of my work is to see if it is possible to question the historical fictional construction of “the Tropics” by appropriating a new contemporary fictionality. I propose to show some images and oral stories from the installation and to discuss in a paper format the decolonial and postcolonial theoretical frames that guide this project. With this research, I wish to propose a different methodology that deals with colonial and postcolonial issues, specifically exotic and self-exoticizing representations of Afro-descent Caribbean citizens. In the paper, I will explain the questions about decolonialization that took place during the fieldwork, and during the debates about the project in Trinidad, my own role as a foreign researcher in this process, and the attempts to make anthropological methodologies communicate with new artistic ways of researching. The paper describes the theoretical frames I used to create a decolonial method of investigation.

Signs and Symbols of Thought: A study of the Akan Adinkra Sumana Abibah Adwoa Tutuwah "The debates have been long standing as to the contributions of Africa to the discipline of philosophy. Some scholars contend that an African philosophy is still in the making and the attempts to qualify the subject should be done in the shadows of Western themes, all on the

32 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

basis that the African still had not developed a system of writing. The complex network of African difference and the reality of narratives—myths, cosmologies, rituals, social institutions, languages—begs the question: is there such a thing as a philosophy which can be reconstructed from the pre-literate [sage] men and women in African societies? Answering yes to the above question, this paper takes as its point of departure a renowned but generally underrated and overlooked aspect of —the Adinkra symbols. Under the assertion that the Adinkra which is an embodiment of images, signs and symbols are of no exception from the high esteemed forms of communications. Arguing that the Adinkra is more than a mere craft and therefore ought to be considered as a communication form and an indigenous African philosophy. This is because the Adinkra has been creatively woven to have deeper philosophical and proverbial meanings which captures not only artistry but rather the thought systems of the Akan people. This paper places Adinkra in the context of symbolic and interpretive anthropology, in conceptualizing how cultures shape a people’s ethical and moral world. In addition to how people give meanings to and express their reality through their cultural symbols.

Affect and Politics in Fanon’s Écrits sur l'aliénation et la liberté Cassatella Andrea This paper explores the interconnections between psycho-affective, epistemological and political axes in Frantz Fanon’s Écrits sur l'aliénation et la liberté (Éditions La Découverte, Paris, 2015). The paper starts from an analysis of Fanon’s doctoral dissertation, which foregrounds an analytic of affect in terms of pathology of freedom. It then considers other writings in which Fanon exposes the racialized epistemic basis of traditional psychology and the potential for liberation offered by local approaches to ‘mental illness’. I suggest that, by illuminating that anomalies of affects are temporally bound to the political conditions that maintain subjects alienated from the relational structure – biological, social and psychical – relevant to their lived-experience, Fanon deepens the understanding of psychic life in colonial contexts and opens up a space for liberatory imaginaries. Indeed, only when such a structure is reconfigured in a manner that reclaims the epistemic value of the specific life-form repressed by colonial forces, pathologies of freedom give way to possibilities of freedom from pathologies. Since this change is not independent of political transformations, engaging in political action forcefully emerges as an imperative for both healing and liberation.

Context-sustainability through conservation infrastructure in Africa Narh Peter Within the theoretical framework of sustainability and the conceptual framework of citizen science, this paper draws from current research to expound twin concepts of context- sustainability and conservation infrastructure towards conservation of natural resources and sustainability in Africa. On-going research in Kenya, Eswatini, and Ghana continuously reveal that functional systems to harness the diversity of knowledge and experiences in particular local contexts to tackle environmental degradation are either non-existent in stark

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contrast to the immense endowments of environmental knowledge and experiences in communities, or where they exist are not suited to local conditions. The paper thus addresses the problem of a lack of context in environmental conservation and sustainability theory and practice, and responds to the question of how to harness the rich diversity of local environmental knowledge, agency, and experiential endowments to create context- sustainability. I argue that conservation infrastructure can draw from and build on a diversity of everyday knowledge and experiences of different organizations and individuals to guarantee sustainability within local environmental, economic, social, and political terns. Citizen science is a key conceptual approach for this paper. Yet, conservation infrastructure, it will be argued, is a step forward from citizen science, enabling resource citizens to collaborative and inclusively apply, test, and refine their science in local conditions through simple infrastructure for lasting environmental conservation and equitable benefits. To this end, the key goal of this paper is to contribute to redefining sustainability, emphasizing a shift towards context-based sustainability. The paper addresses the theme of indigenous approaches to sustainability.

Crisis of African University as a Crisis of being African Murungi John This paper contributes to the ongoing conversation on the study of African university. It is a meta-conversation in that it is not a study within an African university but about African university. It does not single out a particular African university. It raises the question regarding what makes a university African. The answer to this question determines and charts the course of the mission of an African university. Colonial and imperial Euro-Western adventure in Africa was an attempt to determine what it is to be African and formulate education policy accordingly. It has also been suggested that the word “Africa” itself has a Euro-Western origin. Accordingly, it appears that an African university is essentially a Euro- Western university or, at least, an imitation of it. To reinforce this appearance, the university, as conventionally understood today, has its origin in European history. It is also bound to Euro-Western identity. If it is conceded that, as an institution, a university is bound to a people’s identity, what is African about a university that is referred to as African is fundamentally a question of what is to be African. As of today, the answer continues to be out of hand. There appears to be an internal crisis in the conception of an African university. This crisis philosophically explored having in mind the works of Frantz Fanon, Paulin Hountondji, Ramose Mogobe, and Kwasi Wiredu. The crisis is more pronounced in this age of globalization – a process that tends to ignore and marginalizes this crisis in its elemental sense.

On solvability: digital creativity and the sociality of techno-capitalism in Kinshasa Pype Katrien "This paper is based on ethnographic research among emerging IT communities in Kinshasa, DR Congo. The main argument of this paper is twofold: first, I argue that the economy of

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digital entrepreneurship has introduced an experience of “solvability”. Among Kinshasa’s IT developers’ communities, the French word solution is commonly used as a way to assess the societal relevance of the digital innovations professional and autodidact digital entrepreneurs are working on. “Solution” is a common trope in the global digital universe, from Silicon Valley, over Nairobi to Hanoi. The eager uptake of this trope in Kinshasa suggests a particular phenomenological dimension of IT culture in the Global South: one of possibility, anticipation and even expectation. Second, I also argue that while success stories such as those of Mark Zuckerberg, Steve Jobs, and Jack Maa circulate as models to imagine extremely wealthy futures, socio-economic parameters of Kinshasa’s social universe, however, block and hamper the take-off of IT successes. Most digital innovations indeed never go beyond the phase of concept design or, at best, a demo. This reality undermines the first meaning of “solvability”. The data draw on participant observation and interviews among Kinshasa’s expanding IT communities. I have talked with app designers, participants in hackatons, and members of start-ups, and attended training sessions, and seminars and conferences organized by local IHubs. Major findings speak to the imagination of urban precarity, the emergence of a new social relationship (“mentor-mentee”), and the limits of techno-capitalism."

One Belt One Road: Should NigeriaSieve the Chinese Benevolence or Accept it as a free lunch Quadri Lukman Adewale This paper looked into the OBOR initiatives from a critical prism, to bring the concealed motives of China to the knowledge of African audiences, precisely African Heads of state whose response to OBOR shows grave susceptibility; in as much as this work criticised the Chinese benevolence, it put the positive aspects of OBOR into consideration in a bid to establish a balance between African beneficiaries of OBOR and China. It is a dual initiative ‘foreign and development policy’ while it is perceived purely as a development policy to the receivers ‘Africa’. Scholars that picked interest in analysing OBOR are divided into two camps; one axis favour OBOR initiatives whilst the other axis picture OBOR as a debt trap. But this work maintained a neutral stance which highlighted OBOR discrepancies, and equally question the challenges of African heads of state. The first part of this work dug benevolently into precolonial African archives which led to the discovery that the Chinese ancestors explored Kenyan coast prior to Vasco De Gama discovery of Africa; the succeeding parts adopted multiple theories which served as a tool of critical analysis; for instance the development theory of Rostow favours China’s initiatives when viewed from modernisation prism whilst the dependencia theory is the adverse. The neorealist approach to the study of OBOR, perceive the initiative as a foreign policy ‘a means to an end’. OBOR appears lofty and formidable, but it will only give Nigeria nay Africa a dependent development which will leash the posterity to China.

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Reflecting on the implications of Sefa Dei's "indigenous discursive framework" for the study of educational practices in Africa Gueye Mor This presentation focuses on the theoretical work of Canadian-based Ghanaian sociologist on the curriculum implications and theoretical foundations of using an "indigenous discursive framework". More specifically, the study of practice from a holistic approach can yield a more comprehensive understanding of the educational issues and perspectives in post- colonial settings. For the purpose of the analysis, I am drawing from a qualitative study conducted on socio-cultural implications of pre-service teacher mentoring in Senegal.

Contested Boundaries: A Critical Appraisal of African Media Studies Research Ojo Tokunbo Within the broader contexts of on-going debates on the ‘decolonization’ of African curriculum, this paper provides an appraisal of African media studies scholarship. It assesses the current state of the field and its centrality to knowledge production on Africa. By this, the paper highlights central issues, contributions and omission in the academic work on African media and its variants. It illustrates the vitality of media studies research and practice to African imagination in the global and local contexts.

Shifting the goalposts: Africa and the West in the global ‘two publics’ of globalisation and development paradigm Olaiya Taiwo Orthodox scholarly discourse on the global functioning of market-supporting institutions, such as multinational corporations and regulatory institutions for macroeconomic stabilisation, have tended to neglect the interminable challenges that African states experience against the competitive economic circumstances of the constantly changing frameworks for ‘free enterprise’. Heretofore, few researches have focussed on the systemic twists in the market functions and the structural contradictions in financial ‘corporationalisation’ that contributed immensely to dislocate African States as global financial competitors, among others. This article engages the nagging reconstruction of Africa’s development discourse, in particular, targeting the debate on the fallout of globalisation and global development paradigm that created ‘two publics’ of the West and Others. The classic works of African and Africana political thinkers are explored to thoughtfully situate the position of African States in the modern capitalist systems amidst the various distortions in the trade morality and fundamentals. Using systematic approach for rigorous evidence-based review, the article combines materials and methods from sociological, economic and political perspectives to scrupulously situate a perceptive case on the continued economic tension that Africa has had to grapple with from the historical past to the modern days. The article analysed the transformation of the global economic order from

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mutuality interface into exploiter/subject relations within the global Westphalia development paradigm, globalisation and neo-colonialism, which largely negates the freedom to trade and, specifically, made Africa’s economic transformation forlornly challenging—not necessarily for being a poor player but for the constant shift in the goalposts. FUEL SUBSIDY IN SOUTH SUDAN: WAS IT HELPFUL? Mayai Augustino T. South Sudan’s economy is vastly oil-fed, with oil revenues accounting for roughly 60% of GDP and over 90% of exports and government expenditure, respectively (UNDP 2015; Dihel & Pape 2017). Before the recent civil war, South Sudan’s economy was growing at an unprecedented rate of 24% (UNDP 2015). Nevertheless, nearly half of the burgeoning economy was expended on imports, impeding the saving efforts. For example, the country was projected to spend 45.8% of GDP on imported goods and services in 2016, with a significant share of these being energy products (UNDP 2015). For most of its energy needs, South Sudan imports fossil fuel products from East Africa (Mozersky & Kammen 2018; Mai et al 2016; Tiitmamer & Anai 2018). Oil imports from East Africa account for over 70% of South Sudan’s total energy supply, according to International Energy Agency. This analysis measures the impact of the South Sudanese fuel subsidy by evaluating the rate of inflation over time and across subnational markets (regions).

The Old, the New, and Re-inventing the African Self in Selected Writings of Ben Okri Ogunfolabi Kayode Omoniyi With the upsurge of Nigerian fiction since the early twentieth century, there share volume of novels and the relative shift from the political allegory to personal narratives seem to have made these texts more visible than the contributions of Ben Okri to Nigerian and African fiction. Yet, social suffering and expansion of tertiary education create the opportunity to assess the chasm between production of knowledge and social transformation in Africa. Therefore, it becomes necessary to retrace steps to the writings of Ben Okri that thematize the birthing of a utopian future. Therefore, this essay examines the ways in which Ben Okri’s work creates a space through which the past and the present worldviews can be juxtaposed and synthesized. In order to do this Okri’s abiku trilogy (The Famished Road, Songs of Enchantment, and Infinite Riches) and Astonishing the Gods will be explored because they provide the space for past knowledges to dialogue with present philosophy and demonstrate the possibility of recreating a new and deliberately diaporic African self respectively. By analyzing these texts through the marvelous real and with Achille Mbembe’s “On Politics as a Form of Expenditure,” the work would show how re-dreaming the world, which is central to Okri’s writings, implies rediscovering old knowledges and appropriating new ones, which is necessary to re-imagining and re-inventing the African self, marked by ambivalence of African and universal identities. La réapropriation de l’historiographie africaine à travers l’enseignement en langues nationales ; vecteur de renaissance pour l’Afrique : enjeux et défis

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JIE JIE Patrick Romuald En Afrique, l’enseignement de l’histoire se fait majoritairement dans les langues laissées par le colonisateur (le français, l’anglais, l’espagnol, le portugais…), ce qui peut poser le problème d’un véritable enracinement culturel des Africains. Le problème essentiel du développement des langues africaines s’impose pour une véritable réappropriation de l’historiographie africaine. Dans ce sens, la problématique d’une véritable renaissance culturelle des Africains en général, se pose autour de quatre axes essentiels : la reconquête de leur histoire authentique, la maîtrise de leur langue nationale, le développement de leur Littérature et de son art, la reformulation d’une pédagogie intégrée. Mais une telle démarche, pose aussi de nombreux défis à relever notamment: le choix des langues d’enseignement dans un contexte africain multilingue ; les questions de la faisabilité d’une approche multilingue fondée sur la langue maternelle ; la viabilité de l’éducation multilingue ; la formation adéquate des enseignants d’histoire et le problème d’approvisionnement en matériel d’apprentissage. L’objectif de cette communication est de démontrer sur la base de sources écrites, comment les langues nationales africaines, peuvent être des vecteurs d’enracinement culturel et de renforcement des identités. Mots clés : langues nationales, réappropriation, historiographie, enracinement, Afrique.

Endangered African Medicinal Plants: Rescuing Prosopis Africana Momoh Rashidat, Ejura. Animals are usually given scholarly attention when discussing issues relating to extinction. It is either “save the Dinosaurs or save the Rhinos” campaign. Plants, especially medicinal ones that have gone into extinction or threatened, do not enjoy similar attention like the animals. This is despite the evidence that thousands of plants have been lost and many more going into extinction. Of concern to this study are plants of immense medicinal importance that have been lost or endangered. One of these plants is Prosopis Africana; a leguminous plant of the Fabaceae family, which is indigenous to Africa, with most of its parts possessing medicinal ingredients. In particular, its roots are diuretic, used in treating sexually transmitted diseases as well as bronchitis. However, it is threatened by extinction due to over-exploitation by man and animals without replanting. This study examines the medicinal uses of the various parts of the plant and how it can be saved from been lost. This will be done by reviewing existing literature across broad spectrum. Past, Present and Future of African Women in Visual Drama The Nigerian (Yoruba) Experience Adagbada Olufadekemi In virtually all the nations of the world, but more prevalent in Africa, women were and are still perceived and related to as the OTHER ;the second fiddles when compared with men. They are regarded, and socio-culturally groomed into the self-perception of being deficient and invisible in many areas of development and productive activities.However, women have been and are still fully involved in productive labour that forms the bedrock of African

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economies. The 'deficit perspective ' about them is in direct opposition to the ancient, pre- colonial, colonial and contemporary norms.In this paper, the positions of Yoruba women of South-West Nigeria among other vocations as choreographers, re-enactors, actresses,musicians, producers, directors and re-creative artists,are reviewed through a study of their roles in the metamorphic development of Yoruba visual drama via traditional festivals, masked itinerant performances, the Ogunde dramatic tradition and the contemporary filmic ventures. Given an enabling socio-cultural environment and sustainable governmental support,the Yoruba womenfolk will continue to contribute more now than before to Nigeria's internally generated income and foreign reserve earnings.

Past, Present and Future of African Women in Visual Drama: The Nigerian (Yoruba) Experience . Adagbada Olufadekemi and Ago Iwoye "In virtually all the nations of the world, but more prevalent in Africa, women were and still are perceived and related to as the OTHER; the second fiddles when compared with men. They are regarded as, and socio-culturally groomed into the self-perception of being deficient and invisible in many areas of development and productive activities. Women have however been and are still fully involved in productive labour that forms the bedrock of African economies. The 'deficit perceptive' about them is in direct opposition to the ancient, pre- colonial, colonial, and contemporary norms of their being heads of households, daily managers of homesteads and guidiance of family property. These are apart from visibility in subsistence and commercial farming and vocations like ppottery, bead making, tie and die, hair, mat and fabric weaving, and also as oral, written and visual literary artists. In this paper, the positions of Yoruba women of South-West Nigeria among other vocations as choreographers, re-enactors, actresses, musicians, producers, directors and re-creative artist, are reviewed through a study of their roles in the metamorphic development of Yoruba visual drama via traditional festivals, masked itinerant performances, Ogunde dramatic tradition and the current filmic ventures. Given an enabling socio-cultural environment and sustainable governmental support, Yoruba women in visual drama especially film productions, will continue to contribute more now than before to internally generated revenues and foreign direct investments.

How much does a vote cost? Politics of inducement in Ibadan North Local Government Area, Oyo Sate, Nigeria Adebayo Adedeji Victor & OLUTAYO, Molatokunbo Seunfunmi Elections represent a core element which ensures people’s inputs in democratic governance across the world, Nigeria inclusive. Over the years, Nigeria’s representative democracy and its electioneering process which takes place every four years have continued to evolve. While local and international observer teams have noted some improvement in the conducts of elections by the Independent National Electoral Commission especially since the commencement of the country’s fourth republic in 1999, there has been an increase in the

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adoption of vote buying as a strategy for achieving electoral victory. Eligible voters are mobilized with financial and other material inducements few days before elections and also on the day of elections. As such, decisions of many voters are swayed in support of the political party that gives out “gifts items” which could be in different forms. The study investigates the behaviour of electorate in Ibadan North Local Government Area (LGA) of Oyo State in the gubernatorial and the state house of assembly elections conducted on the 9th of March, 2019. Importantly, it examines the role of party agents during the elections. To achieve this, the study employs a qualitative research approach with samples purposively drawn from the electorate and party agents in three of the twelve political wards in the LGA. While the election has been described as “relatively” credible, free and fair, financial inducement continues to play a big role in shaping its outcome.

William Shakespeare as an Imperialist: A Postcolonial Reading of The Tempest Nubukpo Ayao Mawuenyigan Apeatrogbo The paper interprets Shakespeare’s play as an apology for imperialism. It examines the work, particularly the figure of Caliban, in three different standpoints to facilitate a postcolonial reading of the text. The first section, “Is Caliban a Human Being?”, explores how the play lends evidence to the widespread idea in the heyday of European imperialism that Blacks were non-humans. The second part, “Caliban’s Lot: Perpetual Slavery”, reveals how Shakespeare’s play contributes to the spread of the racist idea that the white race was the race of masters. The third stage, Caliban, Symbol of The Dispossessed Colonized underscores the paper’s claim that Shakespeare agreed with the idea of colonizing the peoples who did not enjoy the technical advances that Europe had attained in the years of its world imperialism.

Work-Family Balance: Experiences of Women Doctoral Students in Kenyan Universities, A Phenomenology study Marangu Janis Kaimuri & Dr. Anne Kanga Work- family balance has an influence on women doctoral students which leads to slow progression and increased attrition. The purpose of the study is to explore the experiences of women doctoral students in balancing work-family. The study was guide by how and what extent, women doctoral students endeavor to balance work-family? The following research questions guided the study; what experiences do women doctoral students have in managing work and family? What resources are available to support women doctoral students in managing their roles? What strategies do women doctoral students apply in managing the roles of family and work? I employed transcendental phenomenology approach, with an in- depth interview of 5 participants. I derived the study sample from public and private universities in Kenya offering doctoral programs through a criterion sampling. The participant had more than two years in the program. The audio taped data were transcribed, coded and analyzed to come up with categories and themes which formed textural descriptions and finally structural description as the essence. From the data, five themes emerged; managing time, managing roles, receiving support, socialization aspect and getting

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stressed. The overall structural description was purposeful management which made the essence, the participant had to manage the available time, roles and resources in order to balance. Recommendations were made on offering programs in the university that assist doctoral women and also offering resources that support them in managing roles.

Does war/conflict hinder REI in Africa? The regional integration–conflict/war nexus Bundala Ntogwa Ng'habi The paper explores the nature of the regional integration failure in Africa in relation to war and conflict. Thematic analysis was used to explore the eight African Union Regional Economic Communities (RECs) by reading transcripts, identifying possible themes, comparing and contrasting themes, and building theoretical conclusions. The paper found that war and conflict are the least factors that cause the failure of African regional integration plans. The paper r concludes that peace – the absence of war and conflict in Africa, that can be brought about by the silencing of guns is important but not a guarantee for the success of regional integration. It can, however, create a good environment for regional integration, though not necessarily lead to successful regional integration. Although peace does not guarantee successful regional integration, it has a positive value and should be maintained. Furthermore, regional economic communities should be used to promote peace in Africa, as the chapter established that they increase economic and political trust among African countries.

Lives in Transit: Circus Tales across the Indian Ocean Poyyaprath Rayaroth Nisha The proposed paper will map the various dimensions of the significant flow of circus artistes from East African countries such as Tanzania, Kenya and Ethiopia to Indian circus companies in recent times. This brings to the fore remarkable narratives of transnational movement, livelihood, dignity and physical cultures. My attempt will be to look at their “movements, flows, and circulations”, that Isabel Hofmeyr notes as the defining characteristics of transnational histories (AHR Conversations). This is a complex terrain interspersed with discourses of war, revolution, monarchy, democracy, civil society, non- governmental organisations, children, animals, law, labour, livelihood and performance cutting across national borders and distant continents. What are the global socio-economic contexts, inequalities and subsistence that set-in motion the East Africans’ movement to Indian circus? African performers hardly figure in the hundred- and fifty-years old history of Indian circus industry. There have been two historic turns in the sub-continent and the Indian circus industry that initiated this ‘flow’ of Africans: (a) the abolition of monarchy and the establishment of a democratic republic in Nepal in 2008 from where the majority of child acrobats had been coming and (b) the lobbying and legal battles by child rights organisations in India such as Bachpan Bachao Andolan whose head Kailash Satyarthi won the Nobel peace prize in 2014 and the consequent ruling of the Supreme Court of India in 2011 banning

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the employment and performance of children below fourteen. How do we address questions of race, body and performance in this transnational enterprise?

Archival Colonial Documents and the Politics of Knowledge Production in Nigeria Jimoh Mufutau Oluwasegun In 1990, Hrbeck noted that “written sources consist of fairly impartial and uncontroversial documents forming a record of social and economic relations”. Post-colonial historical scholarship on Africa, specifically Nigeria to a large extent depends on archival materials when dealing with colonial activities in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. These archival documents consist of private papers, confidential reports and intelligent reports. While archival documents provide an invaluable insight into the political, social, cultural and economic relations of African agency and colonial encounters, they also indicate colonial administration’s preferences on what to write, whom to write about and on whose account. This paper use two issues to interrogate the politics of knowledge production in Nigeria: the colonial account of the history of Lagos and the Obanikoro accounts of 19th century Lagos

Re-awakening the African “Leviathan”: Is State Building a Prerequisite for Democratic Governance? ATETWE EZEKIEL BULAMBU "The concept of the state has long been figured to be at the centre of classical and modern political theory. The concept has therefore received continuous attention by scholars and policy makers from ancient to modern times. In contemporary political philosophy, the issue of choosing the path between state building and democratic governance has been a heated debate especially in developing countries. The big question is whether state building or democratic governance should be given priority in the process of strengthening the state. This question becomes even more important for the African state that is pursuing economic development in order to catch up with the rest of the world. However, the existing theories on state building and democratic governance are based on the Western state model and remain limited to offer answers for the African case. Furthermore, the existing literature characterises the African state as one with growing number of intrastate conflicts of racial, religious and ethnic derivation. This paper discusses the realities of the evolution and the changing nature of the African state that seems to have shifted away from these traditional narratives. This paper explores the experiences of the state building and democratic governance in some African states. The paper concludes that though some African states have focused on state building and democratic governance as two independent paths, the realisation of the complementarity between the two processes is largely growing. However, it remains clear that state building is a basic necessity for democratic governance to thrive in the African modern state.

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Boosting decent jobs for youth in West Africa’s biggest informal industrial cluster through digital manufacturing Adu-Gyamfi Yaw & Anna Sera Lowe "In this project, we seek to explore clusters of artisan producers with a substantial number being young people, mostly school leavers. In many African countries, such groups are a key source of knowledge and productive engineering activity. Yet, research by the Yaw Adu- Gyamfi and Benson Adjei of the Open African Innovation Research Network at the Suame Magazine Industrial Cluster in Kumasi, Ghana highlights that artisans are not able to keep pace with the fast pace of change in technology, leading to innovation stagnation and dwindling of jobs (with the concomitant increase in unemployment). The research further revealed that the maker movement and makerspaces can play a significant role in upgrading the informal industrial environment of Suame Magazine, which requires continued external support to facilitate innovation. In the 1980’s, the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) in Kumasi, Ghana successfully piloted a model at the Suame Industrial Cluster, which introduced new skills, technologies and machinery through a collaboration among government, academia and the private sector in a triple helix approach. Therefore, adapting that successful model to introduce digital manufacturing technologies to young artisanal manufacturers, especially female artisans in the cluster can lead to proliferation of digital technologies that are rooted in the realities of informal manufacturing, thereby creating jobs. In particular, there is the need for continuous collaboration across sectors, which is seen as crucial for creation and proliferation of new technology-based industries, which can benefit from the informal sector characteristic of decentralised systems that ensure collective efficiency.

Rekindling the Pride of Africa’s Current and Future Communities and their under- appreciated Heritage through Rejuvenated African Architectural Semiotics Birabi Allan Kenneth "The argument of this paper is that buildings are not just functional artifacts. Rather, they are also custodians and transmitters of heritages of owner-occupiers and entire communities. Arguably, this ability for architecture to transmit heritage makes buildings to also represent tangible and intangible heritage pride. Methodologically, through qualitative enquiry namely mixed descriptive, explorative and historiographical approaches, the paper reveals that in Africa’s past, the above-noted architectural merit aggrandized buildings into protagonists of renowned African architectural semiotics. Connectedly, antique skilled building artisans infused African architectural semiotics into the buildings and aggrandized the heritage and pride of their owner occupiers and host communities through exploitation of symbols/codes, aesthetics, structural expression, ornamentation, cultural accents, etc. Therein, African architectural semiotics conscripted the buildings into ‘intelligent’ encyclopaedic artifacts and

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orchestras of corporate generic African pride. Hence, citizens derived the fulfilling sense of who they are. Among its major findings, the Paper observes that unlike the above-noted meritorious past, the rapidly intruding globalization and unimaginative imitation of accompanying building designs has led to obsolescence and devaluation of indigenous African architectural semiotics and accompanying heritage pride. Consequently, Pan-African culturality has diminished and become increasingly confused. In the Paper’s view, whereas no tradition or culture is static, the Africans cannot afford such denigration of Afrocentric heritage via blatant globalization. Hence, the Paper climaxes its contribution by synthesizing that African architectural artisans need to become vanguards of rejuvenating African architectural semiotics among influential means of rekindling the pride of current and future African communities and their under- appreciated heritage.

The Restitution of Indigenous Religious Artifacts: The Case of Study All Saints’ Cathedral Nairobi Wanyama Ogutu The restitution of indigenous religious artifacts in Kenya will go along with the documentation of religious Artifacts, having an incredible influence in African Art to the extent of drawing the attention of a historic speech from The French President; Emmanuel Macron in 2017 at Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso. Western art forms are the major influences in African religious artifacts yet by the 1st century AD; indigenous religious art had already escalated in every corner of the Africa according to several documentation reports. The low percentages of documented artifacts are of Africa origin, and they indicate that there have been minimal studies done by African scholars. This study will unravel the influences and impediments surrounding the restitution of indigenous religious art. It will employ descriptive design and qualitative analysis to articulate it discourse base on the case study of All Saints Cathedral - Nairobi. Finally, the study will establish the challenges facing the restitution of religious art in Kenya and propose measures that can be employed by the government through National Museums of Kenya. Key words: Restitution, indigenous religious, Artifacts, Documentation, African Art

The African Mind: An Anti-Cartesian Approach to Teaching and Learning Ndlovu Morgan One of the problematic questions facing the field of education today is the question of whether the psychological theories of learning and pedagogy that were produced mainly by theorists from the West can apply universally across different socio-cultural contexts under which learning takes place without disadvantaging those learners whose pre-existing socio- historical experiences can be characterised as non-Western. This question is, indeed, quite problematic when taking into consideration that the global modernity/coloniality project did not succeed in producing a singular homogenous historical experience of being human—a

44 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

development that would have made it appropriate to develop universally acceptable theories of learning and pedagogy. Thus, with specific reference to Africa where some of the long- standing pre-colonial traditions have survived the decimating effect of colonial domination, the idea of a universal psychological theory of learning and/or pedagogy is an epistemic blindness to the unique experience of an African mind. In this paper, I therefore, argue for an anti-Cartesian approach to the discourse of learning and pedagogy—an approach that takes serious the unique experiences of the non-Western subjects particularly the indigenous peoples of Africa

The Color of International Diplomacy: Where are the African Women Ambassadors? DAWUNI J. JARPA In 1991, Charlesworth, Chinkin and Wright’s article on Feminist Approaches to International Law provided new lenses for understanding and challenging the hierarchical and patriarchal nature and functioning of international law and international organizations. Their findings consequently led to the development of new studies seeking to question the place of women in international law. The result has been a growing body of scholarship drawing largely from feminist institutionalism examining women in international organizations, foreign service and international diplomacy. Unsurprisingly, this scholarship has focused on women in the global north, to the exclusion of women in the global south. While women across Africa have made great strides in the international arena in the political, legal and economic spheres, the subject of African women in the foreign service has eluded many scholars. This paper employs historical analysis and standpoint theory in examining the past and current contradictions in the scholarly analysis of women ambassadors from the global south. In particular, it seeks to develop a framework rooted in Pan-Africanism for studying women in international diplomacy and the contributions African women have made and continue to make to the international system. The paper will further explore topics such as women’s pathways to the foreign service, navigating the gendered international political landscape and provide insights on the way forward for women.

Harvesting data: Emerging trends in the platformisation of small-holder finance in Kenya Iazzolino Gianluca & Laura Elizabeth Mann "Our paper discusses the datafication of smallholder finance in Kenya. We focus in particular on the embeddedness of digital service providers into platforms that provide farmers with end-to-end solutions, from credit scoring to advisory support and input distribution. These platforms also integrate established agricultural credit providers, such as banks, micro- finance institutions (MFI) and saving groups. In so doing, they recalibrate the risk-assessment procedures of these lenders and construct an ideal type of farmer. Access to credit is a critical challenge for Kenyan small-holder farmers. Financial service providers are often reluctant to lend to smallholders because of a mix of factors, including

45 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

price volatility of inputs and outputs in domestic and international markets, erratic weather patterns, lack of written records and contracts between producers and buyers and transaction amounts too small to justify investments in rural areas. In recent years, however, new approaches to smallholder finance have emerged. A new breed of digital service providers has appeared on the Kenyan market to provide loans, insurance and other financial services via mobile phone. Some of them are specifically targeting rural workers, either lending directly to farmers or accessing their transactional and behavioural data to generate a digital footprint. Our paper presents case studies of agricultural platforms in Kenya that demonstrate the growing significance of data analytics for increased predictive power. We thus suggest the possibility of a disconnect between the transformational rhetoric embraced by these new players in smallholder finance and the deployment of business models that risk entrenching pre-existing exclusions.

A reflection of the ECOWAS Conflict Prevention Framework from the lenses of the Critical and Emancipatory Peacebuilding School of thought Ateng Mathias Awonnatey & Dr. Musah, Anthony Agoswin This paper discusses the ECOWAS Conflict Prevention Framework from the perspective of the critical and emancipatory peacebuilding model. This paper argues that, the ECOWAS conflict prevention framework is largely guided by the principles of the liberal peacebuilding model that ignores the “local” in peacebuilding. The Framework represents a complete departure of the sub-regional body from an emphasis on conflict resolution to transformative conflict prevention with the overarching objective of ensuring human security instead of state security. Subjecting the framework however to the philosophies of the critical and emancipatory peacebuilding model and the social justice frame, it is noticed that the framework in its current form is inadequate to ensure sustainable peace and security within the sub-region. Its reference point to the state as the unit of focus, the adoption of liberal conceptualization of human security, focus on direct violence, top-down approach, the low engagement of the local turn to ensure local ownership, and the way it has been implemented drifts it towards an elite based policy. For the framework to have an impact in the sub-region, it should be restructured to make it an empowering policy that engages local actors, communities, resources, and knowledge in the transformative conflict prevention agenda of the sub-region. The framework needs to be anchored on local ownership and agency and act as an emancipatory and transformative tool that is aimed at empowering the people of the sub-region to be a peacemaker, peacebuilders, and transformative leaders.

The Fools errands of African Philosophy Morakinyo Olusegun "I argues that the search for an African heritage of philosophy and debate of what constitute contemporary African philosophy, both from the ‘professional’ philosophy and from the

46 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Afrocentric perspectives is a fool’s errand because conceptually and historically African intellectual heritage does not have philosophy and contemporarily Africans do not need philosophy, but has ‘problems’ of philosophy that demands an ideology of decolonization and development derived from Mdw Ntr. I begin the argument I advance in this paper by showing how what African intellectual heritage have that is related to philosophy is Mdw Ntr - Hieroglyphics, which is more profound and the ‘problem’ of philosophy. It is from the recognition of attunement of Mdw Ntr to African worldview compared to Philosophy that I argue that the claim that there is an African heritage of philosophy, is demeaning, misguided and a wasteful exercise. It is demeaning because in the attempt to counter the racist dehumanization of African based on denial of Philosophy, Africans due to lack of self-knowledge of its own intellectual history and heritage of Mdw Ntr in relation philosophy, claimed they too have a philosophy, in order to assert equality based on European criteria of philosophical reason as the bases of humanness. I show how this claim is misguided and the debate a wasteful exercise because, philosophy is a degraded and distorted attempt to investigate, understand and appropriate Mdw Ntr by the Greeks, hence the Greek meaning of philosophy, which is lover of wisdom – ancient Egyptian wisdom.

South African Attitudes toward Immigrants Jones Terry-Ann "South Africa has long been a receiving country for migrants from Europe and Asia, and is a major destination country for Sub-Saharan African migrants. Attacks on African immigrants, which heightened in 2008, have been widely publicized, as have lingering anti-immigrant sentiments that have manifested through protests. There are existing studies that interrogate the reasons African immigrants face violence in South Africa, so this study does not directly address these acts, but rather focuses on the broader question of public perceptions of and attitudes toward immigrants. Using in-depth, qualitative interviews and focus groups with a diverse sample of South African nationals, this study presents a nuanced understanding of South African sentiments and attitudes toward immigrants. A central argument is that anti- immigrant sentiments in South Africa are rooted in factors more complex and nuanced than xenophobia alone. Decades of artificial divisions between ethnic groups have manifested into resentment among some groups of Africans. Further, sentiments toward immigrants are inconsistent, varying depending on the immigrants’ nationality, ethnicity, and socioeconomic class as well as the socioeconomic class, education, occupation, and ethnicity of South Africans.

BEYOND STATISM IN ACHIEVING A DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENTAL STATE: LESSONS FROM MALAWI MLENGA JOSEPH

47 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

"In recent years the democratic developmental state has been suggested as viable to spur economic development in countries including those in Africa. Rwanda and Mauritius have been put forward as models of success with regard to democratic developmental states. Malawi is marked by high levels of corruption and a lowly rank on development. How then can the country move forward? Does Malawi have any prospects for state led development just as has been the case in some African states such as Rwanda? This paper attempts to show the pitfalls and opportunities for a democratic developmental state in Malawi. Attention is paid to the local brand of politicking which is dominated by mudslinging, character assassination, neo-patrimonialism and little substantive debate on policy and ideology between the parties in power and the opposition. Leadership then has to make some adjustments to achieve development in line with the suggested model. The paper further tries to go beyond the current position by some scholars that stress the importance of state leadership in having a democratic development state. It suggests that non-state actors have an equally important role in the process. The non-state actors could be opposition parties, the media, religious groups, traditional leaders and civil society organizations. The paper is a possible learning point for other African countries facing conditions such as those prevailing in Malawi.

Half Die: Conforming "Native" urban quarters and ecologies in colonial Bathurst in the 19th century Manneh Lamin The British colonial state in the Gambia described Half Die, a district in the capital Bathurst, as a "native quarter". Native quarters in British colonial spaces were classed, racialized and often ethicized spaces. This paper examines the early 19th century history of Half Die. Specifically, focusing on how the sanitary regime of the colonial state de-legitimized the style of habitation in Half Die and attempted to erase it through ordinances and sanitation campaigns. This paper argues that the continued ideological and political construction of the Half Die by the colonial state as a native quarter and later as a “poor quarter”, was an excuse for the colonial government to limited which of the city’s inhabitants had access to public services .The semantic constructions of Half Die as “native” and “poor” were meant to make Half Die an illegitimate urban space. It was in its illegitimacy, that Half Die was maintained as a cheap labor pool inhabited by the most vulnerable in Bathurst society. The creation of native quarters was, therefore, a form of colonial urban statecraft concerned with maintaining a cheap labor force through a process of de-legitimization of space by ascribing negative values to the ecologies and materialities that inhabit that space.

Africans’ Homophobia and Culture of “Public Secret” Babo Alfred

48 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Much research, reports, and Western mainstream media have all described Africa as a homophobic continent. Accusations as well as debates about Africans’ homophobia have recently intensified and culture has been a central argument in analyses of Africans’ repulsive behaviors toward homosexuality. Causes of this homophobia are attributed African culture. Drawn upon a solid literature review of the history and anthropology of sexuality, the paper presents uneven roles of culture in the two cases of Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire, countries in which people display both moderate and erratic attitudes toward homosexuality. I also use the theoretical framework of “public secret” tradition as an analytic category that put social and cultural identity at the heart of homophobia attitudes in Africa. The paper demonstrates that people’s homophobic attitudes may be rooted in the African practices of handling secrecy. As for homosexuality, secrecy combines acknowledgment along with the indisposition to broadcast it in public. In Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire, since there are no explicit anti-homosexual laws, the role of culture of secrecy explains inconsistent attitudes -- tolerance and rejection-- of Ghanaians and Ivorians toward homosexuality. In both countries, as long as the secret of a woman having sex with a woman or a man sleeping with a man is kept, that leads to tolerance. Conversely, breaking the codes of discretion not only puts an end to leniency but exposes individuals involved in same-sex relation to repulsive attitudes, and even violence.

ART ABSTRACT On Ethnomusicology and African Music Performance Masese GrandMaster I am interested to highlight the Importance of music, culture and traditional knowledge/expression in the realization of the unification of all people especially in Africa and the diaspora. As a practitioner I have noted that this is genre that is almost undervalued in East Africa and there is need for us to critically discuss it on important platforms be it in universities, colleges and in government. I will Perform or present/showcase or be part of a panel in which I will engage with other practitioners from all over the world It is my thinking that East Africa needs strong such initiatives and an active scene in this area. It must not be looked at as a touristic venture or a political appraisal only. It is about time us cultural & traditional knowledge practitioners are given priority in the scholarly field as consultants and/or tutors. We have suffered enough yet there’s plenty that we can that can benefit everyone. There’s enough for every one of us. Mwalimu Julius Nyerere and other Pan Africanists were also great knowledge producers in art and cultural knowledge. African and Pan African struggles are just but class if any of African & Pan African general way of life if not captured and embraced across board. My knowledge in translation, Kisii-Swahili-English and vice versa should be utilized. And my further linguistic, cultural and life knowledge is a plus.

49 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

UNDERSTANDING INDIGENOUS SOCIO-POLITICAL VALUES OF THE OROMO SYSTEM Jiregna Assefa Deressa Gadaa system is an egalitarian democratic and Oromo indigenous political philosophy. Gadaa as system of governance is normative and practical in its very nature. It prescribes how one should live with fellow humans, nature and God. It is important to explore and examine social and political values in the cultural heritages of the Oromo society. It is empirical to analyze it in the way that can help to fuse the past socio-political values of the Oromo Gadaa system to future of the Oromo Politics. The primary aim in this paper is to investigate the social and political values of the Oromo Gadaa system, in explicating the concepts of Nagaa (peace), safuu (ethical and moral order), customary laws and self-governance in Oromo nation. Barry Hallen notes that ‘African philosophic practice has to engage in the systematic and critical exploration of indigenous forms of knowledge: practical and theoretic’ (2002, 67). Thus, understanding indigenous socio-political values of the Oromo Gadaa system paves the way to ground Gadaa political philosophy of the Oromo nation in its indigenous roots.

From Slavery to Colonialism: The Registration of Slave and Freed Africans in Portuguese Mozambique, 1854-1878 Domingues da Silva Daniel In 1854, Portugal decreed the registration of all slaves and freed people living in its territories overseas, including Mozambique. It was the largest effort ever taken to count those two specific social categories across the empire, a process that would eventually culminate with the beginning of the period of formal European colonialism in Africa. This presentation examines the transition from slavery to colonialism in Mozambique by examining the legislation enacted for the registration of the enslaved Africans as well as the surviving registers from that former Portuguese colony, now available at the Historical Archive of Mozambique in Maputo. It shows that the legislation governing the registration provided little safeguards to the juridical status of the individuals listed. Further, the nature of the work to which the Africans were subjected, as well as the attitudes of their masters turned concessionaires showed little if any change from the period of slavery.

THE ROLE OF SOCIAL CAPITAL IN ENHANCING ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE AND PROMOTING THE LIVELIHOODS OF WOMEN FARMERS IN KAKAMEGA KENYA Pauline Liru & Shadrack Orindi Okumu Climate change is a global challenge that negatively affects natural, physical, human, financial and social capital and consequently the livelihoods of men and women who rely on such. In Sub Saharan the effects of climate change are more pronounced due to their overreliance on natural resources. These effects hit women hard since they have limited access to capitals- physical, financial, human and natural necessary to adapt to the effects of

50 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

climate on their livelihoods. In addition, women rely on small scale rain fed agriculture which is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Despite the disadvantaged position of women in agriculture, women in Kakamega still dominate small scale farming and use social capital to adapt to climate change and enhance their livelihoods. This paper presents how women in Kakamega adapt to climate change effects on their livelihoods –a gap that this study bridges. The paper emanates from a qualitative study conducted in Kakamega County on the effects of climate change on women’s livelihoods. The study was anchored on Sustainable livelihoods approach and used inductive qualitative cross sectional design to help understand women’s livelihoods. The key findings show that women use especially social capital including bonding, bridging and linking both to cope and adapt to the effects of climate change on their livelihoods. Such have made women in Kakamega to sustain their livelihoods.

The Politics of Language in African Hip Hop Kibona Clark Msia "This presentation will focus on research examining language debates in African hip hop. The question of language in African literature was debated in the 1960s and 1970s. African authors like Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o and Chinua Achebe weighed in on different sides of the debate. Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o posited that the use of African languages by African writers was a component of the anti-imperialist struggle. Conversely, Chinua Achebe rejected the idea that one needed to write in African languages and highlighted the fact that African stories had the potential to reach more audiences using European languages. Today many African artists are still fluent in more than one language, and within hip hop culture we have seen how language choice has revived the language debate in verbal art and visual art in Africa. In African hip hop communities, debates over language in verbal art and visual art have taken shape in different ways. In both rap lyrics and graffiti, some hip-hop artists have chosen to utilize European languages, other hip-hop artists have chosen to utilize African languages. Additionally, code-mixing and switching between multiple languages has become a standard way of communicating. This presentation will focus on the different regional approaches to the language question in African hip hop, class implications of language choice, and parallels with earlier debates over the language in African literature.

L'africanité des africains et le developpement socio-economique de l'Afrique Martin MILOLO NSENDA "Tout part avec l’envahissement de l’Afrique par les missions civilisatrice européennes qui considéraient le continent comme un espace sauvage et vide qu’il fallait civiliser après l’abolition de la traite négrière. Le fondement fondamental de cette entreprise est le mythe erroné de la supériorité des blancs sur les noirs. Plusieurs théories scientifique ont été utilisées pour légitimer cette idée négativiste de l’humanité des africains, notamment celle de Darwin qui démontre le retard des noirs dans l’évolution de la race humaine. D’où la

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nécessité de les humaniser en leurs inculquant le mode de vie européen ou occidental. L’autonomie politique a été gagnée, mais la tutelle culturelle demeure, ce qui fait que les africains réfléchissent sur les problèmes africains avec la mentalité européenne ou occidentale. comment un peuple peut-il se développement avec une culture étrangère ?, Transversalement et à travers les méthodes d’observation et historique, la communication voudrait montrer et démonter qu’il n’y a pas développement social et économique pour l’Afrique tant que l’acculturation caractérisera les africains au point qu’ils n’aspirent qu’à un mode de vie fondé sur le mimétisme occidental.

African – Asian Solidarity: The Labour Trade Union of East Africa Kalra Virinder While many scholars from W.E.B. Dubois (The Dark Princess) to more recently Vijay Prashad (Everybody was Kung Fu Fighting) have extolled on the anti-imperialist imaginaries that connect the majority world together, these are often routed through the West. Thus, the Pan-African Congress is lauded for its first meeting in Manchester, UK and the leaders gathered in Bandung were largely educated in England. It is thus important to recover those histories in which what is contemporarily called South-South dialogue but is better understood as African-Asian solidarity emerges. One such congruence is found in the Labour Trade Union of East Africa in which the combined energies of Bildad Kaggia (leader of the Mau Mau), Fred Kubai (urban radical leader) and Makhan Singh (Communist leader) sought to break the colonial configuration of workers, in which whites were on top, Asians in the middle and Africans at the bottom. Struggling on the platform of worker’s rights enabled temporary moments of unity which still provide a conceptual canvas from which to reimagine solidarity campaigning.

Deliberation and structural Transformation in Madagascar: Reconstructing institutional trust through law and justice sector reform Olivia lwabukuna "Violent conflict resulting from inequality, exclusion and deprivation is slowly being understood, but policy responses to provide the necessary structural transformation are still slow and peace-meal. In countries such as Madagascar which need re-building and rule of law driven reconstruction and development, the above observation remains highly critical. In reconstructing, political institutions, economic development and rule of law are imperative. Development is no longer about simply ensuring economic growth, it must also reflect freedom from fear and want, which is important for human progress. Thus, whatever development and reconstruction programmes are initiated in post-crisis countries such as Madagascar, they must take cognizance of striking a balance between the need for economic development and the promotion of social justice, equity, and inclusive poverty-reduction strategies that the Malagasy needs.

52 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

The point of this paper is to discuss citizen voices in influencing developmental reconstruction and the rule and role of law in post conflict and fragile developing countries such as Madagascar. The point of such an approach is to assess the level of engagement in deliberation with local populations in the structural transformation of Madagascar. In endeavoring to achieve this, the paper identifies gaps and possibilities in Madagascar’s approach to resolving its crisis, especially its promotion of deliberative democracy (fihavanana); strengthening the inclusivity and efficiency of governance and justice institutions, thus building institutional trust, respect for rule of law, accountability and citizen engagement.

Challenges to Conflict Management In West Africa: A Study Of The Ecowas Interventions In Liberia And Cote d’Ivoire. Ampomah Emmanuel Although established to promote economic integration in West Africa, ECOWAS has metamorphosed into a regional security organization concerned with terminating conflicts in the sub-region. Accordingly, ECOWAS has militarily intervened in the numerous conflicts in the sub-region including the Liberian and Ivorian civil wars. The study notes that the fundamental causes of conflicts in the sub-region have not changed, although their dynamics have changed in many ways. Similarly, the approach of member states towards conflict resolution has changed remarkably with time, evidenced by the easing of the Anglo- Francophone tensions within the community. However, ECOWAS faces challenges in its conflict management role, including financial and logistical constraints, lack of consensus on the deployment of ECOMOG, lack of neutrality in peacekeeping operations, and its heavy reliance on Nigeria’s leadership in interventions. These and other impediments have vitiated ECOMOG’s capacity to swiftly intervene in conflict situations. The study concludes that, overcoming the challenges confronting it increases the capacity of ECOWAS to manage conflict in the region.

Thinking about women and gender in education: Tanzanian epistemologies between local and global trends Wenzek Florence Claire C. "Many syntheses exist on the historiography of women and gender in Africa, and much less has been written on how African scholars have contributed to this field. In order to look at these African contributions, I propose a study case on what Tanzanian thinkers have written on the topic of female education. Female education is an interesting sub-field because many Tanzanian educationalists, scholars and activists seized the topic, either from a practical, academic or feminist perspective. I focus on a critical period expanding from the birth of women’s studies in the 1970s to the turning point of the 1990s, when the political and economic transformations contributed to reshape the research agenda. This reshaping is visible in the introduction of the vocabulary of

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gender, that was partly caused by the growing influence of international donors in an era of structural adjustment programs. I will try to show that though sometimes motivated by financial issues, the adoption of this vocabulary was not superficial. Tanzanian writers genuinely appropriated the epistemology of gender to reconceptualize the issues of female education. It helped them to propose new narratives in a time when many evolutions in the educational and political context of Tanzania created a need for new perspectives on female education. This study is based on a series of papers written by Tanzanian scholars, educationalists and activists. Some have been published, other found in typescript in the libraries of the University of Dar es Salaam and the library of the Tanzania Gender Networking Programme. " Oral Histories of Kenyan Military Service in the Second World War Mutisya Victoria Mutheu "In a span of 21 years the world experienced two world wars. Africans found themselves in the centre of it. This study will look into the personal experiences of Kenyan men who either enlisted or were conscripted to join the war. In addition, the study will show that despite their contribution to the war effort, many of these veterans are a forgotten lot.The findings of this study will show the importance of documenting these stories for future generations.

Postcolonial (Electoral) Technologies? On the complex nationalities of machines and their representation in the global market Passanti Cecilia "Electoral technologies are a recent but huge phenomenon in Africa where fourty on the fifty countries use biometrics, results transmissions and other electronic systems for voting. Promoted by development stakeholders («electoral support»), producing firms, governments and oppositions, the informatisation of elections administration is promising the establishment of a «credible civil register» and the credible electoral results: prerequisite for «the developpment in the modern world» (Galeb & Clark, 2013) Based on the electoral technology’s deployment contexts of Kenya 2017 elections and Senegl 2019 one, I propose an alternative storytelling to the dominant narrative legitimizing electoral technology global development. My Phd reaserches focus on the study of the eletoral technology market for Africa and on national logics governing their necessity. I will explore continuities and ruptures between souveranety logics (expressed by the 'nationality' of electoral machines) and transnational market logics. The tension between those two logics is expressed by some of the actors I meet «Why Africa doesn't produce its own biometrics and why she doesn’t manage its own database?»

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Adopting a postcolonial science and technology studies perspective (Harding 2011), building on a simple of seven interviews and on participant observation of electoral technology implementation in Kenya and Senegal, I decrypt this tension and I discuss what underrepresentation of African’s firms do to the market of electoral technology 'for Africa'. Harding, (2011). Beyond Postcolonial Theory: Two Undertheorized Perspectives on Science and Technology. Dans The Postcolonial Science and Technology Studies Reader (Duke University Press). Galeb, & Clark, (2013). Identification for Development: The Biometrics Revolution. Center For Global Development,"

Diaspora Academics Engagement in Eritrean Higher Education Institutions: Current Conditions and Future Trends Tsegay Samson Maekele In this study, I argue that there is an interplay between migration and development. Countries of origin can use variety of methods to attract and engage diaspora citizens in their development projects. Hence, using semi-structured interviews, observation, and secondary document analysis, I explore the engagement of Eritrean diaspora academics in the higher education institutions (HEIs) of the country. The study found that the HEIs are developing a working relationship with Eritrean diaspora academics located in different parts of the world. Besides, the diaspora academics are engaging in different fields to support the HEIs in general, and faculty and students in particular. However, the study shows that the HEIs have less control of the situation as the connection with diaspora academics and agents is done indirectly, through the National Commission for Higher Education (NCHE). In addition, the connection between the diaspora academics and the HEIs faces socio-economic and political challenges. Therefore, in order to ensure the diaspora academics contribution and create a sustainable relationship, the HEIs are establishing e-learning programs. The study enables readers to understand how and why diaspora academics engage in their country of origin. In doing so, it significantly advances the theoretical knowledge on migration-development nexus. It also shapes the methods in practice regarding diaspora engagement policies in Eritrea and around the world. Genre et sexualité: Comportements à Risque et facteurs de la vulnérabilité aux VIH/SIDA Chez les Jeunes à Kinshasa Justin Beya "Pour documenter le vécu de la sexualité des jeunes, une enquête a été menée auprès de 2000 jeunes célibataires, scolarisés et non scolarisés, âgés de 15 à 24 ans, dans la ville de Kinshasa. Cette enquête quantitative a été complétée par une enquête qualitative (19 entretiens approfondis auprès des jeunes, 3 focus groups, des entretiens avec des responsables de différents services et structures administratifs et de santé qui encadrent les jeunes, etc.). L’étude a cherché à savoir comment les jeunes célibataires de Kinshasa vivent leur activité sexuelle et comment ils se protègent contre les risques d’IST/VIH lors de cette sexualité.

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Nous nous proposons dans cette étude d’établir une interaction entre les comportements à risque et les facteurs de la vulnérabilité aux VIH/SIDA chez les jeunes filles.Pour mieux étudier l’objet de cette réflexion, nous allons utiliser la théorie du genre.La méthodologie utilisée dans cette recherche est qualitative dans la mesure où nous allons privilégier les observations directes et les entretiens. Nos sources d’information seront les jeunes garçons et filles qui sont les plus concernées par notre étude.

Who Gets to Speak for African Environments? – The Global Inequality of Knowledge Production and ‘Expertise’ in Biodiversity Conservation LaRocco Annette Alfina In 2018 there were numerous international news reports suggesting an elephant poaching crisis in Botswana. This stood in contrast to the country’s global reputation as a ‘last safe haven’ for elephants. Several NGOs argued that the government’s recent decision to disarm anti-poaching units was to blame for the apparent uptick in elephant mortality. The government denounced the crisis narrative, presenting their own interpretation of the data. President Masisi rejected the poaching claims as ‘fake news’ and criticized western reporting as sensationalist, easily manipulated, and lacking local context. However, the government’s position has struggled to be recognized amidst the global hegemonic discourse that construes conservation in Africa in the following ways; first, that wildlife and ecosystems found on the African continent are a part of a global patrimony ‘belonging’ to the world, next these environments are in crisis, and finally, African governments are not capable of maintaining these globally valued resources, and thus NGOs and international organizations must take on key responsibilities. The pervasiveness of this discourse, seen in this case study of the politics of elephants in Botswana, generates a critical set of questions. Which actors in the conservation space are able to position themselves as ‘experts’? Who can speak to wide audiences in traditional and social media? Who is valued and recognized as a knowledge producer? This paper, which probes these questions, is based on fieldwork conducted in Botswana between 2013 and 2017 and subsequent document analysis of media reports, grey literature, social media posts, and government statements.

Text and Genre in Epistemology Rettová Alena This paper situates African literature within knowledge production in and on Africa. It argues that literature in Africa is, first and foremost, a significant way to produce and express knowledge. All literary texts are formalized through genre. The paper studies the role of genre in the expression of knowledge in African literature. To do this, it looks at the introduction of multiple genres to the genre of the novel in Africa. First, it looks at early novels in African languages, such as Okot p'Bitek's 1952 Acholi novel Lak Tar (English translation White Teeth, 1982) and Solomon Mutswairo's 1956 Shona novel Feso (English translation Feso, 1974). These novels integrate genres of oral poetry into the prose narrative. Second, the paper looks at recent African novels in Swahili and English, such as William

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Mkufya's Ziraili na Zirani (1999) and Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Americanah (2013). The former employs free-verse poetry while the latter incorporates blog entries, from a blog that was simultaneously set up in the actual world. What is the role of these genres embedded in the genre of the novel? The paper argues that such generic shifts in the novels signal shifts in epistemology (and sometimes ontology) and elaborates how genres correlate with specific epistemologies and ontologies.

Whose knowledge? Reading Jamaican textbooks. Decolonizing pedagogy in education in Africa and diasporas Anderson Moji As a lecturer teaching the undergraduate class Anthropology of Africa, I have been exposed year after year to students’ ill-informed views on the continent and its inhabitants, and to their ignorance of the connection between those views and their own sense of racial identity. Aware of the role of education in establishing a “hegemonic selective tradition” (Taxel 1989) that privileges and legitimates the dominant order, I have begun to explore the “hidden curriculum” (Giroux & Purpel 1983) at the primary and secondary level. Preliminary thematic analysis of textbooks prescribed by Jamaica’s Ministry of Education reveals that while they largely centre the island’s inhabitants in its history and culture, the shockwaves of what Ngũgĩ Wa Thiong’o (1986) called the “cultural bomb” of imperialism still resonate in some texts. Thus the Euro-American perspective is privileged through use of the discourse of civilization; ambivalence around European historical figures and systems; and attention to phenotypical features of previous and current inhabitants. The ultimate aim of this research is to support Paulo Freire’s (2005) conscientização project: by identifying elements of textbooks that work against the decolonial project and encouraging their revision in a way that will stimulate students’ critical consciousness and perhaps even spur a radical (re)imagining of Jamaica’s past, present and future. After all, as Jamaica’s own folk intellectuals, the Rastafari, have said, we can only do for ourselves once we know and accept ourselves.

A Decade of Mass Communication Research of Graduate Students in an African University: A Systemic Boundary of Theoretical Concentrations and Dispersions Ofori-Birikorang Andy This study investigated the theoretical framework concentrations and dispersions in theses of mass communication graduate students in an African university over a ten-year period. The study, using interviews, observations and document analysis, conducted a qualitative content analysis of 119 theses purposively selected within the ten-year period. It drew on theories on boundary work, power and ideology to analyse the data. The data showed that the theoretical frameworks that under girded most of the theses concentrated on a few mainstream mass communication theories under the effects tradition. The study also found that the dominant theoretical concentrations in majority of the theses were deployed as a consequence of professors’ instrumentality through a display of power and theoretical ideological

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inclinations. Therefore, the choice of a theoretical framework for any particular thesis, within the period of study, was systemically located within the boundary of a professor’s areas of specialization or research interest. On the other hand, the use of theories that fell outside the dominant theoretical frameworks is seen as theoretical dispersion that promoted a student's independent research identity unencumbered by a professor’s instrumentality. The study concludes that students’ application of theoretical frameworks as dominant theoretical approaches deployed through professors’ instrumentality was boundary work that engendered limited theoretical scope in communication scholarship for students. The implication is that a critical mass of theoretical perspectives relevant to understanding the behaviour of phenomena in mass communication is left unexplored and, consequently, could affect the nature and quality of mass communication scholarship produced by the graduate students.

Teaching African Studies in Africa: Reflections on Race, Place and Pedagogy Matthews Sally African Studies, as a scholarly enterprise, has its origins in the colonial encounter. It was this encounter that led to the establishment of academic centers promoting the study of Africa and publishing houses disseminating knowledge about Africa. While such institutions have changed significantly over the years, this paper will show that the colonial origins of the discipline of African Studies still leave their traces and that this creates challenges for those attempting to teach African Studies in Africa. Furthermore, already existing contestations around the study of Africa have become starker in the wake of the robust questioning of university curricula that was part of the #RhodesMustFall protests which shook universities in South Africa and also had an impact elsewhere. Drawing on my own experiences teaching African Studies at a South African university, I reflect on the difficulties of teaching African Studies in Africa to African students. In so doing, I focus specifically on questions around identity and authority in African Studies – how does the identity of the scholar affect both the way in which the scholar approaches the study of Africa and the way in which African students understand and engage with the scholar’s work?

Changes in Knowledge Production Mode of China-and-Africa: the Past Decade and the Future Yang Beibei "Over the past decade, the field of China-and-Africa has changed dramatically. This paper explores the shifting mode of knowledge production in this field based on reviewing the existing research on China-and-Africa in the past decade. Generally speaking, four major changes occurred in the past decade. First, Western scholars were the first to publish in this field; in recent years, more and more mainland Chinese scholars as well as some African students studying in China are also publishing in this field. Secondly, previous research papers are often published in western journals; in recent years, more and more Chinese journals have published such research results. Third, in the field of

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China-and-Africa, more and more scholars from different disciplines are involved, from the original history, international politics, economics to anthropology, development studies, migration studies and so on. Although research perspectives are becoming more diverse, there is still a lack of systematic research in certain fields. Fourth, the geographical scope of the study has been expanding from the original traditional Chinese destination of South Africa to other areas such as East Africa, West Africa and southern Africa where Chinese investment continued to increase. But some areas, such as Liberia, where the fighting has just ended, remain unstudied. It can be boldly predicted that the development of this field will be more diversified, and the geographical areas studied will be more extensive in the next decade.

Freedom as Individual and Collective Responsibility in African Philosophical Traditions Soyemi Eniola Anuoluwapo "This paper examines the nature, and conceptualization, of freedom in two African philosophical traditions: the Critical Universalism of Pauline Hountondji—into which I argue those such a Kwame Anthony Appiah also fall, and the existentialist philosophy of Bantu Stephen Biko. Through analytical examination of both traditions, this paper attempts to correct the wide- spread understanding that individual freedom is either subordinate to the needs of the community in African philosophical understandings or is conceived as being entirely unnecessary to them. The paper philosophically examines the ways in which a number of African philosophical traditions have conceived of freedom as forming a core human need that requires, for its fulfilment, an intertwined relationship between the needs of the individual and those of the community. In these philosophical traditions, freedom has most often been conceived as forming a specific type of responsibility that we owe to one another; rather than simply a ‘liberty’ to be taken by each man and used at his, or her, will. In the two African philosophical traditions that I examine, it is the notion of freedom as ‘responsibility’ that structures the relational link in both directions—from the individual in protecting the freedom of her community and, also, from her community in supporting her ability to live autonomously in particular spheres.

Business Literacy and the Making of African Entrepreneurship in Colonial Africa: The Case of Southern Rhodesia, 1944 to 1970 Chambwe Tawanda Valentine This paper is about the making of colonial policy on African entrepreneurship in colonial Zimbabwe. It argues that officials deliberately ignored the structural problems impeding

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African commerce by obsessing over business literacy. The paper demonstrates that the state used business literacy to deny African traders trading licences and other rights. In addition, the state came up with programmes aimed at “teaching” Africans business skills. The paper posits that this preoccupation with the ledger mirrored colonial policies on African agriculture that typified Africans as bad farmers. Consequently, the state tasked government institutions such as schools with coming up with an educational programme for African traders. Consequently, the state developed a series of courses for African traders in bookkeeping. Successful participants received a Master of Businessman Certificate. In the years following, African business associations, credit firms, local African newspapers and private teaching institutions came up with their own business management curricular. Therefore, ideas of doing business focused on the ledger became standard practice demanded on African traders. In the same vein, officials dismissed African notions of investing and saving as backward. The historiography on African business history has also taken this as a given. This paper makes a corrective in this thinking by showing how the state`s emphasis on business literacy missed the problems encountered by African traders. The paper relies on colonial archives, African newspapers and oral histories.

Rising Expectations and Dying Hopes: Contentions over Benefits from Ghana’s Oil and Gas Mohammed Asaah Sumaila "The paper examines local actors’ expectations versus actual benefits accruing to them from Ghana’s oil discovery and production. From contentious political and grievance theoretical perspectives the paper underscores the nature of the high expectations and causes of the emerging contentions at the local, regional and national levels. The paper employed a mixed method approach and collected data from local actors in the Western Region of Ghana. The result shows high statistical significant different between local actors’ expectations and actual benefits accruing to them from the oil. The difference has sparked contentions between local actors and oil and gas companies where local actors are employing different negotiation strategies to achieve their interest. Contentious negotiation strategies are becoming rampant and creating tension and possible violence protest. Regulatory structures to mediate negotiation between local actors and oil companies are very weak creating room for further contentions. The paper argues that although, the current contentions are not violent in nature, local actors are getting frustrated in demands for their benefits and may resolve to violent means of negotiations in the near future. The paper recommends urgent legislation and policies that will create spaces for effective local benefits negotiation between local actors and oil companies.

Survey Research in Kenyan Politics: Acceptance, Distortion or Rejection? Wolf Thomas "The proposed paper relates to the following two themes:

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- The politics of knowledge production on Africa - African democracies Its focus is the use and interpretation of ‘scientific’ surveys in Kenya with regard to public issues in general and electoral polls more specifically. In doing so, it compares three quite (and internally diverse) perspectives: the media (who report them), the political class (who often react to them), and the public large (whose responses are sometimes – but not always – determined by their partisan alignment) and other times by their level of methodological sophistication. Among the questions addressed are the following: (1) Can (and are) such tools adapted in any way to African/Kenyan conditions in contrast to those in their societies of origin? (2) How much methodological variation is there in the design and use of such instruments? (3) It is possible to assess the contribution of these instruments to strengthening (or undermining) democracy? (4) Data employed in addressing these questions are taken from a combination of survey findings, media reports of the same, and reactions to them, obtained in both media stories and personal interviews. Among the tentative concluding theme-questions are the following: 1) What factors determine how key political actors react to polls results? 2) What impact do pre-election, voting-intention polls have on the electorate? 3) Given the incipient/fragile state of Kenya’s democracy, what is balance-sheet of such polls in terms of supporting or undermining it?

Depiction of the younger generation in Kenyan Swahili novel of the 21st century Gromov Mikhail "Younger generation, its problems and aspirations has been a recurrent theme in Kenyan Swahili writing since its earlier days – suffice it to recall the “youth-centred” works by Katama Mkangi, Yusuf Kingala, Kinondo Muridhania, Angaluki Muaka and others. The works of these writers stand very far from what is usually called “entertaining” or even “escapist” literature. Rather than telling their readers fantasy tales or romantic stories, these authors were addressing the burning problems of Kenyan youth. The modern Swahili novel, mainly advanced by the new generation of Kenyan writers who have entered the country’s literary scene in the 1990s – 2000s, as their literary predecessors in the last century, also features very high degree of social engagement. In their works, the modern Swahili writers more frequently than not depict their young characters as victims of oppressive social structures and practices – such as gender and ethic discrimination, drug dealing, human trafficking, forced marriage, and others. At the same time, the writers create the young characters who manage to overcome these problems and pave the ways for a better future. Many of these characters, being the ideal figures and “mouthpieces” of the authors,

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are posed by them as the role models for the younger generations of readers. The mentioned aspect of the modern Kenyan Swahili novel are illustared in the paper using the works of both established and aspiring Kenyan writers, such as John Habwe, Kyallo Wamitila, Ken Walibora, Mwenda Mbatiah, Clara Momanyi, Jeff Mandila, and others.

Problems of Kenyan youth in the dilogy by Florence Mbaya Rinkanya Alina Florence Mbaya, who started her writing career being over fifty, nevertheless established herself as the most prominent representative of the stratum of Kenyan women’s literature mainly targeting the adolescent audiences. She has published five novels, of which the two latest ones, Sunrise at midnight (2015) and The morning after (2018), being bound together by common set of characters and the development of the plot, comprise a dilogy, centered around the main theme of the traditional preference of the male gender, which treats the women rather as sexual objects, than the full-fledged humans. This is illustrated by two similar cases of “unexpected fatherhood’ featured in the two parts of the dilogy, where two male characters lure two young girls into sexual intercourses and then refuse to take care of their sons born outside of wedlock. However, the abused girls, instead of falling to their expected roles of victims and social outcasts, manage to raise their children on their own, relying on the support of their families, and to make successful careers in business and education. The dilogy does not only tell a captivating and educative story, but highlights the burning problems inherent to Kenyan society and especially younger generation – gender inequality, generation gap, parent-child relationship, drug abuse and dealing, importance of education, and others. The author appears to advocate social equality and tolerance, preservation of socially beneficial traditions and innovations as the surest ways of advancing the Kenyan youth and turning them into the confident inheritors of the country’s future.

The Future of Military Actors and Democratization in Africa Wambuii Henry K. "Two consequential military takeovers in Zimbabwe and Sudan in the course of the last two years, and to a lesser extent the overt support for demonstrators by the military in Tunisia (2011), Egypt (2011) and more recently in Algeria (2019), call for a re-evaluation of existing knowledge on the role of the military in the growth of democracy in Africa. As different military coups in Togo (1967), Libya (1969), Uganda (1971), Ghana (1972), Dahomey (1972), Rwanda (1973), Ethiopia (1974), Niger (1974), Equatorial Guinea (1979) and even in Sudan (1989) revealed, military coup plotters have traditional been self seeking, power hungry authoritarian leaders out to score a political victory with the extended stay at the helm of power being the sought after prize. The military institutions that thrust the dictators into power became the same institutions that ensured their extended stay in the face of tumultuous political climates in many of the countries.

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While direct military intervention in politics continues to be a factor, using the case of recent events across Africa, we argue that in the face of changing political dynamics across world, inadvertently, the role and nature of military takeovers is shaping up to be that of a narrowly defined mission of stopping further disintegration of the civilian state and the subsequent opening up of the political space for broader political participation, the very opposite of preceding military coups. We conclude that we are starting to see the emergence of increasingly democratically inclined military actors in African political discourse.

