DOCSLIB.ORG

Conflicts Among Pastoralists in the Borana Area of Southern Ethiopia: the Case of Borana and Garri

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Conflicts Among Pastoralists in the Borana Area of Southern Ethiopia: the Case of Borana and Garri Faculty of Humanities, Social Sciences and Education Conflicts among Pastoralists in the Borana Area of Southern Ethiopia: The case of Borana and Garri SVF-3901 Tigist Kebede Feyissa Master’s Thesis in Peace and Conflict Transformation Autumn, 2014 Conflicts among Pastoralists in the Borana Area of Southern Ethiopia: The case of Borana and Garri SVF-3901 Tigist Kebede Feyissa Master’s Thesis in Peace and Conflict Transformation Faculty of Humanities, Social Sciences and Education University of Tromsø Autumn, 2014 i Acknowledgements My sincerest thanks to, Randi Rønning Balsvik, For sound and unreserved supervision, For the moral and material support. My informants and Field assistants For the cooperation and hospitality. Fellow MPCT Students and Staff For friendship and support My Parents, my brother and sisters For the love, advice, care and motivation. I will always miss you, Dad. My Friends For friendship and moral support All the people, who have shared their thoughts and understanding of the topic with me, and I am indebted to all the scholars on whose work I have learned. ii Abstract This study deals with conflicts among pastoralists in the Borana area of Southern Ethiopia focusing on the case of the Borana and Garri peoples. The objective of the research is to assess the underlying factors related to the formation, development and transformation of conflicts between the Borana and Garri since 1990´s. To meet this objective, the study employs a qualitative approach and secondary sources. As a conceptual framework for the analysis, the study uses intergroup conflict. This study makes use of ethnicity; ethnic conflict and political ethnicity as a main analytical tool to study intergroup conflict and violence that emerge in a state, especially in this research context, where ethnicity constitutionally has become essential in creating a federal state and administrative units. The study has reviewed and analyzed the macro historical and political trends in Ethiopia in relation to conflicts between different pastoralist communities. It also addresses the conflict since the 1990s between the two groups drawing lines of connection between the national discourse on ethnicity and local realities. Thus, it is argued that the violent conflicts in pastoral areas result from a myriad of historical, political and economic factors that reinforce one another. It is further argued that the pastoralist conflicts- if not all- particularly in the post 1991 period is also linked to questions of land ownership and self government, as the new state’s constitution equated ethnic groups with administration units. This thesis calls for the development and implementation ofintegrated policies and strengthening local governance institutions that are rooted in traditional practices for managing resources and inter-ethnic conflicts. iii Table of contents Acknowledgments ........................... ................................................................. .. ii Abstract ........................... ............................................................................................. .iii List of Maps and Table ........................... ................................................................. vi List of Acronyms and Definition of Local Terms ................... .....................................vi Chapter I: Introduction................................................................................................... .1 1.1 Background.................................................................................................. .1 1.2. Statement of the problem............................................................................... .5 1.3 Objectives of the Study.......................................................................... .7 1.4 Research questions....................................................................................... 7 1.5 Finding my thesis.............................................................................................. 8 1.6 Significance of the study.......................................................................................8 1.7 Limitation of the study . .................................................... 9 1.8 Structure of the thesis....................................................................................... .9 Chapter II Methodology, Conceptual and Theoretical framework ...........................10 2.1 Methodology............................................................................................... .10 2.1.1 Study area......................................................................................... 10 2.1.2 Choosing a data collection technique ......................................... 12 2.1.3 Informants and Field Assistant. .......................................... .13 2.1.4 Negotiating Access ........................................................................... 14 2.1.5 Conducting the Interviews and Group Discussion ................... 17 2.1.6 Challenges and reflections.......................................................................... 18 2.1.6.1 Researcher’s Identity and Access negotiation.................................... .18 2.1.6.2 The Gender Dimension.................................................................... 21 2.1. 6.3 My Position as a Researcher........................................................... 22 2.1.6.4 Secondary Sources........................................................................ .22 2.1.6.4 Anonymity of Respondents ............................................................. .23 2.2. Conceptual and Theoretical framework................................................ .23 2.2.1 Intergroup conflict............................................................................. 23 2.2.2 Ethnicity, Ethnic conflicts and Politics of Ethnicity.....................................25 iv Chapter III: Setting the Context of the Study . 30 3.1 Pastoral Communities in Ethiopia . ..................... .30 3.2 The Borana Area . ................... 32 3.3 The Borana and Garri ............................................................................ 33 Chapter IV: Historical Factors of the Borana-Garri Conflicts ................... 37 4.1 The Ethiopian state creation and the Imperial rule ...................................... .37 4.1.1 Ethiopia state formation and pastoralists.............................................. 39 4.2 The Socialist regime and pastoralists.................................................. .43 4.2.1 The 1977-78 Ethio-Somalian war and its impact on pastoralists . .44 4.2.2 Bloody civil war, Nationalist Movements and and Pastoralist Conflicts. 46 Chapter V Political and Economic Factors of the Borana-GarriConflicts...............49 5.1 The Borana-Garri conflicts since 1991: questions of claims over land ownership andself- government ................................................................. .................49 5.1.1 Inter-Regional boundary making as a triggering factor for the Borana-Garri conflicts ................................................................. .49 5.1.2 The Borana-Garri conflict, July 2012 ............................................... 55 5.1.3 The Borana-Garri conflict in the context of heightened ethnic politics.....59 5.2 Competition over scarce resource as a triggering factor for the Borana- Garri Conflicts ........................... ........................... .................. .60 Chapter VI Summary and Concluding Remarks...................................... .62 6.1 What has been tried? . ................... .62 6.2 Answering the Research Questions . .62 6.3 A way Forward . .................. .65 References. .. 66 Appendices . .. .74 v List of Maps and Table Map 1. Location of some of the Pastoralist groups in Ethiopia (Page 31) Map 2. Regional Map of Ethiopia. (Page 74) Map 3. Map of the Research Area (Page 75) Map 4. Map of Borana Awraja/Province (Page 76) Map 5. Map of Tulla wells (Page 77) Table 1. Interviewees’ details and Interview date (Page 78) List of Acronyms and Definition of local terms Acronyms EPLF - Eritrea Peoples’ Liberation Front EPRDF - Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front ESM - Ethiopian Student Movement FDRE - Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia OALF-Oromo Abo Liberation Front OLF -Oromo Liberation Front ONLF- Ogaden National Liberation Front SNNPR- Southern Nations and Nationalities Peoples’ Region TGE- Transitional Government of Ethiopia TPLF - Tigray People’s Liberation Front WSLF- Western Somali Liberation Front Definition of local terms Abba - Father, leader, head Abba Gada - Head of Gada Assembly Awraja- Middle level territorial division, applied until 1987. Ballabat- Appointed leader during the imperial rule (Traditional Chief). Derg- Committee or Council Kebele- The smallest territorial administrative unit Tulla-Deep wells WeredaThe second smallest territorial administrative unit. vi Chapter I Introduction 1.1 Background Ethiopia is an ancient African state with a rich tradition of religious types, mores, and folkways whose roots are deeply embedded into a history of over two thousand years. The fact makes the country a mosaic of peoples and cultures at the heart of the Horn of Africa. Over eighty different ethnic entities of different size and spatial distribution with varied forms of cultural practices constitute the state. The cultural cohesion and population composition of the country is the result of a long historical process of inter-ethnic and socio-cultural interactions
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Conserving Wildlife in African Landscapes Kenya’S Ewaso Ecosystem
    Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press smithsonian contributions to zoology • number 632 Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press AConserving Chronology Wildlife of Middlein African Missouri Landscapes Plains Kenya’sVillage Ewaso SitesEcosystem Edited by NicholasBy Craig J. M. Georgiadis Johnson with contributions by Stanley A. Ahler, Herbert Haas, and Georges Bonani SERIES PUBLICATIONS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Emphasis upon publication as a means of “diffusing knowledge” was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: “It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge.” This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years by thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, com- mencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to History and Technology Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Museum Conservation Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology In these series, the Institution publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report on the research and collections of its various museums and bureaus. The Smithsonian Contributions Series are distributed via mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institu- tions throughout the world. Manuscripts submitted for series publication are received by the Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press from authors with direct affilia- tion with the various Smithsonian museums or bureaus and are subject to peer review and review for compliance with manuscript preparation guidelines.
