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37 Kenia (ID Zentralafrika) 37 Kenia (ID Zentralafrika) Tabelle IV, L. 37: Die analytischen Grundeinheiten (AGE) Kenias Atlas-Nr. AGE Grösse % 51 Codes Taxonomie in der Referenzliteratur: 1960 Morrison (1972:271) (% 1967) a. Central Bantu Cluster (38 %) 108 KIKUYU 20.60 EA Kikuyu 1. Kikuyu (19 %) 776 KAMBA 11.24 EA Kamba 2. Kamba (11 %) 777 MERU 5.19 EA Meru 3. Meru (5 %) 777 Embu 1.11 EA Meru 4. Embu (1 %) 777 Mbere 0.47 EA Meru 5. Mbere 777 Tharaka 0.49 EA Meru 6. Tharaka - - 7. Chuka. 8. Igoji, 9. Miutini, - - 10. Mwimbi, 11. Muthambi b. Western Bantu (Kavirondo) Cluster (19 %) 1. Luhya (13 %) 783 Isukha 0.70 EA Vugusu i. Isukka 783 Idakho 0.51 EA Vugusu ii. Idakho 783 West-Nyala 0.25 EA Vugusu iv. Nyalavi. 783 Tsotso 0.31 EA Vugusu v. Tsotso 783 Wanga 0.79 EA Vugusu vi. Wanga 783 Marama 0.47 EA Vugusu vii. Marama 783 Nyole 0.81 EA Vugusu ix. Nyore 783 Maragoli 1.12 EA Vugusu x. Maragoli 783 BUKUSU 3.49 EA Vugusu xvi. Bukusu 782 Kabras 0.71 EA Tiriki iii. Kabras 782 Kisa 0.54 EA Tiriki viii. Kisa 782 TIRIKI 0.56 EA Tiriki xi. Tiriki 782 Khayo 0.40 EA Tiriki xii. Bakhayo 782 Tachon 0.31 EA Tiriki xiii. Tachoni 782 Marachi 0.40 EA Tiriki xiv. Marach 782 Samia 0.34 EA Tiriki xv. Samia 639 GUSII 6.57 EA Gusii 2. Kisii (Gusii) (6 %) 1516 Kuria 0.56 AE Kuria 3. Kuria 1516 Suba 0.46 AE Kuria - 318 LUO 14.05 EA Luo c. Luo (14 %) d. Kalenjin-Speaking Cluster (10%) 648 KIPSIGIS 4.42 EA Kipsigis 1. Kipsigis (4 %) 319 NANDI 2.45 EA Nandi 2. Nandi (2 %) 319 Sabaot 0.40 EA Nandi 7. Sabaot 1075 Tugen 1.22 EA Keyu 3. Tugen (1.1 %), 4. Elgeyo (1 %) 1075 Marakwet 0.76 EA Keyu 6. Marakwet 1073 PLAINSUK 0.59 EA Plainsuk 5. Pokot (Suk) 1076 HILLSUK 0.28 EA Hillsuk - Tabelle IV, L. 37: Fortsetzung Atlas-Nr. AGE Grösse % 51 Codes Taxonomie in der Referenzliteratur: 1960 Morrison (1972:271) (% 1967) e. Coastal Bantu Cluster (5 %) 1. Mijikenda 772 DIGO 0.96 EA Digo i. Digo 773 DURUMA 0.94 EA Duruma ii. Duruma 773 Rabai 0.33 EA Duruma v. Rabai 774 Chony 0.31 EA Giriama iii. Chonyi 774 GIRIAMA 1.90 EA Giriama iv. Giriama 774 Jibana 0.29 EA Giriama vii. Jibana - - vi. Ribe - - viii. Kauma - - ix. Kambe 775 POKOMO 0.33 EA Pokomo 2. Pokomo / Riverine 6 BAJUN 0.32 EA Bajun 3. Bajun - - 4. Swahili / Shirazi - - 5. Taveta - - 6. Boni /Sanye f. Other Eastern Nilotic Groups (4.5 %) 220 TURKANA 1.90 EA Turkana 1. Turkana (2.1 %) 119 MASAI 1.45 EA Masai 2. Masai (2 %) 17 Iteso/K 0.80 EA Teso 3. Iteso (Wamia, Elgumi) 1089 SAMBURU 0.57 EA Samburu 4. Samburu (Burkeneji) 101 NDOROBO 0.20 EA Dorobo 5. Nderobo - - 6. Njemps Weitere AGE < 5 % 19 Somali 2.34 EA Somali - Somali-speaking Eastern Hamitic Groups (3 %): Gosha, Hawiyah, Ogaden, Ajuran, Gurreh 1511 RENDILLE 0.18 AE Rendille - Rendille and Galla-speaking Western Hamitic Groups (1 %): Rendille 1515 BORANA 0.37 AE Borana-Oromo Boran 1515 Gabbra 0.15 AE Borana-Oromo Gabbra 1515 Orma 0.15 AE Borana-Oromo Orma - - - Sakakuya 1136 Gujarati 0.17 EA Gujarati - 1319 Omani Arabs 0.14 AE Omani Arabs - 1258 Punjabi 0.05 