Decolonising Africa and African Studies Must Go Hand in Hand Pailey Robtel Neajai From Cape Town to Cairo, Bahia to Bombay, recent calls to ‘decolonise the university’ have gained traction across the globe. These demands correctly challenge the legacies of colonialism and attempt to subvert them in institutional structures of higher learning. But the problem with this 21st century ‘scholarly decolonial turn’ is that it remains largely detached from the day-to-day dilemmas of people in formerly colonised spaces and places. Academics mistakenly believe that ‘decolonial’ street credibility lies in simply adding non-white scholars to their reading lists, journal editorial boards, speaking panels, research collaborations, book publications, etc. However, ‘epistemic decolonisation’ in the field of African Studies in particular will not succeed unless it is bound to contemporary continental liberation struggles against inequality, austerity, patriarchy, autocracy, homophobia, ecological damage, militarisation, impunity, corruption, media muzzling, land grabbing, etc. In this paper, I argue that scholars of Africa who have intentionally straddled scholarship and social justice— including Fanon, Rodney, Amin, El Saadawi, Tamale, Imam—have been the most successful in producing truly emancipatory, ethical and subversive scholarship that serves the continent and its people.

The impact of a colonised Social Work curriculum: Implications on its graduates MBHALATI NSUKU ASSAD & PROF SITHOLE SELLO LEVY The decolonisation of the helping professions such as Psychology, Nursing and Social Work have become a popular topic in recent times. These fields have one core and common purpose which is to make positive contributions, impact and improve lives for Africans particularly marginalised societies. However, transforming African poverty inflicted communities will need a changed and decolonised curriculum in as far as content, practice, teaching and research are concerned. Numerous researchers have advocated for a transformed and Africanised Social Work education, practice, and research that denounce the status quo of the profession and recognise cultural diversity, historical roots, indigenous practices. This highlights the impact which colonised approaches have towards bettering African societies particularly the graduates who consume such education. This paper seeks to analyse the impact which colonised Social Work content has on graduates from a rural university context.

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It further presumes that the usage of such approaches tends to cause problems in practices and implementation. The Cross-cultural perspective was adopted as a lens to guide the study in understanding different cultures for effective Social Work practice and interventions across different cultures. Finally, this paper calls for indigenous, Afro-sensed and culturally appropriate approaches and systems for the rendering of proper social services and finding solutions for Africa. Keywords Decolonise, Social Work profession, Social Work graduates, Africanised.

Psychosocial challenges associated with the use and abuse of alcohol by female students in a rural university: A social Work perspective MBHALATI NSUKU ASSAD & DR MANGANYI MASENYANI This article explores the prevalence and challenges associated with the use and abuse of alcohol among female students of the University of Limpopo. A qualitative study to investigate the prevalence of alcohol abuse and challenges associated with such behaviour patterns from female students was conducted. The population of the study was drawn from students specifically in the School of Social Sciences and School of Law who portray alcohol abuse behaviour patterns at the University of Limpopo. Using the snowballing technique, a sample of fourteen (14) respondents was constituted and a semi structured interview guide was designed and administered to all fourteen (14) participants. The data was audio recorded and transcribed. Using the Thematic analysis method, data was coded and categorised according to themes that appeared popular and familiar. The findings of this article suggest that the use and abuse of alcohol by female students in institutions of higher learning is becoming a disturbing trend. Furthermore, the paper also discovered that female students battle with various social ill, health implications and academic challenges due to the use and abuse of alcohol. This article concludes with a set of recommendations that may be of major importance when addressing for rural universities.

Higher Education and its contribution to Poverty Eradication in Africa Mandalu Martin, Petro "Tertiary education is the highest level of formal education in the world. Being the highest level of education, we expect supreme level of knowledge and/or practical skills from graduates. University education should enable a student solve problems facing his/her community. Through African university graduates most continents’ problems were to be addressed in clear and distinct ways as argues Descartes. Conceiving the importance of higher education in Africa, most countries established public universities and allowed private Universities in the continent; it follows logically that African problems, tribal wars, underdevelopment, corruption, nepotism, poverty, ignorance, superstition, would have been addressed squarely and effectively 60 years after independence of the continent.

64 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

However, the reality is discouraging as the continent has Universities that are busy producing job seekers instead of job creators, problem solvers, entrepreneurs and thinkers. Studies reveal that Africa graduates are half baked; thus, unfit for employment. The engagement of half-baked graduates continues to under develop the continent as they are incapable of competing with the rest of university students from around the world, nor are they capable of addressing the continent’s problem innovatively. Such students can be found in most disciplines of sub-Sahara African universities. The continent can remedy the situation by teaching university students practical, rare and soft skills that are scattered in various disciplines. The skills could include self-awareness, talents discovery, faithfulness, trustworthiness, financial education, entrepreneurial, critical, logical, strategic, and innovate thinking among other important skills for individual and country’s economic development thus making poverty history.

Towards a New African Petro-Developmentalism: A Spatial Exploration of Local Content in Ghana’s Oil Industry as an Engine for Socio-Economic Growth Kombo Brenda K Almost a decade ago, Ghana created the 2010 Local Content and Local Participation in Petroleum Activities Policy Framework to facilitate the use of its oil wealth for its citizens’ benefit. Oil reserves discovered off the Ghanaian coast beginning in June 2007 constitute one of Africa’s largest recent oil finds. Keenly aware of other sub-Saharan African oil-producing nations’ struggles with corruption, inequality, and underdevelopment, Ghanaian politicians, academics, and civil society actors have committed to learn from other countries’ experiences and use oil wealth responsibly, with local content policies emerging as the vehicle for this project. But is local content the best way for Ghana to generate broad-based, embedded economic development? The paper suggests that traditional economic approaches limit understanding of Ghana’s strategy. Consequently, it takes an interdisciplinary and exploratory approach to the question. Rather than attempt to provide a definitive answer, the paper is a think piece that uses Ghana’s experience as a window into dynamics shaping efforts to manage oil wealth wisely and equitably in the contemporary context of complex transnational legal ordering. Characterizing Ghana’s approach as “petro-developmentalism” (Jesse Salah Ovadia), the paper draws on spatial perspectives from economic geography, anthropology, and the study of global value chains in an effort to situate Ghana’s oil industry within a broader capitalist geography. By doing so, it seeks to highlight some of the tensions within Ghana’s efforts that point to constraints and possible unintended consequences. Through this sketch, the paper also articulates further avenues for research that might uncover alternative possibilities.

Taking the local seriously – Challenging power structures through peace work Ruppel Samantha

65 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

"Political science and the people working in the area of civil conflict prevention call for a stronger influence of Global South Actors and local knowledge in conflict transformation. This paper focuses on the German Civil Peace Service (CPS), working worldwide in (post- )conflict countries with the aim to involve and work together with local actors in local peace processes. On a theoretical level, the paper addresses the ideological basis of the current disproportions in peacebuilding, outlies the basics of criticism on liberal peace, and identifies new theories like hybrid-peace and the local turn. Looking into the CPS the paper gives insides on 1) how the local turn is implemented in practice; 2) African resolutions for civil conflict prevention; 3) how actors can challenge power structures and structures of knowledge production through their work. The paper uses background information from local organizations in Liberia and Sierra Leone. The paper is an appeal on peace workers and organizations working in (post-) conflict countries to open up for even more involvement of Global South and local actors in peace processes.

Adapting Folklore for Uganda’s National Challenges: The Case of School Song Competitions in Uganda Tibasiima Kiiza Isaac While contemporary societies see folklore and orature as a rustic tradition and part of the archaic past, it can also be argued that oral forms form part of our current existence. Their ability to survive in a principally orate society shows that it is hard to tear them away from our experience of the world and the issues that affect us as communities. Because of this, they become part of how we construct the past, present and the future of both our communities and nations. In this paper, I take the case of secondary school song competition performances. I specifically discuss the original song composition, which is a hybrid and adaptation of the traditional folk song. I argue that hybrid forms like the original song composition are well placed to create an in-between space for the past and the future. Because they draw on a specific theme during the competition year, they address issues of national importance and work as tools for governments to enhance their development plans and awaken communities to the challenges that need to be addressed. I see these song compositions as experiments in performance, allowing for both traditional and modern forms of performance to interact as solutions to challenges are sought. In essence, modern communities are drawing on community performances to address issues that are close to their heart. I draw on both Postcolonial and Performance theories to explain national challenges and oral performances and the interconnection between these two aspects on national development.

Joseph Murumbi’s pedagogical thought during the 1950s: Recovering a Kenyan internationalist Milford Ismay

66 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

"Joseph Murumbi, Kenya’s second Vice President, is largely remembered for his turn away from political life in 1966 and subsequent role as a cultural collector. This paper, in contrast, recovers his intellectual world, specifically his pedagogical thinking during the 1950s. Living in political exile following the in 1952, Murumbi developed an internationalist vision for an independent Kenya which cannot be understood through straight-forward narratives of decolonisation and the global Cold War. This paper draws on archival material from Murumbi’s own collection at the , as well as material from European and international organisations with whom he corresponded and worked. Foregrounding the growing network of mobile East African activists during the 1950s, the paper argues that Murumbi’s period of exile did not just revolve around London. Rather, Murumbi was frequently invited to present to an interested audience of ‘socialist internationalists’ in Scandinavia, West Germany and Israel, and became closely involved with organisations of Asian socialists. He used these opportunities not only to secure scholarships for Kenyan students but also to develop models for education that could meet the requirements of an independent Kenya better than simply a small elite educated at British universities. These included Scandinavian-style ‘Folk Schools’ and theories about pedagogical dissemination in rural communities. Less well-known (and sometimes less successful) than Tom Mboya’s US airlifts, Murumbi’s visions and plans reveal the breadth and depth of African pedagogical thought during the 1950s.

Telling it the Ancestral Way; Indigenous Religions and Philosophy behind Present-day African Communication Wefwafwa Job Allan "African people are notoriously religious and religion permeates into all their spheres of life. The people subconsciously carry religion with them everywhere; with the educated carrying it to schools and universities - by praying prior to sitting exams. Indigenous Africans perform rituals be it during sowing or harvesting a new crop, at beer parties or at funerals. Today’s Africans “ritually” pray before beginning meetings and functions, be they irreligious. Arguably, religiosity makes it common for Africans to almost always swear in the name of God amidst their communication. Philosophically, a days’ time in traditional Africa is reckoned according to the day’s significant events. With an exception of one or two societies including the ancient Egypt, Africans did not have a numerical calendar or clock. To them, a morning appointment would mean at sunrise whether it is 5 am or 7 am. An evening appointment meant 5 pm when cows come home, 6 pm when chickens come to roost or at 7 pm when milking of cows is underway. People from other continents do not know this concept of time to an African, and so they normally “cry” out that “Africans are always late for appointments” (Mbiti, 1967:28). Through discourse analysis of archival material, study will comparatively explore various African religions and philosophy and the extent they have influenced the present day communication on the continent. Key words: Present-day African Communication, Indigenous Africa, Religions and Philosophy.

67 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Decolonizing Sexuality Education in Africa Njagi Joan Wanjira Even though negative SRH outcomes among young people pose a serious threat to socio- economic development in Africa, inter-generational discussions on sex are often considered taboo. Consequently, issues surrounding young people’s sexuality are surrounded by silence and discussions on sex with young people are often necessitated by pubertal development in adolescence. When these discussions happen, they usually focus on biological maturation and the dangers of sex. As such, sexuality education is often considered acceptable when it promotes abstinence only and condemned when it acknowledges children's sexuality or diverse sexual orientations and gender identities. This paper draws on a wide range of literature sources to critically examine the tensions surrounding sexuality education for young people in Africa from a pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial perspective. It examines the construction of childhood and children's sexuality across the three periods, and their effect on sexuality education for young people. It also discusses how colonial and post-colonial approaches to children’s sexuality and approaches to sexuality education have been received on the continent and what this means for young people’s sexual health. The paper further seeks to critically reflect on what decolonizing sexuality education would entail in post- colonial Africa and the complexity presented in determining what constitutes local African sexual knowledge and what is deemed as culturally acceptable content with regard to sexuality education. In addition, the paper seeks to critically examine potential actors, spaces, technologies, innovations and strategies that may be useful in decolonizing sexuality education.

The Ombudsman in the Maghreb. A Tool for Democracy in North Africa? Tamburini Francesco "The well-known institution of the Ombudsman is aimed at defending values such as human rights and the respect for the rule of law against any form of abuse or arbitrariness. Many academic studies have been devoted to the Ombudsman in its different developments around the world, but not to the Maghreb area. This paper wants to shed light on the characteristics of the Ombudsman in Algeria, Mauritania, Morocco and Tunisia. These countries adopted the institution in the conceptual framework of the French 1973 Médiateur, but created their own model of Ombudsman, standing out from other African nations. The comparative exam of the different North African Ombudsmen/Médiateurs will point out how the institution, especially after the so-called “Arab Spring”, was able to survive only in states where a transition to democracy was truly in place. In other words, where the political environment undertook a transition to acceptable standards of pluralism, equality, basic freedoms and separation of powers. In other political circumstances, where the check and balances between the organs of the state are absent or feeble and corruption is widespread, the institution of the Ombudsman is a congenitally lame duck and is exposed to the attack of the executive branch, aiming to defuse its efficiency. Nevertheless, the exams of the work of the Ombudsman/Médiateur in

68 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

countries such as Tunisia and Morocco reveal that this institution can influence change, increase public expectations for democracy and give hope to ordinary people, being also a model for other African-Arab growing democracies. Building the Plane While Flying: Advancing State Security Force Capabilities While Countering Al Shabaab Grespin Whitney & Joanna Smith Drawing on field experience as well as extensive access to Federal Government of Somalia (FGS) security and police forces and international community security force assistance stakeholders, this paper will interrogate the challenges that the FGS and Federal Member States (FMS) have faced in the quest for security force development, legitimacy, and projection. The complexity of building durable security forces while simultaneously fighting an insurgency against an organized criminal network has challenged Somalia’s nascent institutions. While many capability gaps remain, this paper will highlight frameworks and opportunities for progress in advancing state security force capabilities while concurrently degrading Al Shabaab.

Developmentalism from a Kenyan perspective: Binyavanga Wainaina’s One Day I Will Write About This Place Kopf Martina This paper deals with the criticism of the development industry in the writing of Binyavanga Wainaina, specifically in his memoir One Day I Will Write About This Place (2011). Following postcolonial theory, the types of gaze, which most powerfully defined and constructed ‘Africa’ for non-African audiences in the 20th century have been the anthropological and the development gaze. Wainaina reflects on these gazes and confronts them. His reflection of humanitarianism and the development industry associates these with intrusion, disappropriation and foreign nuisance. In one scene, for instance, Wainaina recalls the demonstration of a biogas plant by a Danish development organisation in high school, ridiculed by the students. As I will argue, literary writing and literary analysis are means of questioning and disrupting objectifying approaches towards development and social and economic inequality. Wainaina’s texts, as I will show, achieve this not only through the sociological information they provide, but by the very means of literary writing, allowing the reader to witness processes of development through (re)created voices and subjectivities commonly excluded from or objectified in knowledge production on African development. My analysis will also refer to Missionaries, Mercenaries and Misfits (2008), a collection of essays written by writers, activists and intellectuals mostly from East Africa, edited by the Kenyan journalist and writer Rasna Warah. The contributors to this book, including Wainaina, reconsider the value of ‘development’ and what it means to the people of Africa, thus creating in the words of the editor “a much-needed African perspective on the development industry”.

69 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Democracy or Autocracy in Disguise@ Africa in Search of Good Governance Kuusaana Mariama Marciana Africa has experienced varied systems of leadership since the continent has been decolonised. About sixty years following independence, Africa still remains neck-deep in leadership problems. Many of the constitutional governments/democracies that emerged following political independence either did not last or ended on sad notes. They either overstayed their terms or were knocked out. Sharp economic decline had been the underlying factor in many cases. Thereafter, constitutional rule has been interspersed with various shades of autocratic regimes. The argument is that until about the closing decade of the last century, autocracy had been by far the dominant style of political leadership in Africa. However, from about the 1990s, autocratic rule in Africa seems to have come under siege. From North Africa across the Sahara Desert into sub-Saharan Africa, the peoples have arisen to overthrow some of these regimes. In Egypt and Libya, Hosni Mubarak and Muammar Al-Gaddafi were forced out respectively. In January 2017, the ousted Yahya Jammeh of Gambia had to flee under the threat of an ECOWAS military action. In November 2017, Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe was removed from power, and the latest, Omar Al -Bashir of Sudan was overthrown in April 2019. Can others like Theodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, Yoweri Museveni, Paul Biya, and Denis Sassou Nguesso be termed the last dinosaurs? What can be said to be the state of the new African democracies today, and is there any hope for the future?

Call it Scamming or ‘Sakawa:’ How a Young People Negotiate Response to the Riddle of Abjection in Waithood Aggrey Kwesi Youth constitute a critical component of most human populations. In some societies, they are the largest segment of the population. They are often tagged as the future of society; but how this future is secured largely depends on the proper planning and nurturing of these young men and women and or boys and girls. Yet the plight of youth in some societies has been one of apparent neglect. Youth often find themselves in a quagmire of waithood and waiting in which they generate their own realities, be it consistent or inconsistent with the aspirations of society. This paper discusses the Internet Fraud phenomenon in the Swedru Municipality of Ghana particularly focusing on the peculiar role of young people in the phenomenon, and the underlying factors that influence their involvement; how society visualises young people’s role in the phenomenon and how youth construct their world. The paper is a qualitative case study. It purposively sampled forty-two (42) participants – eight (8) “Actors” and thirty-two (34) “Non-Actors.” Youth lifestyle is conceptualised in the framework of waithood and waiting; and the realities of youth assessed from the perspective of chronotopes of media, ritual knowledge, and notions of ideology and power. Findings showed that youth actively patronise pop culture, engage in IT skills acquisition, sakawa, and or scamming, among others as ways of negotiating response to the riddle of waithood.

Our love is our freedom: Queer African identities in the age of human rights

70 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Kenny Christina Mary "While the introduction of transnational frames of rights protection continues to open critical spaces for the protection of LGBTQIA+ communities on the African continent, in some communities in Eastern Africa the English phrases developed to identify queer populations for the purposes of identifying and accessing populations for targeted public health initiatives have been adopted by local communities. These discourses frequently elide important local histories and current practices and stifles the organic development of vernacular, African identities and queer communities. This paper examines the linguistic dominance of , medicalised and technical terms, or terms developed by and for Western queer communities in policy design and scholarly writing on queer African communities. The paper also explores the effects of this dominance and identifies some key limitations of this approach in developing grounded, vernacular and sustainable platforms which centre the identities and priorities of queer African communities.

Semiotics of Desire: Sexual Metaphor and Innuendo in Kalenjin Popular Music Simatei Peter By the time he died in February 2015, Kiptesot arap Sang, was, arguably, the most prominent artiste singing in Kalenjin language. As a testament of his popularity Sang emerged in 2014 as the highest overall earner of royalties of the Music Copyright Society of Kenya (MCSK), beating established artistes like Hubert Nakitare (Nonini) and Dennis Kaggia (DNA). The popularity of Sang’s lyrics among his Kalenjin audiences is partly due to his ability to reference sexual themes but subtly camouflage them in innuendo and a powerful figurative language. Although romantic love is prominent theme in Kalenjin popular music references to sexual love is scanty if not nonexistence. However, by creatively deploying the linguistic resources of his Kalenjin language, Sang speaks through metonymy, ambiguity, irony and metaphor to sing sexual love while concealing the vulgar and the profane that is often associated with the kind of popular music that apes the American genre. Using six of Junior Kiptesot Sangs’s top songs, this paper, therefore, interrogates how the artiste metaphorises sex in his lyrics in order to avoid a language that would otherwise offend the sensibilities of his audiences. I argue that the challenge of deciphering the deep and double meanings the artist achieves for his music through constellation of metaphors is what makes the consumption of this kind of music gratifying and leads to the creation of a fan culture that makes this consumption collective through live call-in programs in Kalenjin language FM Radios.

In search of impact: Pushing the boundaries of Nigerian popular cinema’s engagement with politics Agina Añulika

71 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

In this paper, I reflect on my previous work on film, politics and social change, assess the representational styles of political critique in Nigerian films and attempt to push the boundaries of cinema scholarship by questioning the presence of a “politics of impact” (Milton). For decades and at great personal expense, Nigerian filmmakers have taken on the burden of representing the socio-political conflicts peculiar to postcolonial Nigeria in ways that permit a re-imagination and re-negotiation of nationhood. Recent political critiques like October 1 (2014), Oloibiri (2015), 76 (2016), and 4th Republic (2019) are neither the highest grossing nor the most aesthetically appealing films yet, as popular art, they give voice to those who would ordinarily be excluded from political discourse (Barber). The paper raises the following questions regarding the “politics of impact”: What has voice amounted to in terms of eliciting social and political change among the people? Among scholars, why is the knowledge of/about representation privileged and impact apportioned a marginal or less relevant status? How can a post-representation of political upheavals or flagrant undemocratic activities be read as impact when, for instance, electoral violence is rife, political assassinations are the norm and resource allocation is politicized? These questions are addressed through close readings of the films as well as in-depth interviews with filmmakers and scholars. Recognising the limits of popular cinema’s engagement with politics, the paper argues that political critiques and the scholarship around them have been insufficient in unpacking the level of impact to enduring social change.

NARRATING NEGOTIATIONS OF SOCIAL POWER IN FAMILIAL SPACES: A STUDY OF CONTEMPORARY FICTION FROM AFRICA Murage Joseph Nderitu, Dr. J. K. S. Makokha & Dr. Wallace Mbugua "This study establishes the negativity associated with exercising of coercive models of social power among literary characters in the familial spaces of the fictional societies depicted by Meja Mwangi in his novel, The Last Plague (E.A.E.P. 2000) and Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie in Purple Hibiscus (Fourth Estate, 2004). Both novelists are major contributors to new African literatures since the turn of the century. This study in the sociology of literature is descriptive and analytical and employs the qualitative research design, which involves close reading of the two novels as well as other related material. The primary data collected has been subjectively analyzed to determine how and why the use of coercive models of power have a detrimental effect on the relationship between an influencer and an influencee in group interaction. More data has also been collected through library reading on critical works on the two texts as well as scholarly commentary on coercive power and its workings in the shaping of group interaction. The analysis on how and why different characters acquire and exercise coercive power over one another constitutes data that has been analyzed in a descriptive manner. It is hoped that the findings of this research will help the literary fraternity to understand how and why characters’ use of coercive power fails to achieve the purpose intended by the potential influencer. This research is of use to scholars of literature who have a slant towards East and West African novels. Key Words: Coercion, Sociology, Social power, Contemporary African Literature

72 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Kikuyu Ndome Shield: Usage and Meaning Kamenju Joseph Waweru "The Kikuyu initiation ceremonies for boys to enter into the status of young men and warriors was a protracted affair that took the better part of a year. These ceremonies built up in temporeaching a climax in the all-important rite of passage, the circumcision. The day before the circumcision ceremony was marked by song and dance in preparation of the most important day.on this day of song and dance the neophyte was adorned with characteristic markings of his particular initiation age set. The decorations of an initiation age set included a special motif developed by the group as a shared uniting idea for only that group. Thus, the bond of brotherhood through blood was also expressed in graphic form. It is the purpose of this presenter to give a tentative exposition of the meanings embedded in these designs which have come to him through his research and writings as author and administrator of Gīkūyū Centre for Cultural studies. Most of the existing shields are held in private collections in Europe and elsewhere but a good number of the images are available online albeit only as eBay and auctioneers' lots. The author will rely on these online images to give a 30-45 minutes PowerPoint presentation.

Rethinking the Management of African Linguistic Plurality: Emerging Perspectives in Language Management BAIMADA GIGLA Francois The exoglossic nomenclature of Africa’s cultural and linguistic legacies is one of the first erroneous premises of language management in Africa. The question on the role of language management and governance in the equation of development in Africa is a burning issue, especially at a time when Africa’s linguistic diversity is reducing at an alarming rate (UNESCO 2003, Ethnologue 2016). The use of such linguistic terminologies as ‘Francophone’, Anglophone’, ‘Lusophone’ (which are misnomers) to identify African nations where hundreds of languages are found, reduces and overshadows African linguistic plurality. Using new paradigms of language management in the private and public spheres, the present paper develops new perspectives for the management of linguistic plurality as shown in Chumbow 1998. Participant observation, library and internet search and personal communications are the main tools for data collection. It ensues from this that the current trends in decentralization which are underway in some countries set the pace for such an effective policy as functionalizing and empowering the private sphere through minor african languages while at the same time connecting African polities through Africa’s lingua francas. Such a venture does not only give minor native

73 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

languages a chance, but also promotes African lingua francas to statuses they deserve in the sociolinguistic polity or the educational systems of African nations. Keywords: Linguistic plurality, Language management, development.

Incessant period pain: rape, body and Black masculinities in Period Pain and London Cape Town Joburg. Dlamini Nonhlanhla "Mutating racism and capitalism continue to impact and shape the lives of African men and women in Africa and beyond. Intellectual and socio-economic engagements with the above ideologies have (un)wittingly obscured the manner through which sexism is used and expressed by Black men and women in the construction and negotiation of an emboldened contemporary black masculinities in South Africa. This paper uses an imagery of a broken incessant bleeding womb to untie the feminine and feminized body from a complex knot of anti-racism and contemporary forms of pan-Africanisms forged alongside and against wretchedness and degradation of the African in order to negate whiteness and positively portray blackness. It argues that both novels refreshingly narrate a terrifying black South African masculinity and femininity story which seeks to highlight that Black South African contemporary masculinities are negatively impacted by apartheid, but it does not stop them from being sexist.

Contemporary Approaches to Migration Governance in Southern Africa Last Tamara The legal academic and policy literature on African migration is thin. This is especially concerning given that that too much of African migration policy today is structured by logics at odds with the way people actually live and move across borders. Even where the development paradigm has been deployed as a basis for guiding migration policy reform, it has tended to skew in favor of interventions aimed at preventing migration and dissembling pre-existing local and trans-border economies and communities of belonging. What is absent but urgently needed is a historically and sociologically informed approach to migration policy-making that prioritizes the interests of Africans, including those most socio- economically marginal. Our goal is to facilitate an interdisciplinary exploration of historical and contemporary southern African migration with the aim of distilling guiding principles and concrete proposals for historically and sociologically informed African migration policy. Our theoretical premise is that trans-border migration reflects histories of deep socio- economic interconnection—much of it rooted in colonial-era political economy, and precolonial communities of belonging—and that migration policy that can accommodate and respect this interconnection can produce more ethical and humane outcomes than the status quo. Performances and songs as historical sources. Dance societies in Somalia and Mozambique

74 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Declich Francesca "In East Africa music and dances have been widely recognised as contexts which have fostered integration and identity formation. Specifically, in certain the eastern African contexts communities developed variations of dances and musical traditions that were considered important cultural marks, identifiable in specific geography of ritual and musical traditions and that become important in times of forced migrations. Ethnomusicologists highlight specific kind of rhythms as peculiar musical developments that constitute key African origins of music that has become a worldwide phenomenon like the jazz. I would like to focus on social aspects of songs and musical elements of dances and performances seen in their functional role among early forced migrants of the east African context. Performances contain multiple forms of meanings mixing words, movements, symbols that are accompanied by historical narratives. Words of songs enclose important signs of historical events and can be decoded; the very existence of certain dances in certain areas may indicate migration and movements of people occurred for different reasons. In this paper I shall present some cases of songs of several ritual songs performed along the Juba River in southern Somalia. Historical events are described in several dances and songs. The case of masked dances from secret societies brought from the land of Nyasa to southern Somalia by forced migrants of the Indian Ocean trade in the late nineteenth century will also be presented through an audiovisual support.

The Practice and Relevance of Magical Realism in African Novels Workneh Hiwot Walelign "Magical realism is considered to be a tool for political and social commentaries while maintaining a different perspective from western empiricism, incorporating the extraordinary among the mundane. This research will take this writing mode as a focal point and explore its practice and relevance in selected African novels. Starting from its history and definition, the paper creates a framework with magical realist features from established scholars in the field. Narrowing it down to magical realism’s trend and purpose in Africa, the paper argues Africa has its own distinct manifestations of the mode in its novels and these distinguished features that sets the magical realist trend in Africa that sets it apart from other areas serve particular purposes. To show the different practices in the different corners of the continent, the selected novels are from Libya, South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya and Congo. The paper concludes that though Africa consists of societies with diverse culture and tradition, they also have commonalities in their deep-rooted heritages with folklore that is rich with mythic elements. This in turn creates a comfortable atmosphere for African writers to draw inspirations from their respective traditions to employ magical realism in their narratives. Through this mode, they expose and critique existing conditions in their societies and the features like hybridity, authorial reticence and eternal recurrence serve it as incentive. Key words: African novels, folklore, magical realism, mythology

75 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Miriam Makeba: Citizen of the world Curry Dawne As one of Africa's beloved icons, Miriam Makeba defined and redefined herself as a vocalist and activist. She stood before the United Nations, and had at one time possessed nine passports. Interestingly enough her role as internationalist has escaped scholarly interrogation. After Makeba married Kwame Ture she lived in Guinea. This paper examines the ways in which she interrogated the different "nationalities" that she held by examining her time in Guinea and at Zaire's festival in 1974. I argue that Makeba provided a different examination of a celebrity before the term gained its currency.

Okot p’Bitek: A Lesson for the Contemporary African Student of Modern Thought Jemberie Yosef Sintayehu This paper draws a lesson from the scholarly works of the Ugandan poet and scholar Okot p’Bitek (1931-1982) concerning the contradiction that arises when modern African thought self-reflexively realizes that Western/colonial conceptual frameworks and categories of thought are at the same time its conditions of possibility and its regrettable limitation. This is the contradiction that every astute African student of philosophy is perpetually stuck with. We can call it the self-reflexive question of modern African thought: how to engage colonial modes of thought through a certain kind of decolonial thought if the two are linked in a particular way? Three possible “ways out” will be explored in the paper.The first is the approach of “indirect thinking” historically practiced by both the colonizer and the colonized. The second is the approach of “an other thinking” common, for example, among the Latin American (de)coloniality school. The third is what could be seen as Okot p’Bitek’s approach – introduced as “situated thinking.” The argument of the paper is that, compared to the other two, the latter, understood in a particular way, puts us in a methodologically more advantageous position to negotiate the contradiction.

Short-term study abroad programmes in higher education: A source of evolving perspectives Wambalaba Akosa "This paper explores the potential of short-term study abroad experiences in shaping a more diverse and complete representation of the African condition in Africa and the Diaspora. Study abroad programmes may be an emerging avenue for African universities to ground intellectual engagement with life experiences to help African and Diaspora students in higher education find compelling perspectives from which to pursue and make individual contributions to the field of Africana studies. African students on short study stays in western democracies can tap into their experiences abroad to explain the African Diaspora experience from the student’s own perspective. In the same way, the African Diaspora student can also share their response to the African experience in a developing country resulting in a more diverse, complete, and authentic representation of the African and Diaspora condition.

76 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Bringing African and Diaspora students face to face with each other’s lived experiences, results in tension between the observable living experience and the distant learned knowledge. In an effort to reconcile the asymmetry between the situational and historical knowledge, African and Diaspora students may engage in self-reflective behaviour that challenges the student’s own biases, values, assumptions, beliefs and misconceptions, with consequences on finding common ground. The accounts of their experiences and the evolutions of their perspectives may present a more balanced and new representation of the African and Diaspora condition. This paper uses a literature review to build upon transformative learning theory.

The Influence of Traditional Legal Systems in Kenya’s Justice Sector Ndambo Dennis Mutua In Africa, law and society are intertwined in a complex relationship. Pre-colonial communities had developed elaborate dispute resolution mechanisms that were geared towards enhancing justice. Achieving justice was a means to ensuring that there was harmony in society. Members of the community were continuously made aware of the interdependence between human beings and with nature. Domestic education included instruction on caring for others while customary laws were imbued with norms about community welfare. Therefore, members of the community understood that justice mechanisms were meant to ensure the stability and prosperity of the entire community. Colonialism imposed foreign laws and legal structures that severely disrupted the organization of pre-colonial societies. After independence, while African states maintained the imposed legal system and structures, the traditional legal system was also retained. The initial law schools were more oriented towards practitioners’ needs and were not overly concerned with the society’s needs. The values in traditional African legal systems have now been recognized in the 2010 Constitution and statutory law of Kenya. The Constitution demands that all persons and organizations should be guided by the national principles. These principles are drawn from values shared by most Kenyan communities. In addition, Kenya’s Constitution mandates the courts to encourage alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, especially those based on traditional legal systems. Therefore, traditional African justice mechanisms have proved resilient under the onslaught of foreign legal systems. This paper will argue that justice education in Kenyan law schools can benefit from embracing the values and principles of traditional legal systems.

Poetic Techniques as value of Abawanga in Akeko's songs Oyoolo Zadock Mukuyia "Orature employs various strategies in portraying identities and realities of contemporary community. These strategies as explored in orature partly contribute to consideration of orature as literary. Similarly, popular music is a worthwhile literary undertaking in the way the songs exploit resources of language. Hinged on the premise of language as a rich resource in contemporary creative artistic works, the paper posits that Ali Akeko, a leading artiste in

77 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

the Wanga community, exploits linguistic resources in his songs. However, these poetic strategies can be traced back to traditional devices. Even though the songs are contemporary in the realities and identities they address, Akeko’s songs negotiate the contemporary themes and strategies within the backdrop of rich traditions of Wanga of Kakamega County in western part of Kenya. The paper argues that formulaic beginnings and register as emanating from traditional orature genres reify perpetuation of Wanga socio-cultural family values. We conclude that styles, like orature, are (re)appropriated in contemporary popular music and that Wanga socio-cultural family values can be mapped in Akeko’s songs. To achieve this end, an ethno-poetics approach is used as the interpretive framework. A close reading of the song texts will be done, interpreted and analyzed within the prisms of the Wanga context as postulated in ethno-poetics. The paper demonstrates that while considered archaic and remote, the traditional Wanga linguistic resources are embedded in contemporary artistic creations. The paper negates a dearth of traditional strategies of the techno-savvy generation in the contemporary community. Key words: strategies, ethno-poetics, orature, popular songs.

Maintaining Female Subordination Amidst the Rastafari Liberation Agenda Ramtu Marie "Since its inception, Rastafari has evolved attracting a global audience. Born in Jamaica in the 19th century as a resistance movement against imperialism, capitalism and slavery, Rastafari was highly influenced at inception by Afro-Caribbean cultures with ideological foundations rooted in the Bible. Yet, this appropriation of the Bible radically diverged from a Christian interpretation. This indigenization of the Bible provided solace, hope and strength to cope with hardships in an oppressive environment while paving way for the formation of rigid patriarchal structures that relatively oppressed females of Rastafari. Biblical scripture has been used to reinforce patriarchy. It has provided behavioral codes and taboos for Rastafari females. It is puzzling that a liberation movement with a global outreach still maintains the traditional retrogressive status quo for females. Some females within Rastafari are still living under patriarchal structures characterized by gender disparity. Some women are left on the periphery of economical, social, and cultural growth. This paper offers to examine the status of Rastafari women, firstly, by tracing the roots of the Rastafari liberation movement. Secondly, it provides an overview of the differing sects (mansions or houses) within the movement; diverging from the monolithic view and interpretation that is made of Rastafari. The third part explores commonalities and divergences of how female subordination manifests within the various mansions of Rastafari. Finally, it demonstrates in the third part how some females in Rastafari have made efforts to overcome the barriers that have pushed them to the periphery of economic, social and cultural development.

78 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Oneness and Mnemonic Myths: The Trans-Boundary Narratives of Ben Okri and Zakes Mda Ogunbayo Olusola Olaniyi Certain myths can be deployed to communicate within and outside the boundaries of a writer’s national contexts, as exemplified in the selected novels by Ben Okri and Zakes Mda. In Arcadia (2002), Ben Okri, award-winning Nigerian author, draws on common aspirations and apprehensions such as the quest for nationhood, feelings of alienation, identity crises, insecurity and environmental degradation to create the “Archetype of Oneness”, which this study identifies as Okri’s imaginative tool of cross-boundary communication. Similarly, in The Heart of Redness (2000), Zakes Mda, South African celebrated writer, engages in recurring historical retrospections such as ancestorship, the Xhosa cattle killing, rape and child abuse, which enable him to create a mythic code we have called the “Archetype of Mnemonics” for trans-boundary discussion Therefore, contrary to criticisms against mythmaking and its utility, these novelists’ penchant for commonality and memory is an apologia for the way in which myths can unite time and period by showing cyclical nature of happenings across boundaries and borders. The comparative discussion of Okri and Mda is crucial to the literary discourse on boundary because their novels reveal an avalanche of progressive humanistic patterns such as regional dialogue, harmonized traditions, border mapping, and cultural exchanges, all of which are constituents of trans-boundary narratives. Keywords: Oneness, Mnemonic, Trans-Boundary, Archetype

Disciplining bodies: Patriarchy, unfeminine femininities and violent masculinities in Kopano Matlwa’s Period Pain (2016) Makombe Rodwell Kopano Matlwa’s Period Pain is a novel that tells the story of a young South African woman named Masechaba, who works as a doctor at a local hospital. Unlike her Zimbabwean friend Nyasha who seems to enjoy her profession as a doctor, Masechaba does not know how to care for her patients as society expects doctors to do. Society often constructs women as compassionate caregivers, warm-hearted and supportive, that is feminine, but this is not the case with Masechaba. She is a woman who refuses to embrace womanhood and/or femininity as constructed by society. This article appropriates Foucault’s notion of “discipline” to investigate the intersection between patriarchy, unfeminine femininities and violent masculinities in Kopano Matlwa’s Period Pain. Patriarchy often designates femininity as both a biological fact and a social construct. To be a woman is to embrace and cherish a particular biological constitution and certain roles and responsibilities. What happens when a woman refuses to conform to notions of femininity as constructed by society? Foucault’s notion of “discipline” which explains the way capitalism appropriated human bodies to suit its needs resonates with the way patriarchy seeks to appropriate female bodies for its own purposes. Foucault’s understanding of “discipline” derives from the emergence of institutions such as prisons and clinics that sought to “discipline”, that is order, control, manage, human bodies to satisfy the needs of capitalism.

79 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Approaches and Challenges to Peacebuilding and Conflict Resolution in Nigeria Attah Noah Echa "Africa accounts for more than half of the violent conflicts in the world today with Nigeria well represented. There are different levels of conflicts in all the 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory of Nigeria. These conflicts range from the Boko Haram to herders-farmers, ethno-religious, Niger-Delta conflicts, among others. The intensity of these violent conflicts is compounded by the lack of internal capacity to deal with them. Nigeria is sometimes dependent on the mood of the international community to develop the capacity to deal with the challenges posed by these conflicts. Although, there have been efforts by the government to use force through the military in managing and preventing the escalation of these conflicts, there are still huge gaps in these efforts. The use of force in managing these conflicts though, effective in some cases, has resulted in what Johan Galtung refers to as “negative peace. On the other hand, positive peace approach, which includes the use of diplomacy, co-option, and transformation of attitude and behavior through training and removal of the root causes of conflict has not received enough attention from the government. This paper will examine the extent of investment in the management of conflicts by the Nigerian government and the international community. It goes further to highlight the challenges toward peacebuilding and how they can be mitigated to ensure peaceful resolution of conflicts in Nigeria.

Intangible Cultural Heritage and the Question of Sustainability in Nigeria Shallangwa Zainab Musa "For about ten years, a violent, fundamentalist religious sect in Nigeria, Boko Haram, has challenged several aspects of cultural heritage that it considers not in consonance with its extremist ideologies. The overt and covert influence of the sect on the cultural heritage of the people has become more pronounced in some parts of Borno State, North East Nigeria, where they have established, and still maintain, some control. This means that diverse aspects of culture including music and dance, which are usually core activities during ceremonies such as weddings, naming, circumcisions and funerals, are stifled or banned outrightly, so that the identity and sustainability of such cultural entities become threatened. In some instances, practitioners and participants are hunted down and publicly executed as punishment for noncompliance. In the face of this challenge, most Borno folk musicians fled for their lives. However, with the insurgents “tactically defeated”, some of the folk musicians have returned and still practice their art. This paper proposes to look at the experiences of Borno folk musicians who were able to survive the threat posed by the insurgents in the height of their dominance to find out from those who still practice the art, if it is thriving now, compared to the pre insurgency era. Through a qualitative approach, the paper will examine the implications of the Boko Haram challenge on the sustainability of the intangible cultural heritages of the Borno peoples. Keywords: Boko Haram, Intangible Cultural Heritage, Folk Music, Sustainability

80 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Resisting Boko Haram Culture of Violence: Community Perception of the Role of Civilian Joint Task Force in Borno State, Nigeria Yusuf Umar Lawal "Resisting Boko Haram Culture of Violence: Community Perception of the Role of Civilian Joint Task Force in Borno State, Nigeria The activities of Boko Haram have claimed thousands of lives, displaced hundreds of thousands and destroyed property worth billions of Naira. The Borno youths began their resistance first, as unorganised youths, their emergence was spontaneous. Consequently, despite the complementary effort made by the Civilian JTF, there are two prominent positions among the people of Borno State on what constitute Civilian JTF; some viewed them as heroes while other considered them as nuisance. Against this background, this research attempt to examine the resisting of the Boko Haram culture of violence and the community perception of the role of Civilian JTF in the Borno State. Specifically; identify the factors that led to the formation, assess the views of the people of on the role of Civilian JTF in combat activities against Boko Haram insurgency; and finally, examine the people opinions on the activities of Civilian JTF in non-combatant operations of members of civilian JTF in Borno State. The study adopts ethnographic method where both primary and secondary sources will be utilized. Focus Group Discussion, and key informant Interviews will be used to generate data from the respondents. The research is expected to provide information from the members of community on the formation, combatant and non-combatant activities of Civilian JTF in Borno State.

Advocating positive traditional culture to eradicate harmful aspects of traditional culture for development of Africa Norah Hashim Msuya Most African countries already recognise harmful, discriminatory traditional practices, although they persist, as causing the violation of domestic and international human rights laws. Outside efforts to eliminate these practices are often met with suspicion or hostility from communities, because Africans believe that these are their valuable, traditional practices. Efforts to eradicate harmful traditional practices are most effective when originating from within the culture, as focussing on international human rights is often perceived as culturally imperialistic in most African countries. The abolition of harmful, traditional, cultural practices should be viewed for the benefit of Africa and its development. Africa’s political independence has no meaning without the social and cultural independence of women and therefore, women’s rights cannot be treated separately from other African developmental goals. Women contribute almost fifty per cent to the development of the African continent, from the low level of family activities to the high level of state governance. If we want Africa continent to make full and quick progress, it is essential that African women live in terms of full equality with their fellow inhabitants who are men.

81 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Key words: Gender equality, Harmful traditional practices, African cultures Africa Development.

Managing stakeholder relationships: China mining in Africa Chodokufa Kudakwashe Media reports and research have pointed out problems in the way that Chinese mining organisations in Zimbabwe are managing stakeholder relationships. The problems ranging from disgruntled communities and allegations of labour violations. Taking into account, the impact that China’s FDI has had on the ailing Zimbabwean economy research into the management of stakeholder relationships becomes imperative to understand how Chinese mining organisations manage stakeholder relationships. The aim of this paper is to describe and understand how Chinese organisations manage their stakeholder relationships in the Africa. An empirical qualitative study of 13 semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with three stakeholder groups of a Chinese mining organisation, namely employees, government and the community. Across the stakeholder groups, participants described 36 critical incidents which helped in understanding how stakeholder relationships are managed by the Chinese managers. The content analysis resulted in negative or positive stakeholder relationship management by the Chinese managers towards the three stakeholder groups. According to multiple stakeholders, the findings suggest that, stakeholder relationships are being managed by the Chinese managers by being hard, rough and ruthless, authoritarian, Chinese way of doing things, used avoidance, lack of competency, through a third party and resolving conflict when managing stakeholder relationships. The Chinese managers managed the relationship with multiple stakeholders differently with most of the frequently cited descriptions of how stakeholder relationships are managed being negative.

Africa and disruptive technologies. Analysing regulatory challenges in selected sectors.

Chiguware Tendai This paper looks at some of the challenges that African governments have faced in their adoption of emerging technologies that make up the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Some of these disruptive technologies and services include Cryptocurrencies (financial sector), Uber (transport sector), VoIP (telecommunications industry), AirBnB (hospitality industry) and Netflix (digital broadcasting). While these technologies have been revolutionising whole industries and sectors and creating some that have not been there, there has been some attendant problems which most of Africa seems wholly incapable of solving. First, it is almost impossible to identify disruptive technologies in advance because of their confounding characteristics. This then requires a tailored regulatory framework that takes into account the nuances of these specific technologies given that these are different from the manner in which traditional service providers are regulated, giving policy makers a task to review regulations and introducing new accommodating regulations for the changing times.

82 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Secondly, African governments have been struggling to come up with policy frameworks which allow them not only to regulate the industries but also to inculcate a measure of transparency which allows the governments to expand their tax base. Third, the policymaking processes in much of Africa, with protracted legal processes are now inconsistent with the pace at which these technologies are coming to the market Lastly, the near ubiquitous virtual nature of these technologies which allows them to operate outside the conventional financial / telecommunications / broadcasting conventions make it even more challenges for governments to regulate these disruptive technologies.

Media Framing of Kenyan Women Politicians: An Analysis of the Newspapers’ Framing of Women Politicians in pre- and post-2017 Marred General Election Mudavadi Kevin "The 2010 introduced a quota system designed to increase the representation of women in elective and appointive bodies of government. Devolution and the new constitution have acted as a key enabler for women seeking public office in Kenya. Yet many obstacles remain, including new challenges that have emerged through the implementation of devolved systems. Most critically, whilst the 2013 election outcome saw the number of women within national and county government increase, their substantive influence when in office remained constrained by institutional, legal, political, economic, and social factors. According to Bouka et al. (2018) the gender principle has not served to strengthen the women’s movement around a shared agenda. Networking between women in politics, public service and the private sector is ad-hoc, often along party lines and largely confined to Nairobi. This study will investigate the role of media framing of Kenyan women politicians before and after the heated 2017 general election period by highlighting the prevalent frame, the tone and approach of coverage (thematic or episodic). This study will adopt the media framing theory. Quantitative content analysis will be done to identify the most dominant frames and find out if the coverage of Kenyan Women Politicians was episodic or thematic and pinpoint its tone. This study will show how Kenyan media presents in as far as coverage of women politicians in concerned. It will strengthen the framing theory and inspire scholars to undertake more studies in gender, media, and politics in Kenya and globally.

The Role of Instagram on Academic Performance of Kenyan University students: A Case of United States International University-Africa (USIU-Africa) Lomoywara David "This study will examine the role of Instagram on study habits of undergraduate students at USIU-Africa. Social media is a very important for communication development in the current world however, it has posed challenges on many students. The negative influence is especially on the rise and this study looks to fill this gap.

83 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

The research design will be descriptive. It will employ both qualitative and quantitative (Mixed method) approach for data collection, that is, questionnaire administration and oral interviews. The Uses and gratification theory will be used to guide this study. This theory posits that users of any media are not a passive audience but rather active and always make choices for particular media consumption based on their motivations. The results will reveal why students use social media especially, Instagram, and why they spend increasing amount of quality time on this platform. This study will be of immense benefit to the university administration as it will show the potent dangers of uncontrolled use of social media by students and therefore the need to put in place measures to forestall its alluded to negative effects. More so, this study will advance the Uses and Gratifications theory by strengthening its concepts.

Regulating Private Security and Military Companies in Africa: Interrogating the viability of non-treaty mechanisms Juma Laurence The struggle to establish accountability framework for Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) operating in conflict or post-conflict situations, has been with us since the PMSC industries began to blossom in the late 1980s. Considering that PMSCs are not mercenaries and that they cannot be regulated by prohibitionist legal frameworks of the anti- mercenary pedigree, their transnational operations have remained largely unencumbered by law, and in certain instances, the impunity with which their employees operate has gone unpunished. Although African countries were at the forefront of promoting anti-mercenary law in the 1970s, they have been less enthusiastic to develop or adopt legal or policy frameworks imposing regulatory measures on PMSCs operating in their soil. This paper will trace and interrogate the efforts that have been made thus far to establish frameworks for regulation of PMSCs. Since there seems to be a reluctance to establish a treaty framework for regulation of PMSCs across the globe, the paper will explore the viability of the non-treaty frameworks that exist. The paper will particularly focus on the Motreux Document and suggest how it could be applied in the African context, taking into account the existing legal infrastructure, states legal obligations under IHL and international human rights law, general security needs of most countries, the weaknesses of states and the future of private security industry in general.

The Poetics of the Quotidian from Nigeria and Kenya Adenekan Shola "In Blogging Queer Kenya (2013), Keguro Macharia directs us to the aesthetics of ordinariness that is emerging in queer Kenyan blogosphere. The everydayness that Macharia signposts us to is not limited to the prose of blogs. The ordinary, the commonplace and the ritual are the foundations for much of the poetry published on social media. As we approach the third decade of the twenty-first century, writers are not fixated on trying to disabuse the

84 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

outside world of a Conradian perception of Africa, instead a mode of writing that is grounded in the ordinary and the everyday is emerging on social media. Using poems by emerging voices from Nigeria and Kenya as case studies, my paper will argue that not only is there a departure from the topical issues and the big ideas that characterized much of the portrayal in the first wave of post-independent writing from Kenya and Nigeria, the quotidian is also a way in which writers and readers make meaning of their lives and of contemporary life. My paper will analyse the aesthetics of the quotidian, and it will invite scholars to re-imagine the way in which poetry travels in Nigeria and Kenya, both historically and in contemporary times." "

The Perceived Impact of HRM on Business Performance: Evidence from Nigeria Syed Jawad & Dr Faiza Ali Despite some attention paid to the impact of human resource management (HRM) on organisational performance in the context of industrialised countries in the West (e.g., Kehoe and Wright’s (2013) recent study of employees’ perceptions of high-performance HR practice), there is a relative absence of studies on HRM and performance management in developing countries in Africa. Given the significant socio-economic and institutional differences, organisational approaches to HRM and performance in the West may not be completely transferable to organisations in Africa. In other words, there is a need to examine and capture the diverse issues and challenges of performance management from an international perspective. This paper addresses this gap through an empirical study of performance management in Lagos, Nigeria. In particular, it focuses on three interrelated questions: To what extent does HRM affect employee productivity? To what extent do generic HRM functions – such as job design, training and development, performance appraisal, remuneration - affect business performance? To what extent do strategic HRM practices affect business performance? Drawing on an in-depth case study of a construction company, the paper investigates the impact of HRM practices on business performance. "

Indigenising the Dramatic Form: Proverbial Formula and Meaning Proliferation in Ola Rotimi’s Ovonranmwen Nogbaisi Chukwumah Ignatius "While most literary representations of first-generation African writers adopted a differing mode, by which they hoped to upstage the extant colonial literary depictions of their time and thus create a distinct space for themselves, they did so by recursively laying hold on what traditional modes they could find. Tagged separately as local colours, the African exotic, the African authentic, indigenous tropes, sometimes with denunciatory motivations, this style nonetheless gained acceptability in African studies and has considerably sustained scholarly attention. However, this attention had been about what, and not about how the indigenous resources deployed display far-reaching hermeneutic implications in the works hosting them.

85 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

This work describes the proverb and proceeds to analyse how the meanings of African literary texts could proliferate when the proverb is taken as minimum meaning-generating logic buried beneath the textual surface yet possessing meaning correlations across the entire space of Nigeria’s historical play, Ola Rotimi’s Ovonranmwen Nogbaisi (1974). This work first teases the most thematically correlative proverbs, which can be deemed formulaic, reads the work using them as beacons of meaning generation and their consequent proliferation.

Overcoming Leadership Deficit in Nigeria: Lessons from Concept of Omoluabi in Yoruba South-West, Nigeria OMITOLA BOLAJI OLUMUYIWA "Leadership deficit ranks highest among factors responsible for the parlous state of development in Africa including Nigeria. Underneath the deficit is the destructive understanding of politics as a “do or die” affair where leaders’ contestations for the “authority to allocate” results in “winner takes all syndrome” with little or no consideration for the masses. However, in most of the developed world, politics is appropriately seen as authoritatively allocation of values deployed for the pursuit of public goods and protection of life and property. This paper contends that the idea and practice of politics run contrary to some African values such as the Yoruba concept of Omoluabi which in governance finds expression in virtuous leadership. This style of leadership is not only selfless, responsive and responsible but resonates and empathizes with the governed. The paper examines the various attributes of Omoluabi such as hard work, honesty, goodwill and good character among others and their compatibility with good governance, responsible and responsive leadership. The Nigeria political trajectory is further examined and findings revealed that only regimes whose leadership appropriated values closed to the Omoluabi concept has left a lasting legacy in terms of socio-economic and political development of the country. The paper therefore concludes that indeed for Africa including Nigeria to break away from cycle of underdevelopment occasioned by leadership failure and work towards the achievement of sustainable development; there will be a need for a change in orientation to Omoluabi’s values that promote selfless and people-oriented leadership within the polity.

Technology versus Trust? An ethnographic approach to understanding the invisible hand of algorithms in Nairobi, Kenya. Van Doninck Nele "Our societies are currently becoming more and more automated. Both governments and private actors are deploying new technological solutions, which often contain automation technology that is invisible to the public, such as algorithms and artificial intelligence. The effect of these new technologies is increasingly being studied in Western countries, but research in African countries seems rather scarce at the moment.

86 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

As the Kenyan government is actively endorsing technology as a means of advancing Kenya as a nation, this paper looks, through an ethnographic approach in Nairobi, at makers/producers of such technology employing algorithms and artificial intelligence, the users of such technology, and the effect their use of new technologies might have on future society. As a main focus for the paper I look at (mobile application) technology as a new gatekeeper for trust issues. For instance, when we rate our driver on Uber or Safeboda, does it enhance our trust in society, or does it diminishes trust in drivers not using mobile applications? Which underlying algorithms and artificial intelligence are at play when we request a boda boda, and how does it affect people working in the transportation sector? Furthermore, I look at the issue of the ownership of the collected data. Lastly, I also look at how technical knowledge is produced. A lot of the technological know- how comes from outside the city, country, or even the continent. I also want to better understand the influence of outside actors in Nairobi, especially in the technology sector.

Digital Technology and the transformation of historical scholarship in Nigerian Universities in the 21st Century Adesote Adesola Samson & OLALERE Titilope Olusegun Recent advances in digital technologies have provided unprecedented opportunities for digital scholarship in various fields of human endeavour. While majority of scholars in different tertiary institutions in the developed countries have turned increasingly to using and exploring information technologies as scholarly tools for analysis, they are yet to be fully employed by many Nigerian academics. Adequate knowledge of some fundamental skills provided by digital technology such as the development of tools for critical analysis and the ability to synthesize material and bring together different methodologies to solve complex problems are significant in competing favourably in today’s world of scholarship. It is from this point of view that this paper argues that rather than seeing digital technologies as representation for an abandonment of what the discipline of history is meant to stand for as posited by the traditionalists. In other words, the adoption of digital technology in historical scholarship is not a replacement or rejection of traditional historical inquiry, but an extension of the traditional scope of history. Thus, the main thrust of this paper is re-conceptualisation of historical scholarship in the age of information technology. It concludes that the exploration of the spaces of engagement through interdisciplinary, collaborative and technological research helps to invigorate and accelerate the transformation of historical scholarship and the production of knowledge in history. Key Words: Digital Technology, Historical Scholarship, Nigerian Universities.

Environmental Entitlements: Dynamism of Conflicts over Scarce Resources in the Yedzaram Valley Bakari Aminu Buba

87 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

"Climate change scenarios appeared to have been creating uncertain state of livelihood in the Bilad-el-Sudan, recent climatic statistics revealed that there will be continuous drier environmental circumstances coupled with severe unpredictable rainfall pattern. Based on expert revelations, there will be an upsurge in ferocious conflicts over limited resources of the environment. This research addresses the issue as to why intergroup conflicts over scarce, resources in marginal regions of the global South escalate into violent conflicts. As a quest to address this, cases of such conflicts are analysed, scrutinised as a result of renascent climate- conflict nexus unfolding in the Yedzeram Valley in North-eastern Nigeria. Interviews conducted with aborigines revealed several environmental impacts over time due to land use. It was revealed that, elements other than those directly related to environmental conditions and resource scarcity dominate as plausible explanations of the violent conflict, among which include farming on cattle corridors, drying of river channels, diversion of large volume of water for other purposes. There is need for government to formulate laws that will regulate over exploitation of wetlands and river channels to enhance balance in the ecosystem, excessive cutting down of trees should be stopped, there is a need for regeneration of degraded environments, continuous expansion of water and agricultural developments programmes should be regulated Keywords: Climate change, Conflicts, Ecology, Environment, Land Use, Yedzaram Valley,

Postcolonial theory and Organizational discourse as the foundation of a truly African film and media training in Kenya Sub-theme: Decolonizing pedagogy in education in Africa and Diasporas James Mutua Kisila Silvetser African film and media is still at a nascent stage, having undergone a myriad of challenges since the industry was first introduced in Africa more than a century ago. Despite its early head start, the industry was adversely affected by the organizational and structural policies occasioned by colonialism and colonial education. This paper through historical and discourse analysis traces these challenges with a view to identifying cultural and theoretical gaps that contributed to the faux pas. In the process, the paper critically analyses the proposals presented by postcolonial theory and its attendant ideals of hybridity and glocalization, together with organizational discourse, and the theory of teaching and learning as a framework for founding film and media education training in Kenya. In the process, it proposes a new path that advocates for critical synthesis of the best theoretical, cultural, technical and organizational practices from the continent and the rest of the world. The aim is to help found and ground film and media training in the region on a firm cultural, theoretical and technical base that would ensure the creation and prosperity of a vibrant and relevant industry for its local, regional and international audience. Key words: Colonial, postcolonial, glocalization, organizational discourse

88 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

INDICATORS OF AFRICAN MEN WITH A DECLINED MASCULINITY: A CASE OF KODERO SUB-LOCATION RACHUONYO NORTH SUB-COUNTY, KENYA 1895-2014. Ndeda Mildred A. J. & JOHN AKUMU ORONDO "This paper is on some observable indicators on African men with a declined cultural masculinity. This decline is based on socio-economic and political shifts, degeneration and reduction of masculine identities with reference to Kodero sub location, Homa–Bay County of Kenya covering historical period 1895 to 2014. It is premised on the fact that socio- economic and political authority and power were traditionally a preserve of men in most of Africa. Currently, there is notable departure presented in various observable indicators among men in various African communities showing that traditional masculine identities of men must be re-evaluated. Evidently this gives a justification for a masculine cultural concern on future application of the meaning of masculinity. Such indicators are supported by theories such as; Old Style feminist theory, Masculine grade theory and Western modernism theory of masculinity which point at the evolution of a ‘new-man’ whose traditional masculinity has declined as indicated by reversed gender roles, absolute submission to the feminists’ ideas and opinions, inability to defend themselves from the currently perceived successful feminist world. Such men also experience high mortality rates which deny them numerical power to retain their traditional masculinity in the currently evolving democratic societies. Regional and international gender legislations have slowly but steadily pushed traditional masculinity to the economic and political periphery thus throwing modern men out of them formerly over protected traditional masculinity. The wave of masculine decline creates a cultural shock in African societies prompting historians to renegotiate the current meaning of masculinity.

WOMEN, PREGNANCY, HEALTH & LIVING ON THE MARGINS: THE CASE OF ZIMBABWE. Murambadoro Ruth Ratidzai Globally, the health of pregnant women and neonates has become a wicked problem that is often investigated and monitored because of the various health risks associated with pregnancy. Every year about 140 million women in the world aged between 15 and 49 years give birth, and about 30 million of these women are in Africa. However, 250 000 women die in Africa (most of whom live on the margins) due to pregnancy related complications and the major causes of maternal morbidity and mortality are haemorrhage, infections, hypertension, unsafe abortion and obstructed labour. This paper focuses on the state of care among communities living on the margins in Zimbabwe and the processes they follow to secure healthy living for pregnant women and neonates. The state of care examined refers to both the prevailing conditions that have a bearing on the livelihood of pregnant women and their new-borns, and the provisions of the government in providing care to rural communities. The paper argues that there are huge disparities in the healthcare provided to communities living on the margins and they have been created by colonialism (systematic dispossession and dislocation of the local community), managed through class and race (access to care is determined by social status), sustained by politics (distribution of resources), re-engineered

89 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

through gender (discriminatory towards women) and overlooked/silenced by patriarchy (hegemonic masculinities). These interlocking phenomena (class, race, gender, patriarchy, colonialism, politics) complicate the prevalence of disparities in healthcare and require a complex approach that can interject and dismantle all, simultaneously.

Decolonizing the Classroom: Towards Dismantling the Legacies of Colonialism & Incorporating TWAIL into the teaching of International Law in Kenya Shako Florence Karimi The colonial encounter largely shaped the African continent and Kenya was no exception. In Kenya, formal western education was introduced by the missionaries as part of the civilising mission and continued to evolve in the post-colonial state with the establishment of universities offering legal programs. Core in the curricula of these law programs are international law courses. The objective of offering international law courses is to enable students to appreciate traditional aspects of international law as well as modern aspects such as globalization and their relevance in today’s world. However, international law is mainly taught from a European perspective with the bulk of the textbooks utilized in these law programs written by European scholars. The literature used and the pedagogy adopted in the teaching of international law remains rife with exclusions and distortions of indigenous knowledge, voices, critiques and scholars. This article analyzes the potential of decolonizing the approach to the teaching of international law that is prevalent in law schools in Kenya. This article will analyze the mainstream narrative that is taught in the international law curricula and why it is problematic. This article will analyze the TWAIL theory of law and the potential for its incorporation into the teaching of international law with the aim of understanding the exclusions of the African perspective. The author will analyze why the use of TWAIL can aid in deconstructing western narratives and incorporate indigenous viewpoints into the classroom with the aim of decolonization.

Exploring North-Funded Projects on Screen Production and Theory in the South: A Conversation about DocuBox and African Screen Worlds Dovey Lindiwe & Judy Kibinge Instead of adopting a traditional academic format, this presentation will offer a discussion in which Kenyan filmmaker Judy Kibinge and South African scholar and film curator Lindiwe Dovey will be in conversation with one another about leading major screen projects, focused on African contexts, but funded by the North. Judy will focus on her experiences of founding and running DocuBox, the pioneering East African creative documentary film programme funded by the Ford Foundation. DocuBox’s mission is to enable talented East African artists to produce unique films that unearth new realities and cross trans-national boundaries, through providing training, development and production grants. The programme has started to bear its first fruit, with films such as New Moon (dir. Philippa Ndisi-Herrmann, 2018) winning the Best Documentary Award at the 2018 Durban International Film Festival. Lindiwe will focus on her experiences of initiating the screen research and industry project

90 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

“African Screen Worlds: Decolonising Film and Screen Studies”, funded by the European Research Council and which begins in June 2019 and runs for five years. This project aims to centre African filmmaking – so often marginalised in global film production and theory – and make it indispensable to the future of the field. In addition to exploring issues concerned with the ethics and aesthetics of knowledge production (including through filmmaking itself), Judy and Lindiwe will share experiences that reveal the necessity of respecting the intersectionality and dynamic nature of identities, including not only race, locatedness, and class, but also gender, sexuality and spirituality.

African Literature: The Problems of Reading and the way Forward Rono Charles Although African art is such immense in the production of knowledge regarding the continent and even beyond, virtually all readings have compromised this artistry by relegating region’s literature into the appendage of Western metropolis. The implication of such readings is that African art plays a greater role in understanding the West and a minute one in understanding Africa. The more focus on hegemonic discourses and their influence on African literature has undermined the ability of continent’s literature to effectively engage with “African spaces” even when these literatures have a glaring immediate and automatic recourse to a dialogue with socio-economic and political orientations within the continent. Taking advantage of recent developments and formulations on the new liberatory perspective the African writing is taking, the paper proposes to read selected African texts with a view to demonstrating the dangers of reading African literature through the Western canon and how its much ignored aesthetic complexity tends towards canonizing African literature. As a portal to my study, I adopt Eileen Julien authoritative enterprise of “extroverted African Novels” in an attempt to place Africa at the centre of understandings of the western world and its influence on the literary world in the twenty first century.

Protection, Patronage or Plunder? British Machinations and (B)Uganda’s struggle for Independence. Makubuya Apollo "Following the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885, Britain and other western powers conquered and ultimately colonised diverse peoples across Africa. In the scramble for land, raw materials, cheap labour and markets, they arbitrarily carved out, occupied and controlled the continent. It is well known how—in setting up its imperial hegemony—Britain created new countries where none existed, and disfigured traditional and cultural institutions. Only a handful of those institutions survived colonialism. However, these survivors, like the once powerful kingdoms of Buganda in Uganda and the Ashanti in Ghana, are alienated in the new political order. Thus, many decades after British rule, most struggle to find their position and power within the new colonial boundaries.

91 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

For the kingdom of Buganda—considered an intercessor in expanding and entrenching British rule in Uganda—little is known about how and why an erstwhile ally became an adversary, frustrating its aspiration for full autonomy. Relying on some hitherto unpublished and classified records at the British National Archives and at the National Archives Centre in Uganda, and with a focus on Buganda, this paper reconstructs a mostly untold history of plans, events and personalities that founded or executed British imperial rule in Uganda. Beyond the colonial epoch, it also reflects on Anglo-Uganda relations after Uganda was granted independence to demonstrate both how Uganda’s contemporary politics has been defined by its colonial past and how, under British and other influences, its future is bound by a neo-colonial order"

SIGNIFICANCE OF AFRICAN PHILOSOPHY AND THEOLOGY - A LOOK AT THE AGIKUYU PEOPLE OF KENYA MUIGU Hilda "African Philosophy as a distinct academic discipline right from the Hegelian thought and beyond H. O. Odera’s thought has witnessed controversies, debates, arguments and counter- argument bordering on the issue of the existence or non-existence of the disciple. If this debate has to retain merit, if African Philosophy exists, we must concertedly do it, teach it, and write it instead of engaging in endless debates on its ontology. This paper’s analysis of substantiating what ‘African’ is, and an understanding that Africa is divided into a great number of ethnic cultures. These cultures provide us with ethos that we must honour in both thought and practice. We are drawn to be specific and discuss the philosophy of Agikuyu people of Kenya through their systematic interpretation of moral or ethical values, justice structure, cultural setting and religious beliefs. The traditional Agikuyu wisdom shall be taken from interviews with older people, middle and younger generation along with writings and interviews of teachers, experts and custodians of the Agikuyu culture and customs. The philosophical value of this paper stems from its focus on key concepts of the Agikuyu wisdom through their moral and ethical values, their justice system, their cultural setting and religious beliefs which are not only practiced in this particular cultural unit (Agikuyu) but enthusiastically take part in the universality of what we can now call African philosophy and Theology.

Suppressing Piracy: The Nigerian Example Ugbudian Lucky Igohosa The paper examines the suppressing of piracy in Nigeria. Nigeria formed significant part of the Gulf of Guinea which served as a major seaway covering several countries in West and Central Africa. The increasingly rise of piracy in the Gulf drew global attention in the 1990s following cases of hijacking of vessels. By the twenty first century reached alarming rate partly because of the militancy in the Niger Delta and incursion of nationals from outside Africa with about 80 per cent of incidence including kidnapping for ransom on the Nigerian

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side. The seemingly lack of sufficient local laws made the country to rely on international and regional frameworks including United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the Economic Community of West African states (ECOWAS) protocols on maritime security in confronting the menace posed by the pirates. The Nigerian government used both private security and governmental agencies including the Nigerian Navy, Nigeria Police Force (NPF), Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) and Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (NIMASA) to suppress the piracy. The paper revealed that the efforts reduced incidence of piracy on its waters, however, inter-agency rivalry, policy change and lack of effective local laws hindered its effectiveness and success. The paper hoped that the passage of the drafted comprehensive Nigerian merchant bill on the suppression of piracy and other maritime offences by the National Assembly would strengthened the combating and suppressing of piracy on the Nigerian part of the Gulf of Guinea

Protection of Community Land Rights In Kenya: Too Much Ado About Nothing? Odote Collins "The dominant paradigm in property and land rights literature has been that publicized by Garett Hardin, in his article on the Tragedy of the Commons. This approach sees community approaches for owning and using land and related natural resources as backward, insecure and unsustainable. Based on this philosophy, laws and policies since the colonial period in Kenya and much of Africa have focused on promoting a much more western approach to property relations, focusing on individual ownership. In 2010, when Kenya adopted its current Constitution, a fundamental change was made to its governance arrangements with a focus to transforming the society. Community land rights benefited from this transformation, with recognition that communities could not only own land collectively, buy that such system of ownership was equal in status to private property regimes. With that Constitutional statement, what a famous African scholar on land rights, Professor Okoth Ogendo categorized as a century of expropriation, subjugation and suppression was being lifted from its bondage. Almost a decade since the 2010 Constitution was adopted, questions continue on if any tangible progress is being made in protecting community land rights in Kenya? What is the place of scholarship in this debate? The paper makes a case that despite its challenges, Kenyan scholars and practitioners are slowly enhancing the place of community land rights in development processes.