    [Show full text]
  • Somalia Water Sector: Ffgfg Experience for IWRM Fgfgfgfg
    fffg Somalia Water Sector: Ffgfg Experience for IWRM fgfgfgfg Eng . Ahmed Mohamed Hassan MoEWR Ministry of Energy and Water Resources Federal Government of Somalia List of contents • Somalia: general background • Major river basin Somalia • Drivers shaping the Somali water sector • Existing Legal and Regulatory Framework • Major Challenges for river basin • The Rivers’ role in Somalia’s Economic Development • Conclusions Somalia – General background Land areas: 637 655 sq. km Population: 15,3 million 2018, 35 million 2050 (est) Urban 40% GDP per capita: 500 USD/year Key Economic sectors: - Agriculture: 63% - Service: 30% - Industry: 7% The Major Water Resources Shared Rivers and Watercourses within Horn of African region ❑The Juba (Genale-Dawa) River Basin ❑ The Lag Dhere River Basin ❑ The Shabelle River Basin ❑ Ogaden Basin ❑ The Nugal Basin ❑ The Daroor Basin ❑ The Coastal Basin ❑The Merti Groundwater Aquifer ❑ The Shabelle Groundwater Aquifer Drivers shaping the Somali water sector Water is life in Somalia – a reality shaping unity, growth and wellbeing Rain provides 300 mm/yr. Transboundary sources add. Climate change unknown Population growth: A water vision: Imported grain Double number of Sustainable, equitable and feeds Somalia. secure water for national people, half unity, growth and well- Paid by livestock amount of water being, for all and in har- export & diaspora per person mony with nature transfers The global community wants to support: sector ready for priori- tization and investments, but needs institutional strengthening
    [Show full text]
  • Genale Dawa III Dam Threatens Somalia's Water and Food Security
    Genale Dawa III Dam Threatens Somalia's Water and Food Security Luuq, Somalia February 12, 2018 Prepared By: Hussein Amiin - [email protected] Professional Water Resources Engineer with over 10 years of Experience in Hydrologic and Hydraulic Analysis and Modeling Guled Ahmed (Wiliq) MSCE in Water Resources Management, over 15 years of Professional Engineering in Water Infrastructure Development Executive Summary: Juba river is one of two perennial rivers in Somalia that accounts for majority of the country’s agricultural output. Juba river also known as Genale Dawa river in Ethiopia, originates from the Ethiopian highlands. Three tributaries in Ethiopia converge near the Somalia national boundary to form the Juba river. The three tributaries are Genale, Dawa and Gestro rivers. Approximately 70% of the basin area for the Juba river lies within Ethiopia. The Ethiopian highlands originate about 90% of the precipitation forming the Juba river in Somalia. The Ethiopian Ministry of Water Resources (MoWR) has been conducting several high level feasibility studies of the potential hydropower of the country in order to harness the energy and grow their economy. Some of those studies were completed and are currently at implementation stage while others are ongoing. The studies that the MoWR has been conducting include Genale Dawa III (GD-3), Genale Dawa V (GD-5) and Genale Dawa VI (GD-6) as cascading system. The GD-3 is currently in construction and will be completed in early 2018; while the GD-5 is still unknown whether it has been abandoned or is part of a long term vision. Two British firms were awarded the contract to design and construct GD-6 dam, the first quarter of 2017.
    [Show full text]
  • Fish Diversity, Community Structure, Feeding Ecology, and Fisheries of Lower Omo River and the Ethiopian Part of Lake Turkana, East Africa
    Fish Diversity, Community Structure, Feeding Ecology, and Fisheries of Lower Omo River and the Ethiopian Part of Lake Turkana, East Africa Mulugeta Wakjira Addis Ababa University June 2016 Cover photos: Lower Omo River at Omorate town about 50 km upstream of the delta (upper photo); Lake Turkana from Ethiopian side (lower photo). © Mulugeta Wakjira and Abebe Getahun Fish diversity, Community structure, Feeding ecology, and Fisheries of lower Omo River and the Ethiopian part of Lake Turkana, East Africa Mulugeta Wakjira A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biology (Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences) June 2016 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE PROGRAM This is to certify that the thesis prepared by Mulugeta Wakjira entitled, "Fish Diversity, Community Structure, Feeding Ecology, and Fisheries of lower Omo River and the Ethiopian part of Lake Turkana, East Africa", and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biology (Fisheries and Aquatic Science) complies with the regulations of the university and meets the accepted standards with respect to originality and quality. Signed by the Examining Committee Examiner (external): Dr. Leo Nagelkerke Signature ____________ Date_________ Examiner (internal): Dr. Elias Dadebo Signature ____________ Date_________ Advisor: Dr. Abebe Getahun Signature ____________ Date__________ ____________________________________________________________ Chair of Department or Graduate Program Coordinator Abstract Ethiopia has a freshwater system in nine major drainage basins which fall into four ichthyofaunal provinces and one subprovince. Omo-Turkana Basin, spanning considerable geographic area in southwestern Ethiopia and northern Kenya, essentially consists of Omo River (also known as Omo-Gibe) and Lake Turkana.