EA Punjabi - 1526 Europeans 0.03 AE Europeans - % erfasste Bevölkerung: a) 98.52 b) 98.52 Von den 8'894'000 Einwohnern (1960) wurden über 98% der Bevölkerung in Datensätzen erfasst und als AGE mit Namen und Grösse auf der Identifikationskarte aufgeführt. In der Tabelle sind die analytischen Grundeinheiten gemäss der Einteilung in der Referenztaxonomie von Morrison (1972:271) bzw. der Hauptkategorien des Zensus von 1962 sechs Blöcken zugeordnet (a. Central Bantu Cluster, b. Western Bantu [Kavirondo} Cluster, c. Luo, d. Kalenjin-speaking Cluster, e. Coastal Bantu Cluster, f. Other Eastern Nilotic Groups) sowie weiteren, teilweise zusammenfassbaren Gruppen, die weniger als fünf Prozent der Bevölkerung zählen (Somali-speaking Eastern Hamitic Groups und Rendille and Galla- speaking Western Hamitic Groups) und andere. Die Differenzierung der kenianischen Bevölkerung in analytische Grundeinheiten wurde relativ detailliert vorgenommen. Ethnische Cluster, wie sie z.B. im Zensus oder bei Morrison vorkommen, wurden im vorliegenden Atlas in kleinere (politisch autonome) Einheiten aufgeschlüsselt und als solche separat aufgeführt. Sie erhielten dabei aber zum Teil denselben Datensatz. So mussten bei den sogenannten Luhya (EA Vugusu, EA Tiriki), den Kalenjin (EA Kapsigis, EA Nandi, EA Keyu, EA Plainsuk, EA Hillsuk)) und den Mijikenda (EA Digo, EA Duruma, EA Giriama) manche EA-Datensätze stellvertretend mehrfach verwendet werden.1 Innerhalb einer Sprachfamilie oder eines Sprachfamlienzweiges weisen die verschiedenen Subgruppen häufig Ähnlichkeiten bezüglich ihrer ökologischen Anpassung bzw. ihres Subsistenzstiles auf (vgl. Nelson 1983:88). Gleichzeitig hält Nelson fest: "No ethnic group ('tribe' in the language of the colonial authorities and in the postindependence lexicon of Kenyans as well) is culturally and linguistically homogenous except perhaps for a few of the very smallest ones. Moreover, no Kenyan group was characterized in the precolonial era by a centralized political order that encompasses all or even most of those speaking the same language and sharing a common culture. Even if all of the members of an ethnic category considered themselves descended from a common ancestor, which members of many such categories did not, they were devided into a number of local small-scale political systems" (Nelson 1983:95-96). Beispielhaft folgt ein Kommentar zur Bevölkerungskategorie Luhya aus dem Western Bantu Cluster von Morrison, die mit den EA-Datensätzen Vugusu und Tiriki in 16 AGE stellvertreten wird. Der Name Luhya, der erst zu Beginn des 2. Weltkrieges entstand, bezeichnet eine Vielzahl von Bantu-sprachigen Gruppen zwischen dem Gebiet des Kavirondo Gulf und dem Mont Elgon. Er verbindet linguistisch und kulturell sehr ähnliche Gruppen, die aber traditionellerweise über keine gemeinsame politische Organisationsform verfügten: "They are not a single entity that they do not constitute a homogenous group of people. They have been bestowed the status of a separate entity (no matter how loosely