An inaudible majority: youth(s) and political participation in Mozambique TSANDZANA Dércio "According to Mbembe (2004), for most African states, youth(s) are ""the spear-head of the nation"", ""the safest guarantee for the future"", ""the future in the present"". This is a widely used discourse in several countries and reveals a homogenization of the state that refuses to

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recognize the plurality of conditions in which youth live. Previously, these youth(s) were perceived as a group sensitive to anything that could lead to destabilization of the state. Representing a population under 35 years old, the tendency to politicize Mozambican youth(s) was almost always present in the declarations of the first president of independent Mozambique, Samora Machel, in the same period of the creation of the Mozambican Youth Organization, that the youth(s) was the ""lifeblood of the nation"", a sample that reveals the historical importance that has long been given to youth as a crucial player in building the country, Biza (2009) stresses. Therefore, we aim to analyze the role of youth(s) in the process of political participation in Mozambique, based on initiatives of youth(s) organizations and elections. This paper is based on an ongoing research project exploring Internet, youth(s) and political participation in Mozambique. It will be adopted a qualitative approach (interviews and ethnography) to build the landscape of youth(s) political participation in Mozambique. As a preliminary conclusion, we have noted that despite constituting a numerical majority, Mozambican youth(s) do not impose itself as a transformative actor, due to political alienation and social and economic adversities. Keywords: youth, political participation, Mozambique"

Sheng and the Question of Mother Tongue : New Curriculum (CBC), Fresh Opportunity. Githiora Chege Sheng is a variety of Kenyan Swahili (KS) which is rooted in Nairobi’s stratified, multilingual ecology. Its popularity has vastly widened the urban community of practice over the last few decades by expanding into other towns and rural areas of Kenya. It has also entered mainstream domains of language in Kenya such as radio, television and corporate advertising (Githiora 2018). In the Nairobi Data Set (NDS, 2017), Sheng was listed as the sixth ‘mother tongue’ or vernacular of the 41 that were reported in this study, and many respondents cited it as their main language of daily interaction in most settings. In terms of language ideologies and symbolic identities Sheng is increasingly being regarded as a ‘language’ of equal status to the other approximately 60 indigenous Kenyan languages. Such facts mean that the existence of Sheng as a resource to Kenyans in general and Nairobians in particular, can no longer be ignored (Mutiga 2013). Kenya’s latest policy on language in education (KICD 2017) in the newly inaugurated Competency Based Curriculum (CBC), provides a fresh opportunity which must be seized with both hands to place Kenyan languages – including Sheng – back again in the centre of learning and skills base of Kenyan graduates at every level, from primary school to university postgraduate level.

Homosexuality in Ghana Prisons Antwi Alex

94 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

"Homosexuality in prisons like homosexuality in the mainstream society is an issue which is commonly regarded as a taboo among the majority of the Ghanaian populace. However, prisons being sexualized environments, the inevitability is that the minority of the inmates go underground to access this vital service denied them by the prison authorities. Although the majority of the inmates practice celibacy, others had their homosexual experiences through autoerotism, consensual true and consensual situation. Using social constructionist and the deprivation models as the frameworks for data analysis, this study argues that same sex in male prisons in Ghana is not only a function of inherent nature of human beings but also, a construct of the prisoner community due to the pains of imprisonment. Besides, inmates’ homosexuality is a product of personal rather than interpersonal need. The study recommends for penal reforms in Ghana that include conjugal visit and the distribution of condoms to the prisoners to prevent the spread of Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Ghana prisons. Keywords: Prisoner relationship, prison homosexuality, conjugal visit, Ghana

A Subtle Refusal and the Banality of French Colonial Rule: Naysaying and the Consequences of Resistance Filippello Marcus Early one morning at the end of June 1938, 90 African prisoners and 15 guards from a penal camp located on the outskirts of Pobé in French colonial Dahomey trekked for the first time down a path that descended into a marshy valley. Soon after reaching the foot of the escarpment that rested below, the detainees began clearing brush, digging embankments, and laying track for a road that colonial planners hoped would stretch 45 kilometers north to the city of Kétu. French administrators gathered convicts from prisons throughout the colony to build the road after members of the local Ohori community living in the valley refused to work on the project as wage laborers. Colonial officials abandoned the venture less than three years later, citing budgetary restraints and the slow pace of work conducted by the undernourished prison labor force. Some Ohori either vaguely recall the project or hearing about it from their elders. Most, however, do not remember learning anything about it at all, thereby substantiating a long-held tradition of anti-colonial sentiment in the community. Regardless of whether people in the region remember or forget the road building project, an otherwise subtle refusal by many of their ancestors to work on it set into motion the colonial plans that impacted the prisoners selected to build the road, the guards chosen to oversee their imprisonment and labor, and indirectly prompted a challenge to philosophical shifts in the way French leaders envisioned colonial rule during the interwar era.

Africanizing the canon and the politics of Aesthetic Complexity in African Studies Rono Charles Kipngeno African Literature displays unmistakable debt to the continent’s endogenous knowledge, and markers of this particular Africanity have been largely ignored by critics who have mostly

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concentrated on the politics of writing back. In this paper, I argue that this odd African-ness oversight can and should be rectified, with a view to refocusing discussion of African literature on the questions of decolonizing Africanism from theses of Afro-pessimism. As a portal to this paper, I locate these questions at the nexus of Eileen Julien authoritative enterprise of “extroverted African Novels” and I attempt to place African literature at the centre of authoritatively speaking outward to the western world and how it represents locality to nonlocals in the twenty first century. Taking advantage of the recent developments and formulations on the new liberatory perspective the African writing is taking, the paper reads the dynamics of aesthetic complexity inherent in African texts and how these dynamics tend towards canonizing continent’s literature. Whilst there is a tremendous temptation to read the popular texts so that I effectively engage with ‘African spaces’, I opt for the established selected African classics to allow me engage with various interesting philosophical formulations on canonizing, indegeniety, and legitimacy of the would-be African canon. The readings offered in this paper shift the focus of canon to a dialogue within and between the ‘African spaces’ themselves so as to loosen African literature’s bond, somewhat, with metropolitan literature and foregrounds the integration of African studies into the long overdue postcolonial African canon.

China’s Growing Military Peacekeeping Presence in Africa: What benefit(s) (if any) for Continental Security? Mlambo Daniel Nkosinathi "In the 1950s, China was one of the least developed countries globally,nevertheless, today, Beijing’s rise as a global superpower has over the last three or so decades received unprecedented attention not only in academia but from the political, economic and media discourse. The rise of Chinese hegemony has been witnessed in a range of development driven initiatives in Africa spanning from the economic, political, trade and infrastructural spectrums just to name a few. Nonetheless, over the last thirty plus years, there has been increased attention paid to Beijing’s military growth and particularly its presence in Africa through the United Nations (UN’s) peacekeeping initiatives. China’s growing security presence in Africa outlines its motive for preserving regional peace and order for its already lucrative economic cooperation and trade with a range of African states. While others view Sino-African relations as beneficial to Africa, others are not so convinced, citing that China is after Africa’s natural resources for its now flourishing economy. By utilizing a qualitative research approach, the aim of this article is to ponder on Chinese military involvement through peacekeeping missions in Africa and to unearth what gains (if any) these have on continental security presently and moving forward."

T’ Oluwa Ni Ilę ati Ękunrę: Ilę-Orisa ‘Sacred Land’ Governance in Africa: The Nigerian Experience

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Bamidele Oluwaseun Nigeria has been rocked by explosions of conflicts and crises over the years. Majority of these crises have always emerged from the no access to Ilę-Orisa (Sacred Land), such conflict has led to loss of properties and displacement of many people. Specifically, control of sacred land remains a major drive of conflict in Nigeria. Ilę-Orisa is a traditional and indigenous noble belief system among the Yoruba people of South Western Nigeria. This paper focuses on an analysis of the effects of state control on a local tradition, culture and beliefs - Ilę-Orisa in South-Western Nigeria. In doing so, the study provides more evidence to further the assertion that the political economy dependency that resulted from civilization or modernization was not an accident, but rather an international outcome. This paper serves as a significant example of how socio-political economic circumstances cannot be fully understood without substantial knowledge of the past tradition and culture and most importantly the governance crisis over who own the Ilę-Orisa between the state and indigenous or local inhabitants. Through analysis of Ilę-Orisa, this paper used secondary data generated through qualitative techniques, archival records and other secondary data to engage research issues. This paper concluded that the development and economic history of Ilę- Orisa, hold the prospect for understanding the complication, complexities, contestations, and contextualities of the contemporary development of Africa and beyond.

CHALLENGES TO CONFLICT MANAGEMENT IN WEST AFRICA: A STUDY OF THE ECOWAS INTERVENTIONS IN LIBERIA, 1990 AND COTE D’IVOIRE, 2010. Ampomah Emmanuel "Although established to promote economic integration in West Africa, ECOWAS has metamorphosed into a regional security organization concerned with terminating conflicts in the sub-region. Accordingly, ECOWAS has militarily intervened in the numerous conflicts in the sub-region including the Liberian and Ivorian civil wars. The study notes that the fundamental causes of conflicts in the sub-region have not changed, although their dynamics have changed in many ways. Similarly, the approach of member states towards conflict resolution has changed remarkably with time, evidenced by the easing of the Anglo- Francophone tensions within the community. However, ECOWAS faces challenges in its conflict management role, including financial and logistical constraints, lack of consensus on the deployment of ECOMOG, lack of neutrality in peacekeeping operations, and its heavy reliance on Nigeria’s leadership in interventions. These and other impediments have vitiated ECOMOG’s capacity to swiftly intervene in conflict situations. The paper concludes that, overcoming the challenges confronting it increases the capacity of ECOWAS to manage conflict in the region. The study adopts qualitative methodology of research and as such relies on secondary data. (NB: This is a re-submission of the abstract as the earlier abstract submitted did not contain the methodology) "

Challenging the Hegemony of ‘Graeco-Roman’ Classics in West Africa

97 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Asante Michael Okyere Classics as a discipline has a colonial, hegemonic, and elitist past. It has for many centuries been Eurocentric in perspective and focused on the civilisations of ancient Greece and Rome to the exclusion of other equally important civilisations. Recently, attempts have been made to correct these by diversifying the discipline, engaging interdisciplinary approaches to studying the past, and highlighting the contributions of non-Greeks and non-Romans to world civilisation. In this paper, I give a historical overview of how African and foreign classicists in independent Ghana and Nigeria challenged the dominance of ‘Graeco-Roman’ Classics by pursuing an Africanisation agenda which included diversifying the discipline and rediscovering Africa’s contributions to world civilisation. I explain what this ‘Africanisation’ of Classics looked like and draw on recent examples of how classicists at Ibadan and Legon are continuing this engagement through comparative, interdisciplinary and reception studies. While there have been calls for a purely Afrocentric approach to decolonising Classics and breaking its ‘Graeco-Roman’ hegemony, I argue that such attempts should not commit the historical mistakes of Western academe but rather show the way by adopting the concept of “world civilisation” which sees no one civilisation as superior to others and pursues an agenda of not only reclaiming Africa’s civilisations and cultures, but also connecting them to other cultures and civilisations.

DITSONG Natural History Museums; Drivers of Reconstruction of the Past and Nation Building Umoh Samuel & Adetola Oyewo Elizabeth DITSONG National Museum of South Africa was formerly known as the Transvaal Museum. Founded in December 1st, 1892.It is now an amalgamation of eight national museums. The museum is situated in Johannesburg, Gauteng Province, and the only natural history museum in Johannesburg. Since its establishment it has documented South Africa’s. Natural History Museums are imperatives / provides for the collection, conservation, preservation and restoration of national heritage assets and undertakes appropriate research to the public through exhibitions and educational programmes, thereby contributing to nation building and reconstruction of the past as a shift towards an emerging South African museology. Museums are very crucial to the development of the nation. Hirzy, (2003) reiterates that museum as institutions are pertinent to understanding, appreciating the natural world, and the history of civilization. The purpose of this research is to explore the history of the DITSONG Natural history museum prior to its amalgamation. The paper discusses the roles of museum in reconstruction of history and nation building from historical analysis to contemporary trend. This is a sequential exploratory study in that used mixed methods approach (quantitative and qualitative) to explore museum models in South Africa in line with the SPECTRUM standard, the museum collections m with few interviews from curators and directors. Preliminary data found out that intricacies such as legislation, scarce support from the state budget and museum workers are stifling the of role of museums in reconstruction of the past.

98 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Party Politics at the University of Zululand and the Link between the mother body and its student organizations(s). Mpanza Siphesihle Edmund The University of Zululand (UniZulu) is a rural based and previously disadvantaged University located in KwaDlangezwa Empangeni, Northern KwaZulu-Natal. Politics between the mother body and its student organization(s) has over the years taken a centre stage in South African universities. During the elections of the Students Representative Council (SRC), political parties (mother bodies) often visit the campus with the intention of assisting their student organisations who are affiliated to them win these elections. The aim of this paper is to unearth the history of student’s movement(s) in South Africa albeit with the focus on the UniZulu and give an overview of specific prospects and challenges encountered particularly post the democratic era. The paper further aims to focus on the role played by Party Politics at the University of Zululand and the relationship between the mother body and its students ‘organization. Using the qualitative method of analysis, the paper posits that the current student governance at the University of Zululand is influenced by the party politics of the mother body thus making student government deviate from their original agenda of being the voice of students via their engagement(s) with the University management.

A Spiral of Silence for Political Discourse: Examining a Comparison Analysis of the Digital Political Empowerment of the United States and Kenya during the Immediate Previous General Elections Mudavadi Kevin & Prof. Kioko Ireri "Noelle-Neumann’s spiral of silence theory was developed within a mass-mediated context, and it has been widely appreciated and critiqued in several forms by scholars of political communication, who have both either acted in support of it or disagreed with its original formulation. The literature exploring the application of the theory within an online context has highlighted individuals have a ‘quasi-statistical sense’ that allows them to gauge the opinion climate in a society, that is, the proportions of people who favor or oppose a given issue. However, decreased fear of isolation allowed by anonymity, undermine some of the fundamental components of Noelle-Neumann’s model. Drawing on such research, this study therefore, will investigate how digital space empowered voters who otherwise would not air their view in traditional media and dominant political conversations in Kenya during the 2017 marred general elections. Considering the bulling nature in Kenyan political conversations and interactions, this study more so, will identify whether or not people are willing to participate in political conversations via digital platform when their identity is hidden. To achieve this, a survey will be conducted and the findings of the study expected to support the existing literature that investigates the spiral of silence in its online form, that suggest that

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the emergence of digital communication facilitates the willingness of individuals to speak out, while seeming to decrease the fear of isolation, because of users’ perceived empowerment to speak out about politics on digital media and the anonymity enabled by specific types of channel.

La diplomatie touristique du Cameroun. L’apport de la coopération bilatérale, multilatérale et décentralisée au développement de l’industrie du tourisme (1991-2014). DANG A GOUFAN PAUL DERRICK "Cette étude se propose d’analyser la contribution de la diplomatie dans le développement de l’industrie du tourisme au Cameroun. Elaborée à base des sources orale, imprimée, numérique et archivistique, elle met en exergue l’offensive diplomatique dans la dynamique de la construction d’une destination touristique internationale au Cameroun. En effet, depuis 2010, ce pays a intégré le cercle des grandes destinations mondiales. Cette consécration internationale est en partie, la résultante d’une intense activité diplomatique initiée dès 1991. Dans le domaine du tourisme, les coopérations bilatérale, multilatérale et décentralisée ont apporté un appui multiforme au développement de cette industrie. Cela s’est illustré à travers l’élaboration des projets de développement des sites touristiques, le soutien financier, l’appui logistique, la promotion et la valorisation de la destination camerounaise à l’échelle internationale, la mise en place des jalons du tourisme durable… La contribution des entités extérieures dans la construction d’une destination touristique internationale illustre la vitalité de l’outil diplomatique camerounais, mais également la valeur du potentiel touristique de cette ’’Afrique en miniature’’. Mots clés : Diplomatie touristique, tourisme international, coopération multilatérale, coopération décentralisée, Cameroun.

L’action internationale du musée national camerounais. Autopsie d’un programme de promotion du tourisme international au Cameroun. DANG A GOUFAN PAUL DERRICK "La présente communication analyse la nouvelle approche marketing du musée national camerounais orientée vers les touristes internationaux depuis 2010, date de l’intégration de ce pays dans le cercle des destinations touristiques internationales. Elaborée à base des sources orales, imprimées, archivistiques et numériques, elle révèle que, plusieurs initiatives sont mises en exergue pour promouvoir la culture muséale du Cameroun auprès des touristes en séjour dans ce pays. Ces stratégies s’illustrent à travers une collaboration étroite avec les chancelleries étrangères qui proposent aux touristes de leur pays de faire une escale au musée national ; le recours aux médias à audience internationale, la réduction des coûts d’accès aux touristes non-résidents ; la coopération avec l’UNESCO et les Etats-Unis. Au demeurant, si ce marketing de la destination touristique internationale du Cameroun par le biais de son musée national génère des résultats encourageants, il n’en demeure pas moins vrai que cette institution fait face à plusieurs difficultés. Il s’agit en réalité d’une absence d’un personnel

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qualifié, de l’insuffisance des ressources financières et logistique, une absence d’un site internet qui présente d’emblée les produits à visiter et l’entretien professionnel des objets d’art conservés au musée national du Cameroun. Mots clés : Musée national, action internationale, patrimoine muséal, tourisme international, Cameroun.

‘Developmental State’ as an Alternative Development Path in Ethiopia: Miracle or Mirage? Ali Mohammed Seid Ali "As an alternative development track, developmental state ideology has been openly introduced in the public policy makings of the Ethiopian state only after 2000. In essence, developmental state ideology could be understood as building the capacity of a state to address its diverse development challenges. As such, it is basically about creating enabling normative, structural, institutional, technical, and administrative environments in a given state to achieve its national development vision. In this regard, there are five defining features to evaluate as to whether a given state is indeed developmental: democratic nation building practices with committed political leadership, autonomous and effective bureaucracy, coordinated national development planning, sound social policy, and institutional capacity. In light of these conceptualizations and characterizations of the fundamentals of developmental state, the paper aims to contribute to our understanding of the actual state of developmental state ideology in Ethiopia by critically exploring and evaluating its actual performance. Accordingly, the findings of this paper reveal that Ethiopia fails to satisfy the basic standards of being a developmental state as it claims be. Thus, the paper argues that the so-called ‘developmental state’ in Ethiopia is something that is mirage, not actually or really embraced and practiced. Keywords: Ethiopia, Developmental State, Features of Developmental State

Migration development nexus in Africa. Denegetu Dawit Haileyesus Low levels of trade, coupled with relatively high commodity prices for its exports, in some ways helped insulate sub-Saharan Africa from the brunt of the crisis. Although commodity prices were off their peaks, they remained relatively high, due in significant measure to demand from Asia, and commodity exports continued to fuel growth. If growth in Asia remains high, commodity prices may remain higher than in the previous quarter century. But as we have seen, the recent trend is one of modest price declines. As mentioned earlier, prospects for improved aid flows have at best become more uncertain, with modest declines in recent years; and the prospects of further growth of remittances from families working abroad are unclear. Mapping financial access points and diaspora in the sending country; Addressing the irregular migrants’ access to formal remittances by addressing issue of identification in key send countries to Ethiopia: considering best experience of Mexico in

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addressing undocumented migrants living in other countries; Promoting formal routes of migration, with a long term beneficial impacts on improving formal remittances that could go into national development purposes; Support remittance pay-out locations in rural areas through multifaceted approaches: mainly mapping current and potential access points and combining with nationwide surveys on remittances; increase bank branches in right areas and supporting microfinance institution branches and post offices to become sub-agents of banks; Supporting introduction of new technology in payment systems: mainly mobile payments that play crucial roles in reducing costs and improve outreach.

ARE POSTGRADUATES MORE PRODUCTIVE THAN UNDERGRADUATES IN UGANDA? Victoria Kakoozaa, Robert Wamalab, James Wokadalac, Thomas Bwired This study compares the value added productivity of undergraduates and postgraduates from higher education institutions in Uganda. This was done by comparing the causal relationship between value added productivity of labour and the number of undergraduates; versus value added productivity of labour and the number of postgraduates. This study used the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) to investigate these relationships, for the period between 1985 and 2017. The findings revealed that there under graduates had a positive significant impact on the value added productivity of labour. In the long run, the study establishes a positive impact of both graduate levels on value added productivity of labour. The undergraduates had a higher impact than that of postgraduates. In the short run, found a bi- causal relationship between higher education and labour productivity; and a unidirectional causality running from value added productivity of labour to Post-graduates. Key Words: Undergraduates and Postgraduates, Value added productivity of labour, Uganda, Vector Error Correction Model.

A political power of participation: The societal responsive impact on African governance. Hlongwa Mduduzi Vincent Global countries have turned to be fields of politics as they are engrained and led politically. Each country has its own political history that steered it to what it is today. Politics is a calculated phenomenon that entails different sectors of the community advancement programmes and supremacy. The provision of services, policy development and bringing people together to achieve unity are key functions of politics. It is also mandated to look at issues that might cripple the society, the push and pull factors to those issues. Though, politics has a decisive power on social ills, it somehow fails a grip on other social challenges. Almost all African countries are currently faced by the stubborn unemployment rates which increase frequently. Concurrently, we are entering a 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR) era whereby machinery takes over manpower. This might cripple the wellbeing of the community and paralyze the countries’ economies. Therefore, politics has to divert and

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exploit its power advantage in a way that 4IR benefits people mostly in lower grounds. This study will explore measures which can be employed by politics at an expense of 4IR to advance lower ground societies. It will also determine the main features on how the society can adventure into benefitting from this era of advanced technology. This study will employ qualitative research method and secondary data will be utilized with regard to find deeper understanding of challenges associated with 4IR and solutions within. This will be advantageous to different sectors especially of governance in democratic states.

Prophesy Versus Philosophy: Interrogating the Nigeria’s Research Community and Mutual Connivance between Nominal Religiousity and Intellectual Omilusi Mike Opeyemi & Akinyemi, Edward Temitope "While some research studies suggest that religiousity is related to academic decline, others contend that religion has also been directly linked to academic achievement. However, the emerging peculiarity of the Nigerian academics- who are to help solve the economic, social and environmental challenges confronting the country or engaged in promoting infrastructural development- finding sanctuary in religious injunctions, with its attendant consequences on educational development, readily propels a research interest. This study examines how critical socio-political research problems in Nigeria are being explained away with religiousity (encompassing frequency of prayer, frequency of discussing religious teachings, and the overall importance of religion in everyday life) rather than rigorous empirical research engagements by the academics. Drawing largely from desk research and participant-observation method of gathering data, the study also explains the soft landing this development has in intellectual laziness in the country’s ivory towel. Key Words: Religiosity, Intellectual Indolence, Academics, Education, Research

From Africa to the World: Mali and the UN Security Council Resolution S/RES/222 RWENGABO Sabastiano Articulating African agency and perspectives in international relations requires empirical challenge to the notion that African polities are too weak to influence the trajectory of governing global commons, such as security. This paper demonstrates African agency— precisely Mali’s role—in international processes leading to S/RES/2220, the 2015 UN Security Council Resolution on small arms and light weapons. It argues that Africa has not only provided global leadership on developing instruments for controlling illicit proliferation of SALWs but effectively engaged the UN into a process leading to S/RES/2220. Following Mali’s letter to the UN in 1993, initiatives were undertaken that resulted in UN, AU, and sub- regional responses to SALWs: (a) UN Mission to West Africa; (b) Japanese and European support to Africa on the issue as against opposition from the USA; and (a) UNATT negotiations in which Africa maintained its position that SALWs be included in the global instrument despite American misgivings. These findings imply that African agency and perspectives in international security transcend rumblings of small powers and have become

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equally important in the metamorphosis of international security regimes.

Man Must Chop! Informal Road Menders and Precarity of Transport Infrastructure in Nigeria Abati Omomayowa The Nigerian road transport infrastructure is arguably the worst maintained on the continent. The effect of this poor maintenance culture has seen the emergence of a group of informal road menders (IRMs) who employ crude implements to cushion the effect of potholes on urban and suburban roads in exchange for gifts by road users. This paper is thus, an attempt to interrogate the micropolitics of IRMs as a livelihood within the context of road transport infrastructure, informal agency and everyday struggle for socioeconomic survival. It advances the literature on informal transporting and youth agency; illuminating the lived realities of IRMs and road users. The study draws primarily on informal “conversations” witnessed and activated by the researcher while commuting in public transports on several occasions within the last quarter of the year 2018 and first quarter of 2019, photographic images, field diaries, document review of traffic regulations, and non-participatory observation. Triangulating these ethnographic information with interviews of IRMs, commercial transport operators and private vehicle owners, officials of Nigerian Police Force (NPF), Federal Ministry of Transportation, Federal Road Maintenance Agency (FERMA), Federal Road Safety Corp (FRSC) and residents of host communities, the article shows how risks and uncertainties associated with potholes are serving as a socioeconomic resource through which the IRMs and road users leverage the precarious road transport experience in the country.

Does institutional quality foster human capital formation in Africa? An empirical investigation Ouedraogo Idrissa Why African countries are less endowed with human capital than others? While there is evidence that difference in institutional quality does play a major role, the quality of institutions in Africa remains modest. Moreover, the economic analysis is extremely unfocused on the specific forms of institutions most suited to a particular context. The purpose of this paper is to identify the type of institutions that foster educational access in Africa. To this end, we integrated institutional quality indicators into a production function of education based on the Uzawa-Lucas model. This model is based on the general assumption that improving the institutional quality increases the return of educational investment, all of which motivates individuals to invest more in their education. The model is then estimated using the System Generalized Method of Moments and World Bank data for 52 African countries over the period 1996-2016. We find four main results. First, the improvement of institutional quality foster primary, secondary and tertiary education in African countries. Second and specifically, government effectiveness, voice and accountability, rule of law and

104 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

political stability and less violence also foster primary educational access. Third, government effectiveness and regulatory quality also foster secondary educational access. Finally, access to higher education is found to be sensitive to voice and accountability. These results are robust to several tests.

Deaf education and Language-Based Curriculum: The case of the Buea School for the Deaf Dissake Koumassol Midinette Endurence & Gratien G. Atindogbe The big deaf community at school age in Cameroon is accommodated by more than 30 schools for deaf. Deaf and hearing students follow a common language-based curriculum, which aims at developing the speaking, listening, reading, and writing language skills of young Cameroonians in both official languages, English and French. Regrettably, the language-based curriculum of Cameroon gives no place to sign language, the tool of communication of deaf learners. Therefore, the exclusive nature of this curriculum is a serious disadvantage to deaf students. Evidence of this contention is found in their results. Statistics obtained from exams centres reveal that no schools for the deaf ever went beyond 20% of pass in official exams. This is not surprising as they are taught like hearing learners. Using the ethnographic approach, we observed class proceedings in the Buea school for the deaf (BSD) during three months. We focused on Form 3, 4, and 5 students who were getting prepared to write the Cameroon General Certificate of Education for Ordinary Level (CGCE ‘O’ Level). Regardless of the efforts of teachers and school administrators, deaf students experience reading and writing difficulties in both official languages. The exclusive nature of the curriculum complicates learning for them, as deaf students need an alternative curriculum to develop reading and writing skills through sign language. The concept of linguistic accessibility was also discussed, since Cameroon sign language (CSL) is not yet well developed and has no official status. Presently, there are more than three sign languages co- existing in Cameroon.

Living-together and Language Rights: Lessons from Cameroon courtrooms Dissake Koumassol Midinette Endurence Globalization is the watchword of this twenty first century mainly characterized by mobility, conflicts, wars, multilingualism etc. It is therefore crucial to find a way forward for the establishment and maintenance of the spirit of living-together in people’s mindset. According to the European council report of 2011, intolerance and discrimination are the main elements hindering living-together in the world. The report thus firmly recommended the respect of Human Rights like Language Rights. As a matter of fact, Linguistics conflicts are rampart in multilingual nations. Cameroon is one of those nations experiencing social conflicts as a result of its linguistics heterogeneity. Indeed, English and French are the main languages used in Cameroon courtrooms while national languages are left at the backstage. As such, lay Cameroonians involved in legal encounters faces difficulties using English and/or French, leading to unfair judgment in courtrooms. This paper aims at instigating the spirit of living-

105 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

togetherness in Cameroon courtrooms through the respect of language rights of lay suspects and/or accused. Data collected in Buea and Yaoundé courtrooms demonstrates the linguistics intolerance practiced in Cameroon courtrooms. In fact, lay suspects are judged in languages they do not master and are even deprived of the assistance of courtroom interpreters. Being so, this paper advocates for the introduction of linguistics expertise in Cameroon courtrooms in order to ensure the respect of language rights and valorisation of the spirit living-together.

Governance and economic growth, empirical verification in the countries of the CEMAC zone TELIMSEIN ERICK "This article deals with governance and its effect on the growth of countries in the CEMAC zone. Its interest is to show that ""good governance"" positively influences growth in the CEMAC zone and that these countries must undertaking governance reforms to improve their economic growth and develop their economies because of the heavily dependance of oil prices volatility and the trend towards the global energy transition. Our empirical attempt, with dynamic panel data (GMM) during the period 1996-2016, tries to clarify the effects of good governance on economic growth in the CEMAC zone. We test trough the Kaufmann's governance variables the effect of good governance on economic growth on a sample of the six countries of the CAMAC zone. The analysis of the simple and cross-cutting effects of governance variables on governance shows that governance acts positively on economic growth especially through the rule of law, the capacity to advocate and express and the effectiveness of government. In additional, the analysis shows that public consumption expenditure (i.e size of government, increase in operating expenditures) and inflation negatively affect economic growth. This confirms the recommendation to these countries of the CEMAC zone to reap reforms to improve governance and significantly improve their growth. JEL classification : B52, C19, O11, O43. Keywords: Governance - Growth - Development - CEMAC

How Western Scholars can Support their African Colleagues Strohm Rachel African scholars face a range of structural challenges which mean that their contributions to knowledge are often not seen or fully appreciated by Northern academics. We review these barriers to knowledge production and dissemination and highlight four main types of support that can help scholars overcome them. Our discussion addresses the specific roles that different actors within the Northern academic system -- including faculty, journal editors, research funders, and professional associations -- can play in supporting their African colleagues. Alesha Porisky ([email protected]), Tom Wein ([email protected]), Beverlyne

106 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Nyamemba([email protected]),RoseMutiso(rose.mutiso@mawazoinstitut e.org), Virginia Kamonji ([email protected]). N.B. these are all the co-authors; not everyone will co-present. Title reads patronizing and needs to be revised.

Virtuous life and enjoyable life: an overview of the well-being of Zimbabwean migrant women hairdressers in South Africa Mhandu John This article contributes to the scholarship of migrants’ well-being. In contemporary literature, there is a growing consensus that the subjective well-being of migrants coexists with unhappiness owing constraining spaces of social life in the host countries. This article aims to develop a model of happiness and well-being in the context of international migration. There is no model that sheds light on the happiness and well-being of immigrants in host nation- state. In this respect, the model developed in this article is anchored on the subjective experience of Zimbabwe migrant women hairdressers in Durban. This model deconstructs the use of objective parameters to measure happiness and well-being of migrants in host cities. It deploys subjective perceptions and experience of the said research participants to explain the intensities of happiness and well-being in the host country. This model holds that happiness and well-being of immigrants are derived from job satisfaction, job security, self- actualization and representation of enjoyment that determines the absolute quality of life in the host country. The findings drawn from this research suggest that Zimbabwean women migrants working in Durban as hairdressers appear to be happy and satisfied than those who have remained in Zimbabwe. Thus, en route to understand the subjective well-being of Zimbabwean migrant hairdresser, the article conclude that due to social, political and economic predicament in Zimbabwe, the majority of discoursed participant migrated to Durban owing a vision that it is a more ‘liveable’ space perhaps due economic growth and political stability compared to their home country.

Constructing Identities in an Academic Setting: A Study of Newly Appointed Lecturers of the University of Education, Winneba. ANANE AKOSUA ASANTEWAA Several studies have evolved on the identities of academics working in tertiary education institutions across the world. However, in Ghana, little consideration has been given to the construction of identities by newly appointed academic staff in tertiary education institutions. This study, therefore, focuses on how new lecturers negotiate their identities in their new work environment. Guided by identity construction theory, in-depth interviews were conducted with eight purposively selected new lecturers. Data from the interviewees were thematically analyzed. The results revealed that the new lecturers constructed multiple identities in an attempt to gain recognition in their new work environment. In the course of constructing their identities, the newly appointed lecturers employ several strategies in negotiating their ways round the new work environment. They work under internal and external pressure on how to improve their qualifications, research and publications, as well as

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how to meet the expectations of senior colleagues and students. Findings from the study could inform orientation programmes of newly appointed lecturers to the university as well as those in other higher education institutions in the country.

Two paradigms of justice: criminal vs survivor justice in Africa Zambakari Christopher African countries continue to experience civil wars and other low-level violent conflicts. An issue relating to the intractable nature of postcolonial violence and how it should be resolved, is what is the potential for advancing contemporary peace processes and negotiated agreements through the notion of survivor justice? Two paradigms of justice have emerged in Africa in response to mass violence: criminal justice based on the example of the Nuremberg trials; and survivor justice based on political reform and exemplified by the cases of South Africa and Sudan. These two paradigms of justice are compared, with the context undergirding the debate and assumptions of each explored, and how this related to the issues of building peace in Africa. The guiding question is whether civil wars can be ended in courts. I argue that where a decisive military victory is untenable, survivor justice, that is political reform combined with judicial reconciliation, is the best way to resolve Africa’s conflicts. The example of South Africa’s political settlement and the reconciliation process in Rwanda offer examples of solutions for conflict transition to peace. Criminal justice processes – absent a decisive military victory – can act to delay and prevent peace and resolution.

The Role of the UN Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) in Protecting Civilians Zambakari Christopher, Tarnjeet Kang, & Robert A. Sanders In this chapter we explore this issue by investigating the following questions: 1) how can the discrepancy between UNMISS and its mandate be understood within the context of international law? 2) what does the quantitative data available on incidents requiring civilian protection indicate regarding who were the actors involved, the frequency and distribution of events, and the extent of documented fatalities?; 3) what does the public discourse (media accounts, academic publications, as well as UN and third-party investigations) reveal about UNMISS and its PoC mandate? To answer these questions, we first present the international legal context in which the mission operates and identify key areas of concern. We then analyze incidents that took place in the national capital, Juba, as well as the state capitals of Malakal and Bor, to highlight the challenges facing UNMISS in protecting civilians in South Sudan. We make use of data from the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED), concentrating on incidents that occurred in South Sudan between 2011 and 2016.

Somalia in the Age of the War on Terror: An Analysis of Violent Events and International Intervention between 2007 and 2017

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Zambakari Christopher & Richard Rivera This study sought to investigate the geographic location and frequency distribution of three event types – namely violent events, nonviolent events, and events characterized by riots and protests – and the distribution of political and military events and death rates by region. We provided an assessment of various international interventions in Somalia between 2007 and 2017. Our results showed that violent events (N = 17,539, 86.9%) were by far the most common event type, followed by nonviolent events (N = 1,372, 6.8%), with riots and protests accounting for just N = 1,278 or 6.3% of total events. We found that almost one half (48.7%) of the events involved political or ethnic militias, and over 42.95% of events involved rebel forces, with slightly less than this accounted for by the government (40.2% of events) and 29.4% of the events involved civilians. The northern and central regions of Somalia registered the lowest number of events and fatalities, with most violent events and fatalities occurring in the southern regions. There was a burst of fatalities in 2010, and a steady increase in death rate from 2011 until 2017. This violence has not been halted by external intervention, which has led to internal division in Somalia by subverting power dynamics, encouraging political polarization and radicalizing the insurgency and distribution of power, while lacking the resources and political will to sustain the preferred winning faction.

Castes and slavery in Africa: when poverty deserves refugee status d'Orsi Cristiano "My work will investigate the role of traditional discriminatory practices in Africa that, causing an increasing poverty, represent a motive for the forced displacement of individuals that are, in those specific case, also entitled to refugee protection. In Africa, poverty increasingly serves as an additional ‘push’ factor associated with the environmental problems displacing people. For Africans there could be several circumstances linking their poverty with a legitimated request of asylum. One feature could certainly be constituted by the system of that is still found in numerous ethnic groups and in over fifteen countries on the continent, particularly in the Sahel, West African and North African region. An extreme situation linked to the systems and poverty in Africa is also given by the presence, in several countries, still of a de facto form of slavery that, for example, in the Sahel region (and to a lesser extent the ), exists along the racial and cultural boundary of Arabized Berbers in the north and darker Africans in the south. Hence, my work will focus on the analysis of these persistent, highly discriminatory, phenomena on the continent, in order to highlight how rooted cultural traditions are in those countries, traditions engendering an increasing number of poor people deserving refugee status.

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Making Sense of the Teacher's 'Nonsense' in Wole Soyinka's Drama ADEOTI Gbemisola The paper studies the persona of the Teacher and his representation in selected plays of Wole Soyinka. Apart from providing fresh insights into the dramaturgy of Soyinka, the paper interrogates the role of the Teacher, in the agency of Western education, towards the realisation of economic development, social well-being, political stability and cultural emancipation. It attempts a close reading of The Road, The Lion and the Jewel and Alapata, Apata to generate primary data for critical analysis. From Professor in The Road, to Lakunle in The Lion and the Jewel and Teacher in Alapata Apata, the paper contends that the Teacher in colonial and post-colonial Africa is meant to be at the centre of knowledge production for a new Africa where the ideals of Independence come to fruition. But the Teacher is critiqued, sometimes subverted in Soyinka’s plays as the audience is presented an alienated being with a touch of dissociation. As demonstrated in the textual analysis, when the veil of exceptional erudition and seeming eccentricity is lifted, the Teacher is used as the playwright-persona in dissecting the society and delivering social strictures against Africa’s predicament as manifested in corruption, materialism, ascendancy of a culture of impunity, violence, arbitrariness and leadership failure. In its conclusion, the paper submits that through the persona of the Teacher in the selected plays, one deciphers Soyinka’s critique of African socio-cultural realities with a keen attention to their values and imperfections as well as their implications for the future of the continent. Sub-theme: African literatures

From deconstruction to the decolonizing the mind theory: Reading oppression in Ngugi Wa Thiong’o’s Weep Not Child. WILLIAM BARATA MUNGUIKO "This study has a literary, linguistic, social and global humanitarianism potential features which has much to offer to the field of literary research by putting much emphasis on literature produced and being produced in postcolonial periods. Another significance point of the present paper is that it focuses much on the redefinition of the Identity of the subject matter of any literary work to offer a new hope of restoring mankind. As a qualitative paradigm-oriented research, for data collection, both textual and library research approaches were used whereas the data analysis stage made recourse to reader response and pragmatic approaches. As for the results, it has been discovered that Ngugi uses deconstruction device to mark the eclecticism of different conflicting ideologies throughout the course of his narrative and therefore the instability in the meaning of he oppressed identity with a post- colonial victimization discourse. Orientalism, Marxism, and Feminism limits projected Ngugi’s construction of the oppression truth object postulates decolonizing the mind theory as fitting epistemology in questioning the concept of <> .Furthermore, the same epistemological trend proves Ngugi’s commitment in struggling for the denied

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universal status of mankind for centuries denied by the imperialists and addresses the issue of civilizing mankind as a universal fact taken out race, gender, wealth, or geo-spatial possession. Decolonizing the mind theory depicts literature discipline as a universal reconciliation space and sets forth new foundations which promotes peace, pacific cohabitation among nations, democracy, common development… Keywords: Deconstruction, Feminism, Marxism, Decolonizing the mind theory, Oppressed Identity, Weep Not Child

Has the African education system ignored African knowledge? What recommendations do you have for its inclusion? Moinina Victor The education system in Africa has been quite conflicting. This is because, we have been juggling between the English system of education and the French system which totally ignores the indigenous educational system that was in existence before colonialism. This article further examines how European system of Education ignores African indigenous heritage knowledge by citing practical examples on ancient African orthographies and mathematics. Thus the article come up with that unless Africa designs its own curriculum for education system by customizing with African traditions and values ‘Epistemicide’ will continue to plague African generations. Keywords: Indigenous knowledge, synergy, colonialism, pedagogy, Afrocentrism

Africa’s Dialogue with the Global North: An Episode Seifudein Adem Seifudein Adem Just a year after he published his seminal book, The Anarchical Society (1977), Hedley Bull, the distinguished scholar of international relations, described Ali Mazrui as “the most penetrating and discriminating expositor of the ideology of the Third World” and “a most illuminating interpreter of the drift of world politics.” Mazrui and Bull knew each other quite well. Intellectually, it was perhaps one of the most meaningful bonds which they were able to forge. The relationship between the two scholars was meaningful not in spite of the fact that it fluctuated over time, waxing and waning with the changing emphases in the discipline, but because of this very fact. In other words, the fluctuations reflected how the mainstream discipline had been relatively more or less receptive to a discourse on North-South issues and to a different perspective that informed it. By using the changing nature of their relationship as a metaphor, the paper tells a story of how Africa’s dialogue with the Global North unfolded in a specific historical period.

Typology of women entrepreneurs (business manager) in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

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Glodie ZIZI TONGU & Professor Val MASAMBA LULENDO MPANDA "Our study focused on the categorization of women entrepreneurs in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Our categorization looks at the DRC experience in a representative sample targeted in the urban region of Kinshasa, Mbanza-Ngungu and Matadi. The overall objective is to classify women entrepreneurs according to the different typologies of existing entrepreneurs. In concrete terms, this implies identifying the different typologies of entrepreneurs as identified in the literature and, in addition, categorizing Congolese women entrepreneurs according to the various typologies identified. In questioning the motivations of female entrepreneurship, we tried to demonstrate that (1) The classification of women entrepreneurs depends on the nature of their activities, the size of their businesses, their lived experience, their condition civil…; (2) The more the woman entrepreneur is classified by type of entrepreneur, the more she benefits from communication about her activities. Like Filion (2000), our methodology is based on flexible systems because it is a study that compares the ways of thinking and acting of an entrepreneurial actor in relation to his system of activity. Let us affirm from the outset that there are several categorizations on this subject and many authors are interested in it. In his study, Filion (2000) proposes 6 types of entrepreneurs. They are entrepreneurs: lumberjack, butterfly, libertine, handyman, convert, missionary. For our part, we followed the classification model of L.J. Filion (2000) who in his article attempted to unify all the criteria used by other authors who also classified entrepreneurs.

Revitalisation of higher in Zimbabwe: ‘STEM’ as a trajectory to sustainable socio- economic transformation Tanyanyiwa Vincent Itai Universities and the entire education system must be transformed to redress past and today’s inequalities, to serve a new social order, to meet pressing national needs to overcome the fragmentation, inequality and inefficiency which are the legacy of the past and today. Research in higher education should look beyond the education discipline but input from other disciplines and industry. The value of interdisciplinary research and education is that it increases competitiveness: knowledge creation and innovation frequently occur at the interface of disciplines. It also helps to ensure better educational programmes. ZIMDEF should know the existing quantum and quality of skills in Zimbabwe, infrastructure and equipment gaps for the successful implementation of STEM. Zimbabwe has a serious shortage of STEM skills hence the need for a National STEM strategy. Education is a public good. Through a well-funded and relevant curriculum; it can break the cycle of flat economic growth, high unemployment rate, poverty and inequality. The success of Zimbabwe’s success is premised on collective responsibility of government, academia and the corporate world to generate knowledge and skills. Ideal universities should produce public goods to the extent that university education generates new knowledge that leads to new commercial,

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technological, social, political and other innovations beneficial to Zimbabwe. Universities should be hubs for critical thinking and intellectual curiosity. However, evidence on the ground does not point to this scenario. In Zimbabwe, there is low uptake of science subjects by school pupils at secondary school levels.

Rethinking Agrarian Knowledge in Africa: Taking a Journey with Sam Moyo Ndhlovu Emmanuel "The dominance of distorted Euro-North produced knowledge on African phenomena continues to frustrate Africa’s attempts to address historical and socio-economic realities. Africa still struggles for the realisation of basic continental needs: unity, integration, prosperity, peace and tranquillity as espoused in the vision of the African Union (AU) Agenda 2063. The realisation of this vision is left in the hands of Africans themselves. Unfortunately, African intellectuals who are supposed to pioneer this project and thereby create African futures only meekly recent the status quo. This has been clearer in the field of agrarian studies where land reforms such as those witnessed in Zimbabwe have divided African scholars into tow camps: Pro-North and Pro-Africa. Only a limited number of African thinkers such as Sam Moyo have stood up to the challenge of African pessimism. Current research on agrarian change falls short of providing satisfactory understanding of agrarian change as it suffers either from (i) the use of ideological or Euro-North centric approaches which are limited in scope and (ii) a focus on rhetoric at the expense of concrete action and empirical analysis. As a result, our knowledge on agrarian change in Africa remains nascent. The paper highlights the diagnostic potential of taking lessons from the late Sam Moyo in the production of African knowledge.

Names and naming in Gorwaa HARVEY Andrew "Gorwaa (South Cushitic, Afro-Asiatic) is an endangered language, spoken by approximately 133,000 individuals in the Babati district of central Tanzania (Harvey, 2018). Analysis of the use of traditional Gorwaa names shows a continual decline and a reorientation toward Christian, Muslim, and Swahili naming conventions. As such, the naming tradition under examination may itself be viewed as also endangered. This is not trivial, as personal names and how they are bestowed provides a window into the cultural life of a people, as well as into historical language dynamics (Gardner, 1999). Through interviews with Gorwaa people, listening to relevant life stories in the Gorwaa language and cultural material archive (Harvey 2017), and using a list of 750 Gorwaa personal names, collected during fieldwork in Babati district between 2012 and 2016, an ethnographic sketch of Gorwaa naming conventions is provided. Many of the semantically transparent names in the list refer to actions or events – a common theme throughout naming conventions on the African continent (Olenyo, 2011; Neethling, 2012). More specifically, many personal names play a role in warding off evil, ensuring

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family continuity, as well as honouring figures of power. Extensive borrowings from Datooga will be considered as a testament to long-term, sustained contact in the area. Recent borrowings from Swahili and English provide insight into the nature of these relatively new contacts."

Performing Pentecostalism: Gospel Music, Cultural Appropriation and the Interplay between Maasai Culture, Gender and Pentecostal Spirituality in East Africa Damaris Seleina Parsitau A relatively new phenomenon sweeping across Maasailand is the evolution of gospel music that incorporates Maasai indigenous cultural influences in the performances, commercial recording and production of this type of music to produce a hybrid gospel music inspired by Maasai culture and Pentecostal spirituality. The dynamics of this music, I argue, suggests a dynamic re-contextualized genre of music that heavily appropriates Maasai indigenous culture in Pentecostal worship and spirituality. Similarly, Believers and non-believers alike see this type of hybrid gospel music as a medium through which they articulate their faith as intimately connected to their traditional, religious, cultural and spiritual identity. Further it provides believers with a means of expressing a modern Pentecostal aesthetic that incorporates the best of their culture and traditions fused with modernity. It also suggests that culture and modernity when combined together allows Maasai Christians to live out their faith with the best of their traditions while the use and appropriation of Maasai cultural attire and dance suggests on going negotiation of identity and spirituality. Using cultural appropriation theories as well as ethnography carried out in the last two years, this paper examines the evolution of Maasai gospel music and the interplay between Pentecostal spirituality, gender and indigenous cultures in Kenya and Tanzania.

Incorporating Indigenous Education Pedagogies in a Contemporary Formal Education: An Option for Addressing Graduate Unemployment Isabirye James Formal education was introduced in Uganda by the missionaries. They aimed to train people who would facilitate the Christianization and colonization of African backward communities by the civilized western world. Thus, missionaries used pedagogies that disempowered and isolated the youths from their societies, and mentally colonized them into serving foreign interests. Even when Uganda attained her independence, education service remained largely under church control with similar pedagogies. The practice has continued to embed single truth teaching, with domineering teachers, who know everything that they give to learners they assume to know nothing, and who should contribute nothing to the learning context but receive and regurgitate whatever the teacher gave them. This practice of education follows a missionary philosophic despite the changed context. Contemporary education would prepare graduates who can contribute to transformation of their society by exercising their knowledge and expertise that they developed through education. On the contrary formal education has created and escalated youth unemployment—with employers arguing that graduates of the

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contemporary formal school are unemployable—which has increased social distress and questioning of the usefulness of formal education. Curriculum reviews have been proposed by education experts and in some cases, they have been implemented but the problem of youth unemployment is only escalating. This paper seeks to examine pedagogical issues that could be contributing to the huge numbers of unemployed graduates, and possible solutions that are rooted in a constructivist view of learning, and in incorporating indigenous education practices that a contemporary formal school could consider.

Africities: The Search for Fresh Policies in Regional Management of Grassroots Institutions in Africa Ashe Muesiri Oberorakpovioma Africities is an initiative of the African Union of Local Authorities (AULA), later renamed United Cities and Local Governments of Africa (UCLG-A or UCLG Africa). The Africities summit, which is a triennial grassroots programme, started in 1998 with its first edition hosted in Abidjan, the capital city of Côte d’Ivoire in that year. It was meant to initiate new policies with regard to the development of grassroots institutions, particularly the local government system, and to keep the continent in tune with ongoing global innovations in the management of grassroots institutions. This is partly because the lapses or shortcomings in the continental local government system constitute a fundamental challenge to both scholars and policy makers. Therefore, the present study examines the maiden effort and initiative of a project structured from the platform of African orientation, but receptive to global innovations, in search of fresh strategies and policies for rectifying the lapses in the local government institution. This initiative was adopted as a primary device for overcoming grassroots underdevelopment amid a scene tainted with socio-political and economic crises that tended to defy a number of developmental and integrative theories in contemporary history of the continent. The work examines the strengths and weaknesses of the strategies and modes of operations of Africities. It pinpoints the gaps in its intensiveness and horizon with regard to the adoption of appropriate variables in policy formulation and identifies new approaches that can be of significant help in actualization of its goals.

SELF ORGANIZATION AND CULTURAL FRACTAL SPATIAL PATTERNS AS ARTEFACTS WITHIN YORUBA LANDSCAPES Laotan-Brown Dr. Tokie "The Yorubas have known how to organize and give form to their physical environment; how to make their presence in the world perceptible; and also, how to celebrate the values in which they believe, at a cultural but also essential, social construct within the cosmic pantheon of their lives as artefacts. Being part of this intangible aspect, it can equally be said that the resultant Yoruba indigenous architecture was an expression of a living relationship between the realm of the person making shelter, referred to in this paper as the African Oikos or as an artefact, and its context. Through a process of individual and community choices these design consciousness Oju Ona have been accumulated and assembled in endemic

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clusters to create a total conglomeration, the Oikos. This creates an acknowledgement of knowledge methodologies that have spanned aeons.

Building Capacity for Gambian Researchers Tucker Jennifer Marie "Building Capacity for Gambian researchers is the result of a research inquiry in The Gambia, exploring the politics of knowledge and geo-political interests through an African and Afro centric approach to such research. The study responded to the call from African scholars and politicians to rethink African research development using an African framework. Critical dialogue about modern science and indigenous knowledge, new and old ways of knowing and thinking took place with researchers at The Gambian Chapter of the Educational Research Network for West and Central Africa, (ERNWACA), and the Gambian Economic and Social Development Research Institute (GESDRI), and with other academic researchers, practitioners, students, elders, African knowledge producers, politicians and theoreticians. The exploration created conditions for dialogue between different dimensions and paradigms in a discussion of what it meant to be African in the 21st century. This research was part of an inquiry into the paradigmatic characteristics of indigenous knowledge in The Gambia. Knowledge was explored as an integral aspect of ontological theory held by local indigenous Gambian African people, where knowing is relational and participatory. Reports indicated that the general acceptance in Africa of Western knowledge systems and knowledge transfer has meant a loss of African identity, and has created a formal/informal knowledge gap in African society. Western frameworks for research promote a narrow view of research that dismisses non-traditional methodologies. The critical social science research challenges the status quo, its influences and assumptions, and seeks to positively change these by influencing policy approaches to research development.

The African migrations in Costa Rica during the crisis 2014-2018: Ethnography, history and dynamics of the new transcontinental migratory flows. Navarro-Alvarado Guillermo Antonio "This paper analyze the African migratory flows in Central America and Costa Rica, during the so-called ""migratory crisis"" started in 2014 and extended until 2018, from three perspectives: a) the ethnographic analysis that documents and studies the socio-cultural relations of the African migrants groups among themselves and their Asian, Caribbean and Central American counterparts in Costa Rica; b) the examination of the institutional- migratory strategies employed by the Costa Rican government to manage these migratory flows and the treatment of Africans; c) the study of migratory contexts and dynamics involved in the processes of African migration to Latin America Keywords: Superdiversity, Transcontinental, Migration, Central America, Africans

116 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

The ethnography of the “National-Continental” in Edward Wilmot Blyden: from the discovery of Africas to the proposal of a Pan-African nation. Dr. Guillermo A. Navarro Alvarado. The following paper aims to present a systematized analysis of the Ethnohistorical and Ethnographic observations, studies and proposals developed by Edward Wilmot Blyden since his arrival in Africa in 1850, with a view to his organic exploration of the African cultural contexts involved in the West African Coast and to the encounter of new linguistic, religious and social conceptions. From this exposition is intended to explain the political theory of Blyden around the educational, economic and State project defended from the Republic of Liberia and the political contexts involved. In this sense his ethnic / racial vision is explored, the theoretical- epistemic configuration defended in the proposition of the ""African"" as a cultural matrix and the defence of a philosophical and political project that unifies the Pan-African. In short, we question the content of the unit and the difference based on its ethnohistorical and ethnographic interpretative framework and works. Keywords: Epistemology; Ethnography; Liberia; Afro-Americans; Blyden

The African migrations in Costa Rica during the crisis 2014-2018: Ethnography, history and dynamics of the new transcontinental migratory flows Dr. Guillermo A. Navarro Alvarado. This paper analyze the African migratory flows in Central America and Costa Rica, during the so-called ""migratory crisis"" started in 2014 and extended until 2018, from three perspectives: a) the ethnographic analysis that documents and studies the socio-cultural relations of the African migrants groups among themselves and their Asian, Caribbean and Central American counterparts in Costa Rica; b) the examination of the institutional- migratory strategies employed by the Costa Rican government to manage these migratory flows and the treatment of Africans; c) the study of migratory contexts and dynamics involved in the processes of African migration to Latin America. Keywords: Superdiversity, Transcontinental, Migration, Central America, Africans

Waste to Wealth Perspective: Identifying Waste Potentials for Small Scale Business Development in Ogun State, Nigeria Adetola Obatunde Bright The paper addresses the possibility of wealth creation in the real sense of it beyond theoretical postulations, which abound from previous studies on waste in Nigeria. Among such previous studies referenced, a majority did not delve into the real process of turning waste to wealth for the purpose of creating actual wealth. This study therefore intends to achieve actual wealth creation from waste by throwing entrepreneurial challenge to the

117 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

indigenous talented and skilful individuals. A combined descriptive and exploratory research design was adopted, and the social constructionist qualitative orientation was utilized. Following a tool development discussion process with stakeholders in the academia and industry, two (2) waste-entrepreneurs were purposively selected for the study. Interviews and observations were recorded; transcribed and thematically analysed through a manual procedure. The study discovered six ‘waste’ items, that is, maize husk, pure water nylon, banana stem, pineapple leaves, sisalina leaves and areca leaves that are convertible manually into new products such as maize-husk paper products; paving stones/slabs from pure water- nylon; banana stem, pineapple leaves and sisalina fibre for weaving products such as caps, bags, cloths, floor mats, table mats, decorations, and areca-leaves into -nut plates and spoons useful at parties, restaurants and bukas in Nigeria and Africa. Key words: Waste, Wealth, Small Scale, Business Development

The globalization of environmental social research in Ivory Coast universities: Case of Korhogo University in the light of the paradigm of the ‘Great sharing’ convened by Claude Abe DJANE Kabran Aristide The dilemma of what Samir Amin calls disconnection leads the African researcher to reveal a sociology of the bridge between deconstruction, articulation and reappropriation. Also, these three dimensions in distance from the paradigm of Claude Abe's great sharing are observed through the mechanism of social research in environment built at the University of Korhogo in Ivory Coast. Thus, our contribution questions the paradigmatic dissent that underpins environmental social research work in Korhogo, then, she calls the articulation from its indicator "ability of inventiveness from researcher in African situation ", which implies the decompartmentalization of the geographical area. Thus, from 97 articles of social research in environment carried out and published at the University of Korhogo between 2013 and 2017, a grid of content analysis matricilializing the indicators of the dimensions (deconstruction, articulation and reappropriation) are conducted on these secondary data (papers).

Redefining Womanhood: Combating Gender Discrimination in Contemporary Yorùbá and Afro-Brazilian Popular Music OMIDIRE Anike Ruth Though the world development is linked to gender equality, and empowerment of women, nevertheless gender discrimination still exists in the societies. On the other hand, gender scholars and feminists have focused on deconstructing the agency of discrimination and its use of language in feminine subordination, making it imperative to attempt a proper deconstruction and demystification of language as a weapon in combating gender inequalities. The present paper seeks to undertake a feminist analysis of womanhood and the language used to construct the concept of womanhood in contemporary Yorùbá and Afro- Brazilian societies through musical expressions. To that end an attempt shall be made to see

118 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

how the songs, ""Obìrin ni mí"" by Shola Allynson Obaniyi and ""Mulher"" by Mariene de Castro can be seen as a direct affirmation of womanhood and independence values of the Yorùbá and Afro-Brazilian women. Key Words: Gender discrimination, Human Rights, Womanhood, Culture"

Environmental Conservation and Preservation of Cultural Heritage: The Place of Mt. Kenya among The AGikuyu Peoples of Central Kenya MWANGI MARYANN Modernization and the accompanying rapid urbanization witnessed in Kenya from the beginning of the 21st Century has seen the destruction of the forests and various forms of cultural heritage, give way to human settlement and development of industries and infrastructure. Farming, timber logging, forest fires have been identified as other practices that have put pressure on land and affected the natural and heritage resources. The importance of conservation of the ecosystems and cultural heritage is increasingly being acknowledged both locally and internationally due to the resultant climate change which has caused extreme weather patterns and drought. This has extended to the animals, marine life and plants where some have been exploited to the point of extinction necessitating a legal framework and international treaties for their protection. Indigenous beliefs and practices have over the years tried to protect sacred sites, forests and animals more so those practicing totemism thereby ending up conserving them. For the Agikuyu peoples of Central Kenya, the once magnificent snow-capped Mount Kenya which was believed to the earthly home of God has lost much of the snow and its trees and some streams and rivers are drying downstream due to deforestation, soil erosion and other effects of destruction of the eco-system. This paper will therefore seek to find out the Agikuyu indigenous knowledge and practices they used on environmental conservation and preservation of cultural artifacts and heritage and the challenges they are facing in utilizing this knowledge in order to combat the environment crisis being faced today.

Legbism: Non-Political Nationalism, Cosmology, and Inductive Theoretical Development in Nigerian Women’s Intellectual History Martin Maria According to African women’s theorizing, nationalism can be non-political. Women of the Federation of Nigerian Women’s Societies developed a theory of non-political nationalism which has been ignored by those who have built a narrative of politically elite male led African nationalism. This paper, using both archival and interview data with grounded theory, argues that Nigerian women’s nationalist theorizing was a function of their agency and culturally relevant gender ideals. It highlights a research process, that centered inductive theoretical development, which resulted in an original African centered framework. I call this framework Legbeism. It has been derived from a pre-colonial Yoruba cosmology of gender. Lebeism embodies what I call relative perception (non-biological determinism) between men and women and serves as a premise for developing a more accurate understanding of

119 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Nigerian women’s intellectual thought, in regard to nationalism. This research brings their cultural perspectives on gender and society into a conversation with their intellectual thought and activism. The research focuses on the relationship between their intellectual development of non-political nationalism and leadership and what this means for broadening the historiography of African intellectual history. The theory, very importantly, offers an African-centered framework to investigate women’s declarations and definition of non- political nationalism. The research concludes that Legbeism, being rooted in a cosmological trajectory of Yoruba culture, is suited to uncover and evaluate characteristics of Nigerian women’s leadership and intellectual thought in the nationalist movement and the perceptions that constituted their gendered nationalist theory.

Exploring the Wellbeing of Higher Education Students in Africa through Post-colonial Feminist theory Nwako Zibah "The current focus of wellbeing discourse in diaspora, particularly the United Kingdom, is on the mental and emotional health of students in higher education (HE). This raises questions concerning the wellbeing of students in Africa, particularly female undergraduates in Nigeria; and the topic was explored through a post-colonial feminist theoretical perspective. Using a critical participatory methodology, the research studied the lived experiences and current realities of fifteen female students as primary sources, which provided African contextual epistemic knowledge. Methods used to collect data were observations and fieldnotes, campus walks, participatory mapping and discussions using vignettes, and qualitative interviews. The data produced socio-cultural, political and environmental factors that impact on wellbeing. At the conference, I intend to present one of the main findings of the study, that is the extent to which a dearth of mental health provision and discourse contributes to ‘negative capabilities’ (Unterhalter, 2017) for HE students in Africa. Valuable insights for future research and policy will be proposed, including the implementation of new gender-based re- orientation processes, decoloniality in African HE and the creation of sustainable collaborative communities for emancipatory justice and transformational practice. Works referred to: Unterhalter, E. (2017). Negative capability? Measuring the unmeasurable in education. Comparative Education, 53 (1), pp. 1-16.

Understanding Kenyan Agency in the Acquisition and Utilization of Chinese Development Finance in Transport Infrastructure, 2003-2017 OTELE OSCAR "In less than two decades, especially in response to China’s renewed engagement in Africa at the dawn of twenty-first century, a growing body of literature on “China-Africa relations” has emerged. A majority of scholars, however, have focused their attention on China as the driver

120 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

of engagement. African side of the engagement has been under-researched and under- theorized. This study was motivated by the desire to understand the role of Kenyan political elites in negotiating Chinese development finance in transport infrastructure. Using a longitudinal case study of Kenya’s acquisition and utilization of Chinese development finance in the transport infrastructure from 2003 to 2017, the study established that the extent to which Kenyan political elites contributed to safeguarding the country’s national interests during the acquisition and utilization of Chinese development finance varied across time and space. In 2003, in the context where China was gradually increasing presence in Africa, in her quest to diversify external sources of finances it made strategic sense for Kenya to approach China. However, as China intensified her engagement in Kenya’s transport infrastructure, the ability of policy makers to define agenda in some sub-sectors was constrained. Despite the apparent attractiveness of Chinese development finance, due to varying perceptions of material factors defining China-Kenya relations, the Kenyan government obtained “favourable” loan agreements for some infrastructure projects and not in others. Empirical evidence suggests that Kenyan implementers gradually ensured that some materials and equipment used in Chinese funded projects were sourced locally, same as the sourcing of labour and knowledge sharing.

Indigenous Inter-Ethnic Peace Building and Conflict Resolution Institution: The case of Gurraacha among the People of South Central Ethiopia Lenin Kuto "This article deals with Gurraacha institution, which is very important in inter-ethnic peace building and resolving conflict among people of south central Ethiopia. This institution was named after the Oromo term ‘Gurraacha’ (literally meaning black) to indicate its power in inter-ethnic peace building and conflict resolution. It is one elements of Oromo Gadaa system which was established time immemorial to sustain peace between Oromo and non-Oromo neighboring ethnic groups. The data for this study was collected through interview, observation and focus group discussions. As revealed by this study, Gurraacha institution is a guarantee for sustaining peace among people of south central Ethiopia by managing conflict over boundary, grazing land, looting cattle and water points. Overall, the study concluded that Gurraacha institution has real significance in inter-ethnic peace-building and sustaining social harmony and inter-ethnic conflict resolution. Therefore, using this indigenous institution for future policy formulation in the country as inter-ethnic peace building and conflict resolution model is important for the realization of sustainable peace and development. Keywords: Gurraacha institution, peace building, Gadaa system, inter-ethnic

Promoting Democratic Decision Making for Academics’ Work Performance in Ugandan Public Universities Okongo Wilberforce

121 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

"Democratic decision making approaches by university academic unit managers are vital for improved scholarly productivity of academic staff’s regular work performance in Ugandan public universities. We undertook to examine the decision-making approaches of the academic unit managers in tandem with the work performance of the academics in the Ugandan public universities. The paper objectives are to: examine the role of democratic decision making approaches by the academic unit managers in the Ugandan public universities on the work performance of the various categories of university academics, examine the democratic decision making issues and benefits and expalain the.implications of academic productivity on education for sustainable development. The cross-sectional survey study employed a mixed quantitative and qualitative data collection instruments that involved academics from assistant lecturers to professors in three public universities in Uganda. Up to 325 respondents participated in the survey that was backed by in-depth interviews. Preliminary findings indicated that a high work performance of the academics was directly related to the democratic management style which the decision makers at various unversity academic units practiced. We concluded that democratic decision making approach promotes academic freedom, opennes, motivations, and high academics’ productivity in regular work. It is recommended that academic unit managers who aim to achieve better staff performance for university competetiveness should adopt the democratic decision-making moodel for enhanced academics’ work performance output. Key words: Decision making, democratic, academics, work performance, public university, Uganda

Effectiveness of Decision-Making Approaches by Academic Unit Managers on Academics’ Performance Okongo Wilberforce, Kyambogo University & Makerere University "We focused on the decision-making approaches (DMA) of the academic unit managers in tandem with the work performance (WP) of the academics in the Ugandan public universities. There have been a flurry of complaints from different key stakeholders regarding the deteriorating quality of teaching, research, and community engagement in public universities in Uganda. The objectives of the paper are to: examine the main types of decision making approaches which unit managers of the Ugandan public universities practice, establish the impacts of the decisions which unit managers make on the work performance of academics, assess the effectiveness of the decision making approaches on the academics’ productivity, and explain the role of universities in promoting SDG 3 through curriculum innovations. Accordingly, the researcher hypothesized that the problem could have been gaps emerging from the types of decision-making used by the unit managers while performing their duties. As a result, the research was approached from the positivists research paradigm with a focus on the pragmatic philosophical approach in which both the quantitative and qualitative data were triangulated from 325 respondents with the use of questionnaire survey, and in-depth interview methods. The study findings revealed that low and high WP have a direct bearing on the type of DMA used by unit managers in Uganda. The study concluded

122 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

that the kind of DMA that academic unit managers employ when interacting with their institutional academics, have direct effects on the academics’ routine work performance. Key words: Decision making, academics, work performance, public university, Uganda

What can documentary linguistics do to ecosystems, biodiversity and culture endangerment/loss? Atindogbe Gratien G. "The purpose of this paper is to show that documentary linguistics (DL) is an appropriate response to not only language endangerment, a fact and a serious contemporary issue in Africa, but also to biodiversity, ecosystems and culture endangerment/loss. With pictures and videos from my fieldwork during the documentation of two endangered Bantu languages of Cameroon, I argue that DL, as a team-based activity, demands that the researcher, in documenting languages, equally documents the biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment (ecosystem), the variety of plant and animal life in the world or in a particular habitat (biodiversity) and the ideas, customs, and social behavior of the people or society (culture). A by-product of DL, the documentation of specialized vocabulary and cultural knowledge for instance, is the production of local language field guides to national biodiversity (zoonymy, phytonymy and myconymy). This allows fixing the onomastics and knowledge related to the ecological systems of the area under investigation, and then constitutes a pretext to (re- )establish the link between human and nature, the condition for sound psychological development. Within the LD perspective, which is essentially multidisciplinary, the evaluation and protection of environment cannot fit in a theoretical framework based on the nature-culture dichotomy, but must be seen as a three-entry continuum, nature-culture- human, where all three components intermingle to stand as the source for genuine identity, innovation, creativity and sustainable economic growth.

The Effect of Autocratic Decision-Making by on Work Performance of Ugandan Academics Okongo Wilberforce & Kyambogo University "We present the key issues and effects of any autocratic decision-making approaches by the unit managers on the work performance of the academics in three typical Ugandan public universities. The research was prompted by the persistent complaints and reports from different key stakeholders regarding the deteriorating quality of teaching, research, and community engagement in public universities in Uganda. The objectives of the paper are to: explain the issues, processes, and consequences of an autocratic approach to decision making by academic unit managers on the regular work performance of academic staff in the public universities, examine the role of academics’ in promoting the competitiveness of universities for better ranking at national, regional, or global levels, and establish the incentives for different types of academics’ productivity. We employed a cross-section survey with mixed

123 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

quantitative and qualitative methods in addition to the in-depth interviews. We studied the effects of autocratic decision-making strategies at three national universities in Uganda. The study findings were very disappointing because tentative findings revealed low work performance as a consequence of the practice of an autocratic decision making employed by the academic unit managers in Uganda. The study concluded that autocratic academic unit managers are instrumental in demoralizing academic staff with resultant low performance. Academics’ work performance productivity is vital for university competitiveness for high institutional ranking. Universities have a critical role to play for the attainment of the SDG 4 for national progress towards education for sustainable development in Uganda. Key words: Autocratic, academics, performance, universities, SDGs.

Skills Acquisition and Employment Opportunity for Graduates of Higher Education: An Analysis of Public Universities in Cameroon Etomes Sophie Ekume Graduates of higher education are the major inputs into the labour market and instruments of major changes in the society. This is only possible if the skills acquired are relevant to the society as a whole. This study examined skills acquisition and employment opportunities for graduates of public universities in Cameroon. Four research objectives guided the study which examined the extent to which social, technical, conceptual and entrepreneurial skills acquired by graduates enhance their employability. Based on the objectives, major indicators include job opportunities, pay roll, quality of jobs and difficulties faced in the job market. The population of the study consists of graduates with bachelors’ degree and employers. Purposive sampling was used to select the sample for the study. Questionnaire (closed and open ended) of both French and English was used to collect data for the study but the French questionnaire will be translated to English before analysis. The quantitative data was analyzed using the descriptive statistics (frequency count, percentages and mean) while the opened ended questions were analyzed using thematic analysis approach with the aid of key concepts/themes, groundings and sampled quotation. Results are expected to bring out the link between skills acquired by graduates and the job market. Based on the results, recommendations will be made to policy makers, university administrators and students.