    [Show full text]
  • Somalia's Judeao-Christian Heritage 3
    Aram Somalia's Judeao-Christian Heritage 3 SOMALIA'S JUDEAO-CHRISTIAN HERITAGE: A PRELIMINARY SURVEY Ben I. Aram* INTRODUCTION The history of Christianity in Somalia is considered to be very brief and as such receives only cursory mention in many of the books surveying this subject for Africa. Furthermore, the story is often assumed to have begun just over a century ago, with the advent of modem Western mission activity. However, evidence from three directions sheds light on the pre­ Islamic Judeao-Christian influence: written records, archaeological data and vestiges of Judeao-Christian symbolism still extant within both traditional 1 Somali culture and closely related ethnic groups • Together such data indicates that both Judaism and Christianity preceded Islam to the lowland Horn of Africa In the introduction to his article on Nubian Christianity, Bowers (1985:3-4) bemoans the frequently held misconception that Christianity only came recently to Africa, exported from the West. He notes that this mistake is even made by some Christian scholars. He concludes: "The subtle impact of such an assumption within African Christianity must not be underestimated. Indeed it is vital to African Christian self-understanding to recognize that the Christian presence in Africa is almost as old as Christianity itself, that Christianity has been an integral feature of the continent's life for nearly two thousand years." *Ben I. Aram is the author's pen name. The author has been in ministry among Somalis since 1982, in somalia itself, and in Kenya and Ethiopia. 1 These are part of both the Lowland and Highland Eastern Cushitic language clusters such as Oromo, Afar, Hadiya, Sidamo, Kambata, Konso and Rendille.
    [Show full text]
  • Ministry of Water Resources Water Sector Development Program
    Volume I 1 Executive Summary FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES WATER SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM MAIN REPORT VOLUME I OCTOBER 2002 Volume I 2 Executive Summary 1. Context and Background 1.1 Physical Features of the Socio-economic Context Ethiopia is naturally endowed with water resources that could easily satisfy its domestic requirements for irrigation and hydropower, if sufficient financial resources were made available. The geographical location of Ethiopia and its favorable climate provide a relatively high amount of rainfall for the sub- Saharan African region. Annual surface runoff, excluding groundwater, is estimated to be about 122 billion m³ of water. Groundwater resources are estimated to be around 2.6 billion m³. Ethiopia is also blessed with major rivers, although between 80 and 90 per cent of the water resources are found in the 4 river basins of Abay (Blue Nile), Tekeze, Baro Akobo, and Omo Gibe in western parts of Ethiopia where no more than 30 to 40 per cent of Ethiopia’s population live. The country has about 3.7 million hectares of potentially irrigable land, over which 75,000 ha of large-scale and 72,000 ha of small-scale irrigation schemes had been developed by 1996. Also by that year, the water supply system had been extended to only 1 quarter of the total population to provide clean water for domestic use. Of the hydropower potential of more than 135,000 GWh per year, perhaps only 1 per cent so far has been exploited. Close to 30 million Ethiopians of a total population of about 64 million live in absolute poverty.