knit that entity may be), because they are distinct from their neighbours in western Kenya, who are the Luo-speakers to the south, the Highland Nilotic-speakers - the Kalenjin - to the east and north, and the Teso enclave to the west. This status also derives from the fact that a general homogenity prevails amongst the different groups which constitute the Luhya. There are variations in dialects, the ritual, the emphases on economic pursuits and other such cultural traits from group to group and from location to location, but - and this needs to be stressed - all Luhya share a common language and some of the other essential elements of a total culture" (Fedders und Salvadori 1979: 99). Die gleiche Meinung wird von Sangree vertreten: 1 Vgl. die methodischen Probleme bei der Erfassung der Bevölkerung Angolas, Malawis, Sambias, Kongos oder Gabuns. "These tribes in effect form a linguistic and cultural sub-area whose closely related dialects are spoken, common bonds of kinship recognized and a large core of common customs and values prevails" (Sangree 1965: 43). Bis heute haben die verschiedenen Luhya-Gruppen eine gemeinsame Identität als Luhya ent- wickelt und stellen mit ihrem Anteil von vierzehn Prozent an der gesamten Bevölkerung auch politisch einen wichtigen Faktor dar. Vergleichbare Prozesse sind bei den sogenannten Kalenjin und Mijikenda feststellbar, deren Zusammenschliessen ebenfalls als eine Folge der Kolonialpolitik zu betrachten ist (vgl. Best 1989 sowie Fedders und Salvadori 1979). In den Listen zur ethnischen und linguistischen Zusammensetzung der Bevölkerung Kenias werden in der Regel dreissig bis vierzig ethnische Gruppen2 und mehr als 59 Sprachen sowie über hundert verschiedene Dialekte gezählt. 42% der Bevölkerung sprechen Suaheli als Zweitsprache; für 10% ist Englisch neben Suaheli die dritte Sprache, 34% sind einsprachig (Kaplan 1976). Mit einem Anteil von 27% an der autochthonen Bevölkerung stellen die Kikuyu 1960 die grösste von insgesamt 57 analytischen Einheiten. Die zu ca. neunzig Prozent sesshafte Bevölkerung Kenias betrieb 1960 Regenfeldbau, kombiniert mit Viehzucht. Ein Grossteil lebte in den Highlands im Osten mit einer relativ hohen Bevölkerungskonzentration sowie an der flachen Küste. Zu diesen Gruppen zählen die Kikuyu, Luo, Luhya, Kamba, Kiisi, Meru, Mijikenda sowie zwölf kleinere Gruppen – Embu, Mbere, Tharaka, Taita, Taveta, Kuria, Pokomo, Bajin, Njemps, Iteso, Gosha, Swahili. Ca. sieben Prozent der Bevölkerung lebten als Viehzüchter (Somali, Turkana, Rendille, Samburu, Masai, Gabbra, Borana, Sakuyu, Orma) und nutzten 75% des kenianischen Bodens, indem sie die semi-ariden und ariden Ebenen im Norden und Nordosten durchwanderten. Die verschiedenen wildbeutenden Gruppen (Nderobo, El Molo, Boni und Sanye) bildeten in Bezug auf die Gesamtbevölkerung 1960 eine Minderheit von ca. drei Prozent. 2 Jenachdem, ob bestimmte Hauptkategorien, wie z.B. Somali, noch in diverse Subseinheiten unterteilt werden..
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