Decolonizaing Climate Science for Africa: The Place of Indigenous Knwleldge Nwaka Geoffrey Global inequalities today derive largely from the unequal power relations in the way knowledge for development has historically been produced and applied. The paper argues that climate science, like other branches of knowledge, needs to be thoroughly decolonized, and that Africa should search within its own knowledge systems for appropriate ways of tackling its development challenges. Africa contributes least to, but suffers the most from the disastrous consequences of climate change. How can the continent cope better with the worsening threats of flooding, drought and other emergencies that result from extreme

124 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

weather conditions. Most traditional African societies have deeply entrenched ideas about the ecosystem. They believe that land and other forms of nature are sacred, and are held in trust by the present day users on behalf of dead ancestors and future generations. Local communities have over the years developed intricate systems of forecasting weather systems in order to prevent and mitigate natural disasters; traditional techniques of soil management, pest and disease control, adopting suitable crop and animal varieties, and other coping strategies that have ensured traditional resilience. We argue that while Africa stands to gain form global science and international best practices, indigenous knowledge offers a model for rethinking and redirecting the development process, and for enlisting traditional values and institutions in their own development. Development agents and their consultants, who often assume a knowledge or capacity vacuum in Africa, should instead try to tap into the vital resource of indigenous knowledge for locally appropriate ways for climate resilience and truly sustainable development.

Influence of Quality Service Delivery dimensions on performance of universities on performance of universities in Kenya Soko Jeketule "Purpose Today, there is increase in competition in the higher education sector and consequently universities face challenges of low student numbers. This research sought to find out the influence of Quality Service Delivery dimensions namely, Tangibles, Assurance, Reliability, Responsiveness and Empathy on performance of universities in Kenya mediated by Competitive Advantage. Method This quantitative used a sample size of 378 respondents from 17 chartered universities in Kenya. Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings The study revealed that the four dimensions of Quality Service Delivery namely Assurance, Reliability, Responsiveness and Empathy, had a positive relationship with performance of universities and were statistically significant. However, Tangibles had an inverse relationship and was not statistically significant. This strengthens the theoretical argument upheld by the resource-based view about resources being key to performance. Recommendations The study recommended that universities should encourage the faculty to carry out action research in order to improve their practices and that departments in universities should carry out regular assessments of their departmental service delivery in order to continuously tailor their programs to the market demands. Finally, the study recommended regulators to carry out regular inspections and continuously put in place ways of strengthening implementation of policies that enhance quality in universities.

125 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Key words: Competitive Advantage, Quality Service Delivery, Universities, performance of universities, Tangibles, Assurance, Reliability, Responsiveness, Empathy.

Sex, Queer & African Sexualities Owusu Iris Bongi "Same sex and queer is a new topic in Africa, which might be the reason why there are different approaches in dealing with the issue. Though South Africa has legalized same sex marriages in 2006, there are still some areas where the topic is still a taboo especially in rural areas of Kwa-Zulu Natal, this has led to breaking some families as this causes the division within family structure as there will be family members who are supporting the member who is either gay, lesbian or queer while others are against it. In 2015, Angola and Tanzania also removed anti-gay legislation, this shows that eventually the continent will support same sex marriages and those involved will not be prosecuted. Data and Methodology Data was collected by sourcing out information from documents that are addressing the issue of same sex relationships in Africa. This has assisted me since the literature on the topic is readily available as it is still the new topic especially in some part of Africa, and most writers/ authors are researching about it.

The modes and meanings of African agency in the rise of contemporary African art in the international art market Kabov Valerie To those involved in contemporary art on the continent, the phenomenon of the rise of contemporary African art is described almost invariably in euphoric terms of arrival, recognition and participation. However the economic realities of the international art market and participation of African artists and stakeholders in that market spell a different story. Interest in contemporary art from the continent over the past decade has definitely been impressive and has resulted in the growth of the market for African artists and has seen increased development of local art sectors on the continent. However factually the vast majority of the market for the artistic production of African artists is outside the continent, moreover, the market attention for African artists has attracted a lot of Western based galleries and other intermediaries, who are better placed than their African counterparts to engage the Western market interest, thereby intercepting the opportunities for development of art sectors on the continent as well as skewing the nature of the dialogue between African art sectors and the Western audiences – what is seen and how it is seen. In this context agency of African actors is unequivocally impeded and replicates some of the modes of raw material exports and stifling genuine vernacular cultural expression and connection with local audiences. Seduction of the market must be debunked not only to secure meaningful art sector development on the continent but also artistic heritage and cultural self-determination.

126 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Governance and Political Development in Nigeria: A Study of Nasarawa South Senatorial District, 2011-2018 Egwu Michael C. The proposed study seeks to investigate the correlation between governance and political development in Nigeria, with reference to a field survey carried out in Nasarawa South Senatorial Zone of Nasarawa State of Nigeria. This is against the backdrop of the prevalence of crisis of governance in Nigeria. Using a survey research that relied on the instrument of questionnaire, and appropriating of the governance-development nexus postulate, the study examines the state and trajectory of development in the focal area from 2011 to 2018 with a view to ascertaining how good governance has impacted political development in that context. The study assumes that there is a strong correlation between good governance and political development in the area of study which is measurable by the possible changes in the indices of political development within the focal area and period. The outcome of the study would highlight its implications for the theory and praxis of democracy and political development against the backdrop of the prevailing literature. Keywords: Democracy, good governance, primitive accumulation,

Tish – Smoke bath: Traditional Women’s knowledge on Application of Wild Plants for Therapeutic & Beautifying Purposes Teclehaimanot Senait Bahta In almost all African societies, women systematically apply wild plants for therapy, comfort and aroma. The plants are collected while still soft and fresh, and put in Gubitish, a small hole dug on the ground in one corner of their house. They put fire below the plant leaves to produce smoke and a woman sits on a small stool above the Gubitish, her body gets smoke bath. It makes her swet and cleanses her body. Her body gets warmth so becomes relaxed, softer, good texture and good scent. The practice avoids serious health problems women suffer from. Ultimately, the couple gain from it. Hence, men participate in collecting the plants, supporting its beautifying and therapeutic impact. This research focuses on Eritrean women’s practice of Tish - smoke bath. Unstructured interview method is used to collect data from women who practice Tish. As Eritrean culture dictates only married women practice smoke bath, forbidding young girls, the cultural belief will be examined. The meticulousness of the practice will be examines by testing a sample of the plants including Terminalia brownii, Euclea shimperi and Senna singueana, using lab method. More important is the perception of medical personnel on the uses of such plants to verify the plants’ medicinal value. It is argued that women’s knowledge and practice of Tish - smoke bath, could have contributed to women‘s good health in the past. Mainstreaming such traditional knowledge and practice in school curriculum is fundamental for societies’ health.

127 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Key words: Tish, Beautifying, Wild plants.

As the Leonel Franca Elementary School of São Paulo-Brazil has been complying with Law 10.639 / 2003 and the precepts of the International Decade of Afro-descendants Teixeira Albuquerque Fellipe Eloy In accordance with Law No. 10,639, which amended the Guidelines and Bases of Education (Law No. 9.394 / 96), making it compulsory to include in the official school curriculum of Brazilian schools the theme "History and Afro-Brazilian Culture". Like the decision ten years later, in the General Assembly of the UN, through its Resolution n. 68/237 of December 23, 2013, to proclaim the International Decade of Afrodescendants, beginning on January 1, 2015 and ending on December 31, 2024, with the theme: "Afro-descendants: recognition, justice and development." Art teacher Fellipe Eloy presented a proposal for visual intervention (MEMORIAL IN HONOR TO THE GREAT PERSONALITIES OF AFRICA AND ITS DESCENDANTS IN THE WORLD) that meets both legal frameworks for the administrative and teaching staff of the Municipal School, Father Leonel Franca. This presentation aims to present the challenges, methodologies and results obtained with such educational proposal, in order to stimulate new approaches of the type in Brazilian and world schools.

Colonial Education in Rhodesia Zimbabwe) Dr Donald Peter Chimanikire The colonial education system sought to create a ‘Black English Man’ referred to as pseudo- bourgeoisie. Without doubt, the establishment a white oriented education system was a colonial project to consolidate colonialism. The colonial education system was hostile towards the African identity and sought to dominate African culture. Through this cultural imperialism, indigenous Zimbabweans were defined and portrayed as inferior to Europeans. These early schools were an attempt by the British to destroy Zimbabwean cultural values and replace them with Western values to ensure continued existence of their imperialist ideology even after the country attained independence. As such, today the education system is symbolised by an inclination to the West that promotes the cultural values of the colonisers at the expense of local norms. The problem with the current education system is that it is not built around the critical recognition that we went through a bloody liberation struggle. As a result, most learners view the liberation war as a myth and know more about Western war histories which they are exposed to in the schools. One of the major weaknesses of the present curriculum has been the absence of an underpinning philosophy to guide our education system.

128 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Therefore, to fully comprehend and appreciate policies and challenges that educational planners and administrators face, we need to explore the history of education and how it shapes much of the post-colonial education system in Zimbabwe.

The in-flow of Refugees in the Tanzanian Northern Western Border Regions: their contribution to arms trafficking and importation Emmanuel Marius This paper presents findings of the study conducted to find out the in-flow of refugees and their contribution to arms trafficking and importation in the Tanzanian western regions borders. A multiple research design was adopted for the study in which purposive technique was employed to select a sample size of 134 respondents and 40 participants. Data were collected using a variety of methods, that is, a questionnaire, key informant interviews and documentary review. Qualitative data were analysed using content analysis. Quantitative data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) whereby descriptive statistics were utilized.The study found that, the in-flow of refugees into Tanzania is very much connected with the importation of illegal arms and trafficking across the border regions. The results show that 43% of respondents among refugees indicated that they have a very bad relationship with the hosting community. Among hosting community members 45.79% stated that refugees have increased illegal arms importation while 83.98% of hosting community indicated that refugees contribute to illegal trafficking and arms importation in Tanzania. It was shown that strategies put in place to maintain peace and security of both hosts and refugees were not effective as refugees could meander or rather roam around and outside the camps. The study, amongst others, recommends that effective plan should be made to increase the number of security personnel.

Monitoring the Media during Elections a Contribution to Good Governance Butandwa Solomon James Monitoring the media during elections is a contribution to Good Governance. Domestic and International Election Observers consider media behavior to be a central element in determining whether an election is “free and fair”. Monitoring the media to gauge its behavior in light of internationally accepted standards and practices is an important part of election observation. The Mass Media in providing access for political contestants to communicate their messages and in presenting news about political parties, political leaders and matters of political importance is vital to the integrity of the electoral process as the most voters gain essential information about politics through mass media. Monitoring the media tries to quantify and qualify time dedicated to political candidates and political parties by the media. This analysis is produced as charts.

129 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

The time dedicated to individual political entities is measured in seconds in broadcast media. It can be time dedicated to the live appearance of a politician, a quotation or the appearance of a political representative. In newspapers, an area dedicated to the political entities is measured in centimeters including pictures. The term balanced news coverage means that an information outlet covers events in such a manner that it offers balanced time or space to relevant parties and candidates.

AN OVERVIEW OF THE AFRICAN ECONOMIC INTEGRATION PROCESS IN VIEW OF THE CONTINENTAL FREE TRADE AREA Pasara Michael Takudzwa African governments signed the largest trade agreement, the Continental Free Trade Agreement in 2018 in order to boost intra-trade thereby improving economic welfare of African citizens. This paper provides an overview of the obstacles to the African economic integration process experienced in the past and the possible solutions. The paper discussed the theoretical postulations and empirically reviewed some African experiences. Some theoretical aspects included not only the traditional international trade theories but also other non-orthodox theories such as organisational theories which include intergovernmentalism, neofunctionalism and neorealism. Empirically, Africa’s economic integration challenges range from economic such as polarisation of benefits towards larger economies at the expense of smaller economies, an unclear model of distributing welfare gains (or losses), traditional trade models which do not stimulate intra-African trade, several non-tariff and institutional barriers among other factors. Other challenges include lack of political will to implement signed trade contracts and political instability in some economic regions which results in small and fragmented markets. The paper also discussed the legal challenges such as lack of standardisation on products and procedures which result in subjectivity in interpretation of trade instruments. The paper made recommendations to each identified challenge in order to make the CFTA more effective.

Jijiinkom: The best political system for Africans Ndengwe Francois Chairman "Here is the seminal question I’ve asked myself: “what is the best political system for Africans?” Democracy is the answer we always receive. Ok. The paper shows that this answer is not only wrong, but it’s misguiding, has created, and keeps creating havoc in Africa. Today, democracy is unanimously considered superior to all the political systems that have existed in human history. More than that, it’s also unanimously admitted that democracy is, forever, the most perfect political system and no other political system superior to it could ever be designed. I challenge those views.

130 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Contemporary opinion worldwide swallows the view that democracy is the best ever political system, but it has forgotten that this view is very recent in human history. One can date that view from Winston Churchill’s famous quote, in the House of Commons on 11 November 1947: “Many forms of Government have been and will be tried in this world of sin and woe. No one pretends that democracy is perfect or all-wise. Indeed, it has been said that democracy is the worst form of Government except for all those other forms that have been tried from time to time.” The paper attacks that opinion, in particular in Africa. It demonstrates that democracy cannot work in Africa, for one main reason: demographic heterogeneity. Moreover, I propose jijiinkom, a political system that is superior to democracy, in terms of steering progress and harmony, with an equal weight to both terms, “progress” and “harmony.”

Security Agencies and Electoral Processes in Africa: A Review of Elections in Nigeria, 2015-2019 KINGE RUTH FANNY The role of Security Agencies as critical stakeholders in electoral processes in African States cannot be overemphansized given the spate of violence during elections. It is widely acknowledged that elections are supposed to be significant pillars in a democratic process since they underscore the twin priciples of political participation and accountability, however, it is during elections that notable violations occur. The paper interrogates the composition of security personnel deployed to ensure law and order during elections in Nigeria with reference to the Police and Armed Forces. It is argued in this paper that ensuring law and order during elections in African States has become cumbersome, and in the particular case of Nigeria the security agencies further compound violations and limit the electorate in various ways. Relying on secondary sources of information it is revealed in the paper that the spate of violence during elections in Nigeria is perpertuated by the seemingly “everyone must win” phenomenon, and the heavy presence of security agents at polling units and strategic locations within the cities during elections sometimes frighten the electorates who forfeit their chances to cast their votes. The paper recommends complete digitalization of electoral processes in Nigeria. This will ensure the use of fewer security personnel at polling units thereby reducing heavy military presence as has been the case since the inception of democracy in 1999.

Legislating the freedom: labour policies in Portuguese Africa, 1850-1910. Espindola Souza Maysa From global history approaches, this research explores the free labor policies instituted in Africa by the Portuguese State between the years 1850 and 1910. “Portuguese Africa” experienced in the post-emancipation the proliferation of work arrangements in which legally free people were subjected to compulsory labor. The large-scale use of forced labor and the incessant attempts to transform the overseas populations into hardworking workers according

131 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

to the ideals of the European political economy were not a specificity of Portuguese colonialism, however, what we intend to analyze in this project are the strategies employed to achieve it. In this sense, I argue that legislation was central to producing the legality of colonial policy. Gradually the areas under Portuguese dominion enjoyed legal pluralism that was not previously foreseen by the ordination, the colonies came to have specific legislations relative to the work under the justification that Portugal respected "the customs and customs" of the African natives, however, this process demonstrates how laws resulted from dynamic processes in which the dominated peoples also tried to demonstrate to some extent what was repugnant or acceptable to them. The theme of legal pluralism in the administration of free labor during colonialism presents a different interpretation of the classic analyzes of the history of law, since it exposes how colonial and metropolitan legislation were crossed by customary rights, readings of juridicity and resistance that does not dialogue with the interpretation of a European law applied indiscriminately overseas.

Arms Control and Insurgency in North Eastern Nigeria: Implications on National Security Kinge Ruth Fanny & Maina, William Akipins Since 2009, Nigeria’s North Eastern Region has been in the grip of a vicious movement of extremist’s terrorism orchestrated by the Boko Haram group. Amidst the militants uprising, men of the force and young men were specifically targeted as they were coerced to serve as members of the group or used to instill pain on the government. However, the group’s activities later engulfed every member of the Nigerian society, with women and girls frequently being kidnapped. It is the argument of this paper that the group’s activities have ensured the proliferation of arms into the country and this has steadily fueled violence, undermined peace arrangements, leading to increased number of displaced persons in the region, with more people abducted, killed, or moved or displaced as refugees to other countries in the globe. Using the elite theory, the paper argues that the elite who control the political and economic structures determine the ideological and psychological direction of the society at the expense of the masses. It is revealed in the study that the weak apparatuses used to manage key societal reforms, successful community building and the designs of appropriate interventions to minimize youth recruitment by insurgent groups severely undermines national security Keywords: Arms, Insurgency, Boko Haram, Elite, Community, Security, National Security

Femicide in Camps d’Otages: What the French colonial administration committed in Africa is unique in history Ndengwe Francois "May 1904: doctor Fulconis a French military officer, arrived in Bangui, the capital city of today’s Central Africa Republic. That country was aggression French colony. The French

132 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

government had recently posted Fulconis there. The day after his arrival, he set to visit Bangui. As he was passing in front of a building whose door was locked from the outside, screams reached his ears. He opened the door and faced the most abhorrent scene: femicide, enchained black African women, most of them killed. They were en route to Camps d’Otages. What are the Camps d’Otages? Who built them? When? For what purpose? How did they function? What was the victims’ fault? Why the total blackout on this absolute evil? These are some of the questions the paper answers. The paper’s topic covers what was Afrique Equatorale Française, namely Chad, Central Africa Republic, Congo, Gabon and almost certainly also French Western Africa and Madagascar. Hundreds of millions of people on millions of square kilometers. The victims may have been around millions, exclusively women. To what I know, no crime of this sort has ever been committed in history. Why is there not a single book on about the Camps d’Otages’ femicide? Why such a prolonged silence? The paper is also an attempt to fill this void. It is an intellectual effort to break the silence. The paper will expose facts objectively. An extensive investigation will give a comprehensive view of the Camps d’Otages and the femicide committed there.

Neoslavery: The real nature of post-independence Africa Ndengwe Francois "Neocolonialism is the term often used to characterize the post-independence period in Africa. Dr Kwame Nkrumah, titled his 1965 book: “Neocolonialism, the last stage of imperialism.” The paper’s position is that, neocolonialism is an inappropriate term to define post- independence Africa. To have neocolonialism one must see colonialists occupying land in Africa, and colonialist administration governing that land. Apart from a case like the Chagos archipelago, Africans nowadays administer the entire African land. Today, there are no more colonialists or colonialist administrations in Africa. For that reason and for others that the paper will present, the term “neocolonialism” doesn’t fit to characterize post-independence Africa. We must search for a different term. Looking at history helps in that search. Slavery is a long period, spanning centuries that preceded colonialism in Africa. Colonialists and colonial administration were absent in Africa during the slavery days. That is a feature that those days share with post-independence Africa. The paper will present five other features common to the Africa’s slavery and post- independence eras. That is why have been coined the term “neoslavery.” It describes Africa’s post-independence times.

133 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Condemned to the periphery: The experiences of women in artisanal gold mines of Karamoja, Uganda Serwajja Eria & Paul Isolo Mukwaya Mining encompasses an intricate chain of actors: local, national and international, with diverse interests, multiple expectations and varying outcomes. To the miners and local communities at Lolung and Chepkararat mines of Karamoja, artisanal gold mining presents a range of prospects for women. It has provided some women with employment, opportunities to earn an income and is a key source of livelihood for their households. However, this study established that some of the available opportunities have not reasonably benefited many women in the mining communities. Instead, they are gradually and progressively contributing to marginalization of women at the mines. Majority of the women occupy the periphery and are unfavorably incorporated in the mining activities because of the wider socio-cultural strictures and stereotypes. Most women at Lolung and Chepkararat mines are engaged in undervalued, less-lucrative and less-remunerated but labour intensive support work. This article therefore explores the experiences of women, obstacles encountered in the artisanal gold mines and suggests possible solutions.

THE POLITICS OF LIBERAL DEMOCRACY AND ITS IMPACTS ON NATIONAL CONSOLIDATION IN AFRICA: THE CASE OF TANZANIA Dr. Paul Mtasigazya This paper instigated the politics of liberal democracy and national consolidation in Africa. In particular it intends to assess what is said about liberal democracy in relation to consolidation of Institutions of free and fair election, political stability and freedom of expression and media in Tanzania. The rationale for undertaking this analysis is that the East African Countries have experienced political transformation from one-party regime to Multiparty System since 1990s to date. The paper offers a profound analysis in which it explored the extent to which liberal democracy is practiced in Tanzania and how far the above-mentioned parameters are realized for national consolidation. The methods of data collection were interview and documentary review. The period covered in this discussion is the contemporary period from 1990’s to 2019. The findings indicate that even though Tanzania has adopted liberal democracy, political stability and free and fair election have been superficially realized. The findings indicate that political stability is realized even though superficial political violence has been occasionally reported after elections. This paper concludes that even if the institutions of liberal democracy have gradually developed with partial free and fair elections, the manifestations of political instability still exist.

African Political Traditions and Modern Democracy Louis Dominique BIAKOLO KOMO The aim of this reflection is to explain the crisis of African Democracies and propose a way to solve it. Based on genetic structuralism, this study shows that the crisis of African

134 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

democracies is the résultats of the blind adoption, by African postcolonial States, of models of democracy inherited from formal colonizers without taking into consideration their own historical context and political traditions. Most of African States are constituted by various ethnic groups unwillingly gathered by the colonial State without a social contract. The State has preceded the nation. Reason why we observe the phenomenon of ethnic vote which is due to the surperimposition, to African societies, of alienated anthropological political structures and representations which do not reflect their world vision - Weltanschauung - and their political culture. African own democratic traditions - consensual democracy - have been ignored in favour of electoral democracy. Therefore, there is a need of an ""African democracy"" based on African own democratic experiences and aspirations instead of servile imitation of western democracy. The realization of such a program requires African creativity.

AFRICAN LEADERSHIP LESSONS FROM HIV CHITANDO EZRA While the HIV epidemic has led to millions of death, Africa has emerged with valuable leadership lessons that are drawn from the continent's knowledge base. Africa has defied narratives of inefficiency, hopelessness and despair. There are major leadership lessons that have emerged from Africa's interface with HIV. There are valuable leadership lessons that include the role of passion, community engagement, recognising the value of women and youth and the importance of using local resources. The paper argues that these values are critical for Africa's development.

Tyranny of the elites: Evaluating multilingual education debates in South Africa's higher education half a decade post #RhodesMustFall Mwaniki Munene In 2015, South Africa's higher education witnessed significant student-driven disruptions in the form of various #Movements, beginning with the #RhodesMustFall campaign at the University of Cape Town. The #Movements spread to other universities and culminated in the latter part of 2015 in the national #FeesMustFall campus shut-downs. A corollary to the #Movements, i.e. #RhodesMustFall and #FeesMustFall, was a language-specific #Movement in the form of #AfrikaansMustFall movement. Inasmuch as discourses attendant to the latter movement largely sought to portray linguistic culture in South Africa’s higher education as the albatross accountable for slow transformation; socioeconomic inequality and compromised access; ‘colonisation’ of the curriculum and university constituencies in previously elite and 'white' universities – and to a larger extent, legitimately so – these discourses also served as proxies for advancing the cause of entrenching multilingualism in the sector. Against the foregoing backdrop and using Jürgen Habermas’ historical materialism as a theoretical scaffolding to carry out deep thematic analyses of publicly available literature, the paper presents a deeply critical and sobering evaluation of the state of multilingualism in South Africa’s higher education half a decade post #RhodesMustFall; the

135 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

gist being that Universities as elitist institutions were, from the get-go, ill-prepared and averse to implementing the much-vaunted multilingual education programme. Rather, Universities subverted and appropriated multilingual education debates post #RhodesMustFall to further entrench elitist goals and aspirations. The paper concludes by sketching a tentative outline of how the multilingual education programme in South Africa’s higher education could be salvaged.

The Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing on Khoisan Peoples Sense of Place Tembe Thandeka Hydraulic fracturing is a proposed technique viewed as sustainable and a cleaner solution to the South African energy sector. However, this solution raises concerns on the impacts it would cause in the Karoo region, a home to the First Nations of South Africa (Khoisan people). This study determines the impacts of hydraulic fracturing on Khoisan people’s sense of place in the Karoo region, in order to facilitate and improve understanding of these potential social impacts. The study further investigates the perceptions and attitudes of Khoisan peoples towards hydraulic fracturing, and by identifying these social impacts associated with the hydraulic fracturing and examining the Khoisan people’s sense of place which includes their positive feelings or emotions, values, beliefs and behavioural bond to the Karoo region using a narrative analysis research to gain this information. Therefore, when assessing the sense of place of Khoisan people, the three multifaceted mainly place attachment, place identity and place dependence is included to understand the broader potential social impacts hydraulic fracturing will cause to the Khoisan community.

A Imagem do Cabo-verdiano nos Textos Portugueses (1784-1844) Santos Danilo "Ao ler os textos portugueses dos finais do século XVIII e a primeira metade do século XIX depara-se com uma certa depreciação e africanização do homem cabo-verdiano. As formas de sociabilidade dos cabo-verdianos eram reprovadas por estes serem demasiados próximos dos “negros africanos”. Estas representações continuam a ser menos conhecidas tanto no domínio da História como nos outros campos do saber. Ora, o presente livro debruça-se sobre A imagem do homem cabo-verdiano construída, pensada e dada a ler, nos textos portugueses produzidos pelos forasteiros no período entre 1784 e 1844. O corpo textual que sustenta este estudo foi produzido a partir do contacto com as ilhas e os seus habitantes ou, muitas vezes, a partir de informações de terceiros, por alguém cujos padrões mentais e culturais pertenciam a outra realidade. Da longa relação

136 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

dos portugueses/europeus com os africanos sob a soberania portuguesa no espaço cabo- verdiano desenvolveu-se uma cultura nova e um homem novo – uma nova sociedade, que por um lado reflete o fracasso português na assimilação dos cabo-verdianos e por outro mostra a capacidade de, num espaço novo, através do processo de mestiçagem, que foi quase um fenómeno natural nas ilhas de Cabo Verde, surgir algo novo, com contornos próprios, que se pode caracterizar de cabo-verdiano.

Participation and ownership in the post-2015 national consultations in Senegal Johannsdottir Gudrun Helga "The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the successor of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), were formed with an overall global consultation. The ownership of the post- 2015 development agenda was to be national, memberstate led with all major stakeholders participating. The voice of everyone everywhere was to be heard. This was done as an attempt to respond to major critique of the MDGs, that they were formed by a small group of insiders, without consultation with stakeholders. National consultations took place in 88 countries at all levels of society, including Senegal, where academics, practitioners and citizens shared their views on the world that they wanted post-2015. The overall aim of this article is to examine the request for participation and national ownership during the post-2015 national consultation process in Senegal and reflect upon whether this massive participation served its purpose resulting in national ownership. The article is based on fieldwork in Senegal and New York over a total of 12-month period between 2011 and 2013, including four months at UNDP Senegal during the Senegalese post- 2015 national consultations. Research methods included semi-structured interviews and participant observation. As argued in this article, the research findings reveal a contradiction between best practices in development policy making and desired outcomes. The study shows an unclear ownership of the post-2015 consultation process due to confusing and complicated consultations with an enormous amount of actors. It further calls for more research of ownership during policy making processess and questions current one size fits all use of the term.

Understanding and Teaching Ancient Egypt in Its African Context: Pedagogical Approaches Keita Dr. S.O.Y. Ancient Egypt, although in Africa is still often called "Near Eastern" and removed from having connections with any African regions. This persists in spite of a range of evidence that indicates the emergence of Ancient Egypt in Africa. Many textbooks are inadequate in this regard and corrective information is not always readily available. This paper will present evidence from historical linguistics, archaeology and biological anthropology placed in a framework that supports the emergence of ancient Egypt in Africa. Pedagogical approaches will be explored that facilitate the teaching of Egypt in its African context.

137 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Musings on Fela Anikulapo Kuti’s Pan-Africanist Philosophy BALOGUN Noah Opeyemi This study examines the praxis and ideas of anti-colonialist/nationalist movements on decolonisation by analysing the numerous music produced and performed by Fela Anikulapo Kuti, Africa’s most iconic resistance artist of the twentieth century. It engages Fela’s thoughts on the political, economic, and socio-cultural renaissance of Africa and peoples of African descent in his music style and lyrical composition, and non-musical speeches. Yet, it posed hitherto unanswered questions of the changing meaning of pan-Africanism in relation to contemporary realities of modernity, westernisation and globalisation- an aspect of African studies that scholars have completely overlooked. It argues that Fela was a charismatic continental African who, as a proponent of the empowerment of the continental and diaspora Africa, advocated key ideas and sentiments of pan-Africanism- a movement that took its genesis from the varieties of that African/Black nationalism tradition and the nationalist sentiment of the African (Black)-American community of the U.S. in the 20th century. It avers that that as people reconfigure social relations from one stage to another in their life, their engagement with the state and the social meaning attributed to pan-Africanism, which Fela’s music emphasised, also change. Thus, popular consciousness shaped by ideological music is not immutable to social processes. Rather, it continued to change as individuals and groups reconstitute their relationship with the society, and as their social status transformed in accordance with the acquisition of better education, wealth/resources, among other significant elements that shape social and human’s consciousness.

Hadza: A century of research Harvey Andrew & Richard Griscom "A semi-nomadic hunter-gatherer people who speak a click language, the Hadzabe are a highly salient group within the Tanzanian Rift Valley Area, and have been a focus of academic inquiry in Tanzania for over 100 years. With a focus on the (often interrelated) fields of linguistics and anthropology, this talk traces the academic discourse on the Hadza people, and, specifically, how the former has shaped our conceptions (or misconceptions) of the latter. Specific themes treated include: 1) the conception of the Hadza people as members of an insular culture who have undergone minimal change over the course of millennia (Blurton Jones et al 2002, c.f. Lee 1979 treating the San people), versus as participants in the wider Rift Valley Area cultural complex (e.g. Kießling, Mous, and Nurse 2008, c.f. Wilmsen 1989, again treating the San); and 2) the classification of Hadza as a Khoisan language (e.g. Greenberg 1966), versus as a language isolate (Sands 1998). The Hadza people stand to make a significant contribution to our understanding of language. Our ability to facilitate this contribution is, however, largely contingent on a sound understanding of the history and culture in which their language is spoken. The first step in this process is both to appreciate the wealth of literature already produced about the Hadza people, but also to divest ourselves of its misconceptions and allow room for new approaches.

138 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Developmental State of Ethiopia: Reflections on the Benefits Obtained and the Costs Incurred Amsalie Endalcachew Bayeh This research examined the progresses achieved and the costs incurred as a result of the application of a developmental state model in Ethiopia. In so doing, the researcher relied on qualitative approach and secondary sources of data. Based on a thorough analysis of relevant sources, the following findings are obtained. The developmental state has brought an observable level of economic growth, which ranked Ethiopia among the world’s fastest- growing economies. However, it has also caused several detrimental effects. 1) It has eroded the value of pluralism by giving a deaf ear for the peoples’ diverse opinions and interests considering them as a negative energy dragging the government back from ensuring economic development. 2) It has endangered human rights as it has been preoccupied with economic growth. 3) It has entrenched a single-party authoritarian rule under the guise of ensuring government stability and policy continuity for the effective realization of the model. 4) It has intensified corruption by giving officials a better connection with the core economic sectors. 5) It has also intensified arbitrary intervention in the life of the citizens and thereby forcing them to lead an uncertain life. Thus, in implementing the model, the focus was on economic growth while the political aspect of it was sidelined. Very recently, some positive changes are being made in the political realm, but the changes are too little too early to rely on to conclude that the government is properly applying the model and the country is entering into a genuine democratization process.

CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS OF COOPERATION OVER SHARED WATERS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE NILE AND JORDAN RIVER BASINS Zelalem Muchie "The study examines challenges and prospects of Cooperation in the Nile and Jordan River basins comparatively. The study is underpinned by the significance of pivotal riparian states. It considers Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan from the Nile and Israel, Jordan and Palestine from the Jordan River as pivotal riparian states. Methodologically qualitative approach was employed. Accordingly, both primary and secondary data were used. The study identified that domestic politics, geopolitics and water regimes are major determinant factors of cooperation in both river basins. Egypt’s unchanged domestic legal system and Israel’s exceptionalism both in the sense of statehood and government type are domestic political factors that impede cooperation. Egypt’s contentious approach towards Nile basin states and Israel’s geopolitical calculation alongside of Jordan River are major geopolitical factors affecting cooperation. The mere existence of water regimes does not bring effective cooperation. Comparing the two river basins, this holds true to the Jordan River basin. The finding of the study shows that, domestic politics, geopolitics and water regimes are indeed determinant factors of cooperation and the prospect thereof in both river basins. The level of their impact however is neither equal nor constant. The dynamic nature of these factors

139 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

would make the prospect of cooperation much higher in the Nile River than the Jordan River basin. Key Words: Domestic politics, Geopolitics, Water Regimes, Cooperation, Pivotal States

Pre-Colonial Africa, (Un)representation and Implications for a Decolonized History Curriculum in South Africa Ndille Roland Pre-colonial African epistemologies and development trajectories have been significant in deconstructing the Eurocentric challenge and Hamitic hypothesis and in presenting Africa as a cradle of indigenous knowledge production, technological development, socio-political organization and autonomous economic progress. While such an understanding has justified curriculum reforms in some parts of Africa, the situation in South Africa needs a critical examination. In this paper, a study of the contents of history textbooks is undertaken with regards to the extent of their (un)representation of precolonial African knowledge in non- Eurocentric terms. It argues for a reconsideration of what should count as necessary historical knowledge and concludes that contents on precolonial South Africa and Africa presented in non-modernist perspectives is of great significance in the decolonization of education in the country especially in the context of recent proposals for curriculum reform which suggest a recentering of indigenous African achievements.

I Sing, So I Liberate My People: An Anti Oppression Rhetoric in Oromo Art Forms Desta Mekwanent Tilahun The , the largest ethnic group in the country, hold a prominent position in the history of Ethiopia. Despite its indispensable contribution to the overall makings of the country’s social, political, and economic landscape, the Oromo people claim to have always been pushed to the peripheries. The historiography of the country renders contested narratives about the Oromo people and their contributions in the making or breaking of the current Ethiopia. Beyond the issues of segregation, some Oromo artists claim that the Oromo have been subjected to slavery, or “Gabrumma” an Afan Oromo term for slavery. In agreement with that Bonacci and Meckelburg argue that slavery remains one of the blind spots in the historiography of the Horn of Africa in general and Ethiopia in particular. This is peculiar in light of the fact that in the territories of the Horn slavery left a significant imprint on the sociocultural fabric, and that the ports along the Horn of Africa coast fed the slave trade to the Arab, Ottoman, and Indian Ocean worlds for many centuries. Therefore, the current study interrogates the lexicalization of slavery and its semantic significance in the history of the Oromo people and the sociohistorical landscape of Ethiopia across generations. To this effect, the study employs textual analysis of selected lyrics based on their thematic issues.

140 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

‘Daughters of Africa’: From Nadine Gordimer to Kimberle Crenshaw and beyond

Kevin Wanyonyi Inspired by Margaret Busby’s edited volume, The New Daughters of Africa, (2019), this paper shall revisit the odyssey of some of Africa’s finest daughters. This will encompass a varied genre ranging from literature to the sciences. It shall include the twentieth century covering the solid foundation established by our foremothers to the twenty-first century, including artists such as The Destiny’s Child and Beyoncé. Earlier woks like those of Nana Asma’u – ‘considered a precursor to modern feminism’ – will be highlighted alongside that of her compatriot Chimamanda Ngozi, We should all be feminists. Methodology Review of literature. Major findings Africa’s foremothers should be canonized as the later generations stand tall because of them who have gone before us.

Uptake and Implementation of Public Private Partnerships for Educational Infrastructure Development in Zimbabwe’s State Universities Massimo Charles, Prof. Paul Mavima & Dr. Jeffery Kurebwa The use of Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) has become the most popular alternative model worldwide for the delivery of public infrastructure and services on a cost-effective and sustainable basis and some sectors in Zimbabwe have since embraced it. Despite convincing heuristic and pragmatic evidence that PPPs are feasible and capable of injecting dynamism in the public sector infrastructure development, Zimbabwe’s state universities appear to be disinterested despite the notably visible educational infrastructural gaps and enabling legal, institutional and operational frameworks that are available and this indicates that something is amiss in the PPP matrix in this sector. Guided by the Critical Success Factor Model for PPPs and Public Choice Theory, this study intends to establish theoretical and empirical insights into the principal factors impeding the uptake and implementation of PPPs in Zimbabwe’s state universities. This explanatory study shall employ an interpretive policy analysis qualitative research methodology, underpinned by constructivism research philosophy and augmented by a multiple case study research design. The participants will be selected through criterion and critical purposive sampling techniques while the secondary data shall be sourced from relevant literature using the document analysis technique. Data will be collected through in-depth key informant interviews from the relevant stakeholders involved in educational infrastructure development in Zimbabwe’s state universities. Transcribed interviews, combined with field notes, shall be organized thematically and analyzed using NVIVO. The findings from the study are expected to inform PPP policy in Zimbabwe, improve the implementation practice of PPPs, and influence PPPs academic scholarship.

141 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Electoral commissions in Africa: Process and paradoxes KITTI Hinnougnon Nathaniel Starting from Benin in 1994, electoral commissions were settled down in most African countries as a solution to good electoral governance. These electoral commissions succeeded elsewhere in other countries in stabilizing some countries through their independence and transparency. They contributed in stabilizing other countries in such a way that many analysts wonder about their importance. Our reflection suggests a comparative analysis of successful experiences and the ones that failed so as to respond to the problematic of the necessity of electoral commissions in Africa.

Licence MALOWA MUKENDI Dieu Je suis chargé du projet du Centre d'expérimentation et de dissimulation des techniques agro écologiques (CEDITA) Je travaille à la Coordination Caritas Développement Santé (CCDS) à Kisantu/kongo central en République Démocratique du Congo, je suis également Coordonnateur de Ypard-RDC (https://ypard.net) point focal du kongo central / kisantu. Je suis également membre de la Coopjeki et j'encadre plusieurs groupes de jeunes. Je suis aussi chercheur, raison pour laquelle je postule à cette offre.

Democracy, Authoritarian liberalism and emergence in West Africa KITTI Hinnougnon Nathaniel The end of the cold war spelled the end of authoritarian regimes in Africa. Liberal democracy is adopted in most African countries as the path to development. This new era coincides with the economic awakening of China, which has emerged as the leading contributor to development aid in Africa. By the way of globalization, the Chinese model lures some leaders who are stepping into the breach in their public policies of catching up the delay. Under this influence, liberal democracy takes an authoritarian turn in West Africa. One wonders about its modes of operation and its chances of success as a model of development. The reflection hereby examines this horizon from the angle of emergence in West Africa. Theories of development are convened to analyze this new approach to liberalism. The documentary data collected from the publications of books were used to trace the furrows of this problem.

Neoliberal versus Popular Progressive Approaches to Peacbuilding and Conflict Resolution in Africa Redie Bereketeab

142 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

The paper will examine neoliberal versus popular progressive approaches to peacebuilding and Conflict resolution in Africa. These are two diverging ideological persuasion that deal with peacebuilding and conflict resolution in Africa. The first concerns the post-Cold War dominant western ideology, while the second concern African approaches, mechanisms and dynamics. The central differences between the two approaches could be accounted for as follows. The neoliberal approach to peacebuilding and conflict resolution primarily derives from a Western perspective. As such therefore constitutes an imposition of alien solutions. In addition, its focus is on short-term, quick-fix solution. Therefore, it is chronically characterized by technical, formalistic and administrative subscriptions. The popular progressive approach, on the other hand, leans on the culture, structures and institutions of the particular society. It subscribes to long-term solutions. A durable and functioning peacebuilding and conflict resolution depends on societal construction that craves compromises, protracted bargains, negotiations, and consensus among various societal groups. This in turn requires equal participation of all stakeholders that requires trust, acknowledgement, respect and celebration of diversity. To achieve this moral, political and philosophical level of integration of multi-ethnic societies demands utilisation of indigenous mechanisms, institutions, authorities, traditions and praxis of peacebuilding and conflict resolution that people identify with, respect and abide by. The paper aims to critically interrogate neoliberal approach to peacebuilding and conflict resolution, and alternatively advance popular progressive approach.

Pentecostalism as Liberation Theology Sarfo-Panin Kwabena "Pentecostalism in the Sub-Saharan African context is a religious expression that provides marginalized persons moral energy to contest structures of oppression that contribute to an African social history characterized by poverty. It implicitly eschews Eurocentric mappings of society that juxtapose sacred and secular arenas against each other. Pentecostal churches reject too, Eurocentric epistemologies: they challenge the notion that reason alone is the sole vehicle to understanding the nature and character of God. As such, Pentecostalism has a radical incarnational theology that validates embodied knowing, a profound move in congregations where formal literacy rates are low. By intimating that the body is sacred and is as an avenue to know God, Pentecostal churches implicitly contest the cultural memories of abuse and exploitation rendered by colonial practices that insinuated that the African body was of no inherent worth and merely functioned as instruments of labor for economic activity on colonial sites. Lastly, Pentecostalism asserts that God, through the Holy Spirit, desires an intimate relationship with everyone. Importantly, there are no intermediaries needed between a religious actor and God. Therefore, Pentecostal arenas could, potentially, function as democratic spaces that renounce religious hierarchies found in other Christian denominations. Crucially, this paper does not argue that Pentecostal churches are religious panaceas devoid of hetero-patriarchal sensibilities, hierarchies or contestation. However, it does argue that the rapid expansion of Pentecostal churches across the Sub-Saharan African religious landscape

143 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

is precisely because they allow for the articulation of both the deep aspirations and fears of the African personality.

History and slavery in African fiction: Jean Divassa Nyama’s L'amère saveur de la liberté (2013) Ferreira-Meyers Karen "The paper argues that through their life-writing in the form of novels, African writers attempt to reconstruct their national myths by combining a personal interior journey and interpreting the nation’s origins, experiences and aspirations while connecting myth and history, ideals and reality, abstract and concrete. In this paper the author seeks to look at a much less well-known political activist, Nyonda Mukita, and his understanding of slavery. In 2013 Jean Divassa Nyama, one of Gabon's major authors, published L'amère saveur de la liberté a biographical novel based on Nyonda Mukita, hero of the South of Gabon who ably blocked French colonisation of Gabon for many years. The novel is based on facts: places, dates and names are real. This paper seeks to unearth Divassa Nyama's writing strategies which propose an interesting blend of fact and fiction. The words slavery and slaves appear several times in the 328-page novel when the French and the Portuguese collude with Africans to exchange slaves for gun powder. On the other hand, slavery is condemned as because Africans have a right to dignity, since they are “God’s people” (p. 63).

AFRICANIZING POVERTY AND INSECURITY: INTERROGATING THE IDEOLOGY OF GOVERNANCE IN NIGERIA Tsuwa John Tor The African continent has been bedeviled by the menace of poverty and insecurity in the midst of abundant natural and human resources. To investigate this Paradox, this paper examines the ideology of governance by states in Africa with a special focus on Nigeria. It uses primary and secondary data. This data is analyzed using the crisis of authority argument. This paper discovers that states authorities in Africa and Nigeria in particular have misconceived the ideal of governance and development in their governance process. This has led to increasing poverty and insecurity. This situation is exacerbated by their conviction to retain power by all means which leads to the ideal of a ‘strong” state with military like authority that uses ‘all means’ available to capture and retain power. This situation not only increases the poverty level but also the level of insecurity. To reverse this phenomenon in order to create an African leadership ideology that will liberate Africa from the twin menace of poverty and insecurity, this paper recommends that, African states should change their leadership recruitment process which is today based on party patronage to a leadership and governance record based process determined by developmental ideological historical evidence of performance. African states should development a societal based developmental

144 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

agenda for state institutions to adopt irrespective of who is in control of state apparatus of power.

Moving off Agrarian societies: Agricultural Productivity to facilitate Economic Transformations and Non-Agricultural Employment growth in Sub-Saharan Africa Yannick Fosso Djoumessi We analyze the links between agriculture and non-agricultural sector in Sub-Saharan Africa by evaluating the existence of long-run causal relationship between the two sectors in terms of productivity and employment. The econometric results of our panel VAR model over the period 1993-2012, depict a causal relationship with single direction from agricultural productivity to non-agricultural employment, although its effect still remains weak in the long-run. The results of VDS analysis show that 23.65% of increase in non-agricultural employment is due to productivity change. Between the variables agricultural productivity and inequalities, causality functions only from productivity to inequalities. Hence, productivity growth generates significant inequalities in the distribution of income, but necessary to the growth of investments in agricultural sector. In favor of this run up and with the aim to reduce redundant job in agriculture, decision makers must: (i) encourage investments intended for the technical and professional training centers and job advices services in narrow line with the demand expressed in the non-agricultural labour market, in order to increase the supply of qualified labour; (ii) modernize agricultural production by accelerating the mechanization of the sector and improving labour productivity;(iii) specialize production based on ecological advantages of each country or sub-regions, to enhance exchanges and the change of the structure of employment.

Does Gender influence Entrepreneurship: evidence from Cameroon Firms? Stephanie Fosso Mambe The interest in entrepreneurship and gender reflects the magnitude of these ever-growing concepts around the world. This study aims to examine the effect of gender on entrepreneurship. By considering two dimensions of entrepreneurship: innovation and job creation, out of a sample of 362 Cameroonian firms from the World Bank's Enterprise Survey. First, the probit model is used to analyze the effect of gender on innovation in terms of new product and process. Then, a robust regression is done to analyze the effect of gender on job creation. The results of the study show that the probability of introducing a product innovation in business depends positively and significantly on the manager's experience. And process innovation is positively and significantly related to the shares held by women, but negatively to women as the top manager. On the other hand, the experience of the top manager, the size of the company and the number of establishments have a positive and significant influence on job creation. These results make it possible to discuss the implications of women in the decision-making process in firms.

145 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

A call for a child-centric approach to child sexual violence research Titi Neziswa The trauma field in Africa has increasingly recognised that exposure to childhood sexual violence is common in the general South African population. Researchers have further reported that sexual violence among black women and girls is more prevalent than among their white counterparts. At the same time, as opposed to white children, black children have been reported to be affected by poly-victimisation. This means that black women and girls of African-descent experience more sexual violence. It also means that black children experience other forms of abuse in addition to sexual violence. A different approach to sexual trauma interventions is therefore required for black children. Such an approach could be informed by an Afrocentric and child centric perspective. Afrocentrism seeks to understanding individuals in context as looking at their environments at a particular point (space) and a time based on their own accounts. A child-centric approach recognises the right of children to be heard and acknowledges that children are experts in their lives who can contribute valuable knowledge and unique insights. This paper calls for an African-situated child-centric approach to child sexual trauma to and ensure inclusive mental health across all contexts in line with Sustainable Development Goals 3 and 5.

The Institution of the Ombudsman in Africa with Special Reference to the Maghreb. An Exemple of Tool of Democracy? Tamburini Francesco The well-known institution of the Ombudsman is aimed at defending values such as human rights and the respect for the rule of law against any form of abuse or arbitrariness by the State. This paper wants to shed light on the characteristics of the Ombudsman in the African continent and in particularly in Algeria, Mauritania, Morocco and Tunisia. These countries adopted the institution in the conceptual framework of the French 1973 Médiateur, but created their own model of Ombudsman, standing out from other African nations. The comparative exam of the different North African Ombudsmen/Médiateurs will point out how the institution, especially after the so-called “Arab Spring”, was able to survive only in states where a transition to democracy was truly in place. In other words, where the political environment undertook a transition to acceptable standards of pluralism, equality, basic freedoms and separation of powers. In other political circumstances, where the check and balances between the organs of the state are absent or feeble and corruption is widespread, the institution of the Ombudsman is a congenitally lame duck and is exposed to the attack of the executive branch, aiming to defuse its efficiency. Nevertheless, the exams of the work of the Ombudsman/Médiateur in countries such as Tunisia and Morocco reveals that this institution can influence change, increase public expectations for democracy and give hope to ordinary people, being also a model for other African growing democracies.

146 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

DEVELOPMENT AND DEVELOPMENT POLITICS IN AFRICA ADIELE CHUKWUMAOBI JIRINWAYO "Development has two broad aspects- intrinsic and physical. The intrinsic-aspect is largely intangible and concerns mainly with acquiring practical knowledge. Physical-aspect consists of goods and services generated by applying the acquired practical knowledge through technology which establishes development. Impacts of development include: creating awareness; improving productivity, employment, infrastructure and wealth-distribution; accords international respect. Africa has not fared well in these impacts because she appears not to grasp development-politics which heavily affects the physical-aspect. Generally, leadership in Africa seems weak, unenlightened, unpatriotic and vision-less. Hence, there is strong reliance on outsiders for guidance on development using templates based on severely flawed orthodox economic theories. Consequently, application of the intrinsic-aspect by Africans in Africa, is stifled resulting in very poor foundation in development and inability to assimilate or innovate in technology. Africa acquires appetite for utilizing technologies in which it has very low development, to generate the bulk of its wealth which actually means massive wealth-importation. No wonder, a continent that is apparently, naturally most endowed is arguably the poorest and least developed. There is urgent need for strong and visionary leaders who believe in Africa, if the continent wants to raise its development level.Firstly, ASAA should spearhead modification of the templates which inform development policies in Africa. Secondly, ASAA should seek support of wealthy, patriotic Africans to undertake detailed investigations and publish ratings of current and aspiring national leaders in Africa, especially during elections. This is survival not interference. Thirdly, successes should be publicized.

Hashtag Pan-Afrikanism: Not the Future, but the Now of Pan-Afrikanism Komey Nii Ayitey Hashtag Pan Afrikanism is Pan-Afrikanism of the ordinary African, where the youth especially have a platform that does not allow the borders and circumstances to suffocate their dreams, but come to the realisation that the entire Afrikan continent is their canvas. It is a form of Pan-Afrikanism that allows Afrikans through the use of the internet, especially social media sites such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram, to think collaboratively and share our stories, most especially our success story irrespective of our borders. Hashtag Pan- Afrikanism is a medium through which there can be the mobilisation and organization of Afrikan youth towards the formulation of a new Afrikan identity. It is connecting over our Afrikanness. Access to social media has given Afrikan youth something we have always had to violently take, a voice. This study looks at the current happenings in the Pan Afrikanist revolution with regards to the use of modern technology and devices and focuses on how this informal system of digital connectivity can be better used to organize a wider group of people to make it more formidable. The study makes use of the digital ethnography in data collection

147 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

and content analysis of images, screenshots and other pictorial evidences of the Social Pan- Afrikanist movements on social media.

Born Entrepreneurs? Exploring the business culture of Chagga People of Kilimanjaro between 1930 and 1950. Kwayu Aikande Clement Literature has shown that Chagga people who are located on the slopes of Mountain Kilimanjaro are vibrant entrepreneurs relative to their fellow countrymen in Tanzania. This paper contributes further to this literature by exploring the business culture of Chagga people in specific time period between 1930 and 1950. Arguably, this period is a transition period from colonial times towards the struggle for independence. It is a period of active organizing among Chagga people and that which preceded nationalist efforts that eventually undermined any tribal organizing and mobilizing. In this light, the period is appropriate for exploring the practices in Chagga land that can explain the uniqueness of their entrepreneurship spirit. The paper argues that entrepreneurship has been an in-built aspect in the Chagga culture manifested by practices of Chagga people across the board regardless of their socio-economic status. The paper focuses on the lives of three prominent Chagga men through critical review of two autobiographies and one biography of which the author of this paper is the co-author. These are autobiographies of Edwin Mtei and Reginald Mengi. The forthcoming biography is of Bishop Erasto Kweka. To further strengthening the analysis, documentary analysis of archival materials is also done. The paper is multidisciplinary with contribution to African scholarly documentation of key persons in local communities.

The Influence of Indigenous Administration on Post-Independence Administration in Africa: A Need for Reversal? Jason Nkyabonaki "The levelling of administrative systems in pre-colonial Africa would be to see them as systems that propagated the promotion of common good to the community. This has tempted some scholars in the recent years to meditate and gear towards the thinking of native administrative systems. The argument is that Africans had well premised themselves for self- governance before colonialism and its legacy on the country. However, the Eurocentric scholarship authenticity propagates for modernity to be an elixir for Africa`s administration development. Africa is presented to be having dual systems in the post-independence era. The duality is counted as inefficiency for Africa should embrace and romance with modern administrative values. The argument is that, the two systems of administration cannot marry and when they marry the inefficiencies such as corruption, favouritism emerge. The central argument is that; the hybrid system would create strong institutions as a sine qua non condition for administration development. The quandary of administration in Africa is not due to the compatible model but rather a Western modernist view that Africa`s public administration has not applied in totus the western values which this chapter criticises as a myopic outlook. African public administration post-independence reform geared towards

148 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Africanization in order to promote administration efficiency. The paper employs documentary review and observation method to present the facts on the need for Africa’s` administration renaissance. Hence, this paper concludes that administration should be reflecting the people’s culture, norms and taboos for the administration development to be realized. Keywords: indigenous, administration, post- independence

Ad Fontes : Steve Biko , Sédar Senghor , and Taha Hussein’s Political Aesthetics of Africanity Magdy Abdelmonem Ahmed Ramy Do we need to be western in order to be beautiful? This was a continuously present question within the various African struggles for emancipation, independence and development. Tied to this question were not only mere artistic aesthetics but also the very orientation and choices of the African liberation struggle. Since every political action is guided by some criteria for what is good, rightful and beautiful, various African thinkers- through the question of the beautiful- tried to re-establish African identity and resist colonial categories. These African stances towards the question of the beautiful represented some continuum ranging from a radical rupture with western political aesthetics taken by Steve Biko in his concept of black beauty, to some middle position taken by Senghor’s thoughts on Negritude and his concept of Métissage, to the other extreme where Taha Hussein called for a complete adoption of western categories. How these minds grappled politically with the question of the beautiful, how it influenced their political platforms and how their answers could inspire Africa’s present, all these are the main concerns of this paper.

Jacinto Ventura de Molina: revisiting the life and the strugle of an african descent scolar in Rio de la Plata (South America) in the XVIII th and XIX th century Jacques Bertrand MENGUE MOLI Many time, it occur that the panafrican strugle of African descent peoples from North America and the Carribea is well know. We mostly know about Marcus Garvey, W.E.B Dubois, Georges Padmore, Toussaint Louverture, and Walter Rodney. But when it come to South America, it become more difficult to mention easely some names and figures who dedicated thier lieves to defend thier analphabet african descent brothers and sister. Here, we have one exemple to showcase and vulgarise. He is called Jacinto Ventura de Molina (1766- 1841) an African descent writer and lawyer of the Rio de la Plata.

The Politics of Knowledge Production in African Politics Rhee Inbok

149 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

What do we write about when we write about African politics? Production of knowledge is never apolitical. Many factors - ranging from different intellectual traditions, scholarly training, or even cultural prejudice, to name a few - can affect the topics that we study and the conclusions that we derive. We analyze the publication and citation patterns, keywords and topics distribution, and topic prevalence of more than 4,500 peer-reviewed journal articles on African politics between 1911-2018. While the overall number of publications on African politics has been increasing, we find that the field is still very heavily dominated by Western scholars. Second, Western and Africa-based scholars tend to publish in different journals, and the works by the latter are less likely to get cited. Third, moving on to the contents, using a number of different methods, we reveal that the thematic focus of published work on African politics can be broadly classified into those focusing on elections and democracy, governance and growth, and war and conflict. Finally, we find evidence of a systematic difference between what Western scholars and Africa-based scholars study: while the former write more on topics such as civil war, conflict, corruption and vote buying, the latter focuses more on issues related to South Africa, Boko Haram, or citizenship and migration. These findings have implications not only for the diversity of our discipline and the state of our knowledge about African politics but also for potential future scholarly collaborations.

Setting the Records Right: Queer Realities in African Studies Okafor Henrietta Ifeoma "The phenomenology of queerness in Africa has indeed generated lots of controversies, arguments, discourses and researches worldwide. Over the years, Africans and African writers have vehemently denied the existence and obvious presence of queerness in Africa. Africa for the greater part is heterosexual and as such frown at queerness of any kind but that is not to say that the phenomena of homosexuality is entirely novel in the African continent. Many African writers believe that homosexuality is unAfrican and this is reflected in their themes. Past representations of queerness in African literature were usually omni-directional such that it is blamed wholly on the West, Arabs, and all kinds of people outside Africa but certainly not among black Africans. The monolithic lie that homosexuality is a phenomenology of the West conceals Africa’s realities to say the least. Africans believe that their identity is tied to heterosexual relationships which promote procreation and not some same sex sexual relationship which to them is not only an anomaly but a taboo. This work is predicated on queer literary theory and its tenets will constitute the methodology used. Some African literary works would be used to explore the representation of homosexuality in African literature where most of the writers depict is as unAfrican. However, there are newer works which present homosexuality sympathetically and/or biologically. This paper seeks to refute the vehement assertion by African writers that queerness is a Western cultural importation by revealing that it predates the coming of the Whiteman. Key words: Queerness, identity, cultural importation, heterosexuality

150 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Agenda 2063 and the Future of Illegal Migration in Africa: A View from the Zimbabwe- South Africa Border Musoni Francis In 2013, the African Union (AU) Commission launched a 50-year strategic development plan entitled Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want. The major objective of this long-term strategy is to promote economic integration and political unity in Africa. Whereas, in 1963 the Organization of African Unity (predecessor to AU), resolved to keep colonial boundaries in place, Agenda 2063 seeks to change the meaning of geo-political boundaries and cross- border movements in Africa. Among other measures that the AU is bankrolling as part of this plan is the establishment of a continent-wide political and economic governance system, a continental citizenship, a single airspace and high speed train network that connects all of Africa’s major cities, and the removal of visa requirements for African citizens travelling across the continent, by 2063. Given that illegal migration has been a major challenge in many African countries, my paper examines the potential impact that Agenda 2063 might have on this issue. It focuses on the Zimbabwe-South Africa border, which I have studied over the past decade. At the risk of being speculative, the study argues that Agenda 2063 might very well be the strategy that Africa needs to deal with illegal migrations within the continent. Along with improving economic and political integration, the elimination of visas and other travel restrictions will likely encourage people to use official channels when moving from one African country to another.

An evaluation of the background to South African democracy, 1948-1996 Mbatha Mthandeni Patric & Cebekhulu Mxolisi Bonginkosi PraseGod "The road to democracy in South Africa was marked by centuries of racial and economic discrimination and oppression as well as an unyielding sacrifice and resistance of the oppressed peoples, together with a minority of their White compatriots. Today South Africa is a new society built on a foundation of freedom and democracy. It has clearly appeared that South African democracy is one of the growing democracies in Africa. South Africa since 1994 transitioned from the system of apartheid to one of majority rule. This resulted to a notable democratic developments including multi-party regular and competitive elections, working institutions, working civil society, respect of human rights and establishment of institutions such as the Independent Electoral Commission, Public Protectors Office, Labour Court, Equality Court and the Constitutional Court among others. This paper evaluates experiences in South Africa from the beginning of Apartheid in 1948 up to 1994 when the country become a democratic state. The paper evaluates history of South Africa which went through three phases. The first was dialogue and petition; the second direct opposition and the last the period of exiled armed struggle. Keywords: Democracy, South Africa, freedom, minority, discrimination

151 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

A SEMIOTIC DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF KEBIR MOO – THE TUGEN INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM OF PREDICTION KUTOL Wilberforce K. This study investigates the age-old resilient Tugen indigenous semiosis of fresh entrail surfaces to predict unknown dailylife human and natural occurrences that is achieved by observing, mapping, reading and interpretation of the exterior surfaces of domestic ruminant's internal organs (stomachs, intestines, liver, ...), refered to as kebir moo or“entrail study (ES)”. This is a practice that is encoded in language. Using Lemke’s four level semiotic discourse analysis to investigate two purposively sampled intances of kebir moo, the current study focuses on the semiotic devices exploited by expert entrail readers with a view to bringing to the fore the semio-lexico-semantic relationships that characterize the Tugen indigenous knowledge skill of foretelling the unknown, analyse the range of predictions made, and examine the sequence of the the practice of kebir moo. This is a skill that has withstood the turbulence of time, language change and modernization and which is facing extinction caused by various factors espoused by modern day 21st century society, and overlooked and regarded as lacking scientific basis hence has attracted no attention in research.

Rice policies and socio-economic crisis in the SEMRY perimeter of the southern basin of Lake Chad (Cameroon). Socials actors between “jacqueries” and endogenous strategies. Antoinette DANEBAI LAMANA In the flooded part of the southern basin of Lake Chad on the Cameroonian side, the SEMRY perimeter saw many rice-growing policies succeed one another. In fact, for three decades, the activity has been confronted with a socio-economic problems punctuated by jacqueries (peasant revolt) and state intervention without an real revitalization and increase of the rice growing which has become indispensable for the populations staples. We, then, wonder about the different policies that followed one another in the SEMRY perimeter. Why did they not success in reviving the production? On the contrary, they provoked the downward growth and tensions on both sides in the ranks of the different socials actors involved? This project aims to raise awareness of problems that hinder the development of modern rice farming. This is in order to implement measures on how to manage not only food insecurity but also conflict situations and endogenous strategies. I will conduct semi-structured interviews with administrative authorities, traditional rice farmers, traders, and young people on the field. I will also conduct focus group discussions with certain actors. My ability to work in French, English, Fulfudé and Musgum will help facilitate this ethnographic work as well as my collection and analysis of key documents.

Glamorisation of slavery artefacts to fashion in an unperturbed society Essel OSUANYI QUAICOO & Dr Patrique deGraft-Yankson

152 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

"For over five hundred years, the history of slavery has been written, painted, performed, narrated and sung in forms as divergent as the perspectives and orientations of those who presented them. Consequently, slave stories are received individually and collectively with varying understanding and perceptions among many Ghanaians, to such an extent that many people’s personal interactions with this history are no different from their popular folk stories and mythical narratives. This brings to the fore the question of whether slave stories and knowledge about slavery really invoke the anticipated creeps and discomfiture intended to educate for the respect of humanity and peaceful coexistence. Using art historical and phenomenological research methods, the paper examines how slavery artefacts (chains, menacles, shackles, whips, thumbscrews, collars, etc), and the art of slave branding (body marks, tattoos) and their infusion in the Ghanaian popular culture watered down the heinousness of slavery. It investigates the extent to which the phenomenon has transformed the image of slavery to the contemporary Ghanaian and rendered the people unperturbed to the real significance and implications of slavery. Critical-historical and descriptive analyses would be used in the study. Semi-structured interviews and unobtrusive observation would constitute the data collection instruments for the study. This will lead to a conclusion as to whether ‘slave stories’, as they are presented today should continue to enjoy the status of a historical essential, whilst identifying their impacts and relevance in the contemporary Ghanaian society.

Fashion journalism (re)presentation on apprenticeship-trained fashion designers of Ghana in the 1950s ESSEL OSUANYI Quaicoo & Emmanuel R. K. Amissah Sartorial apprenticeship system in Ghana predates colonialists’ invasion. This system of training tailors, dressmakers and designers in fashion making and production was handed- down from generation to generation. It was the main mode of skill development and training acquisition. This system produced creative tailors, dressmakers and designers who produced both simple and complex dress fashion for the people. Their designs helped in clothing the kings, chiefdom and the Ghanaian society at large. They produced pure Ghanaian classical fashion that continue to inspire global fashion, and dress fashion that exhibits cross-cultural influences in main market places. Amidst the longstanding colonial-inspired perception of non-academic fashion training and education as inferior, how did the Ghanaian fashion press (re)presented apprenticeship-trained tailors, dressmakers and designers in the local popular print media at the time? What narrative did the press give about the dress fashion creation of the tailors, dressmakers and designers? How did Ghana’s press (re)presentation of tailors, dressmakers and designers repress and or transmit local fashion history? The study investigates the shifting perceptions of apprenticeship-trained dress fashion designers and their (re)presentation in the eyes of the press (fashion journalism) in the 1950s. This historical study is premised on textual analysis of fashion discourse in journalism in the 1950s since the period experienced massive government-sponsored fashion training and education of designers overseas.

153 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

African digitalization: Creating or closing the great divide? Mbataru Patrick Counternaratives on Africa’s impressive digitalization fails to regard a possible emerging digital divide. There is little in literature to elucidate on the social-economic dynamics of the so called African digital revolution. In this panel, we unpack the digitalization narrative in Africa by posting that while Africa’s digital revolution is cerebrated, a subterraneous, social-economic divide is emerging. For example, there are many in Africa who cannot afford the gadgets. There could be a divide between the owner of ‘feature phones’ and those who own ‘Smart phones’. The latter are effectively roped onto the globalization bandwagon. The former are left behind. Has this so called digital revolution sweeping Africa translated into real change in household incomes? Has it translated into more civic consciousness? Are people more participatory in economic development? How has the mobile phone connectivity in Kenya helped in market knowledge? This panel will interrogate these questions- and others- in the context of the following factors: the affordability of mobile phones (especially smart phones) for rural communities and lower income urban groups; the percentage of people connected to the power grids for charging mobile; fibre optic connection. Existence of platforms and support frames to help marginalized people to realize the full potential of the mobile telephony (e.g. linkages to markets, civic participation). Panellists are invited to bring perspectives analysing the issues therein across space, generation and social economic classes.

Eritrea (ns) as a “Problem” in the First Onset of Decolonization in Africa Gedar Timnet The historical period of decolonization among African nation-states is often described as a linear process from European colonial rule to African political sovereignty with the 1950s- 60s marking a watershed moment. However, the process was much more complex and some regions, like the Horn of Africa, that are often excluded from comparative discussions of decolonization have important lessons to offer about the ideas and institutions that shaped the process. My study focuses on the period of the initial decolonization of Eritrea from 1941- 1952 and examines the foreign institutional interventions and concepts that structured the “public sphere” of Eritrean intellectuals and activists. Through historical archival research, I examine United Nations and British Military Administration documents to analyze the anomalous political subjecthood of Eritreans during this period of uncertain transition in the Horn of Africa. My preliminary argument is that Eritreans were neither conceived as colonial subjects nor as rights-bearing political subjects and were thus in a liminal and ineffectual category – a consequence of the relatively early decolonization in the Horn wherein a decolonization strategy had not yet been defined by Western powers. These findings will have broader implications for understanding the local African nature of what global historians

154 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

have called a moment of “worldmaking” as World War II saw (among many other things) the emergence of new sovereignties, new mechanisms of international governance, and a new global order.

Retro-futurist Speculations of Afropolitanism in Olaudah Equiano’s Interesting Narrative Iromuanya Julie "Alternately memorialized as picaresque hero and opportunistic rogue, Olaudah Equiano has confounded critics since the 1789 publication of his memoir, THE INTERESTING NARRATIVE OF THE LIFE OF OLAUDAH EQUIANO, OR GUSTAVUS VASSA, THE AFRICAN. WRITTEN BY HIMSELF. While competing accounts of his origins certainly raise questions, they also compel a closer examination of his self-styling as ""the African""; specifically, what is the significance of Equiano, from his remote position, rhetorically and psychically situating himself within Africa at a time when Western legal and juridical bodies regarded Africa and the black body as evidence of the proto-human? In doing so, what vision did Equiano imagine for the future? Rather than being read as textual evidence for validating contested histories, Equiano’s INTERESTING NARRATIVE is a vision for a tomorrow. An avatar exploring uncharted global spaces in a racialized black body, Equiano uses the familiar style of the eighteenth-century sea-faring tale to offer a retro-futurist glimpse into a possible future. Coined by Lloyd Dunn (1983), retro-futurism describes both the future as seen from the past and the past as seen from the future. While critics typically center scientific and technological speculations, I am concerned with the ideological innovation in Equiano’s self-styling. Even as Equino traversed global spaces, he regarded Africa as the locus of his identity, not unlike our present preoccupation with Afropolitanism. In my paper, I consider the implications of the interstice between Equiano’s futurist speculations and contemporary nostalgic reflections as we self-style conceptions of global blackness.

(Re)conceptualizing sexuality education in contemporary Kenya Simekha Cynthia Within the fields of Gender, Sexuality and Curriculum studies, there are numerous debates on definitions of sexuality education, its curricula, who is allowed to teach, and how crucial it is for students. Specifically, in the field of African sexuality studies, sexuality education is highly contested whether it should be taught in schools and what type of knowledge should be included/excluded. Most sexuality education curricula have mainly centered reproductive health ideologies with HIV/AIDS prevention and abstinence being the main focus. Therefore, through literature review and archival research of sexuality education curricula, this paper sheds light on the gaps in curricula of sexuality education in post-colonial Kenya. I argue that there is need to decenter abstinence and HIV/AIDS as the main entry to sexuality education and interrogate the historicity of these curricula. Thus, the current curricula have excluded

155 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

and ignored Kenyan ideologies and histories on sexuality. I focus on (re)thinking sexuality education for schools in post-colonial Kenya through interrogating the different types of knowledge included in curricula, educational concepts of failing schools, uninvolved parents, risky teenage behaviors, (dis)eased ‘Africa’, and theories of care. I employ Afrikana feminist analytical frameworks that challenge the Western cis-heteropatriarchal Eurocentric binary understandings of sexuality and privileges historicity of the complex, multilayered, intersectional sociocultural practices and interpretations of sexuality in the Kenyan context, hence culturally sustaining pedagogies. This topic is critical because of its timely intersection to sexuality and gender rights movements and UN Sustainable Development Goals that are at the center of most African nation’s agendas.