    [Show full text]
  • A Bayesian Test of the Lineage-Specificity of Word-Order
    A Bayesian test of the lineage-specificity of word-order correlations Gerhard Jäger, Gwendolyn Berger, Isabella Boga, Thora Daneyko & Luana Vaduva Tübingen University DIP Colloquium Amsterdam January 25, 2018 Jäger et al. (Tübingen) Word-order Universals ALT2017 1 / 30 Introduction Introduction Jäger et al. (Tübingen) Word-order Universals ALT2017 2 / 30 Introduction Word order correlations Greenberg, Keenan, Lehmann etc.: general tendency for languages to be either consistently head-initial or consistently head-final alternative account (Dryer, Hawkins): phrases are consistently left- or consistently right-branching can be formalized as collection of implicative universals, such as With overwhelmingly greater than chance frequency, languages with normal SOV order are postpositional. (Greenberg’s Universal 4) both generativist and functional/historical explanations in the literature Jäger et al. (Tübingen) Word-order Universals ALT2017 3 / 30 Introduction Phylogenetic non-independence languages are phylogenetically structured if two closely related languages display the same pattern, these are not two independent data points ) we need to control for phylogenetic dependencies (from Dunn et al., 2011) Jäger et al. (Tübingen) Word-order Universals ALT2017 4 / 30 Introduction Phylogenetic non-independence Maslova (2000): “If the A-distribution for a given typology cannot be assumed to be stationary, a distributional universal cannot be discovered on the basis of purely synchronic statistical data.” “In this case, the only way to discover a distributional universal is to estimate transition probabilities and as it were to ‘predict’ the stationary distribution on the basis of the equations in (1).” Jäger et al. (Tübingen) Word-order Universals ALT2017 5 / 30 The phylogenetic comparative method The phylogenetic comparative method Jäger et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Pastoralism and Conflict Management in the Horn of Africa: a Case Study of the Borana in North Eastern Kenya
    UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI INSTITUTE OF DIPLOMACY AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES (IDIS) Pastoralism and Conflict Management in the Horn of Africa: A Case Study of the Borana in North Eastern Kenya FELIX W. WATAKILA R50/75924/2014 A Research Project Submitted in Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Masters of Arts Degree in International Studies. 2011 5 DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been submitted for any Award in any other University. ……………………………. Date……………….…………..……… Felix W. Watakila This thesis has been submitted for examination with my approval as the assigned University Supervisor. …………………………….. Date…………………………… Dr. Kizito Sabala Lecturer, Institute of Diplomacy and International Studies (IDIS) University of Nairobi i DEDICATION I wish to dedicate this work to my dear family, my wife Jackline Khayesi Ligami and to our children Elizabeth Kakai Watakila and Charles Mukabi Watakila, for their support, patience and sacrifice during my study. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I acknowledge my supervisor Dr. Kizito Sabala for his guidance and input throughout this research study. I further wish to appreciate the committed leadership and direction of the college commandant Lt Gen J N Waweru and the entire faculty staff, for providing an enabling atmosphere during the course duration that enabled me to complete this thesis on time. I also give special thanks to the University of Nairobi lecturers, for their tireless efforts to equip me with the necessary tools for my study. I further wish to thank my fellow course participants of Course 17 of 2014/2015, for their constant support and encouragement. iii ABSTRACT Generally, the study is about pastoralism and conflict management in the Horn of Africa using Borana of Kenya as a case study.
    [Show full text]
  • Executive Summary of Strategic River Basin Plan for Awash Basin
    Executive Summary of Strategic River Basin Plan for Awash Basin June , 2017 Awash Basin Authority TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 2. OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF THE PLAN .................................................. 1 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE BASIN AND PLANNING AREAS .................. 4 4. THE THEMATIC ISSUE OF BASIN PLAN ................................................. 7 4.1. Water Allocation ........................................................................................... 7 4.2 Water Quality ...........................................................................................15 4.3 Watershed Management ...........................................................................23 4.4 Flood and Drought Management .............................................................29 4.5 Basin Information Management and Communication ..........................39 4.6 Stakeholder engagement ...........................................................................45 5. REPORTING, EVALUATION AND MONITORING OF THE PLAN ...52 ii 1. INTRODUCTION Growing competition and stress on water resources in the Awash Basin has led Awash Basin river basin organization ( BHC and AWBA) to develop a strategic river basin plan addressing the emerging challenges and maintain sustainable development. In the coming years, River basin planning is an ongoing activity for Awash River Basin Organization to effectively implement integrated water resource management
    [Show full text]
  • Ethiopia, Kenya and the Oromo Quest,Policing Black
    An Encounter With Blackness in Amsterdam By Oyunga Pala The Dam square, a major tourist trap in Amsterdam, is one of its busiest locations, often teeming with visitors flowing from the streets of Kalverstraat, Damstraat and Nieuwendijk in the heart of the Amsterdam canal zone. Dam Square is within walking distance of the Red-Light district and the Amsterdam Central Station. On the east side of the tram tracks is the Amsterdam national monument, a prominent obelisk erected in 1956 in memory of the World War II soldiers, that I hardly noticed when I arrived in Amsterdam in September 2019 from Nairobi, Kenya. Dutch historian, Leo Balai, author of the book Slave Ship De Leusden, noted that there are two stories of the Amsterdam canal zone. Amsterdam’s Golden Age in the 17th Century, is a story of pride and prestige but also one of astonishment shrouded in shame. The Dam square is an architectural marvel that is of great historical significance to the makeup of the city. Built as a dam in the 13th century at the mouth of the Amstel river to hold back the sea, the city grew around it and the modern metropolis of Amsterdam would emerge from these origins. This square was considered the birthplace of capitalism when the 1st Stock Exchange in the world opened in 1611. These were to be my impressions of Amsterdam’s history were it not for two significant events that happened in 2020. The first was the coronavirus pandemic and the second was the murder of George Floyd. The Dam square morphed into an intriguing site of conflated memories, depending on who you asked.