The Ugandan Short Story and Activism: Thematic Concerns in the last 20 years Nabutanyi Edgar Fred In his introduction to the Granta Book of the African Short Story, Nigerian novelist and critic, Helon Habila decries the scarcity of the short story genre in African writing and consequently the paucity of criticism dedicated to this important genre in African literary scholarship. While Habila’s concerns are continental, it is plausible to apply them to the Ugandan literary reality that unveils a paradox, namely, that a country obsessed with “national politics,” (Habila 6) has paid lip service to a genre that is inherently political and advocacy in inclination. This has meant that a huge archive of Ugandan short fiction curated, published and circulated by literary collectives and prize awarding institutions has not attracted commensurate critical attention. While literary collective such as Femrite and Writvism and prize awarding organisations such as Caine Prize of African and The Commonwealth Short Story Prize have offered platforms for Ugandan short story writers to showcase their work, there is a dearth of critical attention to these texts. The above paradox underlines several questions, but in this paper, timestamping contemporary Ugandan short story to the Monica Arac de Nyeko’s winning of the Caine Prize for African Writing in 2007, I explore the issues and concerns that Ugandan writers have used the short story genre to foreground in the literary public sphere and how this advocacy inclination of the short fiction has enacted platforms and congregated publics to engage with topic issues in the country in the last 20 years.

Choosing Kenya, Rejecting Somalia: NationalConsciousness, Identity and Belonging in a Northern Kenya Political Song at the Eve of Kenya's Independence 1963 Wako Fugich This paper is a reading of the political events and discourse around nationalism at the eve of Kenya’s independence during which period the people of Northern Kenya were confronted with the quest(ion) of belongingness to two African countries, namely Somalia and Kenya. On the one hand, their Kenyanness was determined and framed by the colonial border which disregarded religious and cultural affiliation of the people. On the other hand, their gravitation towards Somalia was predicated by notions of cultural affinity and shared

156 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

religious beliefs. While the Somali from Kenya wanted to secede in toto, the Borana on the contrary were divided, some chose Kenya over Somalia in a show of patriotic national consciousness as shown in the songs they composed for this purpose. The performance of the song is a site of individual and communal reflection. The very instruments of unification such as religion used by the Somali are contested by singers who invoke alternative god from the Islamic one. A fresh dimension of identity formulation emerges. People disregard ways in which they have been imagined and categorized as Muslim or Somali, to instead reimagine themselves as Borana and Kenyan. The paper argues that the Kenyan Borana had a collective desire to be part of the other Kenyans even if they were religiously and ethnically different from them. The songs are used a sites of contestation that envoice the rejection of Somali nationalism and reaffirmation of their belongingness and loyalty to the Kenyan nation

Family Bond, Depression, and Suicide among Youths in Lagos, Nigeria Ayodele Johnson Oluwole This article examines the relationship between the customary family bond, depression and suicide among youths in Lagos, Nigeria. It used a quantitative method to collect data from 350 randomly selected respondents using a multi-stage sampling approach. Focus group discussion and in-depth interviews provided complementary qualitative data. The data were analysed. While logistic regression analysis indicated that the declining family bond is significantly related to the rising incidence of suicide among contemporary youths in Lagos, qualitative data showed that online peer relations rob modern youths of the inherent advantages of real life friendship. The article concludes that the erosion of African values has exposed youths to undue isolation which predisposes them to suicidal thoughts that threatens their life expectancy. To rescue and support depressed youths in Lagos, it suggests that critical stakeholders should empower the family and provide community-based structures of support to strengthen socio-cultural bonds, enhance social interaction and integration to prevent suicide among youths in Lagos.

Higher education, Career and Domesticity among Matured Women in Distance Learning Programmes, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria UKPOKOLO CHINYERE & TITILAYO P. AKINLOLU "Access to higher education in Africa has received a spectrum of scholarly attention in the literature on higher education. Remarkable increase has been recorded across Africa as governments create opportunities for higher education seekers through the provision of multiple options, one of which is Distance Learning Education. Matured women constitute a larger percentage of women seeking higher education through Distance Learning. Yet, not much scholarly attention has been given to how working class married women in Distance Learning programmes in African higher educational institutions participate in higher education. This study therefore examines the intersections of higher education with career and domesticity among matured women in Distance Learning programmes, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Ethnographic and quantitative approaches were adopted for the study.

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Analysed data were presented using descriptive statistical tools for quantitative data while qualitative data were presented descriptively. Findings indicate that inability to gain access to regular programmes, work place demands and marginalisation informed working class married women’s pursuit of higher education through Distance Learning. Some of the women encounter problems of slow assimilation rate, absenteeism due to time constraint among others. Coping strategies include participation in extra tutorial classes, utilisation of study leave, suspension of source of income to create more time for studies and reliance on family support. Distance education provides opportunity for working class married women to acquire higher education, build career and enhance their social status. Provision of scholarship supports can contribute in keeping such women in school. Family support is crucial for their academic survival.

AFRICAN NATIONS’ PREPAREDNESS VERSUS FORMAL EDUCATION IN AFRICAN RURAL COMMUNITIES IN THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Uleanya Chinaza & Yu Ke The global world continues to prepare itself for the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) due to the envisaged effects of the 4IR on individuals, nations and the global world. This is being done through practical approaches, policy making, robust discussions, most importantly type and quality of education provided, amongst others. The effects are considered to be detrimental if nations are caught unaware. Thus, many developed nations have adjusted the education provided in institutions of learning and training. However, many developing and underdeveloped nations continue to struggle with the Third Industrial Revolution (3IR) which has made them unprepared for the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). Many African nations are considered to dominate the grid of unprepared nations for the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). Thus, the study explored the preparedness of African nations for the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) in relation to the provided education. The finding of the study shows that African nations are yet to commence activities in preparation for the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). However, the review indicates that inattention of African nations towards the Fourth Industrial Revolution, and focus on decolonization, decoloniality and glocalization may be a form of preparedness for African societies. The study recommends that education stakeholders of African societies should take a stand either to follow the revolution or otherwise. This is expected to ensure drastic review of the curricula guiding teaching and learning activities in the African continent, provision of enhancing facilities which will bring resolution to the challenges and demands of the continent and the various African nations. EFFECTS OF HOUSEHOLD POVERTY TRAP ON LEARNERS’ ACADEMIC PERFORMANCES: A CASE OF RURAL HIGH SCHOOLS IN NONGOMA CIRCUIT OF SOUTH AFRICA Omotosho Ademola, Bongani Thulani Gamede & Chinaza Uleanya

158 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

The purpose of this study is to identify the effects of household poverty trap on the academic performances of learners in rural based secondary schools. The descriptive survey design combines qualitative and quantitative research approaches. Random and convenient sampling procedures are respectively adopted to select a sample of 105 participants in the study who comprised 100 learners, and 5 teachers from 5 purposively selected secondary schools. Questionnaires and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) are used for data collection. The findings of the study indicate that household poverty trap causes absenteeism for learners, affect their health, hamper their learning abilities cum academic performances, and eventually cause some learners to drop-out. Amongst others, the study recommends collaborative efforts amongst stakeholders to combat socioeconomic instability, political unrest, unequal income and unequal distribution of resources in the region. Also, creation of more employment opportunities by the government should be promoted.

Effect of Entrepreneurship Education on Entrepreneurial Intentions of Rural University Students Iwaloye Omoniyi, Bongani Thulani Gamede & Chinaza Uleanya The study explored the effects of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intentions of rural university students. Quantitative research method was adopted for data collection. Questionnaire with closed ended questions was adopted for data collection. A total of 180 copies of the questionnaire was administered to the university students. Descriptive and inferential research methods: mean and hierarchical multiple regression was used for analysis of the 173 returned copies of the questionnaire completed by the respondents. The results from the correlation analysis showed that: the effect of entrepreneurship education on the entrepreneurial intention of the university students is significant. Also, multiple regression analysis showed that entrepreneurship education exerted significant contribution to students’ time management skill, but no significant effect on leadership skill, human relations, communication, goal setting, budgeting, financial discipline, selling, creativity and negotiation skills of the university students. The study recommends amongst others that entrepreneurship education should concentrate on developing business, technical and entrepreneurial skills associated with the various stages in the entrepreneurial process, idea generation presentation sessions should be graded components of an entrepreneurship programme in the University. The Challenges of Political Parties in Africa Kabamanya Eliud "The Bottleneck of Citzens’ Participations in African Democracies: Issues from Politics of Peace Dialogue in Tanzania. The wind of change of the 1980s liberalization process re-introduced multiparty political system to increase pluralism and people’s participation. These changes contributed to unprecedented registration of political parties which have become just an instruments for pluralization rather than participation.

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In this paper the discussion will use an African perspective, which view democracy as the mean for the people to participate in political affairs, to analyse and discuss issues from politics of peace dialogue. More particular, challenges toward its primary role of citizens’ participation in political affairs. Through this analysis, political parties will be positioned as the instruments of participation. It will open up for further research and debate on the challenges facing political parties in Africa.

Troubling the research ethics of Inxeba (The Wound): A critical interpretative analysis in the quest for ‘Restorative Cultural and Epistemological Justice’ Mathe Siphokuhle Toka Inxeba (The Wound) is a film that attends to voice and representation of queer African life within the socio-cultural context of ulwaluko, a rite of passage ritual marking the progression from ubuXhosa boyhood to manhood. John Trengove wrote and directed the movie with assistance from black queer actors and writers. This movie has not been free from criticism as it is laden with homo-erotism and private cultural symbolisms. Homosexuality remains stigmatised in South Africa and thus the interface of sexuality and culture in this film disrupts dominant indigenous imaginations of culture and sexuality. This movie has been threatened by cinema shutdowns, violent and non-violent protest that have rendered it both vulnerable and triumphant. The purpose of this research is three-fold. First, it will extrapolate and assess the research ‘acts’ committed in the film-making process. Second, it is to make sense of 'acts' as entangled with ethics, and ethics as contemplated by modernist philosophy that finds expression in Africans’ ‘knowing, sensing and being’ à la Walter Mignolo (2013). This is with the view to understand why this film exists despite a lack of consensus among indigenous Xhosa people(s). Third, it is to find the film as reproducing Euro-North American-centric knowledge paradigms that invisibilise indigenous people, their lives, their wishes, their knowledge systems; in lieu of the history of a white anthropological gaze. Lastly, this study's critical interpretive analysis aims to arrive at providing decolonial ethical research imperatives that will solve some of the epistemic violence(s) that occur when art and artists represent indigenous peoples.

Youth in Africa as the future Khuzwayo Noxolo Nomfundo "Africa’s definition given in the African youth charter where youth means every person between the age of 15 and 35, more than 60% of the population of Africa as the entire continent is below the age of 25 with majority being between 15 and 30. The average age in the continent is 19 years; this age profile is advantageous if adequate resources are invested in training the youth to contribute constructively to the workforce of this generation. Youth unemployment is a crisis in the continent due to corruption done by governments the AU financial illicit flows report is evidence that a lot of money is in the continent but not used to empower youth. Estimations says that 2,275 in 2018 youth die while travelling to

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Europe. This should concern the AU youth put their lives at risk due to poverty in their countries. The 4th industrial revolution is introduced while the youth in Africa don’t have opportunities as economically developed countries. African governments need to invest in education to make sure that youth in Africa empower themselves with knowledge and they are innovative. Africa can’t have so much resources that don’t assist to fight poverty and empower the youth. They should invest in skills development for the youth in the continent, as Africa is the future The African Charter is a document not popularized by states, youth need to be empowered and exposed to the Charter to work towards a better continent. African Agenda Vision 2063 should be adopted.

AN AFRICANA CRITIQUE OF DEVELOPMENT DISCOURSE: THE NEXUS OF POWER, KNOWLEDGE AND CULTURE Bunting Professor Ikaweba This paper is an extension of previous work examining Pan African political culture, critical pedagogy and reparative justice as interlocking phenomena relative to deconstructing the global archetype of White Supremacy in relations to realizing AU Agenda 2063. Structural power of the global historical, scientific and cultural narrative of that archetype juxtaposed to African peoples’ experiential knowledge, cognitive interests, and cultural power within the Eurocentric development paradigm is examined. The roles played by institutions of education and cultural production and reproduction in perpetuating said dominant global archetype are critiqued. The paper postulates that the institutional ‘long duree’ of development discourse, as part of the white supremacy archetype, begins with the Papal Bulls of 1455 and 1493, the Doctrine of Discovery, Modernist Growth Theory and their 21st century manifestations neo- liberal development intervention and ‘Free-market Democratisation’. The linear sequential modernist development ideology is challenged. Socio-economic and cultural change are appreciated as intrinsic to all societies and therefore the idea of ‘underdevelopment’ is a constructed reality resultant to interplay of power, knowledge and culture. An Africana critical pedagogical paradigm as an emancipatory formulation that deconstructs the binary discursive formulation ordering of subaltern-superior, developed-underdeveloped, is presented as elementary and indispensable for African societies to effect changes in this global model in the context of historical narrative, scientific method and the production and distribution of power, knowledge and wealth.

THE POLITICS OF GLOBAL VALUE CHAIN UPGRADING: EVIDENCE FROM GHANA AND COTE D'IVOIRE Sorkpor Constance "Globalizing processes have transformed how economies and firms compete in the global economy. Increasingly, production became fragmented and spatially distributed across different geographies but nonetheless functionally interdependent and prospects for economic

161 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

upgrading/development requires that nations and firms ‘join’ Global Value Chains/Global Production Networks (GVC/GPN) rather than ‘build’ their own value chains. As a paradigm for analyzing globalization and economic development, the GVC framework has focused on the governing role of lead firms in shaping upgrading prospects of firms and economies and has underemphasized the explanatory power of the state and domestic political economy issues. This paper argues that while the GVC framework remains analytically powerful in framing contemporary discourse about economic development, its silence about relations and distribution of political power in the conceptualization of upgrading creates an analytical lacunae for analyzing developing country contexts where contemporary capitalist economic transformation are shaped mainly by political clientelism. To address this lacunae in the GVC construct, the paper integrates the Political Settlement Approach with the GVC framework to analyse the cocoa value chains of Ghana and Cote D’Ivoire. Using secondary empirical materials, this paper highlights the nature of the distribution of political power within both political economies to explain why Ghana and Cote D’Ivoire seem to diverge in their paths to GVC industrialization of their cocoa sectors.

Domestication of Sociology in Africa Abdullahi Muhammad Maigari Attempts were made in several times by academics and social movements’ activists from Africa after the end of colonialism to decolonize the entire social structure of the continent particularly knowledge and its production to be in tandem with the history, culture and social issues of its inhabitants. Concerted efforts were made to domesticate Sociology from a Eurocentric discipline to reflect the social realities of Africa. The domestication was approached through the introduction of courses in the curriculum of Sociology in some Universities in Nigeria. The courses for the undergraduate level which directly centres on Africa are Sociology of the Third World, Afrocentric Social Theory, Regional Ethnography of Sub-Saharan Africa, Sociology of Decolonization, and Political Economy of the Sokoto Caliphate, Nigerian Heritage, African Society and Culture. The effort is not to demystify the knowledge produced by the European forefathers of the discipline and the grand theories they propounded but to use sociological lens and imagination to view and explain social issues in Africa from the perspective of an insider objectively, at least to develop substantive theories that can explain social problems that are peculiar to Africa. This is premised on the belief that social events and setting have a great influence on social theorists and the knowledge they produce. Based on this notion, the social currents and events that gave birth to Sociology in Europe were entirely different from the state of affairs in Africa, this necessitates the need to domesticate a discipline which aimed a solving social problems.

We belong together: Place attachment, ubuntuism and value for life in African cultures IORFA Steven Kator, Chuka Mike Ifeagwazi & JohnBosco Chika Chukwuorji

162 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

"The Ubuntu philosophy common among most cultures in Africa has spanned through the years and has been instrumental in the formation of the African personality in individuals. This philosophy is characterized by oneness and the love for humanity and has been responsible to a large extent for the peace and tranquility experienced in most cultures across Africa. We also argue that ubuntuism has created value for life (one’s life, life of others, life of animals, life of plants and in cultures with or without re-incarnation beliefs, value for the life after death) in Africans. Combined with a sense of place and a rootedness in place, ubuntuism has created a selfless, collectivist and humane Africa. However, recent trends in violence (communal clashes, terror attacks, religious intolerance, etc.), sexuality, anthropogenic forcing, etc., even across Africa seem to suggest that globalization has largely impacted on the African personality. The direction of this impact may not be fully felt until in later generations. This raises concerns as regarding the future of Africa, ubuntuism and value for life in future generations of Africans. This paper evaluates the roles place attachment (sense of place and rootedness in place) and ubuntuism have played in developing value for life in the African personality. The paper also explores value for life across African cultures correlating it with the levels of place attachment and ubuntuism emphasized in such cultures. Recommendations on awakening the Ubuntu and place consciousness in Africans are made. Keywords: Africa. Belonging. Culture. Place attachment. Ubuntu. Value for life.

Water in Samburu Nar*ratings of Endangerment: A Transcultural Approach to Conservation. Wachira James The need to address environmental crises necessitates understanding their natures, causes and magnitude across cultures. However, in Kenya, tension plays out between global, national, and local understandings of conservation. The objective of this paper is to show by the example of knowledges about agencies of water that the Samburu figure with some interventional ritual chants how local conceptualisations of conservation needs differ significantly from national conservation policies and global standards. While my approach combines my research from fieldwork, mainly oral literature and ethnographic material, it also touches upon questions of policy, spatial planning, and development. A systematic description of conservation by the critical topic of water among Samburu may contribute to a more nuanced view of conservation that includes marginal groups. More than just claiming to give the subaltern a voice, my project provides the necessary material to fulfil both the criteria of academic work and offer new insights for conservation policies. Key words: Conservation, Knowledge, Narration, Transcultural, Samburu, Water

African feminist critique: decolonizing gender Arnfred Signe "With colonialism and Christian missions, European thinking and ideas settled in Africa. Generally as tools of power, racist and with a male bias; European thinking at that point in

163 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

time was clearly androcentric. European thinking was, however, also used for other ends: most African leaders of struggles for Independence had attended European mission schools and/or universities. But also subversive knowledge was male biased. In the post-World War II era of ‘development’, by inspiration from Western women’s movements (from the 1970s onwards) critique of implicit male bias in development projects was carried to Africa by Western donors; first in terms of WID (Women-in-Development), later GAD (Gender-and-Development). Western feminist thinking also inspired incipient African feminist ideas. However, the critical intentions of WID, and particularly GAD, were co-opted by powerful donor institutions; in World Bank contexts ‘gender equality’ became a tool of economic growth. Over the last decades African gender scholars have started criticising Western-centered concepts and ideas regarding gender. Significantly this critique often moves on an epistemological level, challenging implicitly taken-for-granted gender relations of power. The promise of these epistemic lines of thinking is that they are likely to provide better understandings of economic and social relations and patterns of change in Africa and globally, also providing openings for feminist thinking elsewhere in the world. In the paper these promises will be illustrated with examples from my own work since the early 1980s in Mozambique.

Africa and dysfunctional democratic practice: A Review of core issues FAKANBI KEHINDE ERNEST Democracy which originated from Greece gives so much power to the people. Even though, the direct democracy that was practiced in the then Ancient Greece can hardly be practised in any part of the world now, due to large population of people that will be involved in the decision making process. However, there is still some strict adherence to the ethos and tenets of democracy in some advance countries of the world, unlike what obtains in most of African countries. Sit-tightism, disobedience to the rule of law, “pocketing” of the judiciary as opposed to its independence, lack of freedom of the press remain the stock in trade of what constitutes democratic practice in Africa, from Nigeria, Cameroun, Libya, Zimbabwe, Sudan and a few others; it is the same story of undemocratic practices in supposed democracies. The study therefore beams its searchlight on various undemocratic practices in some democracies in Africa as against the norms of democracy in western countries. Keywords: Democracy, Africa,

African agency and perspectives in international relations Macharia Michael Kanyange

164 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

"African agency and perspectives in international relations have been absent in the Eurocentric international relations discipline and theoretical underpinnings. The African voice has been missing in most literary discourses in International Relations. Its misrepresentation in international relations theories is not only deliberate but is embedded in history. Africa, then, was dismissed as a land irrationality and incapable of logical conceptualization. Africa was viewed as a land of primitive mentality by scholars such as G.W.F. Hegel, Immanuel Kant and Lucien Levy-Bruhl. This conceptualization of Africa permeated to the 20th Century. International relations scholars such as Hans Morgenthau concluded that Africans ‘don’t really make meaningful politics’ while Kenneth Waltz saw it as ‘ridiculous to develop a theory of international politics from Costa Rica and Malaysia’. This makes Africa, for Kevin C. Dunn, a continental to be” acted upon”. Such negative perceptions have denied Africa agency and her perspectives in international relations ultimately marginalized and place at the periphery. The aim of this paper is to connect the lack of African agency and marginalization of her perspectives in International relations to the European age of reason, make a case for Africa’s historical and cultural experiences as unique from the Western experiences and conceptualizations and to examine the missing link from the African scholars’ perspectives and contributions to international relations theories. Key words: Africa’s agency, International relations, age of reason, IR theories

Oral History and Indigenous Knowledges: A Re-Vision of the Past Kosgei Jauquelyne Most literary and cultural studies have tended to focus on written texts when historicising and conceptualising Africa’s history. The downside to this is that oral texts are largely ignored. As a result, indigenous knowledges replete with histories transmitted orally are lost. With a particular focus on the Kenyan coast, I use the (oral) history of , a national monument at the Kenyan coast, to argue that oral forms of knowledge are useful to the study of history and can be employed to extend the existing archive of historical knowledge. As part of my PhD methodology, I conducted fieldwork in Mombasa, and recorded an oral history of Fort Jesus which I will share. My respondent was an eighty-year-old man from the Digo community. From what I found, I argue that (this) oral history challenges dominant history as we know it. Generally, use this to call attention to indigenous knowledges as valid, alternative (or additional) forms of knowledge, and push for their inclusion in current discourses. Key words: oral history, indigenous knowledge, Fort Jesus, history, the archive

The Informal Economy as a Repository of African Indigenous Knowledges: Insights from Zimbabwe. Magidi Martin Informal economies in Africa have received a wide range of coverage from various researchers who hail from a range of academic disciplines. While some have written

165 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

positively about, most of the researchers have concentrated on its negatives and seek to denigrate it. They have labeled in disapproving manners as a ‘marginal, peripheral, black market, shadow economy or parallel economy’ which is associated with disorganization and untidiness and which must be done away with. For this reasons, most governing authorities on the continent came up with policies that are meant to suppress the economy as they favor modernity as their development routes. This study, however, after analyzing data collected in Harare, Zimbabwe, through ethnographic techniques of field observations, key informant interviews as well as in-depth narratives, managed to identify crucial points of connection between informal economic activities and African Indigenous Knowledge Systems. It argues that as African governments continue to fight the informal economy, they do so at the risk of destroying an economic sector that is playing a critical role in nurturing and promoting African Indigenous Knowledges in areas which include indigenous medicines, art and craft, indigenous foods, indigenous technology among others. The study thus argues that there is need to rethink and reconsider how we perceive informal economies in Africa in the light of these new insights which suggest that they are acting as repositories of African Indigenous Knowledge Systems.

Western fallacies in Africa: the Somali civil war and the UN intervention (1991-2000)

Tortolini Alessia Since the end of decolonisation, Africa faced a complex transition process to democracy. The considerable influence of the former colonising authorities in shaping the new political framework of African countries was indeed obvious, and in most cases it led to instability. The traditional social and political structure of the African territories was almost entirely ignored by Western powers, therefore excluding any chance of the birth of an African state- building process. In that sense, the Somali civil war of 1991-2000 represents an example of the inability of the Western world and the international organisations, such as the UN, to solve conflicts in Africa. Since the Italian-British trusteeship that should have led the country to a stable unity, Somalia suffered from an internal conflict between different factions, which highlighted the damage of Somali internal balance provoked by the Western mismanagement of both the colonial and the trusteeship period. Therefore, this proposal aims to investigate on how the UN missions UNITAF and UNIFIL I-II not only were inappropriate, but also they maintained a subtle colonialist attitude towards Somalia.

Are Chinese health workers filling-in the healthcare gap created by the emigration of Zambian healthcare professionals? Bwalya Jack Chola "In 2006, the Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao pointed out that China had sent over sixteen thousand medical personnel to Africa to develop hospitals and clinics, and 240 million patients have been treated by Chinese healthcare workers. At the same time, several African countries continue to experience an exodus of skilled and highly skilled healthcare

166 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

professionals seeking better-paying work internationally. This has created a severe shortage of healthcare workers, including doctors, to provide healthcare services in the sending countries like Zambia. In this scenario, it is interesting to explore whether the Chinese health workers could sufficiently be filling-in the gap created by the emigration of Zambian healthcare workers? Drawing mainly on secondary data, which is complemented by key informant interviews, this study explored the experiences and perceptions of Zambian trained medical doctors from the public and private healthcare sectors in Zambia about the effect of Chinese healthcare providers in the Zambian healthcare service. Preliminary results show that, Chinese healthcare providers are perceived to be playing an important role in healthcare service delivery within Zambia. However, lack of comparative data on incoming Chinese healthcare workers and emigrating Zambian healthcare professionals limit the extent to which claims can be made about Chinese health workers filling-in the healthcare service delivery gap. Keywords: Migration, Medical-Doctors, China, Zambia, Africa

Rethinking the President’s Declaration of Emergency: Examining Ways to increase Women’s Access to Justice in Sierra Leone M'Cormack-Hale Fredline A. O. & Tania Sherriff "Since the end of the war, Sierra Leone has enacted and passed various laws which should have led to significant improvement for women and girls with regards to access to justice. These laws include the Gender Acts: The Domestic Violence Act, The Devolution of Estates Act and the Registration of Customary Marriage and Divorce Act which were passed in 2007. Despite these laws, and various interventions, the President in February 2019, had to declare a state of emergency on SGBV as a result of a savage rape case with a 5-year old survivor in 2019 who is severely injured and will have to be flown out of the country for medical care. The president’s declaration is the latest iteration of the increased concern that this case has raised country-wide. However, his declaration of rape as a national emergency is also raising considerable debate around the appropriateness of this as a policy option, and potential implications on democratic space and over-reach of the executive. This paper seeks to examine whether the laws and respective institutions are sufficient to address SGBV crimes and what are the reasons for the continuing struggle to achieve justice for SGBV survivors. We are interested in exploring potential areas of blockage within the judiciary, including the obstacles women encounter at the level of the courts. Methods include primary and secondary data collection, including interviews with lawyers, magistrates, courts as well as other actors that help women access justice.

The Epistemic Pitfalls in the Development Debate A Philosophical Critique of the Development Trajectory in African Chando Theophihlus

167 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

The term development has been a buzz word for centuries, and still finds the greatest currency in contemporary society. Development implies improvement from bad to good, or from good to better. Development is contrasted, at worst, to regress, and at best to stagnation. In development, there is a forward motion, towards an ideal situation. The common indicators of development are the absence of poverty, considered in terms of basic subsistence needs like regular and enough food in households, absence of disease, or the ability to find medication with ease should one contract any of the known common treatable diseases, like malaria, provision of shelter for every person, and rudimentary literacy. Rarely do development theorists consider non-material aspects of human existence, like moral development, in the development discourse. The overemphasis on “material” development seems to have created a crisis in value system of society, with everybody running towards wealth possession without considering the value of wealth, in the first instance. What, and how much one possesses seems to carry a greater weight, than why and how one should acquire this wealth. This paper proposes to investigate into the epistemic underpinnings of development as a concept and goal of society, arguing that what is, currently, regarded as development, lacks the potential to improve human life, due to the weak pedestals on which it is anchored. Development must be thought out, based on and individual societies existential conditions, and proper epistemic based be established, before it is implemented.

Youth political engagement and the reclamation of public space in contemporary politics in Africa Sittoni Rachel This article explores youth popular cultures in contemporary politics to understand how popular culture combines with increasing youth reclamation of public space to redefine youth identities and their political engagement. It reflects on recent youth led protests epitomised by the North African uprisings that saw the occupation of Tahrir Square in Egypt and students’ movements focalised on the removal of statues to contest colonial and racial continuities as in the #Rhodesmustfall movement and the #Gandhimustfall movements in South Africa and Ghana respectively. It argues for the understanding of the centrality of public space in youth political engagement, outside political protest and transition episodes. It notes that the everyday spaces that youth inhabit (often marked by unique popular cultures reflected in fashion, language, music and art), youth ability to own those spaces, to move in and out of them is central to their identity formation (including the making and remaking of language and norms that govern those spaces), their political engagement and in navigating youth relations with the state. I examine the function public spaces play (if at all) on an everyday basis in mediating the relationship between youth and the state.

Simon Kimbangu: A personality symbolizing religion and national independence in Africa Geneviève Bagamboula

168 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

"Colonization in Africa has stifled African religions, some religious movements have resisted and have become major religions recognized legally and widespread in the world. In French- speaking Africa, there is the Mouride Brotherhood in Senegal and Kimbanguism in the DRC. The religious movement was created by Simon Kimbangu, who in 1921 had managed to gather many followers behind him, as a result of the miraculous healing acts. He predicted the independence of Congolese people and the future emancipation of the black race. This notoriety of Simon Kimbangu as a politico-religious leader led the settlers to imprison him for 30 years. Currently, this religion comes third, after the Catholic and Protestants in Congo Brazzaville (Lutatala2013). The analysis of this personality's ideas and the resulting religious, political and social actions is interesting, to see how this religion and its resistance shaped cultural identity in Africa. The study has two objectives: to show the forms of politico-religious resistance of the Kimbanguist movement to colonial domination and to analyze the cultural and social consequences of this movement. The qualitative data will come from individual interviews with religious leaders and socio-economic infrastructures. 4 focus group will be realized with members of the church: young men and women; as well as non-members. The latter have relations with kimbanguists, through socio-economic activities. The interviews and focus will be held in Brazzaville.

Integrating Selected Kenyan Indigenous Knowledge Principles to Understand Food Security Policy and Practice in Africa OJWANG BENSON ODUOR Selected utterances from Kenyan languages portend key lessons on individual and societal roles and responsibilities towards achieving food security from African perspectives. They also encode advice and best practices on the principles of food production, processing and consumption. Moreover, the expressions offer critical lessons for sustainable farming and conscious maintenance of the natural ecosystem. This facet of indigenous knowledge on food has been transmitted through successive generations. However, it currently faces threat from rapidly changing patterns of socialization and diminishing inter-generational cultural competence. This paper draws from , Luhya and Ekegusii and evaluates how they describe the social dimensions of food security from socio-culturally grounded experiences. These expressions are used to motivate, stimulate and awaken the conscience of the people to embrace a work ethic and promote food production. This paper therefore examines the relevance of the traditional knowledge systems that target food security such as utterances that promote effective strategies for managing crops and domestic animals for optimal benefit. We further examine the implications of this knowledge to the current food crises in Kenya and the rest of Africa. We demonstrate how the adaptable concepts in these community level messages can be recontextualized and extended in scope to set the agenda for broader modern food security policy and practice in a paradigm of change from below. This would potentially enhance acceptability of policies by the primary stakeholders.

169 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Chocolate: Made of Africa Leissle Kristy Today, chocolate is African. That may come as a surprise to anyone who knows Theobroma cacao is indigenous to South America. It may also sound strange to those inclined to venerate “Belgian” or “Swiss” chocolate. But since the late 1800s, Africa has supplied factories in Europe and North America with the only ingredient you really need to make chocolate. Now, little cocoa comes from anywhere else: African countries produce about three-quarters of the world’s crop and just two—Ivory Coast and Ghana—grow more than half. Historians differ on whether African agriculturalists chose this path or colonial rulers imposed it. But it is inarguable that, for a century, African cocoa has been the foundation of global confectionery. Without that investment and commitment by African states and farmers, mass-marketed chocolate as we know it may never have developed. From the perspective of a chocolate lover in, say, New York or Dublin, however, chocolate’s Africanness is hidden. This is partly because consumers in industrialized places are detached from food origins in general. But it also has to do with the way much of the world thinks about Africa. Stereotypes that originated or intensified during colonialism have persevered, to the point where understandings of Africa have become absurd. Such negative stereotypes play out across the cocoa and chocolate industries, informing the political economy of trade relationships and consumer culture. This paper argues for reconceiving chocolate as African, to counter these stereotypes and shine a light on Africa’s enduring role in making chocolate possible.

Black Origins of Biocultural Anthropology: Douglass, Firmin and Cobb Blakey Michael The term, biocultural anthropology, has come to refer to studies of human biology in societal context. It opposes biodeterministic and naturalizing theories of a biological basis for societal inequality and turns the causal arrow to emphasize how inequitable societal (political and economic) circumstances sculpt the bodies of the oppressed, determining work stresses, organic health, mortality, and population genetics. The original intellectual crafters of this retort to eugenics were Frederick Douglass (U.S), Antenor Firmin (Haiti), and W. Montague Cobb (U.S.) from slavery to the late 20th century. These African Diasporic anthropological thinkers were ahead, even of our own time, as biocultural studies - revealing biological evidence of racism and class inequity - continue to strain against a grain of apologetic naturalism.

Island Women Writing: Representations of the Female Figure in Contemporary Novelists from Madagascar, Mauritius and Comoros RAKOTONIERA Zoly Harilala Avotiana

170 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

"This paper aims at outlining the most significant developments in East African islands women’s writing. It is based on a gynocentric and comparative analysis of three novels, namely Michèle Rakotoson’s Juillet au Pays: chroniques d’un retour à Madagascar (2007), Ananda Devi’s Les hommes qui me parlent (2011) and Coralie Frei’s La Perle des Comores: destin d’anjouannaise (2010). In fact, the three novels intersect on the representation of an autobiographical female character whose journey sheds light on three major issues: gender, culture and society. An investigation of the portrayal of women in the three novels enables us first of all to trace a common preoccupation with gender issues and womanhood. Being a woman in the fictional world of the novels implies experiencing symbolic violence. Like their creators however, the female characters manage to break free from oppression through writing. Considerable importance is indeed accorded to the act of writing and its meaning for the woman. In all three texts, writing it is the engine that enables the woman to travel and to know the empowering and intellectually liberating aspects of cosmopolitanism. Through those characters’ experiences, Devi, Rakotoson and Frei debunk two myths about their islands: first of all they are not exotic, heavenly places and secondly they are not romantically insular. Those three novels give us to understand that through the experience of women, the East African islands region is globalized and fast-changing. The writings of women testify to its complexities and vibrancy.

CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF OPEN DISTANCE AND ELECTRONIC LEARNING (ODeL) IN HIGHER EDUCATION IN KENYA: ADDIE MODEL PERSPECTIVE Ochieng Pamela Higher Education needs to champion the development process with regard to access to education. The purpose of the study was to develop a practical analysis, design, development, and implementation and Evaluation (ADDIE) model of knowledge delivery that is relevant and practical oriented for the provision of ODeL in Kenya- based on the German model of Learner–centered approach to learning. The study sought to establish the challenges and opportunities of ODeL in the provision of on-line education in Kenya, and the possible use if the ADDIE model in ensuring the successful implementation of Distance education in Kenya. The study utilized an eclectic approach with a focus on descriptive survey design. The Unit of analysis was made up of nine Deans of schools, nine heads of departments and 150 on-line students providing a total of 168 participants, from three Universities. The study findings revealed that the opportunities of ODeL are varied wit regard to individual, and institutional structures but at the same time the challenges are extensive. It was however, observed that the ADDIE model can be utilized to facilitate ODeL education in Kenya. It was also observed that the ADDIE model can be used to infuse knowledge and skills for self-reliance contributing to the attainment of the sustainable development goals. Keywords: ADDIE Model, ODel, Distance Education, Practical oriented Learning, Education

Situating air pollution science

171 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

deSouza Priyanka Numerical air quality standards are central to the Clean Air Act in the United States. Reference monitoring practices bring these standards to life by producing data that is comparable with the form of the standards. The standards do real work in the US, as the violation of results in heavy penalties for state governments. However, the standards play a much more ambivalent role in air quality management in much of the developing world because the dearth of air quality monitors, making it difficult to enforce the standards. Instead, scientists and policy-makers work together to create new local science- policy interfaces to manage air pollution. This paper argues that the position of the scientists in their country, their relationship with policy-makers, regulators and other key actors play a key role in determining how such new interfaces are constructed. However, local scientists also have to contend with scientific practices circulating in the form of the traveling standards that are typically imported from the United States/Europe. This paper will use Kenya as a case study to shine light on how air pollution science is being developed to mitigate pollution in place, while at the same time navigating international best practices.

Career choice dilemmas: Students' experiences at different levels of transition Ampaire Anne Inadvertent career choice direct students’ efforts and resources into inappropriate occupations plunging them into confusion, frustration and disappointment in life. Often students pursue careers imposed on them, careers outside their anchors or what the institutionalized Elitist system avails without individual informed choice. Consequently resources are wasted and great opportunities missed. This paper examines “Why individuals continue to face difficulty in pursuing specific careers and career pathways prescribed by the learned society and How can we make use of the African knowledges to address the current realities of emerging career choice dilemmas?” This paper makes a case for the social, cultural and historical perspective which questions issues of identity and social agency, while interrogating the logic of continued predication of curriculum not responsive to issues and challenges of the African setting. The paper stresses the need to prepare students for career problems they don’t know, occupations that don’t yet exist, and technologies not yet invented in order to be competitively relevant to the world of work. It advocates for a learner-based education system with a community-based curriculum as antecedent for effective career training and education. The study makes use of participants’ narratives of career stories and case studies as a basis for justification and recommendations. Keywords: Career choice dilemmas, Institutionalized learned society, Career Transitioning

Beyond Conventional Learning: Implications for sociocultural perspectives Eboyu Francis

172 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Traditional learning pedagogies have created a mismatch between learning and workplace realization in Uganda. Majority of graduates find it difficult to translate learning from school to world market demands. Even the learning they get at work does not equip them with relevant skills and competencies to yield expected outcomes. Consequently, there is disconnect between academic knowledge often produced from an outsider’s privileged perspective and lived realities. This study examines why some graduates fail to transfer what they learn from university to the job market. The old models of knowledge production ignore sociocultural and historical factors baring learners’ identities and agency which affect the learning process. Yet learning is an active world-creative process, engraved for the agency in particular sociocultural and historical conditions to compel action. This paper proposes a complementarity between cognitive and sociocultural approaches to demonstrate transfer of learning from school to work. Narratives of graduates using a complementarity between academic knowledge with sociocultural and historical lived experiences are reported in this primarily qualitative study. Key Words: Beyond conventional learning, Pedagogies, Cognitive and Sociocultural models, Transfer of learning, Identity, Agency

Beyond Orthodox Retention Discourse: Re-examining why Academics stay in Uganda’s Public Universities Nansamba Joyce & Dr Julius Kikooma "Orthodox retention discourse has created a paradox for Public Universities in Uganda. These universities being a colonial creation have a unique history, social life and culture. This paper focuses on why academics stay in these public universities rather than on the predominant question of why they leave and which has for long dominated the academic staff retention literature terrain. Available statistics and a pilot study conducted in 2018 among 300 academic staff indicate that majority academics stay and are willing to stay working in these public universities despite deteriorating and unappealing working conditions. Emerging research reveals that the reasons for leaving differ from the reasons for stay hence the call to theoretically interrogate them differently. An alternative approach that exclusively examines reasons for academics’ stay in the public university setting as central empirical and theoretical resources for research about academic staff retention is taken in this paper. A socio-cultural and historical theoretical perspective which takes into account the institutional context is utilized as a lens through which reasons for academics’ stay are scrutinized, away from the conventional stimulus-response driven behaviorist approach. This mainly qualitative work purports to report stories indicating reasons for stay of 13 longest serving academics through a narrative inquiry methodological approach. Key words: Retention, Stay, Socio-cultural and historical theory, Colonial legacy, Narrative inquiry

Assessing Africa’s Imaging in Ryan Coogler’s Black Panther

173 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Ajibade Babson & Ekpe, Bassey Arguably, the presentation of Africa’s image by western media has often been associated with sweeping stereotypes that place Africa as a backward destination. Among contemporary Hollywood films, it could be contended that Black Panther represents a break in the trend of negative African portrayal as it echoes a ‘sophisticated’ Afrocentric perspective of discourse. However, the film seems to chart the course of technological determinism, which insists that a society’s technology determines the development of its social structure and cultural value. Also, underlying the Black Panther’s broad mix of utopian and beautiful images of an African society lies a tone of colonial imperialism; beyond the strongly resonating lures of black heroism and female empowerment in the film lies an African kingdom tied to colonial powers, not able to defend itself without ‘foreign’ aid. Black Panther uses an African based narrative to define Africa as its own problem and agent of self-destruction. This paper’s argument centres on moving away from the monopolistic perception that seems to dictate technology as the solution to Africa’s problem and, that Africa can only pull through its challenges with colonial input. This paper submits that, while Black Panther appears to be a cultural mesh aimed at dispelling the stereotypes and value judgements imposed by western media, it does however reinforce the image of Africa as a continent that is perpetually in need of ‘foreign’ intellectual superiority.

Mothering in the ‘Decolonial Moment’: Exploring Narratives of Mothering in Moments of Social Transformation Majombozi Ziyanda Mothering happens in moments and contexts. These moments then inform how one mothers and shapes the decisions they make during their pregnancy, childbirth as well as during childcare. This ethnographic research was conducted between 2016 and 2018 at the height of conversations about #FeesMustFall and #RhodesMustFall - with decolonisation as the overarching theme of the conversations. Through the lens of what has been dubbed the ‘decolonial moment’, I explore the ways in which macro political moments impact intimate spaces. In particular, I argue that the moment of social transformation presented by the recent #FeesMustFall and #RhodesMustFall movements in South Africa shaped experiences of mothering for aspiring Black middle mothers. I demonstrate how the ‘decolonial moment’ required mothers to be intentional about how they prepare their children for a future in a country plagued by racism whilst also imagining for them and with them a future in a decolonised South Africa. This paper then documents how mothers responded to the ‘decolonial moment’, how it influenced their mothering and also how they prepared their children to relate to South Africa as it is currently as well as how to relate to a ‘decolonised’ South Africa.

Strategizing in Transit: African Migrants in Transit Think their way out of Neoliberal- Humanitarian Capture Hagan Ampson

174 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

The International Organization for Migration (IOM) manages (anti-)migration for Niger— and Europe who desperately wants to restrict Black African movement—as unauthorized migrants cross Niger towards North Africa for work. It offers a carrot to job-seeking migrants in the form of business startup funding, which is contingent upon repatriation and migrants remaining in their countries of origin for three consecutive months. For many migrants—both in transit or stuck—in Niger, the prospect of returning home with nothing and owing thousands of euros to members of their communities who supported their initial migrations, is undesirable. Thus, some migrants eschew humanitarian aid (which is explicitly associated with anti-migration socio-political epistemologies) to rely on their own abilities to survive in transit, foregrounding their trust in their own strategizing and thinking. They evade humanitarian-state capture through subversion, code switching, and hiding. Their understandings and mistrust of humanitarian-neoliberal solutions question the idea of international NGOs as positivist and useful actors, relegating them to the background of the socio-political space in which unauthorized migrants navigate. Migrants’ critiques of IOM- promoted readjustment packages are grounded in broader criticisms of neoliberal aid policies and agendas. Ethnographic study of migrants in Niger reveals their various conceptions of the entrepreneurial logics of humanitarian aid, the alignment of NGOs with the Nigerien state, and their own legal rights. Through this refusal of humanitarian-state neoliberal power, migrants demonstrate how their own knowledges of how to “get by” both challenge the logics of neoliberal intervention and subvert the state’s attempts at physical-social containment.

The Africa I Want Poems by Fatma Adam Hussein Fatma Adam The Africa I Want Poems by Fatma Adam is a poetry book consisting of a collection of sixty poems focusing on social issues in Africa. The topics range from Media, HIV/AIDS, Politics, Gender Rights, and love. It captures my activist point of views from a Pan-African and Feminist approaches. I am pursuing a Master’s degree in International Relations at the United States International University (USIU-Africa). As an author, I use poetry to discuss the representation of Africa by Western Media and highlight the identity crisis within the African culture in opting to adopt Western concepts. In the Poem, “I am Tired Africa” I not only look at the outside forces that contribute to Africa’s demise but point a finger at the African readers to take action for their own contributions in the lack of development within their own Continent by holding their leaders to account. In another poem, named after the book titled “The Africa I Want”, I look at the positive elements within the Continent by giving hope to Africa with a resonating line “Africa I say you are alive and I am proud that you beat in my heart”.

175 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Poetry can be used as a powerful tool to bring about change by opening up the debate to discuss social issues that are faced within the African Continent from an African perspective in the hope of finding African solutions.

Accessibility and perseverance to university studies: Case of the University of Burundi

Françoise TUYISENGE, Juma SHABANI & Marc PONCELET In recent years, access to higher education in Burundi faces several administrative, financial, cultural and socio-economic barriers, and related reforms are needed. Based on the mixed method, combining semi-structured interviews and the questionnaire survey among the students of the University of Burundi, this article seeks to understand the factors likely to hinder the accessibility and perseverance of studies on this institution. Over the past five years, available statistics show that the number of university students in Burundi remains very low, while the number of secondary school graduates continues to grow over the years. Given this situation, we are interested in knowing why many students no longer prefer to pursue higher education as usual. The University of Burundi, the only public reference university dating back to 1962, has always had an expansion of its staff, leading even to capacity problems until the 2000s. Currently, this institution that welcomes only high school graduates who have passed the state exam at more than 50% is counted among the first universities that have experienced this worrying decrease in numbers. The results of our investigations reveal a pattern of reasons that militates against equitable access to this institution and underlines the importance of considering with particular attention the administrative, cultural and socio-economic contexts in which university studies are currently taking place.

Historical Relationship between Migrancy, Nativism and Citizenship in Uganda, 1894- 1995 Nicholas Tunanukye This study, “A Historical Relationship between Migrancy, Nativism and Citizenship in Uganda, 1894-1995”, aims at discussing the historical relationship between migrants, natives and the question of citizenship in Uganda. Inspired by the works of Ugandan scholars such as Richards and Mamdani, the study pursues three objectives: to examine the historical relationship between these concepts, explore the indicators of the contradiction within the three concepts, and assess the responses of the Uganda state towards the contradictions. The study argues that whereas the colonial state in theory created nation-state in which all residents were assumed citizens, migration of one group of people outside their native region to another generated nativism, hence creating a complexity of “migrants” and “natives” which has silently underpinned the social, political and economic events in Uganda. The

176 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

study focuses on southern and western Uganda and it derives the theoretical frame work of both primordialism and social constructionism. The methodology includes collecting oral histories and analysing the content in documents. Key words: Migration, migrant labour, nativism, local citizenship, national citizenship, ethnicity, tribalism

Peacebuilding through health work: Opportunities and challenges for women community health workers in Kenya NJIRU ROSEANNE While there is growing recognition of women’s roles in peacebuilding in Kenya, the place of women community health workers in the peacebuilding infrastructure is not accounted for. This paper aims to increase our understanding of the health-peace nexus through their perspectives. Drawing on ethnographic research with community health workers and volunteers (CHW/Vs)—herein referred to as CHWs—and residents of two urban informal settlements in Nairobi, the paper examines the potential of women CHWs for peacebuilding and the challenges that exist to fulfil this potential. The paper begins by locating this work within the wider ‘health as a bridge for peace’ framework and the ‘infrastructures for peace’ concept. It then discusses how women CHWs conceptualize their everyday health work as peacebuilding work in communities that experience violence and conflicts, thus making links between health provision and peace. The paper then examines how features of healthcare, including, legitimacy, trust and accessibility, advance CHWs’ knowledge on community life and violence which may be significant for local-national peacebuilding efforts. Further, being residents of settlements, CHWs’ daily experiences and struggles enable them to articulate perspectives of community life and peacebuilding that challenge the dominant perspectives on security in the settlements. Finally, the paper discusses how women CHWs’ engagement in health work/ peacebuilding is hampered by institutional, economic and social obstacles which prevent the realization of their potential. Overall, the paper argues that women CHWs are valuable resources for peacebuilding and there is need to recognize and include their insights in Kenya’s peace architecture.

CONCEPTUALIZING THE TRADITIONAL OF THE IGBO AND THE GREEK THEATRE Ikegbunam Chinemerem Chidubem Over the years, some scholars have written that theatre today started with the Greeks or have borrowed heavily from the Greeks. Whatever the case may be, this work studies Igbo masks as an introduction or manifestation of supernatural beings or forces among the living. These supernatural figures usually remain the same from the beginning to the end of a performance. The need for streamlining of Igbo theatre to suit European drama is irrelevant and inconsequential. “Performance is theatre if entrainment outweighs efficiency.” This brings one close to the study. The European concept of drama as narrative is based on the main trend

177 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

of dramatic theory of Aristotle’s Poetics. The masks of Greek theatre played an incredibly important role in the development of the theatre art form, and are today considered as the one of the most iconic conventions of the classical Greek art. The earliest example of masks being used in Greeks stems from the ancient religious ceremonies of the celebration of Greek gods, especially Deity Dionysus and the time of Aeschylus. The masks were viewed as powerful tools that total transformed actors into the desired roles with the viewers not distinguishing actors from the theatrical character. The mythological/archetypal reading of this piece, gives an opportunity to study the conceptual analysis of the traditional theatre of the Igbos and its relationships and differences in the Greek theatre. It views “mask(ing)” as an important aspect of theatre that bears and delivers or reveals different conceptual ideas from their host.

QUESTION 24: AFRICAN LITERATURES; AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE EVENTUAL EXTINCTION OF THE CIRCUMCISION SONGS, THE "ISUKUTI" DANCE AND "KHUSWALA KUMSE" AMONG THE LUHYA OF WESTERN KENYA Oriko Rose "This paper intends to investigate the dying arts of artistic performances amongst the of Western region in Kenya and particularly Kakamega County. I will focus on the dying culture of the Kabras, and of western Kenya. I intend to argue that before colonialism and after independence these groups of people presented their expectations, aspirations and challenges through performances such as circumcision songs during initiation, Sukuti dances to celebrate or mourn their people and Khuswala Omuse to mourn their dead. With the coming of christianity and dynamism of cultures and modernism, these arts are facing gradual extinction. This study will adopt the post-modern theory by Delany G (2000) to analyze the infiltration of modernism into the rich cultural arts of the Luhya of Western Kenya. This study will also be guided by the performance Theory by Don Elger to negotiate the intricacies of performance in these arts that are threatened with extinction. The study will analyze the literary aspects of performances of the songs and dances. Data will be generated through observation schedules and interview guides. The study population will be adult performing groups. Data will be presented through prosaic essays.

Securitisation of Migration: A blessing or Curse to the Host? MONYANI MARGARET As migration becomes securitized globally, there will be substantial consequences for existing as well as prospective immigrants and asylum seekers. Contemporary governance of refugees globally is exercised through the prism of crisis, threats and risks especially for host states that seek to “manage” them through regimes of increasing securitization. In Kenya for instance, the refugee management regime has evolved over time and now Kenya is

178 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

considered as one of the countries with the toughest refugee regime in Africa. Securitisation of the Somali refugees in particular has seen the government adopt policies such as the encampment policy and practices such as Usalama Watch to deter the movement of refugees from camps to the urban cities. Usalama Watch was a government led operation that saw the forceful return of all unregistered Somali refugees back to the camps or Somalia depending on their refugee status. Even so not much attention has been given to the impact such refugee management practices may have on the local people who live and work with these refugees. This paper draws on data that was collected among the locals living among urban Somali refugees in Eastleigh, Nairobi to determine what impact such constraining refugee regime may have on the locals. The paper mainly uses the Usalama Watch case to explore the effects of such practices on the host community. Key Words: Securitisation, Refugee, Somali, Usalama Watch, Migration regime

Literary Representation of Chinweizu’s Female Power Concept in Adaobi Tricia Nwabuani’s I do not come to you by chance and Ben Okri’s Dangerous Love OMAJUWA, Ogugua & OVIE-JACK, Matilda Eyituoyo In his highly controversial book, Anatomy of Female Power (1990), Chinweizu challenges the foundation of feminists’ claims. Chinweizu asserts that women operate a hidden system of matriarchy and so they are the sex in charge; contrary to what they would have the general public believe. To this, he points out other areas they do dominant: education, propaganda, punishment, recognition, etc. His goal, in the book, is to expose the amount and types of power women wield. To this end, Chinweizu introduces and develops the three power theory: motherpower, bridepower and wifepower. This paper explores two Nigerian novels- Adaobi Tricia Nwabuani’s I do not come to you by chance and Ben Okri’s Dangerous Love -as worthy tools to interrogate Chinweizu’s views. The paper seeks to investigate how these three power concepts manifest. It concludes that although some women have be ruled, manipulated and abused by men, as proven by feminist studies, there also exist instances where the reverse is the case.

INDIGENOUS CULTURAL EDUCATION. RE-DISCOVERING THE TREASURE AFRICA LOST TO FAITH-BASED DENOMINATIONAL SCHOOLING USING UGANDA AS A CASE STUDY LUWEREKERA BERNARD When the Western school system was introduced in Africa upon the arrival of the Christian missionaries and the subsequent dawning of colonialism, its broad aims and goals were to systematically suppress the African culture and its values together with its knowledge base, which were unfortunately transmitted orally through an indigenous education system embedded in its rich culture. Over the many years the Western school system has been spreading across the African continent, it has succeeded to totally destroy the African value base and the hidden treasures of African indigenous education. Whereas the Western school

179 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

system has registered noteworthy success in equipping its beneficiaries with specialized knowledge and skills in the different disciplines where learners enroll, it does not seem to offer the truly holistic education that intricately balances all the learning and development spheres of life as the African indigenous model did. This has not only created a profound identity crisis of the successive generations of the African people but has also stagnated their socio-economic development. The main contention of this study is that there is a mismatch between the inherent African values and those transmitted by and through Western education. The study will thus seek to re-discover the hidden treasure of indigenous cultural education, which Africa lost to the Western education system, as a possible remedy to the aforementioned mismatch. To achieve this, the study will be mainly a desktop research that will also rely on field data obtained through Key Informant Interviews and Focus Group Discussions.

Language as a Tool for Countering Violent Extremism: Mobilisation against the Boko Haram Insurgency in Nigeria Bello Baba Mai Responsible for over 20,000 deaths and displacement of over 2 million, the Boko Haram (BH) insurgency in north-eastern Nigeria, now entering its second decade, has continued to linger on in spite of efforts aimed at ending it. Apart from physical violence, propaganda has also been an integral part of the insurgency, and BH has exploited this efficiently enough to keep winning recruits into its fold while terrorising the general population. Arising from the dearth of research directly analysing BH propaganda, this study investigates the production and reception of messages by two groups – BH and Nigerian state and non-state actors (NSNSA). Specifically, we are interested in understanding the discourse strategies employed by BH to run an effective propaganda and how these can be countered. To do this, we collect and analyse messages (video/audio clips and printed materials) transmitted to the general population as part of communication by both BH and NSNSA. The data was analysed using the method of Critical Discourse Analysis, with leanings on the Appraisal Theory, Propaganda Theory, Fear Theory and Semiotic-Content Analysis. Preliminary findings indicate that both groups use such strategies as fear mongering, appeal to authority, victimology, self and others’ appraisal among others in justifying actions or inactions as well willing the sympathy and support of the target audience. Overall the study concludes analysing and studying the language of BH is key to effectively countering BH’s propaganda of violence with the message of peacebuilding.

TOWARDS UNIVERSAL HEALTH COVERAGE (UHC) IN THE SADC REGION: PEOPLE’S WILLINGNESS TO PAY TO FUND PUBLIC HEALTHCARE Bwalya Jack Chola "For Africa to achieve Universal Health Coverage (UHC) by 2030, African governments have to prioritise spending on public health. However, the current spending data shows that health spending is a continuing struggle for African countries. Experts have the view that

180 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

African governments have to collect more tax to spend enough on public healthcare. The question here is what extent people are willing to pay more tax to increase spending on public healthcare? Employing a multilevel regression model on Afrobarometer survey data, this paper examined what extent individual and country level factors influence people’s willingness to pay more tax to increase spending on public healthcare in 12 Southern African Development Community (SADC) member states. This study found that peoples’ trust in their government is an important determinant of willingness to pay more tax, while factors such as the country’s quality of democracy, economic condition, and current per capita health expenditure have no influence. Key Words: Healthcare, Taxation, Government, Democracy, SADC

A feminist perspective on gender and education in 'Nervous Conditions' LUCHMUN TOOLSY This paper examines gender disparity in education in Tsitsi Dangarembga’s ‘Nervous Conditions’. The discussion presented justifies how the term ‘gender’ is a social and cultural construct of the patriarchy. Therefore, the arguments unravel the dictates of the phallocentric system in marginalizing educated women and suppressing their emancipation in contrast to the males in the novel. The research also explores the provision of equal access to education to both genders, however, highlights that gender equality is a phenomenon which remains quite elusive in the Rhodesian African society. It analyses a range of feminist theories, drawing out fundamental concepts in understanding gender disparity and education in the African patriarchy. It also discusses how the acquisition of western education leads to a torn of consciousness in the women. Amidst the feminist critiques, Simone de Beauvoir’s ‘The Second Sex’ and Mary Wollstonecraft’s ‘A vindication of the rights of women’ attempt at laying the foundation for the oppression of women given their prescribed gendered roles. It demonstrates how educated women, if taught how to cultivate reason urging them to avoid excessive sensibility enabling them to realise their potential, interrogate the hegemonic assumptions and assert their independent identity. The overarching methodology adopted is textual analysis within a feminist framework and the hermeneutic phenomenology approach, in illustrating the gap between a woman’s possession of education and gender disparity. The study asserts that if the African society is to experience an emancipation of its community, equal opportunities to assert their progressive identities should be granted to both genders.

Re-Imagining Race and Racial Belonging: Maria Nhambu’s Africa’s Child Edith Bwana The biracial character, within African literature, has been to a large extent been ignored and denied full membership within the African society. After independence, re-writing Africanity as ‘black’ and redeeming its lost beauty and worth became centrepiece of sprouting ideologies that continue to govern racialised relationships within East Africa until today. As Mbembe rightly states, literature “has fixed race and geography such that the idea on an

181 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Africanity that is not black is simply unthinkable” (256). In East Africa, Tanzanian more specifically, the biracial character has remained an unrecorded victim in the narration of history. History and politics have created ‘black’ and ‘white’ as recognised and accepted racial groupings, deeming the biracial character ‘raceless’. The autobiography of Maria Nhambu, Africa’s Child, will be used to outline the inability of the Tanzanian biracial to create a stable identity within the Tanzanian setting, choosing to flee in the hope of finding a society in which she will be accepted. Her book will be used to show the entrenched stereotypes and alienation biracials face until today, in the hope of triggering a discourse on this marginalised group.

On producing psychological Knowledge in and of Uganda in a Time of Metacolonialism: Issues and Prospects Kikooma Julius Fred "The story about the teaching and practice of psychology in Uganda is a story that I think has never found its way in any academic journal let alone any newsletter that I know of. Yet often times when psychology makes it to the news, it’s normally after the country’s President has used it as an example as one of those areas of study he does not think will get someone employment or has limited job opportunities. Whilst postcolonialism has generated a strong interest in colonial histories and contemporary postcolonial politics in Africa, this has not displaced the dominant parochial forms of theorising in the disciplines. To be specific, a discipline of psychology whose intellectual vision is limited to the concerns and perspectives of the richest countries in the world has little hope of effectively participating in the debates that matter in the twenty-first century Africa going forward. But what would it entail to decolonize our practices? In this paper I outline the initial steps which researchers, teachers and students in the School of Psychology at Makerere University are taking as part of the long term intellectual project to decentre the predominant Euro-Americanism of the discipline.

Contested Rituals of Black Girlhood: A Sociological study of Black Girls' Identity Construction on the Global Stage Malcolm Sadiyah Triangulating across the Black Atlantic, the purpose of this project is to explore how Black girls negotiate and (re)construct their identities during the transition to adulthood at the intersection(s) of race, class, gender, and space in three urban contexts: Kingston, Jamaica (West Indies), Accra, Ghana (West Africa) and Philadelphia, PA (U.S.). In 2014 the general assembly marked the start of the United Nation’s International Decade for People of African Descent; a critically important time in our global histories, it is imperative that we turn our attention towards understanding how Black girls relate not only to the white world, or to men, but also—and more importantly—to each other. Although there is quite extensive academic scholarship on girlhood, almost all naturalize and normalize the experiences of white,

182 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

American girl-children. In sociology, the lives and experiences of non-White girls, in general, and Black girls in particular, have been understudied. I employ the concept of ‘rituals’ to refer to the rites of passage, specific to the elements, modalities, and influences employed by the girls while navigating this period in their life course. While these rituals vary significantly across time and space (as local factors intersect with communal, national and global processes to shape the length and content of particular paths from Black girlhood to adulthood) the shared psychological impacts of the legacies of enslavement, colonialism and patriarchy across the African diaspora continue to haunt their social experiences and development.

Can community policing be used for countering violent extremism? Insights from Likoni, Mombasa, Kenya Githigaro John This study drawing on field data collected between 2016 and 2018 investigates the potentials of using community policing in countering violent extremism with a focus on Likoni Sub- County, Mombasa, Kenya. The study argues that in the presence of acceptable trust and cooperation levels between policing agencies and the public, it offers several potentials for countering violent extremism. The study finds gaps in existing levels of trust between policing agencies and the public with implications on the efficient working of community policing model as a preventative measure. The study suggests points of practical intervention that would help bridge these existing gaps in efforts at countering violent extremism.

La masculinité et féminisme congolais: entre son passé et son avenir KAGINA SENGA Benjamin "Le féminisme noir, aux expériences quotidiennes des femmes noires, analyses que font les femmes noires de ces expériences et les actions des femmes noires à partir de ces expériences et de ces analyses. La masculinité se définit comme une identité ou sentiment individuel d'être un homme en fonction de ce que l'on serait à propos de ce genre et de qu'une société indique à ce sujet, elle n'est pas une biologique, mais dépend d'une société à une autre, d'un temps à un autre. Quelle est la perception que la société congolaise avait ou a sur le rôle social, les caractéristiques, les droits, la représentation de la femme? Quelle est l'influence des idées des droits des femmes sur cette perception? Quelle en est le résultat de l'entre choc entre le discours sur les droits de l'homme et les coutumes congolaises, souvent non respectueuses des droits des femmes? C'est ainsi que nous nous proposons dans la présente, analyser le discours passé, actuel et futur sur: -dresser un état de lieux des études congolaises sur la mascu!unité et féminisme, - rôle des uns et des autres dans la société congolaise, -perception de nos communautés sur le

183 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

rapport entre le mari et la femme mariée. S'agissant de l'analyse des données, elles seront soumises aux techniques qualitatives et quantitatives.

Student mobility, brain drain and the internationalization of higher education in SADC: Problems, benefits and future prospects Mlambo Victor The internationalization of higher education has taken the Southern African Development Community by surprise and its association with increased student mobility and brain drain has increased regional calls for higher education institutions to adapt and ensure that they react accordingly to prevent the collapse of academic competitiveness and growth within the region. By strictly examining relevant literature related to the internationalization of higher education within a SADC, it became clear that factors such as the underinvestment in higher education, globalisation and internationalisation have magnified the student mobility, student and academic brain drain from the region which has had a negative impact on quality as SADC universities have to do more with fewer resources at the level of infrastructure, staff, teaching and research facilities, this has regrettably resulted in more and more students opting to migrate and pursue their higher education beyond the region’s borders and this has had a negative effect on regional socio-economic development as some students tend not to return to the region with their new found skills. The implications of such meant a reduction in the number of innovative and dynamic people, loss of financial flow and the prolongation of poverty and underdevelopment. The study argued that it has become imperative for the region to increase its quest for international collaborations and strategic partnerships and invest in higher education to ensure its credibility.

Exploring Youth Agency in Uganda’s Youth Livelihoods Program: A Social-Cultural and Historical Perspective on Mindset Change NAKALAWA LYNDA ESTHER & Professor Julius Kikooma "The Uganda government, through its 2016 youth policy whose theme is “Mindset change for development” has set up a number of youth empowerment programs. Among these is the Youth Livelihoods Program (YLP). Despite the guiding theme however, the main strategies of this program have predominantly focused on economic aid to youth. Evaluation of the YLP has showed limited results and Ugandan media is rife with reports of its failures. Closer analysis of these reports points towards the program's failure to account for the youth’s mindsets and sense of agency; both in construction and determination of their life circumstances. This theoretical paper starts with a poignant narrative of agency (or lack thereof), as illustrated in an impassioned critique of the YLP by a 27-year-old Ugandan young man I met in a commuter taxi. The paper describes a theoretical framework for exploring youth agency from a social-cultural and historical perspective; in juxtaposition with the widely used western psychological approaches to agency which focus on decontextualised and

184 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

individualised cognitive processes. The paper also argues for understanding the Ugandan youth mindset from the voices of youth describing their lived realities (which are social- culturally and historically situated), before assuming to target these mindsets for “change”.

Epistemological reflection on electoral mobilisation in Bamako, Mali Traoré Laure "Reflections on knowledge production on Africa in political science requires pondering conceptual choices and the academic environment where they are made. This contribution is based on ethnographic research on electoral mobilisation in recent electoral campaigns in Bamako. Data collected foster epistemological questioning on the notion of electoral clientelism, usually used to describe gift-giving and interactions between candidates and their constituency. Many authors subverted the normative underpinnings of clientelism (Combes, Vommaro 2012). They provided fine-grained empirical research, enabling fruitful dialogue between studies on Africa, the global South and southern Europe (Italy, Corsica). Notwithstanding these efforts, a dimension of otherness remains. The notion of clientelism singles out Southern societies as being ‘exotic’, ‘not like others’, with political practices opposed to ‘good governance’. Similar practices in the rest of Western societies are rarely defined as clientelism. Therefore, this notion limits research on Africa to the subfields of area studies. It prevents it from contributing to mainstream social sciences, as a source of innovation to a common framework. However, the opposite approach that consists in building a specific concept made to exclusively fit the Malian context does not seem to be a solution to exoticism either. This raises the following questions: how to compare political practices that epistemological barriers have made incomparable? How to de-otherize African politics without erasing their specificities? This contribution will explain this conceptual ambivalence based on empirical data. It will consider the author’s scientific socialisation, field of study, academic status and methodology of research as they influence epistemological choices.

Africa Marginality and opportunities for Agency in International Relations Kibe Esther "Africa’s influence and position in the dominant IR discipline has been left out leading to its marginality more so, in the dominant IR theories. This is attributed by international relations is largely Eurocentric which has contributed to what Dunn views as “Africa's Pseudo absence” where Africa has been subjected to neo-colonial theoretical hegemony. Ironically, Africa narratives have been told not by Africans themselves but “outsiders” this has contributed to misrepresentation and omission of important facts. Sadly, these narratives have informed how the continent perceives itself in relation to the rest of the world. Consequently, this has made Africa fall into the trap of the western cultural hegemonic dominance. The

185 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

inevitable question is how Africa has contributed to its own marginality by comfortable fitting into these narratives and timidly refusing to take up the opportunity to become an agency in International Relations. This paper therefore, seeks to address three aspects. First, is to examine different areas of marginality that informs Africa as a continent in international discipline. In addition, finding out why Africa lack agency. Secondly, it seeks to understand how Africa scholars have tried to address these areas of marginality. Thirdly, is to evaluate how Africa is a force to reckon with in international relations and finally examining different strategies that Africa has or can use to position itself as an agency in International relation.

Unity or Common Identity? Exploring the ambivalences and tensions in the African Union’s collective identity formation. Musabende Alice "While political ‘pan’ ambitions have long existed throughout modern history in Europe, the Americas and Asia, African states were among the first to formally create a pan-movement dedicated to political, social and economic unification. Through two intertwined processes – carrying an aspirational ideal for unifying ‘all African people’ interwoven into an elite-driven project of harmonizing post-independence institutions and relationships among newly independent states - the creation of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in 1963 and later the African Union (AU) carried considerable ambitions centred on and legitimized by an emergent collective African political identity. In reality, however, because of the pragmatic goals of states and the limited scope under which African elites operate, the narrative of a shared ‘African identity’ has proven weak and unreliable. And yet, persistently, for the last 56 years, that narrative has served, strategically, as the legitimizing impetus behind collective political action and institutional unity in Africa. A privileged ‘We’ is consistently used for political purposes, or as a reminder to the world about Africa’s ‘distinctiveness’, even though we know very little about the substance, origin, features and boundaries of this conception of political identity. This paper has a two pronged approach to this question: it first revisits the key historical moments which provide insight into the ways in which an ‘African’ collective political identity emerged and evolved. Second, by analysing the AU’s response to the 2015 Burundi crisis, this paper demonstrates how unresolved tensions within this widely accepted concept play out in contemporary continental politics.

Linking Learning to Earning through Quality Education at TVET Ojwang Frank "The Technical and Vocational Education Training (TVET) has historically bridged the gap of unemployment in developing countries, particularly in Sub Sahara Africa. The Nordic- sponsored organizations have been promoting the Nordic education system through programs that focus on linking learning to earning through TVET. A doctoral study to establish the efficacy of this approach in Kenya and Somalia is currently underway, with preliminary

186 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

results analyzed and initial inferences drawn. The study comparatively analyzed the TVET system under the political context, peace or fragility situation, ministerial involvement and historical role of TVET. Two Nordic organizations involved in the education programs are under review for their programmatic planning, results framework and the theory of change. The Finn Church Aid (FCA) is the largest Not-for –profit organization in Finland, and the Norwegian Church Aid (NCA) is the largest Not-for-profit organization in Norway. Both organizations have education programs that focus on TVET strengthening as a means of linking learning to earning. It is estimated that every year, under 20% of candidates that sit the national exam join the TVET institutions to advance their training. Out of those that join the TVT institutions, females comprise 5% or less every year, with under 1% drawn from the people living with disability. The TVET institutions are good platforms for bridging unemployment gap through moulding the missing middle technicians as well as ensuring the provision of the required technical services such as plumbing, electrical work, masonry and many other roles.

Between the Swahili Coast and India: Cross-Cultural Artistic Dynamics in the Premodern Indian Ocean World Schulz Vera-Simone Coastal East Africa has long been studied in dialogue with other regions of the Indian Ocean world and for a long time was even conceived of as a region whose cities and built environment had been founded and erected by migrants from the Arab peninsula and Persia. This paper takes a fresh look at the premodern stone towns along the Swahili coast, from 800 to 1500 CE, with a threefold approach: Problematizing the earlier colonial historiography regarding these cities, it firstly reassumes current scholarship that actually shows the agency of the local population not least in the arts. The paper then provides new evidence for cross- cultural links between the Swahili coast and the wider Indian Ocean world with a special focus on architectural connections between coastal East Africa and India before 1500 CE. And it shows how studies of the art and architecture along the Swahili coast, so far mostly studied within the discipline of archaeology, can profit from a dialogue with the discipline of art history, where cross-cultural interactions and processes of transfer - in a non-colonial way of thinking - have been among the core interests of the field in recent years.

Hunger for Life: The use of theatre as an instrument of cultural decolonization and progress D'Arrigo Alessandra "For a long time, Europeans preferred to describe Africa as a continent without past. This attitude was due by the Nineteenth-century imperialism that erased from our memory, and partially from Africans, the remembrance of the great pre-colonial civilizations. Hegel wrote

187 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

that «Africa is no historical part of the world; it has no movement or development to exhibit». It is a still alive concept still, expressed by the idea that helping Africa makes you feel better and gives you personal satisfaction. There is a stereotype about the African continent because the Western culture likes stereotypes. To be sure that Africans may devote to their development, enhancing their own culture projects, focused on African peculiarities without influences by the West, it is necessary to rediscover art as vector of political, social, economic and above all educational development. The tool for building a new identity without the “ghost” of the colonial culture is theatre. The aim is to work with teachers and students and create a workplace for meeting, discussion and constructive confrontation. Theatre can operate as a filter between society and institutions, managing to channel desires and needs of children, the citizens of the future. The «hunger for life» of this continent, the hunger to tell its story will awaken people, Western stereotypes will fade away and Europe will see Africa through a different vision and not only through the humanitarian aid. Only in this way West will leave its paternalistic vision and Africa will be able to look over its future.

Creating knowledge about Zambians-Chinese encounters: artist Stary Mwaba’s research-based project Black Mountain Zhang Lifang "In recent years, Zambia has become a typical case of the international discussions around China-Africa relationship. Artists from Zambia are beginning to represent, through artworks, their experiences of China’s presence. Previous scholarship on China-Zambia engagement is oriented towards large-scale economic and political concerns, and in-depth research on China-Africa in the contemporary arts remains relatively scarce. Engaging with the broader social-political context of Zambia-China engagements, this paper highlights the perspectives of Zambians and a creative approach of art. This paper analyzes Zambian artist Stary Mwaba’s project Black Mountain, which explores the Zambians-Chinese encounters in the mining sector with a focus on the stories of his family members. Discussing Mwaba’s research experience and creating process, this paper explores the way in which Mwaba historicizes Zambian-Chinese engagements and foregrounds the lived-experience of ordinary people through his artworks. This paper argues that, adopting individual stories as concern and method, Mwaba’s research-based artwork provides a small narrative, which challenges the dominant discourses about “China-Africa relationship” in the medias and proceeds beyond the grand narratives of political and economic links. Therefore, the meaning of Mwaba’s artistic project Black Mountain should be approached to as a form of knowledge production in relation to the topic of Zambia-China relationship.

China in Africa-Zambia, Artistic work discuss Yallew Addisalem Tebike Research and publication and the Language Question: Perspectives from two African Flagship Universities."The concept relating to decolonizing systems of thought in general and that of higher education have been the focus of some scholarly attention especially in the

188 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Global South in light of recent inquires challenging commonly held assumptions about the university and the role it plays in society. As part of my PhD project on investigating the implications of the overwhelming use of the English language for research in African flagship universities, this paper presents the findings of the research on the implications of the expanding use of the language for initiatives at Americanizing and decolonizing research and knowledge production taking the case of Addis Ababa University in Ethiopia and Eduardo Mondlane University in Mozambique. The use of English for research and publication is also interrogated considering creating epistemic access in local contexts. The data for the analysis is collected from university leaders and researchers in the respective universities, and decolonial perspectives on language and education are used to inform the analysis. Keywords: Research, Publication, Knowledge production, Flagship Universities, Research Universities, Africa, Decolonization" Decolonising higher education

Historic Pattern of Democracy and Democratic Transitions in Ghana and Nigeria Idowu Harrison Adewale Democracy, election management, and subsequent democratic transitions have been largely problematic in Africa. Although democratisation had spread across the continent in the 1990s, there remains doubt and pessimism over the actual practice of democracy in Africa. Elections, one of the major ingredients of democracy are often problematic and controversial, largely characterised by irregularities, such as violence, multiple voting, underage voting, ballot stuffing/snatching, among others. It also follows the trend that the pattern of democratic transition has been tilted and often lopsided, with rotation of power more often within ruling political parties and incumbent governments, usually via manipulation of the process. However, Ghana and Nigeria, the two most prominent countries in the West African sub region, have experienced some relative deviations from this trend. Given this, it became pertinent to interrogate empirically, the historic pattern of democracy and democratic transitions in these prominent countries of the West African sub region. The paper relies on primary data sourced from semi-structured interviews conducted with purposively selected members of relevant stakeholders such as EMBs, political parties, election observers, civil societies, and electoral institutes in Ghana and Nigeria. The sample size adopted for the study is a total of 20 key informant respondents (10 each from Ghana and Nigeria). Data collected were analysed using descriptive and content analysis. The paper finds, among others, that Ghana has enjoyed more peaceful and seamless transitions than its Nigerian counterpart."

Nurses lived realities of workplace violence in public hospitals in Uganda. A farce or reality? Mwase Patrick Nurses constitute the largest healthcare cluster working in public hospitals in Uganda, yet they are frequently predisposed to workplace violence (WPV) as part of their day-to-day

189 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

experiences. Research evidence shows that most violence acts are committed against female nurses, although male nurses are also victimized (Wider & Sorenson, 2001). Different forms of WPV against nurses including aggression, harassment, bullying, intimidation and assault perpetrated by different individuals including patients, relatives, fellow nurses and other professionals have occurred (Jackson, 2002). Largely, this toxic work environment has constrained nurses’ abilities to offer quality patients’ care and general healthcare. Since nursing is a daily routine, routine activities theory and feminist theory situated in a sociocultural perspective are used as the lens to analytically interpret nurses lived WPV experiences. Using qualitative data, these theories provide a foundation to explore and understand how WPV is reconstructed and propagated against nurses. The rationale for this phenomenological study is to generate a deeper understanding of the lived realities of how and why nurses encounter WPV within public hospitals as part of their social and cultural context. Logically, this frame of orientation has voiced nurses’ perceptions of WPV as part and parcel of their daily routines. Thus, the interrogation of WPV from nurses’ lived perceptions acknowledges it a reality and not a farce that thrives in public hospitals.

Cops and Rioters: School Strikes as Initiatory Events for Political Subjectivities in Kenya Cooper Elizabeth Secondary school students’ strikes have become something of a tradition in Kenya. At the same time, the changing repertoires employed by students in their strikes, and most notably the increased prevalence of school-based arson, have provoked widespread concern and condemnation. This article examines how young Kenyans remember their experiences of participating in school strikes. These personal narratives reveal the profundity of school strike experiences specifically, and experiences of secondary school more generally, in the formation of individuals’ understandings of how power is organized hierarchically and violently in Kenya as well as the impoverished potential for collective protest actions in Kenya. We thus argue that school strikes are indeed experienced as a notable rite of passage, contributing to the formation of young Kenyans into publicly cynical and docile political subjects.

Where the Rain Began to Beat Achebe's Heroes: Resistance of Gender Inclusivity and Tragic End in Achebe's novels Muneen Jeremiah Muneeni There has been an intense debate with regards to male African authors with (mis)representation of women in their creative works. Some scholars have argued that African male writers have continued their relagation of women to the periphery, a practice reminiscent in other spheres of life. Observably, African male authorship is broad with diverse concerns by different authors from asorted backgrounds. Among the prominent male authors is Chinua Achebe, the father of African literature who has emerged as a name to reckon with the world over. He is the only African who has set his novels along African

190 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

changing trajectory namely; Precolonial, Colonial, and Post-colonial. As such,a close analalysis of his novels in lind with African dynamism is a rich repository capable of contributing to gender representation debate. This paper is a continuation of gender deliberation. Specifically, it argues that Achebe has come up with gender inclusivity vision for African women which he intertwines with the changing world. Nevertheless, in characteristic patriarchal machismo, Achebe's heroes have ignored this vision resulting to tragedy. The unit of analysis is four of the five Achebe's novels. The paper interrogates them within the framework of archetypal criticism, with unearthing and examining the tragic heroes inherent in his novels. The paper concludes that Achebe's heroes tragic end is as a result of failing to align themselves with his, and to a greater extend, African male authors' gender vision which can be summarized as gender inclusivity

Archiving the African Imagination Ononokpono Mary Okon Abstract: This paper presents a comparative exploration into the ways in which social death (as defined by sociologist, Orlando Patterson) has infiltrated the contemporary African imagination. It makes uses of fictional literatures as a resource which provides a twofold insight into “the imagination in history and the imagination as history.” It argues that through the reclamation of narratives concerning historical violence—most notably narratives dealing with the horrors of slavery— contemporary African authors are able to not only memorialise traumatic pasts, but to construct, through a continually evolving dialogue, inroads into such pasts in a way that infuses them with meaning relevant to the present day. An argument is made for the reading of contemporary African fictions as source materials for socio-cultural historiographies, particularly when assessing otherwise intangible scars of collective traumas in pursuit of historical justice. The paper therefore seeks to contribute to a cross-disciplinary discourse of interest to historians, literary scholars, philosophers and social anthropologists; elucidating primarily the degree to which fictional literatures can be a vehicle for self archival, reflection and transformation—resulting in creative forms of social reconstitution centuries after initiatory acts of violence have abated. It seeks to bridge the literature of African novelists and African American scholars and creative thinkers.

Archives, Knowledge Production and History in Ethiopia: Epistemological and Practical Considerations Tibeso Ayantu "For a country that is home to more than 50 distinct cultural, linguistic, and social communities, Ethiopia continues to be portrayed as a culturally and historically monolithic entity in both scholarly literature and popular imaginations. The monolithic depiction of Ethiopia continues to be framed through the discourse of the “Greater Ethiopia” narrative— which hinges on the following tropes: an ancient Christian civilization with a three thousand years old history, long history of statehood, the Ge’ez script, Coptic Christianity, the monarchy, and victory against a white colonial power during the scramble for Africa. Despite

191 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

over three decades of scholarship critiquing the conceptual limitations of the ‘Greater Ethiopia’ paradigm, its use persists within Ethiopian historiography in particular and studies of Ethiopia in general. This paper draws on Michel-Rolph Trouillot’s notion of power in the production of historical knowledge to assess the history of archival practices and institutions in Ethiopia and their role in upholding the Ethiopian State’s silencing of certain voices while making others possible. As repositories and evidence of memories, cultures and histories, archives are fundamental to knowledge production and must be engaged with critically. As Trouillot argues silences enter the historical record at multiple levels--at the level of record creation, archival assembly, the development of narratives and the production of history. Using Ethiopia as a case study, this paper raises larger questions about archives, and historical knowledge production in Africa generally.

Belonging or exclusion? Discussing the resettlement process of two Mozambican social groups from rural to urban area through tourism and performance Ferrara Gianira & Rosa Tolla The internal migration routes have been constant in Mozambique, before, during and after the colonial period and they are still happening today. Black population from rural areas was directed in particular to Lourenço Marques where was forced to occupy exclusively the suburban area known as cidade de caniço as opposed to the cidade de cimento, the white area. Therefore, groups from different areas had to re-organize, adapt and reinvent themselves alternating urban practices with traditional ones. This division is still present today and is characterized by great contrasts and socio-economic differences. This presentation is aimed at discussing two migratory paths: the first one concerns the social group copi from the Inhambane province (south of the country), relocated in the districts of Xipamanine and Unidade 7; the second one is related to the social group makhuwa (north of the country) whose settlement has been mainly in the Mafalala neighborhood. We will discuss part of the result of two different multi-situated fieldwork experiences - in Ethnomusicology and in Heritage Studies, conducted with the ethnographic method, what is the relationship between the individuals with their living space and their “belonging” or “exclusion” from it. The performative practices of the timbila of Copi people, on the one hand, and the self- representative practices of the Makhuwa culture, on the other hand allow us to observe how the belonging to a geographic and cultural space can be declined, constructed or imagined in different ways according to the actors involved and the existence of participative strategies."

Promoting the African Union Convention on Cyberspace security and protection of personal data (The Malabo Convention of the African Union) Ajuna Dianah Byaruhanga

192 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Cybercrime is on the increase as the Internet creates a safe haven for criminals. Different states in Africa have domestic cybercrime laws, which supplement the existing national criminal laws that deal with the issue of cybercrime by specifically providing provisions for computer offences. Even with these existing laws, the nature of the Internet creates a jurisdictional challenge of enforcement of the cybercrime laws. To address this jurisdiction challenge, different regions in the world are promoting cooperation among states. The Council of Europe established the International treaty on cybercrime, as the first International treaty to address the issue of cybercrime. The Cybercrime Convention provides a model of Internet governance that serves as a guideline for any country developing a comprehensive national legislation against cybercrime and also as a framework for international cooperation between state parties to this treaty. The main purpose of the Cybercrime Convention is to create and strengthen domestic law by having a uniform standard that will provide better protection against cybercrime. This treaty has been promoted worldwide by the Council of Europe and intends to expand to Africa. Africa however, already has an existing Convention that deals with cybercrime and cooperation between states, which should serve as guideline for Africa. The major question therefore is how different is the Malabo Convention of the African Union from this treaty? This paper seeks to promote the Malabo Convention of the African Union by discussing the importance of the convention as a guideline and framework for African states.

Innovation in African Higher Education: The Case of African Leadership University Faraj Gaidi Dean "Thomas Sankara once said, “We must dare to invent the future.” African Leadership University focuses on innovative problem-solving in order to transform the continent and the world. “You cannot carry out fundamental change without a certain amount of madness,” said Thomas Sankara. “In this case, it comes from nonconformity, the courage to turn your back on the old formulas.” ALU wants all students, regardless of their area of study, to see themselves as agents of change. In order to be change-makers, students must break out of always thinking in terms of safe, incremental change. ALU is rethinking higher education by focusing on problem-solving. “We’re trying to create the learning institutions of the future — places that focus on teaching people how to solve problems,” said Fred Swaniker in Fast Company, which named ALU most innovative company in Africa in 2019. This accolade recognizes companies solving tough problems and using high-level creativity to lead their sectors into the future. ALU claims that it goes above and beyond to provide students with an education like no other, focusing on a holistic experience designed to transform students into successful entrepreneurs, leaders and better citizens of the world. This paper will examine what ALU is actually doing differently and the obstacles and challenges of trying to innovate African Higher Ed.

Revisiting Monetary Policy Effects on Income Distribution and Wealth in Africa: Fresh Empirical Lessons based on Monetarist versus Keynesian Approach

193 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Christian-lambert Nguena & Tchouala Feutsa Sostella Arida Using an econometrical and a statistical / theoretical debate method of comparison between the Keynesian and Monetarist model weaknesses and results, this paper re-assess the best theoretical framework to ensure the potential of monetary policy in terms of wealth and income distribution improvement. Firstly our empirical literature review let assume that the well-known credible monetary policy -in term of price stability- paradox is in general traceable; we secondly found that the monetarist theory that focuses on price stability inherently neglects the demand stimulation aspect of economic prosperity. Based on these findings, we have implemented several panel data based econometric estimations including –instrumental variable; principal component analysis; panel data- and found that monetary policy has a negative impact on wealth and a positive impact on income distribution. This implies that, the monetary policy as it is implemented in our context is useful only when it comes to be focus on income distribution; for wealth improvement, this policy appears to be less useful. Regarding these weaknesses, with a promising economic environment mainly characterized by a low inflation, we recommend the promotion of a monetary policy oriented toward primarily improving economic growth under the constraint of price stability. Since the 2008 financial crisis, there are some noteworthy signs such the recent decision by several central banks (Federal reserves, European central bank…) to either maintain interest rates at a low level or reduce it with an objective of economic expansion despite tightening measures of monetary policy. "

Identity-making philosophies through songs and story: Kenya in the 21st Century Wanga Stephanie Literature has often been the echo of the ground; it has told the stories of the streets. It has been a tool of activism, as well as a loose record of history, hope and horror. Music, on the other hand, does this too, but more quickly, perhaps even more readily. This paper explores how songs and story have been used in history but especially in the 21st Century to record processes of identity-making in a rapidly changing African continent. It argues that music and literature are some of the most incisive ways to define identities in African countries. It zones in on the period of the post-election violence in Kenya and after, looking at a number of songs as well as Yvonne Adhiambo Owuor’s Dust. All through this exploration, this paper engages with the philosophies and political realities of the times reflected in the songs and stories. It also suggests a new philosophical-cum-theoretical approach for the analysis of African realities. It is therefore a philosophical engagement with the politics of songs and story in Africa, and Kenya in particular, particularly in the 21st century.

Unrecognized Democratic Practices in a Disputed Democratic System: Case of Traditional Chieftaincy in Cameroon Ngwoh Venantius Kum

194 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

As an institution charged with traditional administration, chieftaincy has attracted the attention of scholars, politicians, sociologists and the media to the extent that it has not only become a highly topical and controversial issue, but has also been subjected to great ridicule. The grand aim of this research is to deconstruct one notion in the on-going debate that chieftaincy is steeped in autocratic rule, falls short of current self-governing trends, therefore irrelevant in the modern dispensation and so should be discarded. In 1990, President Biya of Cameroon claimed to have brought democracy to Cameroon and since then, there have been increasing calls for him to fulfill his promise by intensifying democratization in order to create a stable system of balanced government through the institutionalization of independent power centers. Such a regime will derive its legitimacy from the people whose consent will periodically renew its mandate, prompt greater citizen participation and good governance. This study has adopted a multi-disciplinary methodology in order to effectively reconstitute and analyze the data that has been collected from primary and secondary sources. This is because far from limiting itself to a historical discipline, the theme equally borders on politics and sociology. Descriptive and analytical writing techniques have been used in conveniently representing the qualitative and quantitative data collected. According to findings, the half- baked policies intended to engender democracy have actually eclipsed indigenous democratic practices embedded in Traditional Chieftaincy like separation of powers, checks and balances, consultation, consensus, competitive succession, transparency, accountability and fairness.

Technique in Reconstruction of youth identity in Kenyan film Barasa Denis Waswa This paper focuses on cinematic techniques employed by auteurs in the reconstruction of Kenyan contemporary young adult identities, realities and histories focussing Kenyan film. Using post colonial and narratological theories, the paper contends that film directors use narrative devices and other cinematic techniques techniques to foreground issues such as alcoholism, sexuality, conflict and hope and despair. In so doing, I employ a close study of films such as Veve, Something Necessary, and 18 Hours.

Development in Afe role of predominant narrative reducing the continent to just numbers. Abdourahmane Diaw The main argument of this paper is that the development discourse in Africa, deliberately or not, is to perpetually put the continent in the hands of others, even though they have not experienced what the continent and its people have. Terms such as “the politics of the belly”, “the resource curse”, “and civilizational problem”, “poverty reduction”or in measurements like GDP are all part of this discourse that impede “african development” and reduce it entirely to numbers and the economy. I define African development as the process of economic and human progress in which African knowledge and theories are at the center. This will require an important return at the center of the stage of the African state to drive this

195 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

process, and not be a co-partner of International institutions. The state itself will need to be restructured and move away from its colonial habits. The paradigm shift necessary to take place has started as African scholars are discussing it more and more and coming up with holistic, African based approaches to development. But the most important part will be for states to go beyond economic regional integration. Most of the data on this paper will be qualitative including speeches from western leaders, presidents, academics etc.

Africa's Identity Crisis: Case Study of Kenya Amailuk Joseph Richard & Nasubo Fred Ernest Some studies argue that in many African countries, lack of a united national identity is as relevant today as it was in the 1960s; Kenya, is no exception. The subject of national identities is therefore important due to its interconnectedness between the past of a nation, the processes of nation building and its future. The study deconstructs Kenya’s National identity through the lenses of ‘double-consciousness’ and Pan Africanism. The concept of double consciousness was exemplified by Du Bois demonstrating the identity struggle for and by people of African descent living abroad. However, for purpose of this study, the concept applies to people of Kenyan descent living in Kenya. Additionally, the double-consciousness concept is to be examined alongside the idea of ‘unbelonging’ in relation to identities in Kenya. The paper further interrogates the role of colonialism in the construction of local identities in Kenya. Finally, the study analyses how the Pan-Africanism ideology can help Kenya form a united national identity. Keywords: Nation, Nationality, Nationalism, Pan-Africanism, double-consciousness

Exploring Gender Justice and Women’s Political Influence in Transitional Justice Mechanisms in Africa Matandela Mbalenhle Transitional justice is the study and the practice of addressing conflict- related human rights abuses in order to restore peace, justice, accountability and the victim’s needs (African Union n.d). Transitional justice, which includes both judicial and non-judicial approaches, has evolved over time and has expanded in its mandates to include a sexual and gender violence in its frameworks on patterns of violence during conflict. The success of addressing the extent of gender-related patterns of abuse on the African continent has been varying and insufficient in many African contexts. In addition, transitional justice mechanisms have also limited gender justice to merely interventions that address sexual and gender-based violence (SGVAW), which has had a large influence in framing women as ‘victims’ and also sexual and gender-based violence as a phenomenon experienced only by women in their discourse. Gender justice is an expansive term that deals with power relations, norm-setting and freedoms across genders, and this article seeks to explore gender justice in transitional justice beyond sexual and gender-based violence. Noting that these are often times of political

196 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

liberalisation, this article explores women’s political influence in peace-building processes in Africa and the effects of this influence in post-conflict society or other transitional justice processes on the continent, which will be discerned from an empirical study of 13 African countries. Key words: Gender Justice, Transitional Justice, Women’s Political Leadership, Peace- Building

Customer is King at the Border; Interrogating Power and Violence between Sex Workers and Clients. Animashaun Elizabeth Modupe Clients of female sex workers have been identified as major perpetrators of violence. There have been accounts of rape, refusal to use condom, failure to pay and physical assaults. However, sex workers in Nigeria, particularly in volatile and secluded space like the border have mentioned kidnap, spiritual attacks and ritual killings as some of the risk and threat to their lives posed by some clients. Sex transactions at the border pose peculiar threats and risk due to the peculiar group of persons that make up the border space. Therefore, using an exploratory qualitative research in Seme and Idiroko border communities along Nigeria- Benin Republic, this paper studies issues of agency, power, gender and violence in sex workers interaction with clients. This paper argues for the indigenous knowledge production of the realities of sex workers experience of the border, in negotiating violence with clients, exposed to unique risk and insecurity.

Navigating (Trans) masculinity: The tyranny of public spaces and bodies in resistance Monakali Esethu Navigating public spaces for gender nonconforming individuals can be an anxiety provoking and dangerous experience. Gender expectations have profound consequences for both gender conforming and gender nonconforming individuals. The expectation of normative performances of gender in public is taken for granted until someone does not fit the normative boxes of either femininity or masculinity. Trans people’s experiences of harassment and vulnerability in public spaces has been sparsely documented in transgender research. This presentation focuses on the experiences of self-identified trans masculine individual’s embodiment of masculinity and how it shapes their navigation of public spaces. I draw from qualitative interviews conducted with seven self-identified trans masculine individuals between the ages 18-35, who live in Cape Town. The findings of this study show that the tyranny of gender in public spaces narrows the movement of trans masculine individuals and closes in on the spaces they can successfully and safely navigate. Further, the findings show that the successful negotiation of public spaces forces Trans masculine individuals to forgo their authentic expressions of gender to remain under the radar of the violence of cis-heteronormativity.

197 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

User Perception of Historical Street – A Comparative Study of Cape Coast and Elmina Principal Streets to the Castles Sarbeng Yaw Kuffour The African narrative on colonization and slave trade can be identified with Cape Coast and Elmina in Ghana, with their strong historical root in Ghana’s history. The memories and experiences of this narratives are seen the physical character of the Kingsway Street of Cape Coast and the Liverpool Streets of Elmina, all serving as principal streets connecting people to the Slave Castle in both towns. The 21st century urbanization has resulted in changes in the urban character and a variation in taste by groups and individuals in building style, lifestyle and commercial activities; this raise the question on the future of the principal streets and their character that connects us to our historical roots. In this study, we adopted a mixed research method of mapping, philology, questionnaires and interviews to explore the changes in the character of the Kingsway Street of Cape Coast and the Liverpool Streets of Elmina within an 800mm radius and the user perception and sense of belonging of these historical streets. The study identified that the two streets have undergone similar changes losing their historical significance to economic retail activities. Furthermore, the economic retail attachment of users to the street has resulted to the altering and gentrification of the 18th and 19th century architecture and historical street character to meet user needs. Key words; Gentrification, Sense of Belonging, Principal Street, Economic Retail Activities,Elmina, Cape Coast.

The Architecture of State Education: Citizenship, Modernity, and Nation-building in Ghana Manful Kuukuwa States often use architecture to signal ideals, to project power and to communicate messages – some of them subliminal or unintended. In addition to their symbolic purposes, though, buildings also function as sites for control, behavioural modification, regulation, ceremony and more. Schools in particular present unique opportunities for the projection of state power and for the creation and transmission of national norms and values. This is why colonial and post-colonial state authorities in Africa alike used state schools for the nation-building according to the aspirations of the ruling classes and their visions of society. Yet students, staff, and associated communities do not always receive the lessons as planned. There are corresponding processes of contestation, acceptance, rejection and adaptation which are closely intertwined with ideas of citizenship and modernity. This study analyses the sociopolitical causes and consequences of the architecture of state secondary schools in Ghana. By using ethnographic studies as well as architectural and archival analysis, this study examines citizenship and modernity in light of Ghanaian nation-building to make empirical and conceptual contributions to the study of state architecture, nation-building, citizenship and modernity in Africa.

198 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Publicizing Peace Intervention and Yoruba Indigenity in Television-Driven Peacemaking in South-West Nigeria Bello Temitope Yetunde Among other non-adversarial peacemaking approaches, the television-driven third party interventions in conflicts, with the injections of Yoruba indigenous elements, have been peculiar. Peacemaking through the television in South-west Nigeria projects culturally induced intervention processes to the general public and consequently, symbiotic relationship between the media and the society is strengthened. Studying this “new function” of the television needs to be adequately incorporated into academic discourse. Using the Social Responsibility Theory, the paper examines why publicizing peacemaking is crucial for sustaining the efficacy of intervention processes. The study also discusses the Yoruba indigenous institutions, philosophy and language that are used on two television programmes and examines the effectiveness of the television-driven peacemaking. The research is qualitative and a case-study, descriptive research design is used. Two peacemaking television programmes from state-owned television stations; Ọlọ́wọ́gbọgbọrọ (OGTV, Ogun state) and Má j’ìyà gbé (OSBC, Osun state), are purposively selected for the study. Data are primarily sourced from Key Informant interview, In-depth interview, non-participatory observation, recorded episodes of peacemaking programmes and programme diaries and are content analysed using descriptive style. The paper concludes by affirming that intervention in civil conflicts, using the television as a platform and including Yoruba institutions and tools is a modern reflection of Yoruba traditional peacemaking through indigenous media. It consequently recommends that the television programme activities be improved via advanced technology and the new media. This is to enhance wider audience outreach and faster feedbacks while concurrently retaining Yoruba indigenous essence of peace building in this modern time

Fundamentalism in and through sermons in northern Nigeria: Examining the extremist ideologies in some Islamic sermons delivered in the region from 2000 – 2009 Ahmed Umar Sermon is one of the major means of religious communication in northern Nigeria. As an aspect of religious discourse, sermon is a very important and common religious activity in the region, which both clerics and religious subjects tend to regard as an integral part of their religious activities. This paper examines the language of Islamic sermons in northern Nigeria. By adopting a critical discourse analysis (CDA) perspective, the paper examines the language of Islamic sermons in northern Nigeria. It employs tools and techniques of CDA to analyze five (5) sermons delivered in Zamfara State (northern Nigeria) by some Islamic clerics. The study also analyzes the views some adherents of Islamic faith in the State express about messages of fundamentalism in the sermons. The analysis shows how the language of some Islamic sermons delivered by some clerics in the State contributes to making some adherents of Islamic faith adopt extremist ideologies. Furthermore, the analysis exposes the many complex and often subtle discursive strategies that were used in the sermons to construct and legitimize certain extremist ideologies. By so doing, this study adds to our understanding of

199 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

how the language used to propagate certain Islamic doctrines plays an important role in influencing some adherents of Islamic faith to adopt extreme religious views and often engage in violent acts in the name of religion and contributes to research on religious fundamentalism in sub-Saharan Africa. Key words: Critical discourse analysis, sermons, ideology, clerics.

Critical Reflection on the Ngũgĩ 's Perspectives on African Indigenous Language Creighton Payne June Through a scholarly lens examine the tension and the problematic usage of European languages in African literature. In this paper, a critical review of Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o’s book “: the politics of language in African literature,” and assess the validity of his argument in the wider context of African history and cultural development. By this the paper will explore the effectiveness of decolonization of African literature and whether the suggestion of writing African literature in traditional African languages is imperative in African Literature, which is viewed as a mean of preserving identity and culture by breaking the linguistic shackles of European languages while marginalizes members of the African Diaspora.

Women and Social insecurity in Cameroon: A study of selected Poems from Some Cameroon Anglophone Writers Elisabeth N.M. Ayuk-Etang There is a nexus that binds the North West and South West Regions of Cameroon today, that of human and social insecurity. Blood has been shed, and is still being shed, children are dying, infant mortality rates are high, women and their progeny are being raped, killed, and displaced. Cameroonian writers; Nol Alembong in his poems “Dis War Sef” and “Soldier Pikin Dem”, and Nkemngong Nkengasong in “Cry For Mami Pikin” and “Wusai Woman dem Dey”, written in pidgin, express their anxiety and preoccupation of social insecurity in Cameroon. The study sets out to demonstrate that, the upsurge of the crisis in Cameroon, has left women as victims, yet they have been excluded from peace building processes. This is producing ugly and unexpected policy outcomes which will only exacerbate rather than address the problem. The main objective of the study will therefore be to analyze and interpret the selected poems, to establish that women are victims of the crisis in Cameroon and are suffering from exclusion, under representation and antediluvian sex roles stereotype. The study employs a qualitative method and the design will be a combination of social sciences and literary studies. The poems will be used as primary data while critical materials will be used as secondary sources. Feminist theory, as well as gender and peace building concepts as analytical tools. The anticipated conclusion resolves that women are agents, victims and indispensable actors in conflict resolutions and peacebuilding in Cameroon.

200 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Edge of Ethnic Federalism, Prospects and Glooms in the Post-1991 Ethiopia Amare Abrham Since EPRDF seized power following gravy bloodsheds of civil war, in 1991, 'ethnicity' institutes as a cornerstone to enjoy greater political, legal, political economy, and structural space by putting an end to the centralized system of administration. During the early 1990s, numerous political faction groups triggered and pattered by ‘socialism thought’ were considering 'ethnic' based federalism as a magic bullet to bring the long civil war to an end and save the nation of collapse. In the other side of the story, however, since the onset there was/is unfold doubt about the wisdom of giving greater political space to 'ethnicity'. On top, there was/is a debate about the continuing nature, form, and the role of it in the nation’s political discourse. This paper inquires, the two divergent roles, i.e. threats and prospects, ethnic based federalism in the contemporary Ethiopian politics. In the prospects side, it glorified as a means to bridge out inclusive politics, development, democracy, and brotherhood among multi-cultural people of the country. From the other opposite side, the continued emphasis on ethnic politics coupled with limited democratic practice, disintegration, a state of fear, barbarian politics, vacuum national consensus, political corruption, and pointless social classifications. Furthermore, it indicates the centrality of ethnicity in shaping state-society relations and governance pattern in contemporary Ethiopia. Consequently, the paper attempted to evaluate the ramifications of a growing trend of ethnic entrepreneurship and ethnic-centered politics in the nation. Finally, the paper concludes and forward recommends for cope out mechanisms of the stated problems.

Risky Sexual Behavior among In-School Youths: The Influence of Pornography Use and Socio-Environmental Factors on Students in Assosa General Secondary School and College Preparatory, Western Ethiopia Alem Zenaw Introduction: This study investigated the influence of pornography use and socio- environmental factors on risky sexual behavior among in-school youths in Assosa, Ethiopia. Methods: The study involved a cross-sectional survey of 317 students, FGDs and key- informant interviews. Results: Pornography use had 24.6 % prevalence among the students. 31.2% of the students have started sexual intercourse, with 22.7% started sex before the age of 18 years. Gender (AOR [95% CI] = 3.2 [1.173, 8.734]), educational status of the students (AOR [95% CI] = 0.141 [0.025, 0.797]), religious attendance (AOR [95% CI] = 0.259 [0.088, 0.765]), pornography use (AOR [95% CI] = 6.401 [1.788, 22.919]) and alcohol use (AOR [95% CI] = 3.449 [1.359, 8.754]) have significantly influenced risky sexual behavior. Qualitative data revealed peer pressure, exposure to western media and less communication with parents about sex as influencing students’ sexual behavior.

201 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Conclusion: Pornography use and social-environmental factors strongly influenced students’ risky sexual behavior: early sexual initiation, unprotected sexual intercourse and having sex with multiple sexual partners. Keywords: Pornography, Youths, Risky sexual behavior, students

Cultivating (E)utopias: Imaginations, debates, and practices of development in Ethiopia Madebo Azeb Madebo Raised abroad, my 2015 and 2018 returns to Ethiopia coincided with the “Africa rising” discourse popularized by The Economist in 2011. Within “Africa rising,” Ethiopia was simultaneously heralded as an exemplary illustration of Africa’s development potential and as the limit case for the hopeful narrative that Africa was on the rise. Local and diasporic Ethiopians I encountered openly talked to me about their complex relationships to development. At times, these conversations conveyed heavy skepticism/mistrust of the intentions and impact behind western development agendas as well as the growing presence of Chinese, Korean, and Indian interventions within Africa. They expressed their frustrations with the lack of change and desires for the kinds of change that would make their lives better. Though it’s no surprise Africans in their homelands and diaspora imagine, debate about, and collectively organize to realize socio-economic development, there is a dearth of research about these complex desires and how they are articulated and negotiated. Western scholarship/theories regarding Africa’s socio-economic development often fail to take serious account of how local and national stakeholders perceive and situate themselves within and against Western development discourses and practices. Through ethnographic methods and discourse analysis of media artifacts, this paper aims to better understand the ways in which Africans negotiate, give meaning to, and enact processes aimed at socio-economic development. More specifically, it investigates how three different groups of Ethiopian stakeholders (diasporic, local/working class, and local elites) debate and enact their visions for African futurity and development while complicating Western assumptions about development.

Rats, Science, and Development in Tanzania (1970 to 2019) Lee Jia Hui Recent histories of Africa have focused on the production of scientific knowledge, whether as part of continental-scale colonial schemes to document nature (Tilley 2011) or the harvest of profitable biopharmaceuticals (Osseo-Asare 2014). These histories implicitly -- and sometimes explicitly -- raise the question of what meanings terms like “African science” or “decolonizing science” may bear (see edited volume by Mavhunga 2017). This paper tells the story of producing rodent science at the Sokoine University in Morogoro, Tanzania, globally recognized for its contribution to rodent taxonomy and ecology. The paper will track changes to the Centre’s research program on rodents as pest and disease carriers, the division of labor between Europeans and Tanzanians, and emerging questions about ownership and leadership

202 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

of scientific knowledge and materials, such as rodent specimens, during the period beginning in the 1970s until the present day. The themes covered by this paper speaks to ongoing protests in South Africa about decolonizing university syllabi, the acknowledgment of Belgium’s role in the Congo at the newly re-opened Africa Museum in Tervuren, and continuing requests for the repatriation of fossils and artifacts to African nations from museums in Europe. Relying on archival materials and oral history interviews of what was known as the Belgian-Tanzanian Rodent Research Project, and on ethnographic data from rodent trapping and training stints in Morogoro, Tanzania, this paper raises questions for our study of science coming “from Africa” and ultimately what it means for those in Tanzania working to produce “African science.”

Elucidating Ambiguous Ethnic Identities: An Historical Anthropological Study of The 'Lobi' of West Africa from Pre-colonial Period to The Present Time. Ninfaazu Samson Kpen-Nyine This study investigates two issues: the identity, origins and the migratory travails of the ‘Lobi’ on one hand, and the politics and dynamics of labeling of people in Africa on the other. Oral and written literature indicates that the label, Lobi refers to seven distinct peoples: Tuoni, Gᾶ, Djianne, Teguesse, Lobi, Dagara and Birfὐᴐr found in northwest Ghana, southwest Burkina and northeast Cote d’Ivoire. The employment of Lobi in a collective context of the seven peoples who have different cultural, linguistic and historical backgrounds is an intellectual incongruity. The work focuses on the ‘Lobi’, one of the seven who prefer to be called Birfὐᴐr. Employing ethnographic and historical research approaches for qualitative research; post-colonial and labeling theories, this work explores the history of the ‘Lobi’ and examines the concept of labeling of people in Africa. "Keywords: ‘Lobi’, labeling, identity, origin, migration, history, stereotypes.

“How should donor military assistance to Somali entities be adjusted in view of the current situation in the country?” Robinson Colin By 2016 Somalia had seen over a quarter of a century of fluctuating internal conflict, since the late 1980s. Since 2004 a weak new central government has gradually gained recognition and support. Many attempts at army reconstruction have been made since 2004. But they have often faltered, in the face of vested interests, but also some inability to move beyond a centralized modus operandi. In the next few years donors should be much more willing to support more legitimate power centres, the regional, decentralized new Federal Member States; and their paramilitary, constabulary Daraawiish forces, than remain focused on the Somali Federal Government and central Somali Army, which have much less potential effectiveness than regional forces. The regional forces will be more effective because they have more legitimacy.

203 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

The paper makes this argument in four sections: First, what has been learned from counterinsurgency’s intellectual ferment, successes, and failures, since 2003; second, the Somali historical context and military situation; third, a critique of donor security assistance in Somalia through the counterinsurgency/SSR lens, and fourth, ideas on interim military assistance measures.

Innocent, Fearless and Free? Feminist Representations in African Digital Literature Hammond Dorothy Lovia We are surrounded by stories everywhere. It is in the Twitter thread of a Muslim girl from Northern Nigeria, recounting the abusive marriage she endured and how she found the strength to liberate herself. It is embedded in the comment section of Facebook, where a woman explains why there is everything wrong with the man who would prefer that a baby starves so that he is not exposed to breasts. It is in the Instagram stories posted by an African woman who shows us the world through her lens, on her trips as a travel blogger. These texts form the basis of my research which considers the intersections between digital media, African literature and feminism on the major social media portals. I explore the portrayal of women through these texts looking at how they appropriate agency despite societal constraints.

“We Too Have a Mind” Human Dignity and Tom Mboya’s Education Airlifts (1959- 1963). Ndaita Musembi (Peter The contribution of Tom Joseph Mboya in the making of Africa’s intellectual modernity has not been adequately explored. Tom Shachtman in his book, Airlift to America, does not satisfactorily address the philosophical underpinnings in Mboya’s quest for well educated African leaders. My paper addresses the issue of colonization and the education airlifts with special attention to Tom Mboya’s educational philosophy. Through analysis of Tom Mboya’s political manifestos, The Challenge of Nationhood and Freedom and After, I will reveal the connection between education and human dignity in Mboya’s thought. I argue that the British colonial government deliberately ignored the education of Africans hence reducing them to undignified members of the Kenyan society. Mboya’s education airlifts sought to reverse such indignity and forge a country and continent where Africans could engage in global affairs at par with the rest of humanity.

Generating Inclusive and Sustainable Growth: An Assessment of Gender Equality Frameworks in Regional Trade Agreements Wallace Adryan

204 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

My paper will examine, how gender equality and women’s empowerment are framed in these regional integration policies and their impact on economic security for women. The first objective of this paper is to determine how gender equality is defined and operationalized in the regional and sub-regional cooperative agreements. More specifically assessing the role of regional economic communities, and continent-wide trade agreements in perpetuating or challenging neoliberal approaches to microcredit and the financialization of microfinance. My goal is to provide a theoretical framework to a) analyze the effects these agreements have on women’s income disaggregated by sector and size of the firm and b) reconceptualize women’s labor force participation and economic activities beyond the informal and formal dichotomies. I will utilize a mixed methods approach to provide a detailed examination of the structural foundations in regional cooperative agreements that reproduce economic disparities within member states and across sub-regional groups and “informal” and “formal” sectors of the economy. More specifically, I will conduct a content analysis of policy prescriptions, civil society organizations included in the economic associations, and analyze labor data, household surveys, and other econometric data. Using national economic data, the presence of women in informal, formal and both sectors will be assessed. The following trade agreements and communities will be included; the Continental Free Trade Agreement (CFTA) the Tripartite Free Trade Area (TFTA) Agreement, Kinshasa Declaration, The Monrovia Declaration, the Lagos Plant of Action and the Abuja treaty, COMESA, ECOWAS, CEN-SAD, IGAD, SADC, ECCAS, EAC, UMA.

History in the Time of AIDS McDow Thomas Franklin AIDS no longer kills. A decade of widespread availability of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs has rewritten the story of HIV/AIDS, and it is time to reconsider the history of the disease in East Africa. The human immunodeficiency virus operates across multiple time frames and periods, and its history has unfolded on a global scale. This paper uses life histories to examine the interconnected notions of time related to HIV in East Africa.While the first AIDS cases appeared in East Africa in the 1980s, HIV’s own replication cycles unlock a much deeper history. The virus evolves one million times faster than humans, and phylogenetic reconstructions show that the zoonotic transfer of the virus occurred in Equatorial Africa during the early twentieth century. The virus’s six-to-ten-year latent period, however, has been the secret to its deadly success. This lag helped the disease reach epidemic proportions in East Africa, cutting short lives and life expectancies. Tanzania recorded 1.9 million AIDS-related deaths between 1990 and 2017. But the human time scale is changing: ARVs have contributed to a 25% increase in Tanzanian women’s life expectancy since 2000 (UNAIDS). The “treatment era” arrived in East Africa two decades after the drugs were introduced in the U.S., these stark inequalities are constitutive of a global health complex that shapes East African livelihoods and scientific inquiry (Crane 2012). This paper contributes to a project on HIV in Tanzania that integrates national and regional histories; the global and scientific consensus on HIV; and individual histories within these overlapping spheres. Interviews and research will be carried out in 2019."

205 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

The sojourner's return Attah Dzifa Abrah, Ama Boafo-Arthur & Susan Boafo-Arthur Culture shock is a vital aspect of any study abroad experience. many institutions have devised several strategies to help international students transition to life in the host country. However, most of these strategies are insensitive to diverse cultural or country specifics. Drawing from Social Learning Theory, this paper provides narratives from four former students from the West African country of Ghana and how they navigated the process of acculturation in their respective host nations. The narratives discuss their feelings during the study abroad trip, some of the challenges they faced, and personal as well as institutional strategies that aided in ameliorating the experience of culture shock. A few recommendations for Student Affairs Practitioners are also provided.

Women as Actors in the Boko Haram Insurgency: Female Members of the Civilian Joint Task Force Durueke Onyinyechukwu Most of the narratives regarding the Boko Haram insurgency and its relationship with women are based on women as victims - women have been specifically targeted by the insurgents for sexual violence especially forced marriage and forced impregnation. Since the Boko Haram insurgency started in the northeast of Nigeria in 2009, the Nigerian government has employed various strategies as counter-terrorism measures to help oust the violent extremist group. One of the strategies was the formation of the Civilian Joint Task Force (CJTF). It first emerged as a community effort, and later as a joint effort with the security forces. The CJTF has helped recover towns and villages, rescued women from the insurgents and helped identify members of the insurgent group. Unfortunately, a lot has not been heard about the female members of the CJTF. Therefore this paper aims to propagate the roles of females in the CJTF and the challenges they face because of their gender. It will also analyse the role/impact of female activists in the fight against the insurgents. The paper will utilise primary and secondary sources. The primary sources will include in-depth interviews with female members of the CJTF and female activists in the North east.

African Migrant Experience in Contemporary Times: Fatou Diome and the Reverse Narrative of the Women Who Wait? Omonzejie Eunice & Augusta Ohiowele Interest in studies on the migration of African youths intensifies in recent times just as human transnational mobility is increasing in volume and range from year to year. Francophone prose writers contribute through the prisms of fiction, to the complexities of the discourse on the geostrategic, cultural and developmental implications of African migrations towards the

206 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Western world. In this paper, our analysis is based on the novel Celles qui attendent (2010) by the Senegalese Fatou Diome - a novel which deconstructs the customary monolithic image of migration as the ultimate success experience for the African emigrant and his family in opulence and euphoric fulfillment resulting from the immense benefits of remittances from abroad. Diome’s literary iconoclastic exploit is realized through the realistic depiction of the migrant experience, specifically as it affects the female family-folk (mother, sister, wife, fiancée) who are left behind in the homeland. Our paper examines the author’s reverse narrative which provides deep insights into the reality of wretchedness and disillusionment for the African women who must wait interminably for “Godot”. To interpret the dynamics of the new narrative of our Senegalese novelist, socio-criticism and migration theory are adjudged necessary. Keywords: migration, francophone fiction, new narrative, sociocriticism, Fatou Diome

Perceptions altératives de l’émigré africain dans la littérature récente de l’Afrique occidentale Omonzejie Eunice, Nora Daduut & Beatrice Nev La littérature est la science de la vie et du comportement humain. Dans les temps récents, suite à l’augmentation des flux migratoires transnationaux, les espaces littéraires de l’Afrique noire se peuplent des figures de l’expérience migratoire : des émigrés africains au départ à l’étranger et de retour au pays natal, ainsi que de ceux qui «attendent». Pour notre interrogation des dimensions de l’investissement de l’altérité dans les discours littéraires de l’Afrique occidentale, il convient d’ébaucher une approche postcoloniale et sociocritique en nous appuyant sur trois créations romanesques de la sous-région (deux francophones et une anglophone) – Les fantômes du Brésil de Florent Couao-Zotti, De l’autre côté de la rue, la vie m’attendait de Flore Azoumé et Americanah de Chimamanda Adichie. Dans ces textes narratifs, la figure de l’étranger est celle des émigrés africains de retour, considérés comme des «venus d’ailleurs» dans leur terre ancestrale. Cette figure demeure celle de victime des préjugés et de l’exotisme sous plusieurs apparences plutôt négatives. Chacun des protagonistes des trois romans de notre corpus devient « étranger » par l’incidence d’un vécu migratoire (volontaire ou involontaire). Il se pose alors le problème des rapports socioculturels entre les étrangers dans leurs hétérotopies symboliques et les autres citoyens d’un monde en conflit. Mots clés: altérité, migration, étranger, roman ouest-africain

Unhu: without Unhu Mapping African Cultural Determination in Tsitsi Dangarembga’s Nervous Conditions Novels Nwabara Olaocha Nwadiuto This paper examines representations of the “nervous condition” as it pertains to people of the African world. Literature helps to detail the psychology of the nervous condition — the embodied state of anxiety produced by negotiating self within Western systems of

207 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

domination over Africans globally — through the complex development of fictional characters who move through their world in ways similar to the world in which we exist and move through today. Tsitsi Dangarembga uses Tambu – the protagonist of Nervous Condition (1988), The Book of Not (2007), and This Mournable Body (2018) – to construct a narrative of a Shona woman whose increasing dissociation with her African cultural values and increasing desire to replace them with Western imaginations of Africans pushes her further and further away from her family, community, home, mind, and body ultimately embodying the nervous condition. This paper argues that the nervous condition can be understood within localized African cultures by examining the distance between any community and its members and their sense of adherence to individually and/or communally determined cultural values. Localized to Zimbabwe to contribute to conversations globally, this is supported by extracting and revealing representations of the act of Unhu, versus the vocalization of its presence within the everyday lived experiences of the characters in the Nervous Conditions novels. Dangarembga’s works provide critical to intimately understand the gradual separation of self and transition into a stasis of colonial anxiety, while simultaneously deconstructing it through suggested solutions to one’s social condition – knowledge of self/community as well as self-determination.

Liposomes with pH Responsive “On and Off” Switches for Targeted and Intracellular Delivery of Antibiotics Omolo Calvin Andeve The aim of this study was to formulate liposomes with ‘On’ and ‘Off’” pH responsive switches for infection site targeting. The vancomycin (VCM) loaded liposomes had size, polydispersity indices (PDI) and zeta potential (ZP) of 98.88±01.92, 0.204±0.030 and - 17.33±2.95 at pH 7.4 respectively. The QL-liposomes had a negative ZP at pH 7.4 that switched to positive charge at acidic pH. The encapsulation efficiency was found to be 43.06±5.86%. At pH 6.0 VCM release from the liposome was quicker than that at pH 7.4. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of the QL-OA interaction suggested stronger bonds in the deprotonated state (-89.90±0.54), with electrostatic interactions playing a significant role for binding, and weaker bonds (-42.12±0.31) and rearrangement of the lipids at the protonated state. The in vitro antibacterial studies against Methicillin susceptible (MSSA) and resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) showed lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) compared to bare VCM. The OA-QL-liposome showed 4-fold lower MIC at pH 7.4 and 8- and 16-fold lower at pH 6.0 against both MSSA and MRSA compared to the bare drug. Flow cytometry studies indicated that OA-QL-liposomes had a similar killing percentage of MRSA cells compared to bare VCM, despite having a 4-fold lower MIC. OA- QL liposome had a 1266.67- and 704.33-fold reduction in the intracellular infection for TPH- 1 macrophage and HEK293 cells respectively. In vivo studies showed that the amount of MRSA recovered from mice treated with formulations was 189.67 and 6.33-fold lower than the untreated and bare VCM treated mice respectively. MD simulation of the QL lipid with the POPC membrane showed spontaneous binding of the lipid to the bilayer membrane, and both electrostatic and Van der Waals interactions contributed to the binding. These studies

208 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

demonstrated that the “On and Off’ pH responsive liposomes enhanced the activity and targeted delivery of the loaded drug

North of South: Intertextualities and Ironies of East African Popular Culture in Selected Travelogues Makokha Dr. Justus Kizito Siboe Travel literature is a portal that affords multiple perspectives on aspect of everyday life of societies. In East Africa, this creative non-fiction genre remains a fertile ground, especially in the form of travelogues. In the region the sub-genre, has latent and salient roots in the 19th century colonial literary tradition orchestrated by, inter alia, Richard Burton, Henry Morton Stanley and their contemporaries. In the seventies this colonial literary heritage inspired the Caribbean writers Shiva Naipaul, and his more famous sibling, V. S. Naipaul to pen North of South (1978) and A Bend in the River (1979), two significant yet little-known works set in East Africa. And in recent times, complete with postcolonial aesthetics, we see the same literary corollaries in Binyavanga Wainaina’s One Day I Will Write About This Place (2012) and M. G. Vassanji’s And Home Was Kariokoo (2014). In this paper, an attempt is made to examine the discourse of postcolonial disillusionment in East African travelogues from the perspective of popular culture studies. It is argued that travel literature from the region afford us platforms for self-criticism, retrospection and progressive critique of the aporias of our postcoloniality. The paper also questions the validity of narrative non-fiction as a historical tool by juxtaposing works of the seventies and their recent counterparts. New Historicism will be used as interpretive framework of the qualitative data accrued from archival research that guides this undertaking. Key Words: Travel Literature, East Africa, Postcolonial Decadence, New Historicism, Afropessimism

Queer Idenity Formation In Diriye Osman's 'Your Silence Will Not Protect You'. Banda Dr. Nelson Kariuki, Dr. J. K. S. Makokha, Dr. Mbugua Wa Mungai This paper looks at the explosive short story, 'Your Silence will not Protect You' by the exiled, queer Somali writer, Diriye Osman, as a narrative that traces the construction of queer identity. 'Coming out' is always a momentous event for homosexual personalities and is a critical stage in identity formation. The narrative traces the lived experiences of Diriye, the narrator and central character, from the predisclosure stage, through the process of coming to terms with his queer sexuality. Self-acceptance is thus portrayed as crucial step before the moment of coming out. Queer identity formation is completed once the queer character integrates the public and the private selves. This paper also argues that queer identity is also dependent of the inscriptions of others upon the queer character. Society and the attendant socio-cultural milieu thus provide the prism through which the heterosexual majority view the homosexual 'others'. The 'homosexuality is disease' viewpoint, especially, tends to ascribe a 'mad identity' on queer characters. This comes out clearly in 'Your Silence will not Protect

209 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

You' where Diriye's father links his homosexuality with madness. It is notable that Diriye is a Somali immigrant in England, and thus his queer identity formation is aided by the social and legal protections and the queer spaces that a western metropolis like London affords. It is clear that his queer identity formation would taken a different trajectory had he been living in his country of birth, Somalia. Queer criticism provides the theoretical framework for the paper’s analysis. Key Words: Queer, African sexualities, Queer Criticism, Transgression, Identity

Spatial Poetics in New Somalian Women Writing: Interrogating the In- between Wor(l)ds of Safi Abdi’s Fiction Nyongesa Andrew, Dr. J. K. S. Makokha & Dr. Ezekiel Kaigai The Nineteenth Century not only saw the interaction of African societies with the West, but the merging of different African ethnicities under same political entities. African communities with different cultures were compelled to live in same political entities; hence the need to negotiate one’s existence at the hybrid space is not just a preserve of those who migrate away from their mother nations. On the contrary, citizens that remain in mother nations are compelled to occupy the in-between space to enhance national integration and stability. With the increasing heterogeneity of the African society, the clarion call for cultural essentialism similar to negritude results in the politics of polarity that is at variant to nation building in Africa. The insistence on return to African culture is possibly based on unexamined assumption that Africa is a homogeneous nation with same language and culture. Such a return will likely underscore difference owing to the diverse ethnic and cultural realities on the continent and render the African dream futile. This paper interrogates the pertinence of the hybrid space among African characters in their mother nations and diaspora; using the postcolonial theory, the researcher analyses fixed and hybrid identities and their relationships with the other in African and host nations in Safi Abdi’s A Mighty Collision of Two Worlds and Offspring of Paradise. The ideas Homi Bhabha, Stuart Hall and Frantz Fanon will form a theoretical basis of interpretation. Key Words: In-betweeness, postcoloniality, diaspora, space, Somali experience

Betwixt Tradition and Transition: Poetic Techniques as Agents of Afrocentric Values in Alike Akeko’s Popsongs Oyoolo Zadock, Dr. J. K. S. Makokha & Dr. Mbugua wa Mungai In analysis of themes in any work of art, form is an inevitable component. Orature employs various strategies in portraying identities and realities of contemporary community. These strategies as explored in orature partly contributes to consideration of orature as literary. Similarly, popular music is a worth literary undertaking in the way the songs exploit resources of language. Hinged on the premise of language as a rich resource in contemporary creative artistic works, the paper posits that the Wanga griot Ali Akeko, exploits linguistic resources in his songs. However, these poetic strategies can be traced back to traditional

210 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

devices. Even though the songs are contemporary in ethos, they negotiate a traditional aesthetic terrain of the in western part of Kenya. This is the only community with a history of kingship in Kenya. The paper argues that formulaic beginnings and register as emanating from traditional orature genres reify perpetuation of Wanga socio- cultural family values. We conclude that styles, like orature, are (re)appropriated in contemporary popular music and that Wanga socio-cultural family values can be mapped in Akeko’s songs. To achieve this end, ethno-poetics approach is used as the interpretive framework. A close reading of the song texts will be done, interpreted and analyzed within the prisms of Wanga context as postulated in ethno-poetics. The paper demonstrates that while considered archaic and remote, the traditional Wanga linguistic resources are embedded in contemporary artistic creations. Key words: rhetorical strategies, ethno-poetics, orature, popular songs, Wanga kingdom.

The Technology of the marketing of Sugar Cane and the advantage of using Bottle Water and used plastic materials in the Federal Capital Territory Abuja Nigeria Oke Michael In the Agricultural sectors the used of bottles, plastic, nylons cannot been overemphasize, due to the important of use in respect of the packaging, transportation and marketing strategies wise, which promote effective marketing and adding value to promote profitability and increase sales of an average sellers and encourage buyers and also reducing the weight that will make it easily transported and protect the shelf life of an average crop in the Agricultural sectors. This paper therefore study a marketers that have being using bottle water in the strategies of prolonging the shelf life of an average sugars Some of the marketers use the water inside too cool the sugars in which is going to preserve the self-life and some of the nylon are laying down in which they use to displayed some of the products in the markets which promote profitability and encourage more buyers to get close to the customers and various questions were ask from the buyers and sellers. Pictures were taken too support findings. This paper therefore stressed for effective means of marketing and technology development in areas of preservation's and prolonging the life shelf of the sugarcane. Keywords: Marketing, Sugarcane, Bottle Water, Plastic, Federal Capital Territory.

Celebrity Endorsed Advertisement and Consumer Buying Behaviour: A Case Study of Selected Female Senior Members of the University of Education, Winneba Asemanyi Abena Abokoma This study investigates Celebrity Endorsed advertisement and Consumer Buying Behaviours: A Case Study of Selected Female Senior Members of the University of Education, Winneba. It looks at the purchase intention and decision making processes of consumers. The study seeks to: first, examine the influence of celebrity endorsed advertisements on the consumer’s

211 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

buying intention and decision making process; and, to interrogate the effectiveness of celebrity endorsed advertisements on consumer buying behaviours. The study is hinged on the Elaboration Likelihood Theory that is marked by two key ingredients that make up this model; motivation and ability. Motivation is the need to understand the message while getting involved with the brand, whereas ability comes into use when the individuals become capable of processing and understanding the persuasive message. The study is anchored on qualitative approach and the design for the study was a case study. The sample was purposively selected because the participants possessed some rich characteristics needed by the researcher for the study. The study selected ten (10) ladies who patronise some specific brands of beauty and cosmetic products within the University of Education, Winneba. In-depth interviews were conducted with the selected participants of the study to ascertain audience reception and perspective on celebrity endorsement of the advertisements. The thematic data analysis revealed that celebrity brand endorsement does not have a direct influence on the purchasing intention and consumer behaviour. This could be as a result of the segment of consumers that were studied. It however became clear from the study that celebrity endorsement was an effective tool for advertising since it attracted the target audience to the brand or product. The study concludes that the regular utilization of celebrity endorsed advertisements has achieved permanence in media production and brand advertisements and, more importantly, its acceptance by the target audience as an appropriate way of communicating brands.

Feminist and Identity Construction on Blogs: A Study of Selected Top Blogs in Africa Asemanyi Abena Abokoma & Anita Brenda Alofah The study examines the blog posts and blogger profiles of selected top African bloggers. The study is premised on the grounds that; first, the blogosphere is one of the most suitableonline spaces for the construction and exploration of identity; second, that women can use the blogosphere to explore their creativity and true identity through their writing; and third, that the identity of the woman has been veiled from time immemorial since women as writers as well as their works have always been evaluated under the influence of male patriarchal and literary tradition and, therefore, could never have an original, innovative and independent art. Through qualitative content analysis of ten top African female blogs and further anchored on the feminist gynocriticism theory and the identity theory, the study argues that while its findings support earlier research that women writers construct their identity as inspirational bloggers and relationship builders, the findings disagree with popular assertion by some researchers that women shy away from issues related to governance, technology, education and business. The findings also support earlier but limited number of research that women use blogs to challenge gender stereotypes. The study concludes that when it comes to women’s identities, stereotypical roles bestowed on them by society are being confronted, challenged and wriggled off."

Odingaism and the Political Economy of Luo Nyanza 1945-2017 Okuta Stephen Onyango

212 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

The current study will research on the Odingaism and The Political Economy of Luo Nyanza from 1945 to 2017. The objectives of this study will be to investigate the rise of Odingaism and the struggle for independence in Kenya and how it influenced the economy of Luo Nyanza between 1945-1963; to interrogate his short stay in Kenyatta government and its impact on the economy of Luo Nyanza1963-1966; to evaluate the politics of opposition and the economy of the Luo Nyanza between 1966-1994; to document the rise of Raila Odinga and the enhancement of the political economy of Luo Nyanza between 1994-2017. The theory of this study will be Perenialism/primordialism developed by Anthony Smith and other scholars in which it describe the origin of state, nation and ethno nationalism. The study will be carried out in the four counties of Luo Nyanza which includes Kisumu, Homabay, Migori and Siaya Counties. The study will adopt the descriptive survey design. The main tools for primary data research will be questionnaire and interviews in addition to archival data from Kenya National, Archive while secondary data will come from published documents, magazine and journals. Data will be analyzed qualitatively in historical form. Research ethics will be highly observed.

The use of isiNdebele for service delivery in Nkangala District Municipality, South Africa Nkosi Phumlani Despite the fact that the new language policy stipulates that eleven official languages, including IsiNdebele be used as official languages in South Africa, isiNdebele is still marginalized. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to look at the use of isiNdebele language for service delivery at the Nkangala District Municipality in the Mpumalanga Province. In this study, I explored trends in municipality communication, especially focusing on communication between the municipality and community members for service delivery purposes. The study is qualitative in nature and a case study design was followed. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data from the purposively selected respondents. Specifically, interviews were conducted with community members who are isiNdebele L1 speakers and municipal staff members and the data collected through interviews were analyzed thematically. Document analysis of the municipality language policy and other documents used to communicate with the community formed part of the data for this study and content analysis was used to analyse the data collected from the documents. The findings revealed that the inclusion of isiNdebele was merely on paper, English still dominated as the medium of communication. The findings further revealed that there was a need for interpreters and translators to assist citizens as customers at the municipal offices. The findings also showed that Nkangala District Municipality did not have enough available resources in isiNdebele and that they did not inform their community about the importance of their language. Keywords: Apartheid, democracy, language policy, municipality, language marginalization, isiNdebele, Mpumalanga Province

213 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Potential and Limitations of the Growth Poles for the Ethnic Community Languages of Kenya Kioko Angelina Nduku, The level of language endangerment in Kenya even for the most populous speech communities is considerable given the ever-rising fortunes of English and Kiswahili. The UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (http://www.unesco.org/languages- atlas/index.php?hl=en&page= atlasmap) lists 13 Kenyan languages six of which are stated to be extinct. The Ethnologue lists 10 Kenyan languages as “Educational”; 3 languages as “Dispersed;” 33 languages as “Developing;” 15 languages as “Vigorous;” no languages as “Threatened;” 2 languages as “Shifting;” 3 languages as “Moribund;” 1 language as “Nearly Extinct;” and one languages as “Extinct.” However, many languages labelled 'vigorous' or 'developing' actually show signs of language shift, particularly as populations migrate to urban centers. The large groups like the Gikuyu, Luhyia, Kalenjin, Luo, and Kamba may have some political and economic muscle, partly based on demographic strength, but that power is not necessarily being marshaled to enhance the fortunes of the respective languages. Even with these large groups, the language may be only symbolic; the languages that help to enhance the fortunes of the ethnic groups are the larger national and international languages, the languages of state power: English and Kiswahili. This paper examines the current status and use of Ethnic Community Languages (ECLs) in Kenya, outlining activities that make significant contribution to the active use and promotion of ECLs such as teaching these languages in the school system; the publication and dissemination of printed materials in various civic educational campaigns pertaining to such matters as health, agriculture, animal husbandry, governance and human rights; the active use in the mass media; and in worship. The paper argues that the threats to these languages result from much more formidable forces beyond the tinkering of linguists, politicians and bureaucrats. While it is true that the language policy plays a significant role in determining the future of ECLs, there are stronger forces that defy language policy: namely, population movements, urbanization, technological changes affecting mass communication, and the structure of the economies. Faced with this situation, the paper recommends that it is prudent to make a rough distinction between language promotion /revitalization endeavours on the one hand, and language documentation/conservation initiatives on the other, and to categorise ECLs of Kenya according to their need in this dichotomy.

Assessing the use of isiZulu in banking services in Durban, South Africa Khumalo Lungisani "After 1994, in South Africa many people saw the declaration of the previously sidelined indigenous languages as official languages as a move towards respecting and promoting indigenous languages. The main objective of this study was to assess the use of isiZulu in the banking services in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal. The focus was on the feasibility of using isiZulu as a language of communication in the banking service, to check whether the consumers receive documents in the language, which they prefer, particularly in isiZulu. The qualitative research approach was and the study followed a case study design. The investigation is

214 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

characterised by a two-pronged approach to data collection viz.: semi-structured interviews and document analysis. A wealth of data was generated by thick description of participant responses. The data from semi-structured interviews were recorded and decoded into categories. The categories were reduced to thematic constructs. Twelve participants were involved in the research. The findings revealed that even though isiZulu was incorporated in the banks’ policies as a language, which was supposed to be used, this was not practiced since English was predominantly used at the expense of isiZulu. The findings further revealed that English was the only language used even in customer documents such as letters and pamphlets and isiZulu was used mainly for oral communication. The findings also revealed that there was a lack of terminology in the isiZulu language for certain English words. It was recommended that translators were needed to assist with the communication. Keywords: indigenous languages, official languages, banking services, language of communication, consumers.

La politique énergétique de la CEDEAO face aux défis du développement durable Gandonou Noudéhouénou Marcellin Les politiques publiques communautaires sont au cœur des dynamiques d’intégration. Elles visent à assurer un accroissement de la stabilité économique et un renforcement des relations entre les États membres. Afin de réaliser son objectif, la CÉDÉAO s’est engagée à impulser des politiques pour la promotion de l’intégration économique dans tous les domaines de l’activité économique notamment dans celui de l’énergie. Cependant, le secteur énergétique de la sous-région est en situation de crise, ce qui d’ailleurs entrave le développement des États membres. En réponse, et pour relever les défis du développement, la CÉDÉAO a adopté depuis 2006 plusieurs documents qui font office de politique énergétique. Ces documents que sont le livre blanc pour une politique régionale, la politique d’efficacité énergétique et la politique en matière d’énergies renouvelables s’inscrivent dans les lignes directrices de l’initiative de l’Énergie durable pour tous qui vise à assurer un accès universel à des services énergétiques modernes, de doubler le taux global d’amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique et de doubler la part des énergies renouvelables dans le mix énergétique global. Sur la période d’étude, le bilan énergétique fait apparaître une utopie quant à l’atteinte des objectifs du développement durable. Les objectifs fixés par la communauté sont loin d’être atteints. Ceci en raison non seulement de l’insuffisante implication des acteurs à divers niveaux mais aussi de l’insuffisante garantie dans la mise en œuvre de la politique énergétique. Pour relever les défis du développement durable, ces insuffisances que révèle la mise en œuvre de la politique énergétique appellent des réformes.

Cultural Rituals and Symbol as a Supplementary Paradigm for Conflict Intervention and Peacebuilding: Experience from Africa Essien Daniel Essien

215 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

It has been argued that diverse norms, complex values, and the symbolic dimensions of contemporary conflict scenarios are beyond the reach of standardized approaches to conflict resolution. This argument’s corollary is that, given the curious datum that culture is implicated in nearly every conflict in the world, many components of culture can serve as an important aspect of efforts to transform destructive conflicts into more constructive social processes. Yet, what culture is and how culture matters in conflict scenario is contested and regrettably unexplored. This is indicative of the fact that in Africa, not only are the arts carriers of culture, resilient in the midst of devastation, they are arguably the most reliable conduit for reconciliation and healing in the aftermath of any massive damage. Borrowing insights from anthropological analyses of the cultural symbol of ayei as well as creative and expressive arts, this study argue that one of the productive approaches toward resolving conflict in any given society is using what the people understand as part of their culture as exemplified in cultural objects and a variety of activities in which members of the conflicting groups engage together in a common activity like festivals, sports, music and/or drama. Drawing upon extensive contemporary research and literature on arts and cultural intervention in conflict, this study adopts qualitative methodology supported with Social Conflict Theory to examine how arts in symbolic, expressive, and performative fashion constitute a tool for cultural intervention in conflict resolution and peace building in contemporary African societies.