    [Show full text]
  • Local History of Ethiopia
    Local History of Ethiopia Bal - Barye Gemb © Bernhard Lindahl (2005) bal (Som) large leaf; (Gimirra) kind of tall tree, Sapium ellipticum; (A) 1. master, husband; 2. holiday, festival HDE67 Bal 08°43'/39°07' 1984 m, east of Debre Zeyt 08/39 [Gz] JCS80 Bal Dhola (area) 08/42 [WO] JDD51 Bal Gi (area) 08/42 [WO] bala, balaa (O) wicked spirit, devil; baala (O) leaf HCC42c Bala 05/36 [x] Area in the middle of the Male-inhabited district. The headman of the Male lived there in the 1950s. HEM84 Bala 12°29'/39°46' 1787 m 12/39 [Gz] balag- (O) sparkle; balage (O) mannerless, rude; balege (baläge) (A) rude, rough, without shame; balager (balagär) (A) 1. local inhabitant; 2. rural, rustic HCB00c Balage Sefer (Balaghe Safar) (caravan stop) 05/35 [+ Gu] In a forest glade with a single large slab of black rock, without water. [Guida 1938] KCN63 Balagel (Balaghel, Balagal) 07°47'/45°05' 723 m 07/45 [+ WO Gz] HEU12 Balago 12°50'/39°32' 2533 m 12/39 [Gz] HEB65 Balaia, see Belaya ?? Balake (river) ../.. [Mi] An affluent of Sai which is a left affluent of the Didessa river. Small-scale production of gold may have taken place in 1940. [Mineral 1966] balakiya: belaka (bälaka) (T) you have eaten; balakie (O) peasant JFA84 Balakiya (Balakia, Balachia) (mountain) 14/40 [+ Ne WO Gz] 14°18'/40°08' 307, 1210 m HEL34 Balakurda 12°04'/38°51' 2008 m 12/38 [Gz] HBL85 Balala (Ballale), see Belale HBP81 Balala 05°20'/35°51' 606 m 05/35 [WO Gz] Balala, near the border of Sudan JDS23 Balale (area) 10/42 [WO] balamba (= bal amba) (A) mountain man? JCL89 Balamba (Balambal)
    [Show full text]
  • ASAA-2019-Abstracts
    African Studies Association in Africa (ASAA) 2019 Conference Individual Abstracts Ordering the Other: A Feminist Interrogation of Carole Boyce Davies’ Maidens, Mistresses and Matrons: Feminine Images in Selected Soyinka’s Work Olalere Kunle Oluwafemi Patriarchy exemplifies the institutionalization of denigration and ordering of the African woman. The misrepresentation of African women resonates beyond ‘role playing’ into the creation of a structural and linguistic culture that further downplays the rights of the African woman through relegation and stereotyping as objects of sexuality and naivety. The recognition of the need to affirm the essence of gender equity by frontally challenging role- ascription and heteronormativity in Africa demands a canonization of its ideals. This paper, therefore, rethinks the basis for the emergence and perpetuation of a structural and linguistic culture that feeds the society’s misrepresentation. It employs Carole Boyce Davies “Maidens, Mistresses and Matrons: Feminine Images in Selected Soyinka’s Work” in relocating the discourse on women right within the African society. It discovers a portrayal of women as either “foolish virgins” or “female fatale” as embedded in Soyinka’s work. Also, it affirms that ascribing demeaning roles to women is a point in reference in resolving issues of gender equity. It concludes that recognition of the writers’ ability to create new realities, encapsulates the quest for a renewed vigor in the positive portrayal of the women. Keywords: Patriarchy, Feminist consciousness, equity, African woman, women right “Feeding Lo-debar”: Peasant agriculture, urban development and survival in Zimbabwe Kauma Bryan Umaru Small grains have always mattered to small farmers. But now they are receiving renewed attention from various sectors of society including agricultural experts, the business fraternity and academics from Development Studies, Economics and Sociology.
    [Show full text]