YORUBA INDIGENOUS TECHNOLOGY: A STUDY OF LOCUST BEANS PRODUCTION IN EKITI OYEWALE PETER OLUWASEUN Prior to the early contact with European in Ekitiland, the Ekiti people had various indigenous technologies which they use as a means of creating and generating wealth for themselves. Their indigenous technological skill manifested on their creativity that extremely unique with the people. Although, on the European view of technological development in Africa, most especially Nigeria, it was erroneously assumed and believed that indigenous technology in Africa was static and non performing but this assumption was totally wrong when compare with the rate and level of development of indigenous technology in ekiti, most especially in the area of pottery, weaving, smelting technologies. More importantly, production of locust beans is one of the indigenous technologies practiced among the Ekiti women. Ekiti women were known as the major producers of locust beans in Yorubaland. This paper therefore takes a critical examination of indigenous technology in Ekiti focusing on the production of locust beans as an indigenous technology. This paper will benefit extensively on the oral interview with the major participant in the production of Locust beans in Ekiti. Keyword: Technology, European, Ekiti, Locust beans, Indigenous, skill

To Have or Not To Have? Access to Land for Women in Post Conflict Areas: A Case study of Northern Uganda Ruhweza Ronald Daniel

216 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

This paper interrogates the extent to which women in the rural areas of Uganda access land, either as users, lesses or owners. The specific focus is on those women who come from post conflict areas in Northen Uganda, and are faced with a multitude of physical, pyschological, cultural and related challenges. The paper argues that regardless of the constitutional dispensation ushered in in 1995, women in Uganda generally and those in conflict areas in particular, continue to suffer terribly when it comes to access to land. The paper then makes recommendations on how the different power centres in the nation can be used to address this problem.

INTENTIONALLITY IN APPLIED THEATRE Akinola Ogungbemi Christopher “Art for art’s sake” as maxim continues to face criticisms in Africa with Pan-Africanists like as Ngugi wa Thiong’o, Wole Soyinka, Chinua Achebe continuing to query this submission, suggesting that art must, beyond aesthetics, serve pedagogic purposes. These enthusiasts, writers and dramatists have employed the dramatic in creating awareness on sundry issues. For this reason, theatre deserve our attention. After the demise of apartheid in South Africa, it became needful to reconcile waring units under the new black majority democratic government. Although, the establishment of the Truth and Reconciliation Committee (TRC) dealt with past criminal injustices, less attention was apportioned inter-tribal relations amongst black South Africans, which the influx of immigrants from other parts of Africa seems to continue to mask. Since theatre usage has developed fast that it warrants our scrutiny, applied theatre as terminology has become popular as it brings under one roof a broad range of dramatic activities carried out by a host of diverse bodies. Although the intentions vary in this plurality, the prevalent intentionality which various groups share remains: that theatre as a form or tool in addressing something beyond the form of art in itself is powerful. In what appears like an intentional Pan-African vision transmitted to South African students in first level acting class at the University of Limpopo, this paper raises awareness for Africa’s Ubuntu philosophy as panacea for divisions amongst tribes in South Africa, particularly, and nations on the continent, in general. Keywords: Art for art’s sake; South Africa; Intentionality; Ubuntu; Applied Theatre

The ‘historicity of Parliaments’ in Southern Africa’ Batsani-Ncube Innocent Within the larger academic discourse in African studies, the historicity of the postcolonial African State was brought into focus by (Bayart, 1993)’s longue duree, when he argued that the understanding of contemporary African politics is tied to the long-established traditions, practices of governments in the continent. I agree with Bayart’s principle of longue duree but disagree with his standpoint that the colonial experience was fleeting and less of a major factor in this historical evolution of State politics. I propose the need to understand the development of representative political institutions in Africa from its historic socio-genesis

217 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

and influence which starts with the colonial period. This paper looks at the history of parliaments in Lesotho, Malawi and Zimbabwe. It does so by tracing the evolution of the legislative councils from early colonial period from the perspective of the origin, nature, character and built environment that housed them. I discuss the historical origins of these legislative councils, the buildings that housed them, the symbolic position(s) that these old legislative councils and their buildings played within the political system. Furthermore, the paper reflects on the extent and ways which these formative parliamentary institutions impacted on contemporary Lesotho, Malawi and Zimbabwe representative political institutions. I review documents that include; historical records, photographs, colonial state constitutions and literature on state politics in the three former colonies

Gender Performativities and Identity Construction: Quest for Healing Salvation and Prosperity in an African Pentecostal Church Appiah-Kubi Ama Boatemaa The study investigates the performances members display at Moments of Glory Prayer Army (MOGPA) meetings and how such performances are gendered. The study also examines the identities the members construct through such gender performances and how they negotiate those identities around the gender performances. Using gender performativity theory, communication theory of identity and identity negotiation and through ethnographic design anchored on participant observations, interviews and focus group discussions, the study showed that members displayed gendered performances during MOGPA meetings through the frames of prayer, exorcism, testimonies and oblation. The study also revealed that participants, through their performances at the meetings, constructed multifaceted personal, gender, social, ethnic and professional identities. The ethnographic study also showed that, in negotiating their identities around gender performances, the strategies adopted by participants included acts of adornment, socialisation and immersive participation during meetings. However, there were also cases that indicated that individuals sometimes engaged in performances that seemed to subvert the normal gender roles regularly acknowledged in society. The study concludes that the performances displayed and identities constructed by social actors at MOGPA meetings were highly gendered.

Governing by use of parallel security regimens: The case of pastoral communities along the Elemi Triangle Ochieng' Albert Okinda The Elemi Triangle, a region along the Kenya, South Sudan and Ethiopia border has for a long time been considered a theatre of violent conflicts over pasture, forage and land. Communities from each of the three countries are pastoralists who by and large remain relatively marginalised by their national governments. This has seen the communities develop and continue to rely on their own indigenous governance and security provisioning systems. The use of traditional security systems involves reliance on elders and cultural norms. With

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regard to cattle rustling, elders and cultural demands determine when and with whom the raiders are to engage in war. Superimposed within this indigenous security regimen are national state-centric instruments of security, which are hardly recognised and appreciated by the pastoral communities. This paper interrogates the opportunities and challenges of using parallel security systems namely; indigenous and contemporary security regimens within the context of increased cases of cattle raiding along the Elemi Triangle. To achieve this, the study relied on both descriptive and analytical methods and data was analysed through qualitative methodology. Based on the findings, the paper argues that, the governments have marginalised the region; therefore, the pastoral communities have preferred to instead rely on indigenous conflict mediation mechanisms. This has created conflict between the traditional mechanisms and the state sponsored mechanisms. Therefore, there is need for multipronged approach that integrates traditional approaches, national and regional mechanisms to promote peace building in the region.

Decolonising and re-theorising the meaning of democracy: A South African perspective Runciman Carin Historically and today, movements have often been at the forefront of envisioning the content of democracy. Although democracy itself is a contested concept, in general, definitions and measures of democracy are often drawn from the canon and experiences of the global North. Contributing to the growing decolonisation movement in the social sciences, this article examines understandings of democracy in the context of post-apartheid South Africa. It considers how ordinary people conceptualise democracy through an examination of its understanding in isiZulu, one of South Africa’s most dominant vernacular languages, and through analysing how democracy is understood and practiced at the grassroots, by citizens in movement and community organisations. It is argued that popular understandings and expectations of democracy are rooted in traditions of popular organisation that emerged in the struggle against apartheid, and in the experiences of many citizens of the post-1994 state. Crucially, the paper draws attention to the tensions between grassroots understandings and visions of democracy and that which has been articulated by the governing African National Congress (ANC). By rooting the analysis of democracy within local histories, practices and contexts, the paper provides lessons for democratic theorists by illuminating how citizens and popular organisations articulate the current crisis of democracy and its possible alternatives, promoting a re-imagination of normative democratic thought based on ideas of democracy from below.

Theorizing African Masculinity: A Deconstruction of Selected Texts of African Writers Tobalase Adegbite Oluwademilade This research intends to do an in-depth study of Africa's views of masculinity by considering different topologies and ascertaining if there is comvergence in our divergence as regards Men Studies. The research will establish if Africans views of Masculinity is at variance with the views of other writers from across the world. The study of the selected texts will be

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attempted using a library based method of critical textual analysis adopting masculinity as a literary ideology. The result of this resesrch will be used to propagate a theory of Masculinity for the African continent.

The Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex Life in Post-Apartheid South Africa. Ngwenya Samukezi While looking into the phenomenally more prominent white queer bodies’ visibility than black queer bodies during apartheid period, this paper seeks to reconstruct and reimagine queer visibility in post-apartheid South Africa. In 1996, the South African government established a Constitution (Act 108 of 1996) based on democratic principles. The Constitution mandated representation, protection and promotion of all South Africans regardless of their gender, colour, and race. Despite this constitutional promise, South Africans remain racially segregated as well as occupy different spaces based on their race, sex, gender and class. Transitioning, therefore, to democracy and the change in political climate witnessed an increasing visibility of the white queer community. The paper, therefore, questions which queer body is seen, versus which is not seen in post-apartheid South Africa. Unlike in the United States where we see affluent white gay men in (Lesbian Gay Bisexual Transgender Intersex) LGBTI organising and movements, I argue that in South Africa black working class lesbians are at the forefront of visible LGBTI organising. Methodologically, the paper draws on the conversations I had with three LGBTI-identified individuals who provide services for LGBTI identifying people. I interviewed one white gay and two black lesbians. The conversations were on issues of visibility, space, belonging, and on how LGBTI movement organising changed in post-apartheid as compared to during apartheid. A major question addressed in this paper is how to move forward and heal as a nation. Will queer black and queer white bodies ever occupy the same spaces? Keywords: Queer, LGBTI, (In) Visibility, South Africa, post-apartheid, race, movement organisations.

Regionalism and the Multi-national Joint Task Force in Fight against Insurgency in Lake Chad Basin Agbo Uchechukwu Johnson, Dr. Ibrahim Umara & Mr.Abubakar Tijjani Regionalism is an approach for collective development away from globalism. As a half- way house to globalism, it reinforces each other for socio-economic and political development. In this vein, contiguous States in the Lake Chad Region formed the Lake Chad Basin Commission to enhance cooperation to use the common water Resources for development. But the emergence of security challenges in the region led to collective security arrangement in the institution of the Multi- national Joint Task Force. It reflects a regional security alliance to coordinate efforts to combat the common threats to their national security. The MJTF was originally formed in 1998 to deal with cross- border security issues such as armed banditry

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and other crimes. In 2014, four member countries of the Lake Chad Basin Commission revisited the mandate of the MJTF by expanding its scope of operations to include counter Terrorism. This paper in this regards interrogates the prospects and challenges of the MJTF in the fight against Boko Haram insurgency. The paper argues and state that Terrorism is a global challenge which requires the global community to support the regional effort for its prospects in the fight against Boko Haram in terms intelligence sharing in the movement of small arms and light weapons.

Buhariyya and Populism in Democratic Governance in Nigeria Agbo Uchechukwu Johnson & Mrs. Fatima Shehu Liberty Buhariyya is a movement by the masses, mainly in northern Nigeria built around the personality of Mohammed Buhari the current President of Nigeria. Buhariyya is linked to the politicization of Sharia by the Northern political elite. The masses in northern Nigeria, mainly Muslims saw Sharia as revolution to liberate them from poverty through Zakat. The frustration and failure in its implementation to address poverty, unemployment and insecurity provided the window for Buhariyya movement. Buhari as a Muslim, and assumed by the masses as a corrupt free personality took advantage of the mode amongst the masses and declared that voting for a good Muslim and a corrupt free leader is the key to lock poverty out of Nigeria. In this vein, the masses (talakawa) became his support base, when he joined politics as the presidential candidate of ANPP, CPC and later APC, the platform that he won the 2015 general election. This paper interrogates the Buhariyya within the context of populism and elite politics in Nigeria. Though it was assumed that his mass base support was responsible for his victory but it only served the interest of the political elites who wanted power and needed a new identity. The paper posits in this regards that the trajectory of his leadership has not changed from elitism to mass based governance. We conclude by stating that the Buhariyya movement has been hijacked by the political machine as poverty reduction; employment opportunities and security have not been attended to

NATIONAL QUESTION, THE NIGER DELTA AND THE POLITICS OF REVENUE ALLOCATION IN NIGERIA Oluwasuji Clement Olawole One of the most contending issues in contemporary Nigeria is the way the nationally accrued revenue should be allocated. The oil producing states of the Niger Delta in Nigeria believe that the federal government is perpetrating injustice against them, since the oil which is responsible for about 80% of national revenue is derived from their region. This has resulted into the activities of militia groups crippling the national economy and challenge the indivisibility of the national polity, Nigeria which is now called national question. The various revenue allocation formulae to douse the tension associated with the revenue allocation from 1946 to date vis-a-vis their challenges were examined. This paper also attempted to proffer a policy strategy which looked at the allocation from the area of production of the resources. The secondary source of data collection such as documentary

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papers; government publications; library records; scholarly journal, newspapers; magazines; circular technical reports and guidelines as memoranda on the issue of the Niger Delta were consulted And useful in the paper. Resource Competition Theories were used to analyse the socio-political economic implications of the crisis on the Nigerian nation in this work. Key words: Revenue allocation, National Question, Niger Delta, Development, Crisis

THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF MERCHANDISATION OF VOTES IN NIGERIA: THE CASE OF 2018 EKITI GUBERNATORIAL ELECTIONS OluwasujiClement Olawole Nigeria’s democratic experiment has come a long way and has encountered some teething challenges such as ballot box snatching, violence, rigging, etc. in the recent times, a new electoral challenge has just been added into the political lexicon: merchandisation of votes otherwise called vote buying and vote selling. A situation whereby votes are commoditized and political gladiators curry political favor from the electorates by devising series of monetary strategies to win elections. The paper focused on the just concluded July 14, 2018 gubernatorial elections in Ekiti state, Nigeria. Rational choice theory was used as foundational basis of the paper. The paper also used contextual analysis source of data collection. The politicians and political gladiators embarked on vote buying as a desperate strategy to win elections. The electorates on the other hand, sell their votes. This menace is not without some socio-political and economic implications on the political system. However, the paper observed that to checkmate the merchandisation of vote in Nigeria, certain proactive strategic options are needed such as behavioral and attitudinal change, poverty reduction or eradication schemes, socio-political education, economic empowerment, provision of gainful employment etc. Key word: Elections, Merchandisation, vote buying and vote selling, rational choice theory.

The Challenges of Democracy, Elections and Administration in Africa: The Unfolding situation in Cameroonb as the Cutting Edge of Chaos Forje John We are made to understand that democracy is government of, by and for the people, which unfortunately in Africa has converged into a new dimension, 'against' the people. The paper critically looks at the role of what elections, and administration plays in the transformation of a complex, complicated and confusing polity like Cameroon, shaped by its historical past. It argues that the independence and unification of the British and French administered United Trust-territories rather ushered chaos and not coherence to the functioning of the state, because the governance systems of these territories were not compatible to creating a capable developmental state. It goes further to streamline that due o articulate self-interests/bad faith the leaders failed to give direction and implement the accord agreed which was seen as the right step to creating the structural-functional basis for the new state of Cameron and as the solid anvil for constructing a united continent. The combination of poor administration and

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governance deprived the people of being the political laboratory of unity for changing the political dynamics of the continent. The theoretical frame builds on the system of analysis (SOA) and the strength, weakness, opportunities and threats (SWOT) as the analytical framework. Democracy in Africa calls for open, inclusive and participators forms of governance and under the canopy of justice, the rule of law and equity in ensure quality welfare for all citizens. Key words: unification, democracy, justice, rule of law, leadership, self-determination, unity

Decolonizing pedagogy in Education in Africa and Diasporas Florence Wamahiga Decolonizing pedagogy examines the requirements for completely and in a fundamental way metamorphosing the manner in which colonized individuals perceive themselves, other people, places as well as ideas. Examining the historical genesis and justification or reasoning of the earliest Western modes of education or schooling, this paper unearths the evolvement all the way up into the present time. It is important to scrutinize in a methodical way the manner in which the issues of control and oppression or even harassment became habitual and was perpetuated. At the core of this paper is the necessity to restore perspectives to being, and reinforce the process of doing. In addition to a detailed study of a variety of efforts to take action on violence and domination pieces. This paper/article also appraises the phenomenon of the black population cognition and contemplation negative approach, acknowledging the influence such critical cognition has had on the individual self, address it appropriately, and make good and right. Undermining the usual ways and confronting the common knowledge, this paper makes an effort to be a trigger, bringing together such topics or ideas as handing on, dialect, control, jurisdiction, capability, etc. By the end of this article, readers should grasp a clearer and better conceptualization of colour and decolonial cognition. Besides, they will have an acknowledgement of the distinction that exists between education, schooling, instruction, learning, study and discipline. Key words: Decolonization, pedagogy, teacher, education, perspectives

Modernity and the Production of (AyꜪne) Witchcraft: Controversy in Nzema Nrenzah Genevieve In Ghana relative poverty, the growing gap between the rich and the poor in a rapidly modernizing soceity, unemployment of the youth, illnesses and other factors are precipitating new beliefs about the activities of sinister witches (ayenꜪ ma), gods (bozole), angry ghost (nwonmenle), and other agents of supernatural harm as Ghanaian people with deep religious convictions seek ways to make sense of their predicaments. In what can be described as a corresponding development, the Ghanaian religious field is also witnessing an unprecedented

223 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

rise in ritual agents from all religious persuasions. These purveyors of spiritual power build their popularity on their claims to the uncanny ability to identify and exterminate witches and to neutralize the harmful effect of supernatural harm linked to them. This paper explores this modernity of witchcraft, focusing specific attention on the old and neo diverse mechanisms the indigenous religious agents of the Nzema people of Western Ghana use in counteracting witchcraft-inflicted harm. I argue that the rise in the belief in witchcraft among the nzema is a by-product of contemporary Ghanaian Christian discourse on evil and the resulting ritual praxis of Ghana’s Christian religious agents, followers, and fans such as modern-day witch- hunting. The paper will also highlight the controversies shaping Ghana’s religious landscapes because of the many voices contesting the Christian witchcraft modernity discourse and related practices.

BELONGING BEYOND BORDERS: CULTURAL CONNECTIONS OF THE AFRICAN DIASPORA TO GHANA Frehiwot Mjiba, Chy McGhee & .Harriet Boateng Aduako Belonging is essential to identity construction, consciousness building and cultural development. Belonging is even more pivotal in relationship to individuals who were forcibly displaced from their homeland as a result of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. Within the context of Ghanaians and Africans born in the diaspora, belonging for some may not be bound by geographical location or time-based experience but rather is a web of boundless connections to an amorphous Black racial identity (Holsley, 2013). Arguably this global Black identity is cradled by Pan-Africanism and the historically significant role Ghana has played in the development of Pan-African education in Africa and the Diaspora. Kwame Nkrumah between 1957-1966, invited the African Diaspora to come to Ghana to contribute to the development of Ghana and provided the Diaspora with a sense of space and belonging in Africa. The likes of W.E.B. DuBois, George Padmore, Maya Angelou and Bill Sutherland set the stage for over sixty-two years of members of the Diaspora returning home physically, culturally, socially and spiritually. The purpose of this study is to investigate the symbiotic relationship between Ghana and the Diaspora, exploring manifestations of Ghanaian cultural life in the United States and manifestations of the Diaspora in Ghana. The research is grounded in Afrocentric Theory and uses an ethnographic approach in Accra, Washington DC and Oakland, California. (Asante, 2009).

Empowering Women in Natural Resource Based Enterprises or ‘keeping them busy’: A Case of the Sengwe Vamanani Craft Centre (SEVACA), Zimbabwe. Sibanda Manasa This paper examines the effects of a conservation based initiative on the livelihoods of rural women in a single prefecture of Sengwe in Zimbabwe. It looks at the socioeconomic effects of promoting the development and marketing of craft products made from palm (Hyphaene coriacea). From a population of 241 members, data were collected from a sample of 72 respondents, who were purposively selected from 15 village based craft making groups. A

224 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

questionnaire survey, key informant interviews, observations and desk research were conducted to collect data. Ethnographies were also used to capture the perceptions on socioeconomic effects of the initiative by respondents. Quantitative data were analysed using the SPSS and Microsoft Excel packages, while qualitative data applied themes. The study established that sales through formal markets increased by over 100%, and diversified the designs of craft produced. Democratically elected project coordinating subcommittees were only operational during the period when donor funding was available but became redundant when it seized. The compatibility of approaches applied by the implementing NGOs facilitated exchange of funding for women empowerment initiatives. Lastly, but not the least, the creation of parallel structures with overlapping mandates at local level generated conflicts and increased bureaucracy. The results were consistent with the belief that conservation initiatives that promote the empowerment of women in rural areas do not improve their economic status in the long term. The paper signals a possible need for development facilitators to engage local experiences in establishing formal marketing of craft produced by rural women.

Ulimbaso (You Will Be Strong Again): Medicine Stories, Narrative Medicine and the Engagement of Literary Thought in Malawian Health Discourses Kalinga Chisomo Scholarly attention to the critical health and medical humanities has expanded significantly in the 21st century; however, globally, representation is dominated by Western discourses & thinkers. This paper examines the meaning of African studies of literature and health by introducing key themes, concepts and practices that are emerging from Malawi. Building upon Professor Steve Chimomobo’s work on HIV & AIDS in Malawian Literature, this paper engages narratives of health from my ongoing field studies across Malawi. From representations of the body, aesthetics of representing health and well-being, this paper puts forward an argument that engages the ways in which ordinary citizens engage with storytelling about health and the shared or disparate themes in both traditional and modern representations of health and the body. It advocates for the beginning of real dialogue with diverse medical cultures and pedagogies that challenges Western knowledge hierarchies.

Is a theory of the 'African state' a possibility? Orimolade Oluwatosin The modern state as we understand it was distinctly contrived in Europe as a response to the decentralized, parcellized and feudalized sovereignty that characterized the European middle ages. As a contingent outcome, there is no doubt that the absolutism was the prototypical form of the modern state. In Africa, colonialism was the medium by which African encountered modernity, and specifically, the medium by which a modern state form diffuses across the continent. But would this mean that given the European origin of the modern state, that we can only speak of the ‘state in Africa’, thus making a theory of the African state an impossibility? This paper would suggest that the discourse on the state in Africa as a ‘failed

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state’ presupposes a failure to come to terms with the specificity of the state form that emerged through the colonial encounter – a state form that is part of the career of the modern state itself, but that is irreducible to it. I want to suggest that a theory of the ‘African state’, if such a theory is possible, should address three problems: firstly, it should address the overriding question that animated colonial state formation across the continent; secondly, explain the specificity of the colonial state vis-à-vis the modern state; and thirdly, account for the significance of the colonial state not merely for the postcolonial state in Africa but for the form of modern state itself.

Deconstructing the varieties of Nationalism as an ideology for African Agency in international relations: the case of Ghana Siaw Emmanuel Approaching international relations from diverse perspectives have been relatively missing in Africa’s foreign relations. It has dominantly been straight-jacket analyses that tend to overlook the intertwining dynamism of agency, structure and dependency at play in Africa’s international relations. In this paper, I first argue that Africa’s international relations is more diverse than is often thought of. Secondly, I argue that ideas or ideologies are inherently relevant to understanding Africa’s international relations. Such ideas, I argue, may not necessarily be any of the grand ideologies like socialism, liberalism etc. but one that tends to take into consideration the context within which African state have operated historically and currently. Parsimoniously, I call this the varieties of nationalism. Using Ghana as a case study, I demonstrate the agency, dependency and structure dynamism that has culminated into an ideology for the foreign policy of African states. I conclude that what African countries have been doing over the past decades, since independence, is to chart a new course based on past experiences and present conditions. They are therefore presented with two broad dilemmas: to continue the colonial legacy or sever with both dilemmas coupled with the nature of dependent development. These dilemmas have an interdependent relationship with the accompanying ideas they seek to harness in order to achieve their respective goals. Therefore, explaining African agency from a strict realist/materialist perspective without the ideational bit definitely misses these constructivist elements.

Les alliances interethniques et le maintien de la paix sociale Seydou Ouattara (Via mail)

Imaginaries of China in the World of Ngugi wa Thiong’o: (Alter)nations and Decolonization Yuan Mingqing "The works of Ngugi wa Thiong’o have been mainly situated in the frame of either with references to traces and influences of European authors or with

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“aesthetic solidarities” alluded in his texts with Russian or USSR literature. However, less known is that in his article on “Culture and Society”, Ngugi cited from Mao Tse-Tong’s talk “Yenan Forum on Literature and Art” and in almost all of his fictional works since Petals of Blood, China has been a reoccurring imaginary in his works, which echo with Ngugi's changes in language, style and themes as well as the global and local contexts. This paper proposes to situate the works of Ngugi within the framework of Global South, which entails Afro-Asian solidarity as a literary activity in the decolonizing period. By reviewing representations and imaginaries of China in Ngugi’s works, this paper aims to excavate the often ignored and buried link between China and Kenya during the decolonizing period on issues of style, language, and nation in literary space and the development and transformations of this relationship in the neoliberal globalizing time. It shows that even though China and Kenya have different histories and social and cultural contexts and have went through different forms of colonization, China is taken not only as a reference point but also as a concept, an ideology and an interacted looking glass in Ngugi’s works to reflect, criticize and review the challenges and problems faced by post-independence Kenya.

Bogus ‘social banditry’: The celebrification of corruption and economic crimes. Katiambo David One of the endemic governance problem facing postcolonial nations is corruption and economic crimes, yet scholars have not studied how this crimes have been instrumentalised by politicians, especially as part of -making system in electoral democracies. I wish to deconstruct the binaries between crime and celebrity by looking at how politicians are celebrificating crime. I reinvigorate Hobsbawm’s (1959) concept of social banditry to explain elite celebrification of crime in African postcolonies. Although newspapers regularly expose corruption and scholars have written on its detrimental effects, little has been done on how politicians use ‘social banditry’ strategies to co-opt common people in theft of public resources. Borrowing from celebrity studies literature, I argue that politicians involved in crime have used the media coverage it precipitates to decriminalize their actions, and increase their popularity, especially where such crime has not resulted into conviction. This presentation conceptualises self-presentation of corrupt politicians through the paradigm of ‘criminal celebrity’ and explains conditions that make this formulation possible. I use Penfold-Mounce (2009: 97) concept of criminal-celebrification that proposes the strengths of celebrated criminality depends on resonance achieved by the criminals seeking celebrity status. This resonance is linked to three factors: crime type, context and image. Through Critical Discourse Analysis of newspaper articles on corruption and economic crimes, I show the discursive strategies used by politicians involved in crime to delete criminal responsibility and create an acceptable celebrity image. I describe how politicians create a symbolic meaning of their criminality to attract people towards identifying with them. I identify various ‘social banditry’ strategies used by politicians to provoke celebrification of corruption and absorb their communities in breaking the law. I conclude by using the finding to show how criminal celebrities in Kenyan politics are not heroes because of their Robin Hood-like heroic achievements, but represent celebrities who are known for being well

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known within their ethnic communities. I argue that celebrification of corruption is the dark underside of liberation of the postcolony. Key Words: Celebrity, crime, celebrification, discourse analysis, hero, Kenya, politician, responsibility, Robin Hood, self-presentation,

Child Rights, Multiculturalism And African Development: Assessing The Prospects Of The Convention On The Rights Of The Child In Nigeria Ogunde Oluwafifehan The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) was adopted in 1989 by the United Nations. Notwithstanding the near-universal ratification of the CRC, children are still being subjected to various forms of rights violations in different countries around the world. Generally speaking, the failure to create the atmosphere envisaged under the CRC could be attributed to the lack of effective implementation mechanisms with respect to CRC provisions with certain scholars describing the Convention as ‘lacking teeth’. There is however another factor possibly responsible for this outcome: a view of the CRC as being inappreciably disengaged from societal realisms. The aim of this paper is to consider the possibility of the CRC setting standards of societal behaviour that does not necessarily reflect global circumstances. The author seeks to argue that while certain interpretations of the provisions of the CRC create unrealistic expectations, this does not necessarily imply that the concept of child rights in itself may be altogether dismissed as impractical. This argument will be considered in the context of child rights protection in multi-cultural societies with Nigeria as a principal focus. It will further be argued that even a presumed impracticality of the notion of child rights does not necessarily preclude the pursuit of certain ideals espoused by the child rights concepts. In exploring this argument, the author will consider children’s rights in a holistic context, considering civil and political rights as well as socio-economic rights. An approach from a holistic perspective widens the spectrum of discussion and balances utopian considerations promoted by the child rights narrative with practical considerations necessitated by factors such as economic resources, societal practice and political will.

The Role of Community Engagement as a way of averting Conflict in the Extractive Industry: A case study of Mining in Kwale County Odaba Dan Noel & Evelyne Serro Achieng The extractive industry has the potential to significantly transform environments, communities and economies. At times, such transformations may manifest themselves through conflicts or disputes between a resource developer and local communities, or even complete breakdown of the company’s social licence to operate. In Kenya for instance, the extractive industry is one that is quickly gaining prominence with increased activities over the last five years. While the industry presents opportunities, there are negative impacts as well. This paper seeks to build on existing knowledge on how extractive companies, both local and multinationals can ‘get it right’ when working on community engagement. The

228 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

paper reviews the role of the community and their involvement throughout the project life cycle, the causes of conflict and most importantly the fiscal and regulatory framework in place to govern operations in the extractive industry. The objective is to explore the business case for improved risk management and community engagement in the extractive industry as a whole. To achieve this, questionnaires were administered to members of the local community in Kwale, targeting those who are likely to be impacted by the mining activities by Base Titanium, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Australian and UK-listed Resources Company. The paper concludes by drawing on this evidence base to reflect on the business case for improved risk management aimed at preventing and mitigating conflict between extractive companies and the community.

Decolonizing the African Academy: Psychoanalysis of Distortion and Reclamation of Indigenous Education Trajectories Sekiwu Denis Colonialism’s greatest transgression was the total obliteration of the African image and moral choices which existed in indigenous practices and knowledge bases. When eurocentrism permeated on the African continent, it captured and took precedence, the consequence of which was the demolition of the African character that was embedded into African practices and philosophies. Knowledge systems and indigenous education trajectories were gradually eroded by a replacement of the status quo with Eurocentric thinking patterns and “formal” epistemologies, values, and moral choices that not only replaced African knowledge bases but also de-Africanized our representations by forcing onto the African a scholarship that pushes for theoretical practices other than the ability to innovate, and explicate the relevance of African values in modern education. The sort of formal education systems that the western educator forced on Africans, thereafter, seems to exhibit a degree of hopelessness and a devoid of life changing knowledge for the young and future to emulate. This is because, whatever the modern formal school seems to produce for the society and labour market is, to a larger extent, not generating lifelong learning, it is not exhibiting a product with problem- solving and critical thinking competencies. Colonial education is not focused on the production of innovative-minds that encourage positive transformational praxes in Africa. The focus of the paper will be to question the intentions of the colonialist in distorting African indigenous Education and its trajectories. Second, the paper focuses on reclaiming indigenous African knowledge systems, philosophy and moral choices in the education of the young generations.

African and Africana Knowledges: Past Representations, Current Discourses, Future Communities Tumuhairwe Kabatangare Goretti "It, indigenous African knowledge, and its adoption in higher education in Africa is disproportionately lower than that of external origin largely attributed by several authors in the literature reviewed to both internal and external factors such as largely western age old

229 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

inherited structures of knowledge production, hegemonic discourses in largely western denigrating representations of it and divergent African ontological cultural, historic, political, geographic and economic trajectories further compounded by perceptions of its non-universal applicability, transferability and replicability, extant contemporary Afrocentric counter narratives notwithstanding. The remedy to this paradox, as proposed by several authors in the literature reviewed, was a greater impetus on the part of all stakeholders for the proactive elimination of divergent African historical, political, geographical and economic trajectories in order to present a more consolidated and collective counter narrative going forward to that of largely western age old inherited structures of knowledge production constraining the equitable adoption of African knowledge in higher education in Africa. The objective of the research study paper, realized through literature review research design methodology, was to examine the validity of the postulation that the adoption of a collective Afrocentric counter narrative measure to persisting hegemonic discourses in external denigrating representations of African knowledge in higher education in Africa promotes more functional equitable adoption of African knowledge in higher education in Africa. The major finding of the research study was that there was a positive correlation realized between the adoption of a collective Afrocentric counter narrative measure to persisting hegemonic discourses in external denigrating representations of African knowledge and the functional equitable inclusion of African knowledge in higher education in Africa. Key terms: Higher education, African, Library, Knowledge

Xenophobia in South Africa and the Paradox of Pan-Africanism Oso Adedeji The quest for freedom from the chains of colonialism in Africa gave birth to Pan-Africanism, which was champion by Nationalist leaders such as Selassie, Nyerere, Nkrumah, Du Bois and others. Although Pan-Africanism was instrumental to the attainment of Africa’s unity and self-determination, its effectiveness in sustaining unity among the post-colonial African States has been questioned given the increasing rate of xenophobic killings of African immigrants in South Africa. Using content analysis, the paper traces the political and socio- economic underpinnings of South Africa’s xenophobia crisis to Africa’s colonial history which is enmeshed in identity crisis; the peripheral position of Africa in the international capitalist economic order, which have engendered socio-economic imbalance that has propelled relocation of people from one African country to another in search of survival; increased poverty ratio which has engendered retaliation against immigrant-scapegoats; corrupt nature of African political leaders in the face of a weak Africa Union. The paper adopts African Political Economy as the theoretical framework for the study and recommends citizenship reorientation and identity renewal in Africa through the various agents of socialization; it calls for good leadership and institutionalization of a popularly acceptable 21st Century Pan-African Ideology for all African States; including the prohibition of all forms of racism and xenophobia attacks in Africa by the African Union with punitive sanctions as deterrence. Keywords: Pan-Africanism, Xenophobia, Imperialism, Identity Crisis and Peace-Building."

230 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

CHANGES IN LIVER FUNCTION ENZYMES IN PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM INFECTED MALARIA PATIENTS IN AJEROMI IFELODUN AREA OF LAGOS, NIGERIA. Olukayode O Bankole & Ugochukwu O. Ozojiofor This study is to determine the liver dysfunction in P. falciparum infected patients in Ajeromi Ifelodun area of Lagos, Nigeria by examining changes in some liver enzymes: AST, ALT and ALP obtained from newly diagnosed cases of malarial infection yet to be treated. Seventy (70) human subjects comprising of 50 P. falciparum malarial infected and 20 non- infected (control) subjects between 10-60 years were selected for this study. Malaria positive subjects were divided into three groups based on the number of parasite per μl. Those that had parasitaemia below 10,000 parasite per μl were considered mild infection, those that had parasitaemia above 10,000 parasite per μl were considered severe infections and those with parasitaemia below 1,000 parasite per μl were considered low infection. RDT test and microscopy was carried out to ascertain the presence of P.falciparum. They were grouped based on age group, sex and level of parasitaemia. Blood samples were collected for the determination of P. falciparum, level of parasitaemia and liver function enzymes AST, ALT and ALP. There was a significant increase (P<0.001) in the mean level of serum AST, ALT and a significant decrease in the mean level of ALP in the P. falciparum infected patients compared to the control subjects. This study shows that high parasitaemic patients are at greater risk of hepatic damage than low parasitaemic group, hence early diagnosis and treatment of malaria is highly encouraged. Keywords: P. falciparum, Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alanine transaminase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Parasitaemia, Rapid diagnostic test (RDT)."

Analysis of the exclusion of women in the mediation leadership in South Sudan mediation process Rabele Litlhare The paper seeks to analyse the role women can play in mediation leadership in themediation process in South Sudan. It is interested in the interaction between gender mainstreaming and mediation as stated in the strategies that the African Union (AU) hasadopted on women in mediation and the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 1325. The literature on women’s involvement in the leadership of mediation remain limited, especially so in relation to South Sudan. The little literature that there is on women andmediation, and the policies that exist to support women leadership in mediation, are notenough to change mediation practices. This chapter will critically explore the strategies andpolicies used to include women as leaders of mediation teams and seek to understand whywomen have been excluded in mediation leadership in the mediation process

231 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

in South Sudan.Conflicts that have ravaged the African continent have caused untold suffering to women.They suffer disproportionately and are exposed to sexual and gender- based violence, rapeused as a weapon of war, unwanted, forced marriages, abductions and destruction to theirmeans of livelihoods. During conflicts such as in South Sudan, women are strategicallytargeted to humiliate them and to break the morale and resistance of societies They remainexcluded and voiceless, and in most cases, left outside the areas of decision making. Theargument this paper is making is that the role of women, as actors and as agents rather thanonly passive victims in conflict, should be given attention. Their exclusion in mediationleadership is arguably a contributing factor for the slow progress in the mediation process inSouth Sudan. The impact of mediation is hypothesized to be more comprehensive and long-lasting if women play an active part in the processes given the gender-differentiated impact ofwar on women.Since war broke out in South Sudan in December 2013, IGAD states Uganda, Kenya, Sudanand Ethiopia have led the peace and mediation talks on South Sudan. With the politics ofparticipation and inclusion in mind, the mediation process in South Sudan has been widelycriticized for lack of inclusion of women in leadership. The mediation process that led to acomprehensive peace agreement in 2015 was held in 2014 in Ethiopia, facilitated by the thenEthiopian Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegne, the role of women was minimal, with nowomen in the leadership of the mediation process, and their role not highlighted. Themediation process composed of IGAD and other African countries including South Africa,Rwanda, Nigeria, C had and Algeria, known as IGAD Plus 5 was held in Ethiopia in August2015, facilitated by the then prime minister of Ethiopia Hailemariam Desalegne, with nowomen in the leadership of the teams. Separate mediation talks were convened by Kenya, Tanzania, South Africa, Uganda and Ethiopia to reunify the South Sudanese People’sLiberation Movement (SPLM) - the Arusha peace talks in January 2015 in Arusha, facilitatedby Mr Abdulrahman Kinana of ChamaChamaMapinduzi political party, with no mention andinclusion of women in leadership roles. Very little is written and known about the role ofwomen in mediation leadership in the mediation process in South Sudan. The IGAD ledmediation is ongoing while the conflict continues to ravage South Sudan, with little evidenceof any role women play in mediation leadership in this process. In June 2018 Sudan’s president Omar Al-Bashir hosted the mediation talks in Khartoum between the main warringparties, none were represented by women. IGAD continued to revitalize the mediationprocess post 2016 through a High-Level Revitalization Forum (HLRF) process, women’sroles as leaders was not visible and their participation remained insignificant.

The contribution of social media towards “language death”: The case of African languages Ramusi John-Kent Makoetja We live in times of “transforming technology” and social change. For that reason, at times we observe our social images as young people. This happens because young people focus on the type of language which they use on social media than their home language. However, this does not affect the way they speak, but also affects the way they write. Therefore, most language users who are young end up losing the grammar and the typology of their very own

232 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

languages. This happens because of a major “language shift” which is driven by the young people’s linguistic preferences over their very own African languages. Consequently, the abandoned African languages would start by having less proficient speakers and they would end up being extinct. It is important these days for scholars who are young people at universities to have an introductory course which is based on their home languages. Also it is very important for those students to have an academic writing course. This will assist the students to have good academic writing skills. That cannot be done at institutions of higher learning only, but it can also be done at institutions for basic education. This could be advantageous for communities as Department of Basic Education has implemented Adult Based Education and Training (ABET), which can also be a platform to assist community members to learn more about their own African languages. Community leaders with the assistance of the local government can also implement cultural projects, which can teach young people who have been “absorbed” by the language used in social media platforms. By doing all these things can ensure that African languages can stay preserved for a long time. Also it would maintain the status of these languages from other languages which seem to be a threat by others. In addition, it would increase the chances of the young people to be multilingual.

Performances of Buganda Folktale, Njabala: Tradition, Contestation and Agency Dipio Dominica Folktales are among the shared intangible heritages of a community. They embed the philosophy and spirituality of communities. Among the Baganda, Njabala is one of the most narrated folktales. The moral of this story is the value of bringing up hard working girls, skilled in the use of the hoe, an identity symbol of a woman’s success in marriage. In the story, Njabala who was spoiled by her mother got married without the required adeptness in the use of the hoe for cultivation. This failure leads to a catastrophic end of her marriage and shame for her relatives. Njabala has been adapted and performed in Uganda and globally by local and international artists. The adaptations have varying degrees of closeness to, and distance from, the ‘original’ folktale. The purpose of this paper is to analyse what keeps Njabala a vibrant folktale; what the emerging discourses in the variations of the story are; what gender discourses emerge from the diverse performances by male and female artists; and what these performances reveal about how men and women perceive women in the community today. I will use close textual analysis to answer the above questions. This approach will be reinforced by selected key interviews to help the researcher appreciated the cultural symbols in the story. Selected gender and feminist theories will provide the theoretical framework for the analysis. The paper hopes to show the cultural continuities and discontinuities of the gender issues represented in the story of Njabala, particularly as adapted and represented by popular artists.

Yet and Still: The Aegean African Afterlife of Slavery Willoughby Ayobami

233 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

What were the socio-economic ramifications of late 19th century settlement for the emancipated Africans settled in western Anatolia? This presentation takes land, labor, and the promissory architecture of care as the primary frames for theorizing a lifely ‘blackness’ for rural, Aegean, African-descended Turkish people in contemporary Turkey. In 1890, the Ottoman government, under the reign of Sultan Abdülhamit II, began settling emancipated Africans from Benghazi, Tripoli, Jidda, Hudayda, and Istanbul in the province of Aydin in the west of what is now Turkey for the express purpose of land cultivation. Today, communities of African-descended Turkish people are “still” in the villages where those emancipated Africans were settled to cultivate the land. While these villages have remained rural and agricultural, prevailing labor common-sense has shifted from the agricultural cultivation of personal plots of land to the work provided in local factories. Intimacies with the plants in their immediate environments—as foods, as medicines, as friends—have been critical in maintaining and negotiating the lifeliness of this rural, agricultural, Aegean African-descended community. This presentation unpacks the plant practices that have persisted within this particular African-descended Turkish community as a consequence of their rural and agricultural arrangements. This analysis explores the everyday relationships between rural and mountain-inhabiting African-descended Turkish people and the plants in their environments. This project utilizes ethnography, interviews, and focus groups in conversation with Ottoman archival material to situate interactional patterns between health, illness, care, labor and plant life within communities of Aegean African-descended Turkish people in an attempt to answer these questions.

The Power Dynamic and Silent Narrative of Madikizela-Mandela’s Testimony in the Hold Motsomotso Lebohang This paper aims at exploring the underlying meaning of concept of the Hold, with reference to how Winnie Madikizela-Mandela’s body as a political figure exists as the site of a paradox in the hold. To be in the hold is to be in a captured space both figuratively and literally. The concept of the hold becomes naturalised in the existence of the black female body – the hold thus is described as a site where life is static, fixed, ultimately still and is shaped by the persistent conditions of nonhuman. But through political and apolitical acts of resistance Madikizela-Mandela proclaims a paradox and rejects the nonhuman condition of the hold. Her body becomes a site of a paradox as she rejects the hold and her “naturalised” form of existence and adopts an impossible position. Her position is impossible because existing as a paradox is to exist in a place that one is not meant or expected to be in. Essentially Madikizela-Mandela defies the hold and reshapes her being. This paper will begin by explaining the concept of the hold both in its figurative and literal meaning in reference to Madikizela-Mandela’s political experiences as a political figure. It will further interpret how black female bodies are subjected to continuously exist in the hold. The paper aims to reveal how and why the hold facilitates a nonhuman condition for the black female body. Moreover, it will outline the unconventional modes of resistance that make the black female body the site of a paradox.

234 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

The Final Frontier: Building Capacity within Post-Graduate Programmes in Kenya Lichty Steven The education environment in Kenya has experienced many changes and challenges in the last 15 years. Beginning with the Kibaki administration (2003-2013), Kenya has made great strides in providing free primary education. This burgeoning wave of educated students has progressed onto secondary and tertiary levels, with some even pursuing graduate and postgraduate degrees. At each advancing level of education though, growing pains have been experienced, both institutionally and individually. While important research and assessments have been conducted on the institutional aspects of PhD programmes Kenya, no qualitative studies have been conducted among Kenyan PhD students. Studies beyond Africa suggest pursuing a PhD is unlike previous educational experiences. Life experiences, family commitments, professional obligations, previous education, vocational calling, new skills acquired, etc. all play an increased role, both positive and/or negative, in determining the quality and success of the postgraduate education journey. This research project explores Kenya’s final frontier—postgraduate education—by looking qualitatively at the lived experiences of Kenyan students, candidates, and graduates within postgraduate programmes. Areas explored include rationale for pursuing a PhD; career goals; educational/professional background; critical thinking abilities; emotional intelligence capacity; work/life/family balance; experiences with coursework, supervision, developing/implementing a research agenda; and the thesis writing process. Research focuses on three groups of PhD students: current students at Tangaza University, students/graduates of the Institute of Development Studies, and graduates of educated outside of Africa. The project’s goal is to inform the numerous stakeholders involved with providing, managing, overseeing, and funding doctorate education programmes in Kenya and across Africa.

Combating Xenophobia through Music in South Africa Phakathi Mlungisi The paper analyses how Maskandi musician, Mthandeni, uses song to spread the message against xenophobia in the South African society. The paper discusses some of the causes of xenophobia and xenophobic violence and provides possible solutions to these challenges. The paper identifies negative name-calling as one of the roots of xenophobic attitudes and violence. The paper also discusses the South African government’s response to xenophobic violence and the impact of xenophobic violence on South Africa’s diplomatic efforts on the African continent. The role of traditional leadership in the fight against xenophobia and xenophobic violence in South Africa is also analysed.

Colonialism and a State of Violence in Eastern Congo Muinga David

235 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

This paper will seek to analyze how colonialism influenced the emergence of a state of violence in post-colonial Eastern Congo. It will focus on how this violence has been reproduced leading to the wars between 1996 to 2003. This period covers the two major wars in the Democratic Republic of Congo that had grave effects on Congolese and African society leaving millions of people dead and others displaced. Multiple arguments to the cause of this recurrent violence are in extensive abundance, centered along the lines of ethnicity, foreign interference, institutional failure, and poor leadership to mention but a few. However, while some of these have been employed as a means of ending the violence, it has instead continued into the contemporary. This leaves the question what is the root cause of these varied problems? While some of the arguments postulated as a cause of this violence may be valid, none of them seems to comprehensively explain the foundational structure of the same. This paper seeks to show through a theoretical analysis the complexities surrounding the violence in Eastern Congo and how it is rather through the colonial project and subsequent legacy that these different factors emanated, facilitated, and continue to reproduce violence in the contemporary. Key words: violence, Post-colonial, colonial project/legacy"

An Evaluation of the Crisis of Decline of Democracy in the East Africa Community Kibet Eric M. The East Africa Community (EAC) is a regional bloc comprising of Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda. Through the constitutive treaty of the EAC, other international conventions and their domestics constitutions, these countries have committed to democracy, rule of law and human rights. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, there has been a steady (albeit with myriad challenges) improvement of democracy in the region. In the recent years, democracy has declined rapidly as evidenced by the extension of presidential terms for the incumbents in Burundi, Rwanda and Uganda and consolidation of political power base in Kenya, South Sudan and Tanzania. These legal-political changes meditated through popular support in form of referenda and legislative enactments have created ironical situations where democratic processes are used to subvert democracy. Since the return of multiparty democracy brought about by the “third wave” of democratization in the 1990s, there has been a general assumption that democracy and the related values of human rights and the rule of law are generally assured in the EAC given the treaty and domestic constitutional commitments of member-states. This paper evaluates and deconstructs this assumption, and demonstrates that democracy faces the greatest onslaught ever. It contends that if this trend continues, democracy could lose meaning and give way to a further decline in human rights and the rule of law.

The experience of Black medical specialists in training at two universities in the Western Cape

236 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Shabalala Nokulunga Medical education has seen the increase of previously marginalised groups (Black, female, disabled) in undergraduate training. However, this shift is not as noticeable on postgraduate level. This has led to a number of calls for the transformation of medical education. Recent student protests (Rhodes Must Fall, Fees Must Fall) have illuminated issues of access in higher education, and have led to urgent calls for decolonised curriculum and the transformation of higher education institutions. Higher education in South Africa was convulsed with calls for radical change. The Rhodes Must Fall protest in March 2015 called for the removal of a statue of Cecil Rhodes at the University of Cape Town (IRTC, 2018, p. 12). This raised important questions about coloniality within higher education (Chikane, 2018). There are contestations regarding what transformation really is, with arguments suggesting that while policies exist, there is a huge gap between policy and practice (Pattman & Carolissen, 2018). In order to realise the efforts of transformation it is important to understand the lived experiences of students in South Africa. My study looks at the experiences of medical specialists in training at Stellenbosch University and the University of Cape Town. The concept of race trouble is used to conceptualise the experience of registrars in relation to their training and the extent to which they felt a sense of belonging. My work also theoretically explores Black subjectivity in post-apartheid South Africa. Included in this discussion is the challenging of hetero-normative discourses that persist in the medical space.

Decolonizing epistemicide studies: The case of Dini ya Musambwa as a struggle against coloniality Katiambo David This paper is about freeing the struggle for epistemic justice from coloniality-the freeing of knowledges from colonising knowledge. The paper advances Sabelo's (2018) thinking on how Africa experienced epistemicides-the killing of indigenous people’s knowledges- during and after colonialism by re-igniting the forgotten role of ‘small people’. While it is true that decolonisation begun with struggles for political freedom, accompanying struggles for epistemic freedom are less discussed. Guarding against mythologisation, the paper uses the case of Elijah Masinde, the founder of the proscribed Dini ya Musambwa, (the Religion of the Ancestral Customs), a religious-political movement, to highlight the epistemic struggles by common people during and after the struggle for self-rule. Indeed conversion and the schooling system were the initial strategies of implanting European memory in Africa. Although Elijah’s Dini ya Musambwa has been framed as an anti-Christianisation movement, this presentation emphasises the organisation’s demands and strategies for indigenisation of knowledge. To achieve this aim archival records are used to analyse coloniality in newspaper coverage of Elijah’s struggles that culminated his 1969 trail and imprisonment for running illegal schools. The study uses discourse analysis to describe how the newspapers in post- colonial Kenya has used Eurocentric critical traditions to frame Elijah’s epistemic struggles. Dini ya Musambwa epitomizes how struggles for epistemic freedom outside elite’s

237 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

‘philosophical’ and ‘scientific’ freedoms is also a struggle against colonisation of epistemic freedom itself.

The Misrepresentation of the African Cultural Reality in Ethnographic Writings Kioli Felix Ngunzo & Dr.Shem Mbandu This proposed paper shall examine how Africans and their cultural practices underwent misrepresentation and distortion of reality in Anthropological writings from colonial times. Early ethnographers depicted Africans and their cultural practices as primitive, savage and backward in development. The Western threshold of development was utilized to measure and make judgment about “other cultures’’ (ethnocentrism) .Most of the writers of the time were employees of the colonial masters with the assignment to depict Africans in the negative and subsequently justify colonization. As a strategy to control and subjugate the Africans, numerous theories were also developed to support their arguments. This scenario was further reinforced by religious Missionaries who were documented as having been the first people to discover various physical features in Africa. This was done in total disregard of the presence of the Africans in the said regions. In the contemporary periods, the same scenario has played out through racial subjectivity and representations in the Information and Communication platforms, commercial advertisements, sport, and political pronouncements, among others. The data for the paper shall be secondary sourced.

Migrancy and the literary marketplace in Dinaw Mengestu’s How to Read the Air Musila Grace A If we examine African literary history through the lens of aesthetic considerations, then it is possible to map distinct crises of representation at different points. The latest manifestation of these crises relates to the resurgence of stereotyping of African worlds and lives as marked by the trinity of war, poverty and disease. These stereotypical portraits of African abjection have generated a voracious appetite for narratives of suffering in the global literary marketplace. At the same time, the economic downturn of many postcolonial states in the 1970s and 1980s translated to heavy state disinvestment in arts and culture; positioning international publishing outlets and international markets as prized destinations for African writing. There have since been heated debates about what Helon Habila considers to be the aesthetics of suffering in response to the global literary marketplace’s appetite for narratives of African abjection and suffering. For writers like Ethiopian American novelist Dinaw Mengestu, this literary landscape produces a new crisis of representation: how does one write about the plight of African asylum seekers in Europe and the United States without feeding this appetite for the pornography of African suffering? In this paper, I explore how Mengestu navigates this crisis of representation in his second novel, How to Read the Air.

Shona taboos as a form of Indigenous Knowledge Systems

238 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Kadenge Maxwell Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS), also known as traditional knowledge and/or ethnoscience, is a specific body of knowledge of ‘indigenous’ people that belong to a particular geographical and cultural location. This body of knowledge manifests itself in different facets of life, which include onomastics, agriculture, health, security, relationships (kinship, love and marriage), environmental management, development, education and rites of passage, among others. Shona taboos (including totems), for example, serve as codes of conduct for the preservation of the natural environment, strategies for conflict resolution and the maintenance of the integrity of relationships. Some indigenous and English names of Shona people too are a form of IKS as they are loaded with meaning, which serves to identify their bearers uniquely. They are by nature terse expressions, which communicate the people’s unique experiences, worldviews and belief systems. For example, some first names of some Shona people such as ‘Innocent’, ‘Guilt’, ‘Torture’, ‘Anywhere’, ‘Reward’ and ‘Network’ demonstrate that names in African communities are summaries of a people’s history and everyday realties. By examining the sociocultural meanings of selected taboos, totems and names of the Shona people, this paper demonstrates that African languages are repositories of their speakers’ IKS. African languages are inextricably linked to how their speakers perceive and experience their world as well as how they respond to the challenges in it.

The influence of collective agency on the culture of employee learning: the case of administrative assistants at a South African university Mavunga George Employee learning is an inescapable imperative for organisations globally because of the need to equip employees with new knowledge and competencies, keeping up with the skills demands of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and meeting the employees’ own career development aspirations. In terms of the factors driving it, employee learning has been attributed to factors falling under two broad categories, that is, individual and collective agency. In the recent past, the mediatory role of individual agency in employee learning has begun to be highlighted. However, the role of collective agency continues to be of interest to researchers in employee learning because of the dynamism and uniqueness of the factors which are characteristic of collective agency. Using Critical Realism (Bhaskar, 1998; Mingers, 2014) and the notion of learning domains (Bernstein, 1996) this presentation will report on the influence of collective agency on employee learning at a South African university with respect to administrative assistants directly involved in academic work. It was established that while there is positive intentionality in the official domain of employee learning at the institution, not enough attention is paid to concerns in the social and pedagogic domains. This generates tensions which are constraining to the achievement of aligned ambition between the institutional strategic intentions and the administrative assistants’ career development aspirations. The presentation recommends a two-tier approach to employee learning at the institution, that is, one that takes cognisance of both management’s strategic intentions and the employees’ collective and individual lived experiences as well as career development aspirations.

239 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Gender Allotment and Indigenous Industrial Development in South-western Nigeria: a case of Women in Textile Production Ajayi Adeyinka Theresa Gender allotment in some economic activities among the Yoruba people of South-western Nigeria has assisted in expanding the indigenous industrial system of the people. The Yoruba textile industry has existed in historical time and space; it served the varied needs of the Yoruba societies including its flexible nature, and adaptation to changes and development, especially, in this era of globalization. However, the variances in views of scholars on the gender roles in textile activities among the Yoruba people, especially in pre-colonial times has prompted researches like this with the aim of sacking wrong notions and impressions that the predominant roles of women in the pre-colonial agricultural life of the Yoruba people is quasi slavery and gender-illiteracy. There is a need to examine why there were gender susceptible roles in these economic duties as well as how the division has assisted the gradual growth of the people who engages in it. This paper will examine the roles of women in the division of labour of textile production as mere indigenous knowledge advancement, rather than the acclaimed gender slavery. It will however outline the various feats in which women had recorded from the system. This research will derive its strength from both primary and secondary datas available. Keywords: Gender, Industrial Development, Yoruba, Textile Industry and Indigenous Development

Tracing the discursive construction of an editorial genre in Runyankore-Rukiga Mugumya Levis The paper explores the discursive construction of an editorial genre to establish the cultural notions that inform editorial construction in the local print media. The paper posits that the cultural context within which a genre is constructed informs and shapes the nature of architectural structure that an editorial takes. It further demonstrates that the local and cultural context within which a genre is constructed define the style and rhetorical undertakings of journalistic styles and structures unfolding in a given local context. Thus, the local journalistic styles and texts neither are homogenized nor have not been supplanted by the Anglo-American modes of journalistic practice. Using a diachronic corpus of editorials of two Ugandan local newspapers, Orumuri (The Torch) and Entatsi (The Spy) spanning the 1950s to present, the paper examines the linguistic resources that the editorial writers have invoked to comment of issues that affect society across different times of history. It demonstrates that while the construction of a Runyankore-Rukiga editorial appears to conform to the argumentation structure of an English editorial (Ansary & Babaii, 2005), it does not adhere to its rhetorical moves and the attendant argumentation principles that govern the construction of editorial writing. Unlike English newspaper editorials, editorial writing in Runyankore-Rukiga occasionally invokes anecdotes, similes and proverbs to amplify meanings and bring humor to the text. This discursive style does not appear to identify with

240 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

and endear its putative readers but also eschew a coercive government that does not favor freedom of speech.

African Indigenous health practices: Neglected then Lauded for sustainable health goals Kanini Eddah "Main arguments Most practices, currently being recommended and lauded to promote health, were practiced by our fore fathers. These practices are not new and were practiced among most African and particularly Kenyan communities. But many factors contributed to the practices being ignored or abandoned. Data and methodology This was a mixed study involving interviews with the indigenous or local people. Quantitative interviews conducted, included a structured survey questionnaire to Men and women from Meru County of ages above 65 years old. Qualitative investigations included observations of the practices of the informants especially in terms of food products, plants and homeopathic remedies. Literature reviews was also conducted. Major findings Many practices being lauded at this age are not new and were implemented during the ancient times contributing to healthy lives. Theses includes: Kangaroo nursing: This practice is not new and was practiced among a number of African and Kenyan cultures. The Kangaroo nursing was not by then practiced to only premature babies but to all neonates to allow them have contact with the mother’s skin and continue breastfeeding comfortably. These practices were abandoned during the colonial times when all the people were expected to go work in the white settler’s farm. Wet nursing: Wet nursing was practiced by almost all communities in Kenya. This practice is now back in form of breast milk banks. Wet nursing was particularly done when the child’s mother died before the baby is weaned. The closest relative including the grandparents or the Aunts who had had a child before would be given the responsibility to breast feed the non- biological child. The breast milk would be stimulated by providing foods such as black beans, soups and porridge. Seclusion after birth: Most Kenyan communities ensured the mother is secluded for a number of days mostly 40 days after delivering a child. Only closest relatives were allowed to help out in the daily chores. This allowed the mothers rest and prevented any passing of infection to the baby. Organic foods- Although the use of chemicals on plants is discouraged, due to its contribution to non-communicable diseases including cancers, organic farming was not new among the African farming Communities. Manure was used for farming which was cheaply and locally made.

241 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Other practices including consuming balanced diet, Therapy and healing using from young pumpkin leaves and the use of Natural spices.

POLITENESS IN TEACHER/STUDENT INTERACTIONS IN A KENYAN SECONDARY SCHOOL CONTEXT AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PEDAGOGY IN COMMUNICATION SKILLS Wangia Joyce Imali & Otonde Lydia Anyango It is commonly agreed that politeness is reflected in the pragmatic use of language (Brown and Levinson 1987). Although the politeness phenomenon is universal, with many each language possesses norms and ways of expressing politeness within a given cultural context. The Kenyan school syllabus caters for the teaching of these politeness expressions across all levels of the curriculum and learners are expected to observe the same. This study sought to investigate the impact of the teaching of politeness strategies on their pragmatic use of by secondary school students. Through a case study, the study looked at what strategies are used by documenting interactions in varied forums outside the classroom. Pertinent discussion points include: Does the use of politeness strategies improve with the length of instruction? How do the power relations between students and teachers play out in the use of politeness strategies? Given that different cultures express politeness differently, does the prescribed syllabus reflect this and/or how could it? The study finds secondary school students limited in the use of politeness strategies and makes recommendations on how learners can be better equipped in the use of politeness strategies for improved communication.

Renewable energy for development? The South African case Malope Boitumelo "In responding to calls for mitigating climate change, South Africa’s core commitment has focused in the energy supply sector which until recently, was a virtual monopoly with Eskom being the dominate actor. The roll out of renewable energy in South Africa is seen to contributing to mitigating climate change on the one hand, and to resolve energy supply crisis which lead to load shedding on the other hand. In addition, a portion of the renewable energy project income is required to be directed towards local economic development of communities within a 50km radius, and there is a mandatory provision for communities to hold 5% ownership of the project. This paper critically reviews the current model of socio- economic development implementation by using a case study of a small town in the Northern Cape. Findings are based on interviews with community representatives, community members, beneficiaries of the programmes, municipal representatives, national government officials and independent power producers. This paper argues that due to triple crises of high unemployment, poverty, inequality, and high expectations, to date the renewable energy independent power producers programme has delivered limited socio-economic benefits. ‘Community money’ has been spent on genuinely useful projects in the community, but money has also been spent on projects that are not useful, and in some cases were actively resisted by the community. The disjuncture is due to development being viewed as a grudge

242 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

purchase, disproportionate power relations, and a failure to openly and honestly communicate with the community.

Democratizing Elections through Electoral Management Bodies: A Case of Kenya, 1992- 2017. Muriuki Sylvia Wakene The end of the cold war witnessed the demise of the Soviet Union. This meant that the African dictatorial regimes lost the support which they had enjoyed during the power struggles between the east and the west that tolerated the one party rule. This led to the third wave of democratization that swept across the continent in the 1990’s with African governments being forced to democratize as a condition for receiving donor aid from the west. Elections are regarded as an important indicator of democracy. Today, they are accepted as the global legitimate way of establishing governments. However in Africa, Kenya not being an exception, the return to multi- party rule has led to electoral violence during the electoral cycles indicating that its democracy is yet to be consolidated. Electoral management bodies are responsible for managing elections. Their nature , structure and behavior affects the outcome of elections and the extent which they are perceived as being free and fair hence accepted by the contestants and their constituents. This paper argues that the problem in Kenya lies in its Electoral management body (EMB) - Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC). It seeks to investigate the role of IEBC in consolidating democracy in Kenya since the return to multi-party. It is an empirical research that will use a case study of Kenya 1992-2017. Key words: Democracy, Elections, Electoral management Bodies, Electoral governance.

Henry Odera Oruka’s Philosophic Sagacity and Ethical Leadership "SUBTHEME: interrogating the knowledge produced by prolific African scholars in different fields Mohapi Refiloe Alphonce The late Kenyan philosopher, Henry Odera Oruka (1944 – 1955), would be remembered in African philosophy as the formulator and leading exponent of philosophic sagacity. The philosophic sagacity trend in African philosophy has attracted a lot of attention with its focus on traditional indigenous African thinkers who are semi-literate and not much influenced by contemporary life. There has not been any convincing attempt to trace philosophic sagacity and ethical leadership in pre-colonial and colonial Africa. The reality is that there existed philosophic sagacious African leaders in both pre-colonial and colonial Africa. In this article, I argue that the thoughts and practices of philosophic sagacious African leaders as founded in pre-colonial and colonial Africa are relevant to ethical modern life. In proving the point of my argument, I go beyond Oruka’s methodology of dialogues with contemporary Kenyan sages by tracing philosophical underpinnings in historical texts with focus on the ethical leadership of Chief Mohlomi (1720 – 1815), and his student, King Moshoeshoe (1786 –

243 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

1870) – founder of the Basotho nation. I argue that botho (humanness) leadership, which Mohlomi taught Moshoeshoe in pre-colonial Basotho era, enables us to understand the origins of philosophic sagacity in pre-colonial and colonial times as reflected in the leadership of Moshoeshoe. In the final analysis, I conclude that botho leadership of Moshoeshoe can be used as a solution to the problems troubling Africa today.

RE-EXAMINATION OF FACE: Through a Dirty War and Blood Diamond and a Resilience of the new Sierra Leonean Poetry Hallowell Gbanabom In 1993 following a seminar at the American Embassy in Freetown, several young men and women established the Falui Poetry Society, the only such known literary group in Sierra Leone. The war had started only two years earlier. For the young it was the period of disillusionment. While all around the world creative writing was flourishing, Sierra Leone literarily speaking remained unproductive in the literary arts. The love for the arts and the resilience of these budding poets kept them going retreat after retreat. It was like unending fine arts in writing class. The war had been raging persistently and suddenly these poets found a way of converting their retreats into a court of conscience to write poems about the conduct of the war. None of the poets had any political authority to influence the cause of the war; however exciting creative production in terms of writing was assessing the conduct of the war. Through the scandal of a DIRTY WAR BLOOD DIAMOND, the poets survived both for self and country.

The Re-Entry Phenomenon in Peace Interventions: The Case of Kenya, 2008 -2017 Wambua Muema This study seeks to examine the re-entry phenomenon in post-conflict regimes using the case of Kenya. In situations where domestic actors fail to attain peace, international actors, for instance, states, inter-governmental organizations, and regional organizations may initiate interventions within sovereign states in order to realize peace settlement. After the signing of peace agreements, it is however observed the relapse or re-entry of conflict in post- intervention regimes in what is, in this study, conceptualized as the re-entry phenomenon. Using the case of Kenya, this study will explore the interventions that were initiated in the quest for peace in the country in the period from 2008 to 2017. After the mediation that led to the signing of the National Accord in February 2008, the government initiated institutional and constitutional reforms that sought to attain conflict transformation in the country. The lack of sustained effort to peace and the re-entry into conflict in the country during the 2017 elections, nine years after the signing of the Accord, exposes a gap in peace interventions. In the methodology, the study will engage a descriptive and explanatory case study research design that responds to the ‘what’ and the ‘how’ questions on the multi-track interventions initiated in the quest for peace in the country. The study will integrate secondary data as well as primary data that will be collected through Key Informant Interviews and Focus Group

244 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Discussions. Since the study is qualitative in design, content analysis and discourse analysis will be deployed in the data analysis process.

‘Untie our hands’: Teachers and parents’ social representations of school arson in Kenya Oburu Hildah "School violence in Kenya is a recurrent problem that is characterised by destruction of property and arson. News of school fires is typically met with shock, anger and condemnation as well as debate on what would drive such young children to act so violently. Discussions on school fires are often carried out in the print media and have been a subject of four government taskforce investigations. We adopt the position that these discussions, carried out by people outside the school system, are not based on lived experiences. This paper focuses on the views of teachers and parents, who experience students’ violence first- hand. Extreme case sampling was used to select four boys’ schools and purposive sampling to select 32 teachers and 32 parents affiliated to the four schools. Focus group discussions were used to explore teachers and parents’ social representations of school arson. A thematic analysis of the interviews revealed that both teachers and parents view the ban on corporal punishment occasioned by the enactment of the Children’s Act 2001 as an affront on their authority and ability to manage children’s misbehaviour. Secondly, the ban conflicts with African culture and identity that is characterised by a normative institutionalised view of corporal punishment as integral to the upbringing of African children. Advocating for the reinstatement of corporal punishment (have their hands untied) forces us to broaden the discussion on school arson to include the overarching question of what it means to be Kenyan, or an African, in the current postcolonial context.

H. Odera Oruka’s Sage Philosophy and V.Y. Mudimbe’s The Invention of Africa: A Comparative Study of Two Visions of Conceptual Decolonisation Oduor Reginald M.J. The late Kenyan philosopher, H. Odera Oruka, responded to the epistemological marginalisation of indigenous African thought by developing his Sage Philosophy Project, in which he aimed to gather and document the thought of men and women who exhibited detailed and critical appreciation of their cultures. Oruka’s project culminated in the publication of Sage Philosophy: Indigenous Thinkers and Modern Debate on African Philosophy. Evidently, Oruka saw no conceptual problem with the pervasive use of the term “Africa”. On the other hand, in The Invention of Africa: Gnosis, Philosophy, and the Order of Knowledge, the Congolese philosopher, V.Y. Mudimbe, argues that Western imperialism fabricated the very concept of Africa as a tool with which to dominate and exploit the continent. This paper undertakes a comparative examination of Oruka’s and Mudimbe’s

245 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

visions of conceptual decolonisation, and proposes ways in which future post-colonial scholarship could utilise the insights of these two trail-blazing thinkers.

African Victimology; Conflict and Sexual Violence in Africa Nelly Warega & Terry Jeff Odhiambo The presence of conflicts in Africa in the past two decades has increasingly become evident of widespread sexual violence committed against women and men. Despite this glaring challenge, African States have continually failed to adopt measures to prevent and protect their citizens from this form of violence. As a result, little has been done to offer any form of relief owed to victims who are often left to deal with the aftermath of conflict and their violations on their own. Attempts by various non-state actors in the international justice system, international organizations and civil society to push for judicial and non-judicial mechanisms have in most cases been unsuccessful as many have resulted in unimplemented court decisions or false promises by state actors. This paper examines how governments in Africa have responded to sexual violence during conflict within their territories as well as measures that have or have not been adopted by states to address the needs of victims. It also addresses the post adjudication measures that have been taken by certain states in the implementation of decisions on victims of sexual violence in conflict areas in Africa. This paper will focus on Kenya and South Sudan. Key words: conflict, Africa, transitional justice, sexual violence and gender

Slum Tourism: A Comparative Analysis of Kiberal and Dharavi Kimani Joan & Yvonne Ingui Slum tourism, also known as ghettourism, poorism, or poverty tourism is a growing phenomenon in developing countries in the 21st century. It is now a common occurrence to see tourists visiting the favelas of Rio de Janeiro, the townships of South Africa, and the slums of Kenya or India. While these tourists have different motivations for embarking on slum tours, their visits have nonetheless elicited a strong condemnation and criticism from mass media and academia, both of which term the practice as voyeurism. Therefore, the objective of this research paper is to broaden the debate on slum tourism by shifting the focus from individual tourist motivations, to discussing the roles of governments, residents, tour operators, and non-governmental organizations in the growth of slum tourism. By discussing these actors, this paper seeks to showcase their interconnectedness and the effects that they have in this emerging industry. In addition to the actors, this paper provides two case studies: Kibera and Dharavi, which are two of the most popular slum tourist destinations in the world. In these two case studies, the origin and development of slum tourism will be discussed. Furthermore, the two case studies discuss the impacts of slum tourism, both negative and positive. This paper concludes by giving recommendations on the way forward regarding the practice of slum tourism.

246 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

WhatsApp and the citizenship capabilities of women in Western Kenya: an intersectional feminism approach Colom Anna "The use of digital technologies has come to the forefront of international development and social change discourses, particularly in developed and vibrant ICT hubs like Kenya, labelled by some as the Silicon Savannah. Practitioners and policymakers are harnessing this digital potential to empower citizens for better governance but concerns have been raised about its contribution to amplifying existing inequalities. My PhD research seeks to contribute to the evidence on the role that digital technologies, especially the use of WhatsApp, can play in women’s citizenship capabilities in Western Kenya. In doing so, it will take an intersectional feminism approach to recognise multiple forms of oppression that can influence the affordances of WhatsApp in facilitating or hindering the citizenship capabilities that women value. The research also seeks to question the study of citizenship as a concept born out of a western political theory, which may ignore the realities of citizenship in a non-European context like Kenya. This also requires theoretical intersections and the research therefore triangulates critical citizenship studies, feminist and ICT critical theories, and the human capabilities approach. Feminist and postcolonial scholarship has critically explored discourse, narratives and representation in an attempt to decolonise knowledge and this study uses discourse analysis and reflexivity methods to address issues of representation and positionality considering the author’s European background. This research seeks to: (a) inform an effective use of ICT in development policy and practice; (b) make a theoretical contribution to both citizenship and development studies through exploring political and feminist standpoints in a postcolonial context.

SEX WORK IN GHANAIAN URBAN CENTRE Opare Grace "The study of women in African histories has gone through trends ranging from misrepresentation and marginalisation of women in colonial era, to bringing to fore the political role of women in post-independence era and now, the focus on issues affecting the majority of women in contemporary Africa. The dominant themes include the place, role, sexuality, urban life, and economic activities of women in African histories. In this regard, focus has largely been on the kinds of economic activities women engaged in for survival such as petty trading, pito brewing, domestic servants and sex work. Whiles some scholars have studied the various forms of sex work in Africa, some have argued that it is a cause or an effect of the economic situation of colonial Africa. In the midst of these debates, the modus operandi of women participants in contemporary Africa has attracted less scholarly exploration. By using sex workers in selected areas in Accra, Ghana as case study and point of reference, supplemented by secondary resources, this paper aims to highlight the modes of

247 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

operation of women in sex work, and the factors that inform their decisions to participate in it.

CONCEPTUALIZING MASCULINITY WITHIN AKAN PROVERBS Opare Grace Masculinity might be manifested in heterogeneous modes but it is clearly outlined and structured in several African societies. Thus, whiles scholars argue as to whether it is a social, biological or religious construct, the Akan of Ghana make little or no distinction within these categories with regards to their constructing of masculinity. In this paper, I argue that the idea of masculinity among the Akan is deeply embedded in their religious, political, and socio- cultural systems, and this is reflected in their proverbs, wise sayings, folktales, and maxims. Using Akan proverbs as a resource, the study will explore how this medium is used to conceptualize manhood in the Akan society.

Profiling the middle class in Africa Mbataru Patrick The African Development Bank estimates that Africa's middle class rose to 400 million people in 2015 from 151 million in 1990. In Kenya and in many Africa countries, more people can afford cars, with the number of registered vehicles doubling from 2001 to 2009. Other indicators are uptake of private insurance policies, private schools for children etc. Kenyan youth now spend $616 million annually on entertainment and outings. In this panel we explore the ‘middleclass experience’ across Africa. The themes will include but not restricted to: land transformation in rural and peri urban areas, urbanization, housing and youth.

Colonialism and the Creation of an Ideology of Extraversion in Africa Muinga David "Africa’s history has been one tainted with the stains of colonial mindsets and ideologies. Through colonialism, varied ideologies and traditions were imparted into African societies that changed the construction of the same. Such ideologies as religion, law, and development which this paper will focus on presented new forms of tradition which overshadowed and were sometimes fused with those of the African, creating new identities but also ideologies. It is from this background that this paper argues, that it was through the introduction of these colonial traditions in African colonies that an ideology of extraversion was dualistically invented. Firstly, one in which the colonialist perceived themselves as the possessor of what was considered superior and imposed this on the African. On the other hand, one where Africans were made to perceive what was foreign/external as what was superior/better. While post-independence African countries worked towards decolonization following the colonial

248 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

project, the damage had already been done through an invention of ideologies by the colonialists, ones that consciously and subconsciously engineered Africans to look at what was foreign as what is right, in hindsight affirming the role of the colonists as saviors. This paper thus argues that it is through the colonial legacy that an ideology of the white man as a deliverer/savior of the African was created from antiquity to the contemporary, both for the African and the European. Keywords: Extraversion, African, Foreign, Colonial, Decolonization.

African First Ladies and Democratic Leadership Ifeanyi Onwuzuruigbo & Christopher Isike Decisions and actions of leaders do portend serious implications and impacts on the lives of ordinary people in a democracy. Yet, the problem of leadership is not under consideration in contemporary democratic theory. Accordingly, the vital role of leadership is frequently acknowledged, nonetheless, it obtains only a negligible status within the theory of democracy. If this is sacrosanct for democratic theory, it is desecrated in democratic practice. This is because conventional political science devotes huge interest in the study of political leaders – government ‘big men’, political godfathers and party patrons. Regrettably, the study of the women who willy-nilly influence the pronouncements and actions of leaders and the policy directions of their regimes are often ignored. In this connection, the study of African first ladies, wives of Presidents, have received scant research attention. Much of the meagre studies tend to applaud and eulogise their roles in their husbands’ regimes. However, the contributions of African first ladies to regime failure or collapse is yet to gain traction in the literature. Drawing on primary and secondary sources of information, this paper demonstrates the ways in which the personalities, pronouncements and actions of Grace Mugabe and Patience Jonathan contributed to the failure and collapse of the Mugabe and Jonathan regimes in Zimbabwe and Nigeria respectively.

A Theoretical Analysis of Bobi Wines Popular Ugandan Music and Politics Muinga David This paper examines the music of Bobi Wine in relation to discussions around authenticity, style, the aesthetics and didactics of music, its relation to Fela Kuti, and its interaction with politics. Bobi Wine and Fela Kuti's music confluence in the articulation of the people’s sentiments as well as political criticism for social protest. From the Ugandan perspective, Bobi Wine presents a unique form of Afro Beat-Raga-Dancehall music performed in high beat tone of the majority ‘Luganda’ dialect infused with English and Swahili, intertwined with modern instruments like drums and stringed guitars. His music seeks to create a sense of consciousness among the generally illiterate public, charging it with politicized themes on nationalism, state brutality, unemployment, poor healthcare, corruption, and incompetent leadership which themes appeal largely to the lower-class citizenry which this facet of society identifies with. It is for this populism that his music has recently attracted opposition by the

249 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

state since it compromises and teases at the foundational pillars of the power of the government. This paper will seek to tease out arguments on the relationship between music and the Ugandan political domain, analyzing the notion of Bobi’s Ghetto Republic and how production of music under the context of this republic articulates defiance, freedom, social protest, revolt and instrumentality of music as a means of enunciating social justice within the political arena.

Governing Through Development Narrative in the Era of ‘Africa Rising’ Interrogating the County Integrated Development Plan of Kisumu, Kenya Tefera Fisseha Fantahun The first decade of the 21st century saw a shift in the way Africa is being presented in the media and in major events where development issues of the continent are discussed. The narrative is accompanied by ambitious utopian like ‘vision’ of countries across the continent. This study is aimed at understanding how the narrative of development, during the time when the ‘Africa Rising’ narrative is prominent, is used by the government to govern societies in Kenya by taking the case of Kisumu. The Kisumu County Integrated Development Plan (2013-2017) document, end term review report of the plan period and elite interviews with the local government officials are used as sources of data. Within the broader governmentality conceptual framework of Foucault, Tania Murray Li’s concepts of problematization and ‘rendering technical’ are used to understand and locate how power operates in the development arena in Kisumu, Kenya during the period 2013-2017. The findings of the study indicate that ‘mosaic’ planning, public participation and narratives of devolution are the mechanisms by which power operates in the field of development in Kisumu county. This will hopefully contribute to the ongoing theoretical debate on the relevance of the governmentality concept in contexts outside the Western liberal world. Further research through ethnographic approach will allow in depth investigation and also gain understanding of the reaction of the people to this form of power. Similar studies at national and regional level will also allow us to understand the trend at meso and macro level.

Indigenous Federation: The Case of , Ethiopia Chala Dejene Gemechu This article draws attention to the Borana Oromo gadaa system as an Indigenous federation. Gadaa is an Indigenous democratic political system used by the Oromo in which leaders are elected and their term in office is strictly fixed. Data for this research were generated through interviews, observations, and focus group discussions. The findings of this research indicate that the Borana have three gadaa councils at two levels: one at the center for the entire Borana and two named after two Borana clans. The first is named gadaa arbora and the autonomous clan named councils are called gadaa kontomaa. The later have relative autonomy under the cardinal law of the Borana gadaa. The Borana gadaa assembly, called gumii gaayoo is organized every eight years. This is the highest legislative body which makes

250 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

and amends laws as per the prevailing social and political environment. This gadaa federation has been functioning since the second half of the 18th century. The structure has been serving as a means of managing conflict, maintaining internal unity, and ensuring better governance and power devolution. Finally, suggestions are made on how to support Indigenous governance systems, which in this case includes acknowledging the values and principles of the gadaa system, as well as designing a legal framework that retains and protects the integrity and legitimacy of the system.

The dynamics of identity and placemaking among the Somali diaspora in Nairobi and Johannesburg. Ripero-Muñiz Nereida "This paper explores the migration dynamics of the Somali diaspora between Nairobi and Johannesburg, two of the main African urban hubs interconnected by the migration route of Somali migrants. Both cities have become transitional places for , as they journey through or temporally inhabit these two cities in their way to somewhere else in the world. In them, Somalis navigate both hostility and cosmopolitanism in their daily life at the same time that the implementation of cultural and religious practices has affected the urban landscape of both cities with the creation of the two “little Mogadishus” of Mayfair in Johannesburg and Eastleigh in Nairobi. This paper explores how everyday practices contribute to place-making in a context of transnational migration and diaspora and addresses the questions of how does place matter in relation to identity? How do places shape meaning? What is the role of the imagination in relation to place? How do cultural, religious and gender practices shape urban landscapes in transnational contexts?

Pastors, Pulpits, Pews, and Politics: Religious Pedagogies of Democratic Empowerment Lichty Steven This paper addresses how and why religious institutions in Kenya do and do not model forms of leadership that foster democratisation. Through a close examination of the political significance of the social learning environment and social capital found within Kenyan churches. I argue that most churches can be considered schools of political socialisation, but not all of them are necessarily schools of democracy. Regardless of their emphasis on external engagement with the state, churches still practice internal and external religious pedagogies that can either empower the democratic process or retard democratisation. This paper introduced attributes of these different religious pedagogies and thus contributes an explanatory framework for better analysis and comparison of why and how different churches can help or hinder the development of democratic values and principles. Based upon 13 months of field research in Kenya, the study relies on a qualitative-interpretative research methodology that works from the ground up to develop concepts and theories, which when

251 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

woven together with current scholarship, contributes to an understanding of how churches (one of the largest civil society organization across Africa) represent a social learning environment that shape political belief and behavior. This study examines the following three structural domains to better analyze these internal church dynamics: Pulpit to Pew (Sunday sermons and activities); Pew to Pew (religious life outside Sunday services); and Pastor to Pulpit (theological education of pastors). Important cultural and historical analysis undergirds the development of these religious pedagogies of democratic empowerment and disempowerment.

Ugboajah’s Umbrella Paradigm: An Interrogation of Communication for Development in Africa Ogedengbe Kunle, Wole Adamolekun, & Wausi Walya Frank Okwadigbo Ugboajah published the Traditional-Urban Media Model (Umbrella Paradigm) in 1972 as cited by Moemeka (2000) and underlined the dysfunction of the mass media in reaching the mass of the people for development in Africa. He queried the functionality of the mass media and urged the use of oramedia in reaching the mass of the people of the continent. The work employed content analysis and desk research methods. The study found out that though the mass media is still urban-biased but the new media has served as a connector of the functionality of the media for the mass of Africans in rural areas. However, cost of online connection is high in most cases. It recommended that in ensuring the functionality of the mass media, policy makers should create enabling environment for the mass of the people of the rural areas to be connected online. This will ensure that rather than being dysfunctional, the mass media will be functional in the rural areas through the complementary functionality of the new media. Key words: Dysfunction, Oramedia, Mass media, Policy makers, Communication for development and New media.

Framing of International Broadcast and (Under)Development of Africa Ogedengbe Kunle, Wole Adamolekun, & Wausi Walya This work examined international broadcast organisations that broadcast to Africa with emphasis on such organisations that are situated in the Western world. The focus is to ascertain the frame that these organisations used in packaging and presenting African news to the world. Using a desk research, the study brought to the fore the frame that Western international broadcast organisations and Western media generally use in broadcasting/publishing news that pertain to Africa. The frame is negative. This frame is the same in both international broadcast organisation and international print media. This negative trend failed to serve as catalyst of development to Africa and it is not surprising that indices of underdevelopment are present in the 54 countries that make up the continent. Going

252 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

forward, the work gave recommendations that will help Africa to checkmate the negative trend and work towards development of Africa. Keywords: framing, international broadcasting organisations, development, underdevelopment

Understanding the cross-border dynamics of new forms of violent conflicts in Tanzania Walwa William John This paper analyses the new violent conflict dynamics, notably violent extremism (VE) in Tanzania in light of the broad cross-border issues. The paper emanated from a qualitative research in Tanga Region, which boarders Kenya and Mtwara Region, which borders Mozambique. While the context specific issues cannot be ignored in explaining the new forms of violent conflicts in Tanzania, this paper makes a case also that these conflicts are located within the existing cross-border dynamics in East Africa and the Horn of Africa in general. Certainly, the current research uncovered that cross-border religious activities inspired the growth of ‘salafist’ sects and related violent incidents in Tanzania. Some youth described foreign radical preachers, notably the late Abu Rogo of Mombasa as an institution and they are unaware that he passed on some five years ago. The poorly policed borders created a fertile ground for VE to thrive through illicit trade activities, illegal migration and human trufficking. The paper calls for a regional approach to deal with the new forms of violence.

Undocumented and uncelebrated women's roles during colonial wars and liberation struggles: allowing women's history to be told by women: Nehanda Charwe Nyakasikana (1862-1898) GYSMAN NOMKHITHA "Undocumented and uncelebrated women's roles during liberation struggles, either as people who kept the fires burning while husbands were at war. The question of gender division of labour and value of work done by women, mainly behind the scenes; e.g. Nokuthela Dube, first wife of John Langalibalele Dube, first ANC President, while her ex-husband is celebrated in our SA History, her name is nowhere to be found, not to mention her grave. What lessons can be drawn from Nehanda Charwe Nyakasikana also known as Mbuya Nehanda, popularly known as grandmother; what other countries can learn from how Zimbabwe how Nehanda has been celebrated and remembered, e.g. naming places and a radio station. Is it enough? acting as spiritual medium, with no army title but commanded a lot of respect. From feminist perspective, her role and power it bore need to be examined. She is special, looking at our Countries with liberal constitutions allowing a variety religious practices including those that were demonised by colonisers, ancestral beliefs.

253 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Do we have other Nehandas in our countries? Women who were in liberation movements armed wings, e.g. Umkhonto wesizwe ANC Armed Wing, had women commanders, some are in positions of power, some have fallen in between the cracks; this goes to SWAPO, FRELIMO, MPLA. Stories of those women need to be documented. This paper will explore and analyse, from gender perspective roles played by women, either in the fore-front or behind the scenes; issues of value of analysing work, specifically women's reproductive roles. Practical examples will be dealt with, using Nehanda as our stepping stone

The way to decoloniality through African languages (LoLT) "Sub theme: African languages and emerging languages Seanego Morobadi Johannes & Dr Mogoboya Mphoto Johannes The question of decolonization has occupied the minds of various researchers with approaches from different positions and motivations. However, to date, decolonial praxis has contributed little to the imagination or rethinking of the position and role of African languages (and indigenous of ways of knowing) in the reconstruction of a modern African university. It is important to note that the forms of coloniality persist due to knowledge formation and modern ways of being that the colonial powers imposed on the world as a hegemonic standard. This paper thus adds and contributes to the body of literature challenging anglonormative language ideologies and coloniality by arguing for the use of indigenous languages as Languages of Learning and Teaching (LoLT) and further mainstreaming worldviews that are aligned with African cultures.Socio Constructivism theory is used as the lens of the study. The study adopted a qualitative approach of a case study of University of Limpopo students. Key words: Coloniality, African languages, Language of Learning and Teaching

ANATOMY OF AN ANATOMY The Making of A Film on the Wagalla Massacre Mwangola S. Mshai "In February 1984, thousands of Kenyan citizens were killed, raped, tortured, beaten and / or terrorised in a state operation that few outside those involved would hear about. Not until 2002, with a new administration in office, did the first whispers of what has become known as the Wagalla Massacre begin to be heard in the Kenyan public sphere. In February 2013, ""Scarred: The Anatomy of a Massacre"", a film by Judy Kibinge, premiered in Kenya’s capital, Nairobi. The film sparked a renewal of interest in the Wagalla Massacre, featuring as it did the chilling testimonies by actual survivors, who recounted the trauma visited on their community. This paper re-traces the decade-long journey of the film-maker to this moment, with particular focus on the five years actually spent making the documentary. I begin by

254 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

contextualising this process within the politics and history that shaped Kibinge’s response and motivated her commitment to amplifying this story, reflecting on how this also influenced her subsequent relationship with the community of survivors that has entrusted her with their stories. I pay attention to her epistemological framework and its influence on the choices she made in crafting the film. I analyse responses to the film’s premiere in Nairobi in conversation to her reflection on the process of making it. I conclude by reflecting on how Judy Kibinge’s ""Scarred"" continues African traditions of knowing through art as both process and product; connecting the past to the future through the exigencies of the present.

African digital and diaspora diplomacy: Convergences and divergences Wekesa Job Bob "ICTs have changed and continue to change diplomatic practice globally. For instance, while the communication of foreign policy was undertaken via snail mail and mainstream media, in the past, social networking sites have risen to become a significant communication platform over the past two decades. These developments have spawned new approaches to diplomacy nesting under the umbrella term of digital diplomacy and incorporating e-diplomacy, mobile diplomacy and cyber diplomacy. Instead, many traditional platforms – radio, television and newspapers – have entered the digital space further broadening the concept and practice of media and diplomacy. One area impacted by digital diplomacy is with regards to African diasporic communities. These communities now demand speedy responses from their governments not least because they are major sources of revenue – through remittances – to their government and families. As such, African governments are beginning to engage with diasporic communities using digital platforms such as twitter, facebook and Whatsapp. The presentation looks to link the strands of digital and diaspora diplomacy. It will begin by firstly analysing the foreign policies of selected African countries with a view to locating diaspora related principles and strategies. Focus will be particularly directed towards means of engagement between the selected countries, their diplomatic missions abroad and the diasporic communities. The second approach will involve content analysis of social networking sites specifically associated with diaspora communities in selected countries. This empirical dimension seeks to find out areas of convergence and divergence between the digital diplomatic practices and diasporic interests.

Democracy’s Subjections: Colonial modernity and the gendered subject of violence Ossome Lyn The relationship between the modernist identitarian legacies of the colonial state and gendered violence, and its continuities in the democratizing state is the subject of this paper. My primary concern is with how the modern state appropriates and reproduces gender as social, political, and cultural modes of control and legibility to the democratizing state. If gendered violence perpetrated by and on behalf of the colonial state served the purpose of

255 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

disciplining, maiming, subjugating and controlling the colonized, how might an analysis grounded in a feminist decolonial approach illuminate the particularities of gendered violence in colonial Africa? And what might this tell us about the purpose that gendered violence serves in the postcolonial context of democratization? Who politically, might be considered the violator, and on whose behalf is violence committed? Whereas the criminality of the colonial state withstands scrutiny, how might we think of the democratizing state, normatively configured at present as ‘liberal’ and violence within it as ‘illiberal’? To whom does the democratizing state transfer the burden of its criminality for violence committed in the name of democracy – that is, who is the ‘perpetrator’ and to whom do ‘victims’ direct their claims for justice? This paper, a work-in-progress for an introductory chapter in a forthcoming book-length study of the same title, seeks to outline some theoretical dimensions in response to the preceding questions.

The Female Voice in International Relations: Examining the Representations and Contributions of Women Scholars in Higher Learning Institutions in Kenya Hussein Fatma Adam This study attempts to examine the female voice in International Relations by focusing on the representations and contributions made by female scholars in this field within the Higher Learning Institutions in Kenya. Gender representation in International Relations have been scarce globally; as the field has been male dominated since its formation. Despite more women enrolling in programs of social sciences such as Political Science and International Relations, female scholars when compared to their male counterparts still lag behind in greater number. This is due to the few literally works written by women and there being less female professors as the number of women with PHD’s are relatively young and new to the field. Therefore, Feminist research has been sidelined with little room given to women’s experiences in International Relations as the field still remains male dominated as its core basis is founded on the Positivist approach of focusing on State and Power. It will use both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection. This study therefore aims to give the female voice in International Relations a chance to be heard.

Gender and Politics; Investigating the Role and influence of the County Women's Represenative position in promoting Gender Equality and political participation of Polo Ellean Akinyi "Kenya has signed and ratified a number of conventions and enacted a number of laws and policies to address the gender gap. These developments have been as a result of women fighting for their rights over a long period of time. Currently, the Kenyan constitution 2010 provides for a two thirds gender rule where no gender should occupy more than two-thirds of whichever positions in the public service sphere. Article 97 of the Constitution of Kenya

256 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

creates the position of the Women’s Representative who are treated as a special interest group under Article 100. Their role is to promote the interests of women and girls in their counties, that is, through laws and policies that promote gender equality and equity. However, obstacles to achieving the gender equality still exist due to the existing socio- cultural, economic and political regime and structures. Much studies indicate progressive improvement in women representation and the promotion of fundamental human rights, minimal progress means that achieving gender parity remains a distant dream. Women have since time immemorial played a key role in politics but, their efforts and contributions are not recorded. Most cultures are dominantly patriarchal in nature, women’s roles are limited to taking care of the family and those that attempt to come into the limelight receive minimal support. This research therefore seeks to examine the role and impact of the County women representatives. It will assess how this position has influenced gender equality and politics in Kenya in the period between 2013 to present.

The interplay of institutional exigencies between the traditional sociocultural belief system on illness and conventional medicine in the Gusii medical consultation: a pragma-dialectical examination of medical dispute resolution Basweti Nobert Ombati In resolving the differences of opinion which may arise in the medical consultation, doctors and patients are formally and informally obliged to abide by the institutional requirements to effectively and reasonably resolve the disputes. The paper explores how the informal institutional preconditions of the traditional Gusii sociocultural belief system on illness interact with the formal institutional preconditions of conventional medicine to account for argumentative manoeuvres of Gusii doctors and Gusii patients during the medical encounters. The case-based qualitative empirical study employs the pragma-dialectical method of analysis and evaluation to examines the interlocutors’ patterns of argumentation in in resolving differences of opinion in transcripts of audio recordings of 12 consultation simulations involving Gusii doctors and Gusii simulated patients (SPs) in a public teaching and referral hospital in southwestern Kenya. The paper suggests the prototypical argumentative patterns of the Gusii medical consultation with pragmatic argumentation as the basic argumentation, in differences of opinion with or without cultural preference. The Gusii sociocultural preferences and macro contextual circumstance of the medical consultation influences the choice of symptomatic and further pragmatic argumentation as support argumentation. The findings suggest the importance of cultural sensitivity to the argumentative manoeuvres aimed at strategically resolving disputes during the medical consultation for sustainable and improved healthcare in southwestern Kenya. The study recommends the enhancement of health literacy campaigns on the non-communicable conditions at the grassroot levels for healthy doctor-patient communication and more productive health outcomes.

The Role of Women Diplomats in Promoting Kenya's Foreign Policy

257 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Hussein Fatma Adam This study attempts to examine the role of women diplomats in promoting Kenya’s foreign policy by looking at its peace, economic and cultural pillars. Diplomacy has been practiced at the regional and international levels to achieve the national interests of a country for decades in promoting trade, diffusing tensions and even conflicts in some aspects. Diplomacy and foreign policy have been a masculine area of practice as the entire International Relations field has been for years. Women have been either daughters, wives, sisters or mothers of male diplomats. The closest role a woman played was that of “the diplomat’s wife” where she entertained guests and took photos in high profile meetings accompanying her partner in national and international forums. However, women’s suffrage has paved the way for women in policy making arenas such as diplomacy and foreign policy. The research study will focus on both qualitative and quantitative methods of data analysis. It will use structured interview questions mainly focusing on female diplomats and other government officials to further explore the role women diplomats have played in promoting Kenya’s foreign policy.

It Begins with Sound‘: Some Remarks on Music, Musicality and Genre Collapses in Lesego Rampolokeng’s A Half Century Thing and Bird-Monk Seding Demir Danyela "While Lesego Rampolokeng’s earlier works such as Horns for Hondo and The Bavino Sermons received some critical attention (Veit-Wild 1997, Mkhize 2011), his more recent works, such as Head on Fire (2012), A Half Century Thing (2015), and most recently Bird- Monk Seding (2017), seem to have largely fallen under the radar. More striking is that while Mathe (2015 and 2018) and Ansell (2015) have pointed out the connection between music (ality) and Rampolokeng’s work, there has been no in-depth engagement with this central aspect of his work. This paper outlines that not only do countless references to music serve as a way of reminding readers of marginalized musicians throughout RampolOkeng’s oeuvre, but above all, that music (ality) on the level of form in his more recent works is a powerful tool of breaking free from what we might call ‘canonical’ understandings of genre forms. I will attempt to show that music and musicality produce ‘hybrid’ genres such as lyrical theory in A Half Century Thing, which deals with (Post)Apartheid cultural and literary life. Bird-Monk Seding becomes, through its lyrical jazz solos that are scattered throughout the text, a poetic prose text which transgresses boundaries of both poetry and prose. Keeping these genre crossings in mind, I shall finally posit the question as to whether Rampolokeng’s most recent texts point to a different possibility of telling stories of Black and PoC lives in South Africa and the world.

258 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

The Effects of Coloniality on ‘our’ Collective Psyche: How the postcolonial Nigerian education system struggles to deal with an alternative knowledge system Abdulrahman Hadiza Kere "Nigeria is a former British colony which gained independence in 1960. Almost sixty years later, its education system still places huge value on Western performative ideals to the disadvantage of existing alternative knowledge systems which have struggled to find a place. This talk will explore the politics of mainstream representations of Almajiranci, a classical system of Qur’anic schooling that is hundreds of years old, and which sees young boys sent away from home to study the Qur’an. In a society where ‘Western Education’ is regarded as the epitome of modernity, these discourses vilify and stigmatise its practitioners. I will share findings from a study which, using postcolonial discourse analysis, uncovered how the creation, mediation and circulation of discourses about Almajiranci affects not only the representation of the system by the ‘Western-educated’ Nigerian elite, but ‘our’ collective psyche as a people too. By understanding the complex interplay between power and privileged knowledge, I argue that we can not only uncover the lasting legacies of colonialism but extend possibilities for reconceptualising the postcolonial Nigerian educational and social landscape in a way that challenges ‘Othering’ and promotes epistemic justice.

Towards a theory of Counter-Jihadism: Exploration of Knowledge Epistemologies of Religious Counter Narratives in Africa Wario Halkano Abdi "No continent is currently embroiled in multiple theatres of terror and counter-terror as Africa is. From Al Qaeda in the Maghreeb, numerous Sahelian ‘jihadi’ groups, Boko Haram in the Lake Chad Basin, Islamic States groups in Libya, Somalia, Nigeria and Egypt, Al Shabaab in the Horn of Africa and emergent groups in Mozambique and the Great Lakes region to various militarized and non-militarized interventions, Africa is rife with conventional as well as contradictory imaginaries of jihadism and counter-jihadism. Africa most prominently a fertile site of experimentation in fashioning appropriate knowledge base to counter jihadism with fitting legitimate and convincing counter-narratives. Muslim religious leaders and Muslim communities became coopted into these counter-radicalization campaigns run by various state and non state actors. This paper is an attempt to construct a theory of counter- jihadism by examining how religious knowledge is coopted, framed, debated and repackaged as bulwark against similarly religious theme jihadist propaganda, actors involved and salient thematic issues contain within it. It relies on data collected between 2017 to 2019 in Kenya, review of secondary data from Kenya and other parts of Africa for comparative analysis and non-African theorization of jihadism in the world.

Understanding the waves of political developments in Tanzania Ewald Jonas & John William Walwa

259 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

"Liberal democracy appears to be on the retreat around the world since the peak in 2006, but with great variations in gains and losses between different countries in various parts of the world (Freedom House, 2019). The “third wave of democracy” and the optimism it spurred (Diamond & Plattner, 1993; Huntington, 1991) seems to have been replaced by a “third wave of autocratization”, as measured through Varieties of Democracy Institute´s (V-Dem) comprehensive index (Lührmann & Lindberg, 2019; Lührmann et al., 2018). Autocratization by them defined as a democratization in reverse, often in incremental step limiting political space and eroding various traits and quality of democracy to various degrees. In Sub-Saharan Africa the trend is slightly more ambiguous, according Lührman et al., (2018 p.1254) where the current autocratization process on continental level, as measured in the population- weighted index appears to be relatively resilient to the current trend of autocratization. After about three decades of adopting and practicing multi-party democracy in Africa, there are growing concerns that the political space is shrinking in a number of countries {Smidt, 2018}. Tanzania is one of the cases where such concerns have been leveled. While opponents have tended to individualize the problem by blaming the new government of President John Magufuli, this paper offers explanations – positing that what is deemed a ‘shrinking political space’ in Tanzania should be understood in terms of; first, contestations over the neo-Liberal market economy 2015, which started before the election in 2015; and second, power configurations within the ruling party, Chama cha Mapinduzi (Revolutionary Party, CCM). Based on a political settlement approach the paper argues that President Magufuli has built his power on a disruption of the old power network and created a partly new elite-network. The upcoming grassroots elections in October 2019 will be an interesting yardstick. The paper is built on field work in 2019.

Determination of the Adsorption Properties of Deffated Mormodica Charantia Seed on Lead ADEBISI, Evelyn Ufuoma & Omoyeni, Oluwatobi Cynthia The released heavy metal from refinery effluents into the environment is a world major concern. Different studies have demonstrated that natural agents have high adsorption capacities for divalent metal ions. Defatted M. charantia seed powder is a natural adsorbent and in comparison with others and its availability in the world, is cost effective. In this study, the adsorption of heavy metals (Pb) from effluent water was investigated in batch condition. The resultant products were tested to adsorb the heavy metals in effluent water at varying pH, dosage, concentration and contact time. The adsorption capacity and metal removal percentage was computed and recorded at the various varying parameters in the study; while the reaction attained equilibrium in 60min contact time. The maximum Pb removal efficiency for modified defatted M. charantia seed powder was 91% at pH of 4.0 at a contact time of 1hr and the maximum Pb removal for unmodified defatted M. charantia seed powder from the effluent was 82% at pH of 4.0 and a contact time of 1hr.

260 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

THE POTENTIAL OF FILM AND VIDEO IN PROMOTING AFRICAN LANGUAGE LITERATURE/ORATURE. Kinyanjui Wanjiru Kenyan people are linguistically and culturally diverse, and research into the use of language as a medium of cultural and artistic expression within this diversity might illuminate the role of language in local films and literature. On one hand, English has been the official language for generations. Kiswahili has recently been officially recognized and made compulsory in schools. There is still a lot of stigma attached to local languages and, in schools, speaking them is still looked upon as a kind of a crime. However, since 2004, when the first stand-up comedy videos in local (‘vernacular’) languages emerged, several filmmakers have taken up local languages for their films dialogues. This paper will investigate the impact of local ‘vernacular’ films on the local market and what a collaboration between writers and filmmakers can look like or mean. It will look at the possibilities offered by film/video to enhance and promote local languages, orature and literature and the challenges of making films in these languages. How do these films reach their audience?

The Index Mupotsa Danai S This paper is a contribution to a book symposium on "Decolonising the University" (edited by Gurminder K. Bhambra, Dalia Gebrial, Kerem Nişancıoğlu, Pluto Press 2019). Thinking about "decolonisation" as a particular kind of practice of indexing, my reading of this book locates it (its various contexts and contents) within recent debates and crises around the university in Africa. "The index" as a practice offers a guide to reading a set of keywords, which in turn are sites of particular kinds of intensity. In this practice, 'decolonisation', and in turn 'decoloniality' as buzz words carry particular forms of intensity in recent travels. The practice of indexing is also one of tracing who or what things we think with.

Matatus, Financial Freedoms and the Inside/Outside of the Hustle Ganta Anele "Black entrepreneurship in the public transport industry has often been a site of political intensity, and one around which narratives concerning political freedoms have been articulated in various African countries. In 1973, when Jomo Kenyatta lifted legal restrictions on the matatu industry, this was connected to this political intensity, as his announcement marked a recognition of matatu drivers and owners as entrepreneurs. As Mutongi (2006) offers, this image of the matatu driver as an entrepreneur shifted over time, as by the 1990s the figure of the ‘matatu man’ carried negative connotations. These competing representations of the hustler matatu driver reflect the ways that they work ‘inside the system, outside the law’ (Jacobson 2012). This paper examines how this inside/outsideness produces new forms of potential that undermine the dominant ways we might think about African

261 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

economies and investment. Savings and Credit Co-operative Societies (SACCOS) as one kind of ‘hustle’ of matatu drivers, are important sites and models of microfinance, savings and investment. SACCOS articulate new strategies of financial development. I am interested in how SACCOS can be modelled in Private Public Participation (PPP) financing models, precisely because as rooted within practices of a’hustle’, these models are also importantly shaped/ structured to engaging Kenyan modes and forms of personhood, community.

MIGRATION, ADAPTATION THEORIES & CULTURAL DISRUPTIONS IN KOBINA SEKYI’S ‘THE BLINKARDS’ BANA B. "A little learning is a dang'rous thing; Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian Spring: There shallow draughts intoxicate the brain; And drinking largely sobers us again.

From the very earliest of times, man has been nomadic by nature. Movements of individuals, families, groups or indeed entire villages in search of greener pastures is as old as the existence of man. These movements could be either permanent, semi-permanent or temporary. They could also be either voluntary or non-voluntary (forced). These movements of man are simply known as migration. ‘Socialisation’, ‘Culture Shock’ and ‘Adaptation’ are some of the universal cross-cultural adaptation theories. With a pervading diversity in cultures and the ever increasing globalization of the world, one need not necessarily move an inch away from his home to experience a totally new culture. The way an individual deals with the shock of new cultures accounts for either disruptions or adaptation processes.

Berry (1994; 1997) proposed a model of acculturation that suggests that it is possible for an individual to preserve his original ethnic identity and behavior while attaining proficiency in a foreign culture. He believes that the results of acculturation can vary from assimilating the host culture to integrating aspects of both the host and original culture. In his view, integration is the best possible outcome and the less stressful of the acculturation process. For Berry assimilation is one of four acculturation strategies - the others being marginalization, separation and integration - an individual may use during the acculturation process and defines it as “when individuals do not wish to maintain their cultural identity and seek daily interaction with other cultures” (Berry, 1997, p. 9).

262 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

In Kobina Sekyi’s comedy The Blinkards, written in 1914, he deals with the issue of migration, adaptation and disruptions on different levels. From an entirely sociological perspective, he deals with the effects of cultural disruptions resulting from migration and ‘incomplete’ adaptation of the individual. Issues like culture shock as well as reverse cultural shock, culture clash and cultural relativism are poignant in the play. This paper shall attempt to identify the extent to which migration disrupted the adaptation process of the main characters in the play. This shall be done mainly by juxtaposing a character and role analysis of the main characters in the play with the different stages of Berry’s acculturation model and highlight the disruptions they cause in the play. Recent research of the adaptation processes of Ghanaians living in Europe, interspersed with real life anecdotes shall provide a backdrop for discussion.

Rescuing Vitality, Rehabilitating Men in Kenya George Paul Meiu “Kenya’s young men are now the weaker sex,” writes a national Kenyan newspaper in 2015. Many people, we are told, speak of these young men as “Blue Band boys,” a phrase that invokes the name of a well-known local brand of margarine to infantilize and emasculate them. In recent years, this relatively widespread perception prompted churches, NGOs, and government administrators to devise new ways to rescue and rehabilitate young men as a way of envisioning the wellbeing of Kenyans more generally. Since 2009, for example, an NGO called “Men’s Development” worked with different mega-churches to “save” the “boy-child” from the seeming effects of women’s empowerment and globalization, which it perceived as inhibiting boys’ development. Similarly, in 2013, in response to government statistics that showed a decline in fertility in certain areas of the country, the President initiated a drive to rescue men from alcoholism and pauperism and grant them respectable fatherhood. I read these recent developments in terms of what they tell us about the entanglements of masculinity, vitality, middle-class notions of respectability, and national citizenship.

Les alliances interethniques et le maintien de la paix sociale en Côte d'Ivoire OUATTARA Seydou ": Dans le cadre de cette étude sur les alliances interethniques et le maintien de la paix sociale en Côte d’Ivoire, nous avons fait recours à la méthode qualitative dans son approche phénoménologique afin de définir les noms et peuples alliés, comprendre la manifestation des alliances interethniques et son impact sur la paix en Côte d’Ivoire. Il était question pour nous de savoir comment le jeu des alliances entre peuples permet d’éviter les conflits interethniques et de préserver la paix sociale. La méthode qualitative a été menée sous forme d’entretien individuel semi-directif. La méthode d’échantillon par choix raisonné a permis d’échanger avec dix-huit personnes. Ainsi, les peuples sont alliés selon le nom de famille ou l’ethnie selon un fait culturel et ethnique. Les alliances interethniques sont un pacte de non agressions entre les ethnies. Les alliances interethniques se manifestent tout d’abord par un

263 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

pacte de non-agression, des jeux, des interdits mais aussi et surtout des sanctions en cas de transgressions des principes des alliés. De ce fait, les alliances interethniques constituent un puissant outil culturel pour la promotion de l’amour, du pardon, de la tolérance et la paix entre les peuples et ethnies. Dès lors, le jeu des alliances interethniques constitue un outil très important pour la prévention, la gestion des conflits interethniques et le maintien de la paix sociale en Côte d’Ivoire. Mots clés :Alliances interethniques, conflits, paix.

Bodies in movement: Embodied communication practices rearticulating relationships, power and life against State-ic regimes at Princess Vlei, //Hui!Gaeb wa Kamonji Wangũi "In 2008, Kelvin Cochrane, a baker and resident of Grassy Park heard about a proposal to build a shopping mall on the shores of Princess Vlei, a wetland in Grassy Park, //Hui!Gaeb. He launched a planting project that put back into the soil around Princess Vlei more than 5,000 indigenous plants and trees. This project bloomed into other protest actions in the “Save Princess Vlei” campaign which lasted six years. The justice-making actions at Princess Vlei involved human residents of Grassy Park and the city planting their bodies in the space, inter-acting with ecological bodies of water, plants, soil, microbiota, etc., creative bodies of protest signs, puppets, dreamcatchers, cairn, and performances, and unembodied beings called upon in rituals. I analyse actions and media documentation by residents in the justicemaking at Princess Vlei, paying attention to what human and non-human bodies did, to extend our understanding of communication, activism and power building. Responding to the call for more ‘Theory from the South’, this study takes seriously residents’ and activists’ actions in the campaign and reads theory from their actions and what they accomplished. Recognising the failings of dichotomist and hierarchising European Enlightenment ontologies, an orientation towards embodied practices allows us to refocus inter-actions with the bodies of materials and our fellow earth-relations. This is especially important in African and diaspora African contexts where bodies are the sites of diverse forms of knowledge. Foregrounding the activism of embodied practices that (re-)build connection and relationships offers practical insights for ecological and other movements.

And what do we dance: Unboxing the discourse on traditional dance in Kenya Kiiru Kahithe "Many a times, it has been said that dance is universal - a somehow inborn form of bodily expression common to all humanity. Dance is social as much as it is individual, and reflects several aspects of the human being and of its environment. The permeable, symbolic and dynamic nature of dance makes it an effective vehicle for creating and transmitting, on one hand, several facets of individual identity, and, on the other, diverse sentiments of group

264 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

belonging. Thus, dance is indicative of the representations and perceptions we have of our bodies, of ourselves, in relation to or in opposition to other bodies. In the last two decades, scholars have written a great deal on “African dance” and the representations of Otherness this term refers to. In this context, dance has been a superlative platform for reading and deconstructing European cultural imageries of the African Continent and of its peoples. However, the initial work of questioning the Eurocentric valorization and criticizing the prevalent stereotypes is rarely accompanied with the analysis of the impact these predominant discourse has had on the practices themselves and, maybe even more importantly, on the identity forms and perceptions it both produces and emanates from. Based on comparative research, this paper analyses the underlying historical and political processes that have defined the practice of traditional dance in Kenya and the discourse on the same. It argues that the diverse terms used for these dances reflect important transformations and (re)configurations of identities that have taken place in the country since pre-colonial times up to date. While unboxing the discourse on dance in a specific African context, the paper re-centres the debate in favour of the local communities and asks the following question: How do Kenyans interpret and showcase their “Africanity”, their “Kenyanness” and their multiple and diverse ethnic identities through the practice of dance? Thus, the paper offers a new perspective on the evolution of traditional dance in Kenya in a quest to understand the intricacies of the constantly shifting identities that coexist in the country.

Impossible Beyond Fictionality: Tunisian Cinematic Representations of the Black Body Ltifi Afifa In this paper, I argue that Tunisian films’ depictions of black bodies prolongs a fictional rhetoric that congeals the black subject in the past and denies him or her any present or future complexity of being. I opine that Tunisian cinema does not allow for certain blackened identities to exist and when it does it paints them into stock characters that harken the gaze back to their fading history of servitude. Looking at four Tunisian films —produced between 1972 and 2016 — the paper examines patterns of black representation as they sometimes correspond to or collide with the temporal settings that these films seek to depict. The films examined are: Surakh (1972) by Omar khlifi, Flower of Oblivion (2005) by Salma Baccar, Blackmoon (2014) by Nawfel Saheb Ettaba and the recent award-winning Leyla Bouzid’s As I Open My Eyes (2016). Through constructing a constellation of scenes of rare black visibility, the research probes the trans-generational transmissions of representation in which prejudiced notions of race are perpetuated and overtly intertwined with the living legacies of white supremacy and trans-Saharan Arab slavery in the country.

What do Kenyan Mediated Community Perceive of the 2018 Uhuru/Raila 'Golden' Handshake? Nyaole Rosemary Kowuor

265 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

"Media convergence has resulted in intense debate about their likely impacts on power, politics, culture and everyday life. In McLuhan’s (2001) view, each media technology enables a different extension of our communicative senses beyond what was previously possible. Crucially, each medium extends our senses in different ways, encouraging certain patterns of communication and preventing others. The social and political dynamics have changed as people now demand engaged communications, transparency, online transactions and the opportunity to hear and be heard. Finding the right avenues to connect and interact with the community is crucial in building a strong, growing and competitive nation. It is about citizens getting a platform to share their individual and collective voice. However, given the sea of information at the click of a button, how do the citizens know what to believe? Citing a case in Kenya, political pundits have intimated that the March 9, 2018 meeting between President Uhuru Kenyatta and Opposition leader Raila Odinga fundamentally changed Kenya’s political dynamics. This paper explores the Kenyan Mediated Community (KMC) perception as well as role of social networks in disseminating misinformation of Uhuru/Raila 'handshake' and how it has contributed to national cohesion. Based on a selected body of communication literature, and analysis of a number of specific social media postings and responses, it examines how the KMC perceived the Uhuru/Raila 'golden' handshake. The paper is hinged on the following critical questions: What is Kenyan mediated community response to the handshake? How is the handshake changing the Kenyan political environment? What has been the role of social networks in disseminating misinformation regarding the handshake? What have been ‘handshake’ trends in Kenya politics since introduction of multi-partysm and why does it matter? How does it work? At its core, the paper draws attention to the myriad ways in which media strategies and audience attitudes toward 'handshakes' have been both used and misused to reshape Kenyan politics. Besides providing theoretical analysis on the Kenyan mediated community perceptions of the Raila/Uhuru handshake, the paper highlights a select 'handshake' cases in Kenyan politics since the invention of multi-partism. Key words: Handshake; Kenya Civic Voices; Mediated community, Social Media and Political Communication.

Through a Glass, Darkly: Democratic Norms and The Legacies of Ben Ali’s Regime Chamekh Issrar The 2011 wave of protests brought great political change to Tunisia, taking down Ben Ali and his 23-year rule. However, the practices and processes of his rule are unlikely to have disappeared with the fall of the government. The protests started a democratic process that witnessed the successful organization of several rounds of free and fair elections, electing a constituent assembly that drafted a progressive constitution, electing a president and a parliament, and holding the country’s first ever municipal elections. The dominant Islamist party Ennahda eschewed links with radical Islamism and is hailed for adopting a ‘moderate’ Islamic rhetoric and for its commitment to democratic norms even if it means conceding part

266 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

of its power. This helped create a discourse highlighting the exceptionalism of the Tunisian Islamist movement which itself has become part of a broader discourse of Tunisian exceptionalism. In this paper, however, I argue that this ‘exceptionalism’ harms Tunisia’s democratic transition more than it boosts it. It is also indicative of the political class’s anxiety over change as the exceptionalism rhetoric echoes similar tactics that Ben Ali employed. I argue that what is at the surface a celebration of democratic achievements stalls the breakdown of an authoritarian habitus that still determines politics in Tunisia today, explaining the persistence of clientelism and the continued centrality of social capital. This paper reexamines notions of rupture and renewal to present a framework that is rooted in historicity and continuity.

Mixed-race lives in postcolonial Ghana Joseph-Salisbury Remi In this paper I draw upon data from semi-structured interviews with mixed-race people in contemporary urban Ghana. This paper shows that mixed-race people in Ghana are often imagined as non-Ghanaian, and considers how mixed-race people negotiate their national identity. I also shine a light on how mixed-race people in Ghana experience a range of racial privileges that are indicative of the white supremacist underpinnings of our contemporary world.

Decolonizing Higher Education in the UK. Joseph-Salisbury Remi This paper gives an overview of growing calls to decolonize Higher Education in the UK. Highlighting some of the key student campaigns of recent years, and considering the potential challenges facing the movement, through this paper I seek to open up an international conversation around decolonizing Higher Education.

Evaluating political party manifestoes and governance in Ghana from 2012 to 2018 Ofori-Birikorang Ama Boatemaa & Akua Konadu-Dwomoh Studies of political party manifestos and governance have now become a familiar feature in social science research. Party manifestos have been the major channel used by political parties to communicate their intentions to the citizens on several issues. Since all political parties use manifestos to influence voters, contents of manifestoes have led to the emergence of competitive political party behavior. This paper investigated whether political parties truly fulfill their campaign promises using Ghana as a case study. The study interrogated political party manifestoes from 2012 to 2018. The study used the rational choice theoretical framework that consists of three models including, vote-seeking party, office-seeking party and policy-seeking party cocepts for its analysis. The Case study approach was used and data

267 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

were collected through questionnaires to solicit responses from sampled respondents. The study found that major issues facing Ghanaians within the period were captured in all the manifestoes. Again, majority of the respondents indicated that political party manifestoes communicated as campaign promises influenced how they voted. Finally, the study revealed that voters have lost trust in political parties because the latter make unrealistic promises in the manifestoes which they are unable to fulfill.

Royal Music in Northern Nigeria: The Performance and Significance of Kakaki Musical Instrument Sankira Musa Umar "African traditional music serves as a dynamic pillar in the development of African traditional institutions since pre- colonial society. African Emirs and Chiefs were attached to different classification of music in their palace. Some instruments serve as the symbol of authority, power, recognition and entertainment in their domain. In Northern Nigeria, the evolution of Kakaki musical came to being as a result of trans- Saharan trade with North Africa. The instrument contributed immensely towards information dissemination, media of communication during the war of conquest among the African Kingdoms and Empire. Such as Kanem Bornu, Hausa city states of Kano, Zaria, Katsina, Gobir Daura among others. The 19th century Jihad headed by Shehu Usmanu bin Fodiyo, was another era that the use of Kakaki instrument was highly. The Kakaki were used in Jihad movement in calling the audience, public announcement, festivity, troops preparation for the war, motivation of troops in the battle field, techniques of war, victory or failure of the war. The 20th century Northern Nigeria, and the colonization of the region was a watershed in the performance and the significance of Kakaki music among the royalist. The Kakaki performers, mostly headed by a leader known as Sarkin Kakaki, or Jabusa. The performance of the music symbolises, honour, praise, authority, important event, enthronement and dethronement of an Emir among other. This paper aim to interrogate melody perform by the Kakaki musical instrument and it significance in some selected palace of northern Nigeria. However, this study, will assess the Kakaki performance in Kano, Sokoto, Zaria, Lafia and Dass Emirates of northern Nigeria. The qualitative method will be used in data collection and data analysis. Keywords: Kakaki, Performance, Northern, Nigeria

Understanding Sexuality in Africa: Contexts of Same-Sex Intimate Relationships among Youths in Nigeria Akanle Olayinka Sexuality remains central and sensitive issue across the world. Major angles to these centrality and sensitivity, however, are the shifting narratives and experiences of people in same sex relationships. While Europe and America, for example, have been able to somewhat stabilise the controversies surrounding same sex relationships through legislations and advocacies, Africa remains at cross roads relative to same sex relationships. While many

268 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Africans consider such relationships and sexualities unconventional, unAfrican, taboos and abominations, governments also continue to legislate against such relationships except in few African countries like South Africa. Even in such countries where there seems to be tolerant legislations, public outcries, stigmatisations and discriminations are common. Many governments and policy makers also play politics with, and succumb to popular subjectivities against same sex relationships. In Nigeria, like most other African countries, there are laws against same-sex relationships punishable by not less than 14 years imprisonment and huge public condemnations of same sex relationships. Even when same sex orientations are increasingly common knowledge in Africa, how much do we know, and still need to know, about this very sensitive issue on the continent? Even as the sexual space becomes taken over by media agitators (especially social media ones) and public commentators as well as religious and opinion leaders, academics have largely taken the back seat and this should not continue. It is against this background that this paper empirically examined the worldviews of youths in Nigeria on same sex marriage, the challenges, coping strategies and factors responsible for same sex relationships. Postmodernism and Queer Theory provided the framework for the study that informed this paper. Interviews were conducted in the LGBTQ community strategically targeting 6 people for In-depth interviews. 420 copies of questionnaire were administered to people to measure worldviews, challenges, coping strategies and factors responsible for same sex lifestyle. Very important findings were made and workable recommendations given to better inform policy and practices.

Conflict dynamics in water governance. A case of Epworth in Zimbabwe. Tshuma Darlington Few studies exist that seek to understand the nuances and dynamics involved in water governance in self-provisioning communities. This is curious especially considering the poor state of public service infrastructure in Africa. By situating water across multiple temporal and spatial scales, Tshuma opens up new avenues to investigate conceptual and empirical links between water, conflict and cooperation. The paper underscores the complexity and diversity of ways in which water is enrolled in different sites and modes of conflict and cooperation across scales. Using Bourdieu’s theory of capitals, habitus and field, Tshuma draws attention to a variety of different forms of capital serving as resources that actors deploy to influence water governance processes. He demonstrates the connection between habitus and field, and how agents deploy various capitals to navigate the field. The study employs qualitative research methods. Tshuma finds that in adapting to water scarcity, actors organise different forms of capital in novel ways to manage both water and livelihoods. He further establishes that water governance is a contested terrain where varying levels of power converge. Tshuma argues that a neo-liberal economic agenda that sought to present water as an economic rather than a public good has failed to alter people’s beliefs about water and the values they attach to it.

Nabudere and Babu: The Contributions of East-African Marxists to Marxist-Leninist Theory

269 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

El Nabolsy Zeyad This essay takes up the question of the influence of Lenin on anti-colonial and anti- neocolonial struggles in East Africa, as well as the question of the contribution of East- African Marxists to the development of Marxist-Leninist theory. This essay focuses on two aspects of Lenin’s thought which were influential on the thought of the Zanzibari Marxist revolutionary Abdul Rahman Mohammed Babu (1924-1996) and the Ugandan Marxist theorist Dani Wadada Nabudere (1932-2011). The first aspect is Lenin’s theory of imperialism and his account of the significance of national liberation struggles in light of this theory. The second aspect is Lenin’s critique of the Narodniks in Russia. This essay illustrates how Babu and Nabudere, through adopting Lenin’s understanding of national struggles against imperialism as part of the global struggle against capitalism, were able to provide a theoretical basis for the endorsement of Pan-Africanism from a Marxist-Leninist standpoint, by arguing that Pan-Africanism is the expression of African nationalism vis-à-vis a racist imperialism. This essay also shows how criticisms from the proponents of African socialism to the effect that Marxism was a foreign ideological import into Africa were met by Babu and Nabudere through a Leninist analysis of the class basis of African socialism (i.e., the characterization of African socialism as the ideology of the East-African petty bourgeoisie), and through a critique of the view of African history that was endorsed by proponents of African socialism, a critique which was consciously modelled on Lenin’s critique of the Narodniks’ view of Russian history.

Integrating Indigenous Knowledge into Chemistry Education in Africa Omilani Nathaniel, Ayodeji "Indigenous knowledge of the African is simply defined as the African way of knowing. However, deploying this knowledge in the process of science education in which chemistry is not an exemption is yet to gain attention of scholars. This paper first attempted to draw a parallel that exist between the epistemology of the western made science and that of the African Science. After this, the inclusion of African indigenous knowledge in Chemistry education was justified. Finally this paper identified oral forms such as proverbs and incantatory poetry that can be used for the teaching and learning of Chemistry. For example, a Yoruba proverb says ‘afọwọ́ fọnná kìí dúró rojọ́’ (he that is holding fire with his bare hands is always in a hurry) can be used as analogy when explaining the concept of entropy or the relationship between temperature and motion of molecules. Another aspect of indigenous knowledge identified which can be used for teaching and learning of Chemistry is how the indigenous knowledge is the ethnochemistry practices of the Yoruba nation. This paper concluded by highlighting the benefits of the integration of indigenous knowledge into Chemistry teaching. And the necessary recommendations were also made.

270 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Cambridge Analytica, Disinformation and the Crisis of Kenya’s Electoral Democracy Omanga Duncan Mainye While there seemed to be little evidence of disgraced British firm Cambridge Analytica’s ability to manipulate Kenya’s disputed 2017 presidential elections, what was not in doubt however, was the company’s use of data for a major disinformation campaign targeting the opposition. Cambridge Analytica, British PR company Harris Media working with local Kenyan companies mined voters’ personal data and helped incumbent presidential candidate Uhuru Kenyatta win disputed elections against Raila Odinga by presiding over highly controversial messaging campaigns. Taking advantage of lax data privacy laws, these companies experimented on strategies that had previously been used to undermine democracy elsewhere in the world-notably in the United Kingdom, the United States and in Nigeria. While the actual impact of these messages on voters may seem insignificant, George Gerbner reminds us that perceived media effects on users should not be pegged on the ‘size’-since that is far less critical-than the direction of its steady contribution. In this regard, this paper highlights these disinformation campaigns targeting the opposition that were used in the 2017 Kenyan presidential elections, tracing their circulation and logics within digital media networks, and ultimately draw conclusions on their implications to Kenya’s nascent democracy. Dr Pamela Mainye, Lecturer, Kisii University (Kenya)

Climate smart agriculture, resilience building and food security in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Moyo Philani Climate change is impacting human development, especially in the global South, through increasing frequency and intensity of rising temperatures, extreme heat waves, droughts, low and unpredictable rainfall, storms, floods and sea level rises. These impacts are imposing additional pressures on agricultural productivity, food security and poverty alleviation efforts in different parts of South Africa. This article examines innovative asset based adaptation strategies that have been initiated and implemented by households, in O.R Tambo District Municipality in the Eastern Cape, to reduce the negative impacts of climate change on food crop production and animal husbandry. In analysing this local asset base used by households for adaptation, the main aim is to understand its sustainability (or lack thereof) towards contributing to food security and poverty alleviation. These asset based household strategies have been complemented by exogenous expert designed technical interventions. One of these interventions is climate smart agriculture which seeks to increase sustainable agricultural production by adapting to and building resilience to climate change. Herein, the article explores the climate smart farming technologies, practices and services being implemented by smallholder farmers. Further, the impacts, efficiency and effectiveness of climate smart agriculture as a means for increasing smallholder farmers’ agricultural productivity, improving food security, increasing household incomes and ensuring gender equity and socio-equitable development in O.R Tambo District Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa are examined.

271 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Democratic Ideological Contestation and Citizens Engagement: Case Study of #OurMumuDonDo of Nigeria Akpojivi Ufuoma "Since the emergence of the fourth republic in 1999, Nigeria’s democratic process has always been considered as problematic and complex. Many scholars like Adebanwi and Obadare (2013) and Akpojivi (2013) have attested to these complexities arguing that the democratic culture in Nigeria is influenced by ethnicity, religion, classism and Campbell (2011) has argued that Nigeria’s democratic process is endangered as a result of the interplay of these factors. However, one factor i.e. ‘vote buying’ which has monetized the democratic process has been largely ignored with statistics showing that one in five Nigerians is exposed to vote buying (see Bratton 2008). This is further compounded by the ‘big man’ phenomenon associated with the electoral process. The practice of the ‘big man’, i.e. wealthy politicians buying the public votes is inherently rooted in the country’s democratic processes since 1960 and has largely been blamed for the lack of good governance and development in the country. This has led to monumental fraud and corruption which have denied the public access to basic amenities thereby creating a sense of hopelessness and powerlessness amongst the public. Consequently, numerous social movements seeking to change the status quo have been formed. #OurMumuDonDo social movement was formed in late December 2016, with a goal to stimulate a mental revolution amongst Nigerians against the culture of ‘buy and sell’ and ‘big man’ associated with Nigeria’s democracy. According to the movement, its aim is to ‘revolutionize politics by ending elite conspiracy and giving power to the rightful owners - the people’. In this paper, we sought to examine the extent to which social movements, specifically #OurMumuDonDo have been able to engage with the Nigerian public and achieve its set objectives of sensitizing Nigerians on the dangers of vote buying, nonchalant attitude towards the democratic process amongst other issues. The different strategies adopted by the movement in the realization of its objectives and the challenges encountered were explored. Emploring ethnographic method of data collection (interviews, and participant observation) and analysis, this study argues that the #OurMumuDonDo movement uses both digital platforms and offline strategies to cause disruption to the normative discourse of big man and vote buying that has characterized elections in Nigeria by producing a counter discourse. Conversely, analysis also show that the economic situation that has facilitated ‘big man and vote buying’ has continued to hinder the movement, as many members of the public remain indifferent towards their message. References Adebanwi, W. and Obadare, E. (2013). Democracy and Prebendalism in Nigeria. New York: Palgrave

272 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

Akpojivi, U. (2013). Looking Beyond Elections: An Examination of Media Freedom in the Re-Democratization of Nigeria in A. Olorunisola and A. Douai (eds.). New Media Influence on Social and Political Change in Africa. IGI Global, 84-100. Bratton, M. (2008). Vote Buying and Violence in Nigerian Election Campaigns. Electoral Studies, 27, 4: 621-632. Campbell, J. (2011). Nigeria: Dancing on the Brink. Plymouth: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

The War Against Terrorism and Security policy making in Sub-Sahara Africa: reflections from Ghana Tsekpo Kafui The war against terrorism in Sub-Sahara Africa has not only shaped security policy making in the troubled Sahelian region of West Africa but the entire West African Sub-region. Public policies in the form of national security or anti-terrorism policies have been passed by a number of countries in the sub-region, including Ghana in preparedness to anticipate and prevent, or at least minimize the effect of any potential terror attack. These policies have generally followed the path of received wisdom from western narratives of terrorism and the issues that underpin them. Indeed, in modern times, since the decade of independence in Africa, the continent has been a primary destination for the transfer of ‘good policy models’, especially through bilateral and international cooperations for development. A good example has been the IMF Structural Adjustment Programs deemed by its framers as the ‘solution to Africa’s predicaments. Such ‘passed-on policies’ are ever present in the sectors of education, health, Agriculture and in recent times the security sector. The era of globalization has increased unequal interdependency between national and global actor in policy making in the developing world. Using the recent Defence Cooperation Agreement between Ghana and the United States as a reference case, this paper examines how the framing of the war against terror has undermined local policy making capacities within the complex web of threats, liabilities and gains.

Colonial imaginations of Africa in global times: Global audience interpretations of the Pepsi Oh Africa 2010 World Cup commercial MPOFU SHEPHERD "The overarching aim of this study is to explore the meanings that could be drawn from the Pepsi 2010 World Cup Oh Africa commercial in the context of globalization which has miniaturized the world into a global village. Besides problematizing the concept of global village and globalization the study explores how different consumers, in this case, college students from across different continents and universities make sense of the commercial given the historical negative and stereotypical reportage on Africa in the mainstream media. To do this, the study analyses consumers’ socio-cultural readings of the commercial to argue that indeed the media plays a significant role in the imaginations of the world and also that

273 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

despite the undertones of rationality, equality and fairness in the global village, power relations in terms of knowledge generation, speaking of, for and about the Other remains skewed.

Risk predictors for neonatal mortality and its association with HIV infection among postnatal women attending Pumwani Maternity Hospital (PMH), Kenya MUTHUKA JOHN KYALO "Background: HIV infection during pregnancy has contributed to early neonatal deaths and associated co-morbidities. In developing nations, the rates have relatively remained unchanged. HIV infection rates among pregnant women range from 15 to 40 percent in countries with the highest overall HIV prevalence in a decade, with neonatal mortalities seemingly being higher among HIV infected women. Following the inception of PMTCT in Kenya, no study has been done to document the association between maternal HIV status and neonatal mortality. Design: Case control study. Setting: Pumwani maternity hospital (health records department) Subjects: 128 cases and 128 controls were abstracted from the records at 1:1 ratio using a pre-tested abstraction tool. Case files of babies who died in the neonatal period and files of or actual live neonates within the same period were used. Main outcome measures: Maternal HIV status, Neonatal mortality and the association (Pearson's chi-square test and odds ratio with corresponding 95% confidence interval computation), and other predictors of neonatal mortality were put in to consideration. The level of statistical significance at P-value was set at < 0.05. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to adjust for confounding factors in the relationship between neonatal mortality and HIV status. Results: Out of 128 cases (neonatal mortalities) 12.5% were born from HIV-positive mothers compared to 3.9% among 128 controls (live neonates). HIV sero-positive was found to be significantly associated with neonatal mortality in bivariate analysis [OR= 3.51; 95%CI: 1.25-9.91; P=0.012] but not sustained after adjusting for other factors at the multivariate analysis [AOR=2.33; 95%CI: 0.76-7.15; P=0.139]. Multiple logistic regression revealed the following factors as independent predictors of neonatal mortality: LBW [AOR= 3.97; 95%CI: 2.26-6.98; P< 0.001], co-morbidities [AOR= 3.84; 95%CI: 1.32- 11.16; P=0.013]. Mother's hemoglobin level [AOR= 3.18; 95%CI: 1.19- 8.46; P=0.021], unemployment [AOR=0.43; 95%CI: 0.22- 0.85; P=0.016]. Conclusions: An increased risk of neonatal mortality, perceived to occur due to and with co- morbidities with HIV infection among postnatal women though not sustained at multivariate analysis. A robust study with larger sample size is recommended. Prompt screening, treatment, management of comorbidities, hemoglobin monitoring, nourishment in pregnancy and individualized approach to Low Birth Weight newborns.

274 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

OPEN ACCESS PUBLISHING AND KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION IN SUB- SAHARAN AFRICA: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES Ezra Ondari Okemwa, This is a study on opportunities and challenges which confront the sub-Saharan Africa region in the production of knowledge through open access as a new method of knowledge production. New methods of Producing knowledge have characterized some of the decisive changes that have affected society, and the way that knowledge is produced today. The paper looks at how the sub-Sahara African region has witnessed the emergence of a new regime of knowledge production linked to new regimes of social regulations and information and communication technologies. Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for 13·5% of the global population but produces less than 1% of global new knowledge. Global changes, as well as technological developments and changes in the way scientific knowledge has been put to use, have radically transformed science with respect to its research practices, institutions, and knowledge production methods. Scholarly publishing enables research findings of scholars to cross international boundaries to provide strong, positive connections between individual scholars, institutions and nations. Such exchanges contribute to the expansion of the global knowledge base to which the sub–Saharan Africa region is purportedly linked. In theory, participation in the global arena through scholarly communication may enable the sub– Saharan Africa region to have access to knowledge and information it needs to succeed in the global economy that is being digitized rapidly. Scholarly publishing is as a result of research and innovation which may improve the quality of knowledge and information produced by scholars in the sub–Saharan Africa region. This paper explores the challenges and opportunities of knowledge production in sub–Saharan Africa through open access. The paper also proposes ways of capitalizing on the vast opportunities of enhancing knowledge production and dissemination in sub–Saharan Africa through open access as a method of scholarly publishing and a Mode1 of knowledge production. Literature review on knowledge production, modes of knowledge production and open access was conducted. A number of challenges confronting knowledge production in sub-Saharan Africa through open access were identified. The challenges include technological, socio–political, economic and environmental. Open access brings with it opportunities that may enhance sub–Saharan Africa’s visibility of production of new knowledge. Key words: Open Access; Knowledge Production; Sub-Saharan Africa; Scholarly Publishing

INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM, CULTURAL MYTHOLOGIES, SOCIAL CHANGE AND THE PRACTICE OF AN AFRICAN HEALING SYSTEM AMONG THE NUPE OF NIGERIA Kolo Victor Ibrahim Africa’s peoples and cultures possess age-long traditions for negotiating illness episodes. Guided and conserved by rituals, mythologies and socio-cultural principles, indigenous knowledge and practice of healthcare in Africa have been confronted by social change,

275 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

growing rationalization and the domination of modern medicine in a capitalist-tendency milieu. In a globalizing world, Africa’s indigenous knowledge of healing and its socio- cultural roots have undergone transformations, which may have opened traditional medicine for better integration with bio-medical science, as long envisioned by the WHO Alma-Ata declaration (1978). Focusing on Traditional Bone Setting (TBS) among the Nupe of Nigeria, this study interrogated TBS in 4 purposively selected rural communities in Nigeria. The study interrogated the ethno-mythologies and principles of recruitment, knowledge and training systems vis-à-vis TBS and therapeutic systems. Indepth Interviews and Participant observation were adopted in eliciting qualitative data from TBS practitioners, community members and traditional rulers. Data was content-analyzed and verbatim quotations with photographs were used to support the discussions. Findings revealed that TBS possessed an adaptive knowledge system that has secured its continued relevance in Africa’s resource-constrained clime. This, if systematically harnessed, could support African countries in better implementing WHO’s declaration on primary healthcare while positing the continent in the pathway of achieving the UN’s sustainable development goals (2030). Intensified research, training of practitioners and strategic global health policy were recommended.

Victimhood after the International Criminal Court (ICC) Intervention WAMAI NJOKI Victims of gross human rights violations occupy an important place in transitional justice mechanisms and practices such as the International Criminal Court (ICC) as often reiterated by the chief prosecutor Ms. Fatou Bensouda. The prosecutor severally stated that the raison de tre behind her commitment to the Kenyan case was the victims. The establishment of the Victim’s Participation and Reparation Section (VPRS) at the ICC has increased attention to victim’s participation at the ICC. Transitional justice mechanisms have been accused of representing and responding to the ‘innocent, pure and ideal victim’ while ignoring the complex and plural identities of victims (Brewer and Hayes, 2011:6). My paper attempts to understand these complex and plural identities of victims which are often ignored in favour of the ‘mute helpless’ notion of victimhood advanced by the international liberal peace and interventionist paradigm.

The injustice of truth commissions: The case of the Kenyan TJRC Lynch Gabrielle "We are in an era of transitional justice (Gready 2011) – a time when it is regarded as standard practice in the face of a recent, or even ongoing, history of authoritarianism or conflict to deploy a mix of judicial and non-judicial mechanisms to try and consolidate, or facilitate, a transition to democracy and peace. One of the common “tools” of transitional justice is a truth commission – a temporary state-sanctionedbody that investigates a pattern of

276 African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts

past abuse, engages ‘directly and broadly with the affected population, gathering information on their experiences’, and which concludes with a public report (Hayner 2011: 11–12). But what kind of justice do truth commissions actually provide and what lessons can be learnt about when and how such mechanisms should be introduced? This paper looks at the case of the Kenyan Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission (TJRC) ten years after it was established and six year after it submitted a final report, and at how the Commission ultimately came to constitute a performance of further injustice. More specifically, it reveals how the Commission’s efforts to provide justice through truth-telling were undermined by limited audiences and acknowledgement, while its efforts to provide justice through a range of recommendations for punitive, reparative and restorative justice have so far been undermined by a lack of political will and by new injustices that have occurred."

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