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Technical Report: Second Order Water Scarcity in Southern Africa

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Technical Report: Second Order Water Scarcity in Southern Africa Second Order Water Scarcity in Southern Africa Technical Report: Second Order Water Scarcity in Southern Africa Prepared for: DDffIIDD Submitted February 2007 1 Second Order Water Scarcity in Southern Africa Disclaimer: “This report is an output from the Department for International Development (DfID) funded Engineering Knowledge and Research Programme (project no R8158, Second Order Water Scarcity). The views expressed are not necessarily those of DfID." Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the organisations that made this research possible. The Department for International Development (DFID) that funded the Second Order Water Scarcity in Southern Africa Research Project and the Jack Wright Trust that provided a travel award for the researcher in Zambia. A special thank you also goes to the participants in the research, the people of Zambia and South Africa, the represented organisations and groups, for their generosity in sharing their knowledge, time and experiences. Authors Introduction: Dr Julie Trottier Zambia Case Study: Paxina Chileshe Research Director – Dr Julie Trottier South Africa Case Study: Chapter 9: Dr Zoë Wilson, Eleanor Hazell with general project research assistance from Chitonge Horman, Amanda Khan, Emeka Osuigwe, Horacio Zandamela Research Director – Dr Julie Trottier Chapter 10: Dr Zoë Wilson, Horacio Zandamela with general project research assistance from Eleanor Hazell, Chitonge Horman, Amanda Khan, Emeka Osuigwe, and principal advisor, Patrick Bond Research Director – Dr Julie Trottier Chapter 11: Dr Zoë Wilson with Kea Gordon, Eleanor Hazell and Karen Peters with general project support: Chitonge Horman, Mary Galvin, Amanda Khan, Emeka Osuigwe, Horacio Zandamela Research Director – Dr Julie Trottier Chapter 12: Karen Peters, Dr J. Zoë Wilson Research Director – Dr Julie Trottier Chapter 13: Elenor Hazell and Dr J. Zoë Wilson Research Director – Dr Julie Trottier Chapter 14: Dr J. Zoë Wilson, Eleanor Hazell with general and specific research assistance from Wiseman Luthuli, Scebi Mkhize, and Jason Musyoka Research Director – Dr Julie Trottier Chapter 15: Dr J. Zoë Wilson with general and specific project research assistance from Kea Gordon, Eleanor Hazell, Chitonge Horman, Amanda Khan, Wiseman Luthuli, Scebi Mkhize, Jason Musyoka, Emeka Osuigwe, and Horacio Zandamela Research Director – Dr Julie Trottier i Second Order Water Scarcity in Southern Africa Table of Contents Section 1 1 Second Order Water Scarcity in Southern Africa..................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Structurationist theory and water management.................................................................. 1 1.3 Commensuration and water management ......................................................................... 3 1.4 Qualitative Research .......................................................................................................... 4 1.5 Mapping.............................................................................................................................. 4 1.6 Outline of the Report .......................................................................................................... 6 1.6.1 Section 1 – Zambia.................................................................................................... 6 1.6.2 Section 2 – South Africa ............................................................................................ 7 1.7 References ......................................................................................................................... 9 Zambia case study......................................................................................................................... 10 Acronyms....................................................................................................................................... 10 2 Shifting paradigms in Zambia’s water sector ......................................................................... 13 2.1 Decision making levels ..................................................................................................... 14 2.1.1 Levels of information and knowledge ...................................................................... 14 2.2 The Sector overview......................................................................................................... 15 2.2.1 The main stakeholders............................................................................................. 16 2.2.2 The one party rule and service provision................................................................. 17 2.2.3 The Multiparty state ................................................................................................. 19 2.3 Water Projects and Assessments..................................................................................... 21 2.3.1 Participatory paradigm shift ..................................................................................... 23 2.3.2 Social Capacity ........................................................................................................ 26 2.3.3 Development Aid...................................................................................................... 27 2.4 Second Order Water Scarcity........................................................................................... 30 2.4.1 Water Resources ..................................................................................................... 30 2.4.2 Localisation and concentration of population .......................................................... 33 2.4.3 Traditional Water Uses ............................................................................................ 35 2.4.4 Non end water uses................................................................................................. 36 2.4.5 Economic growth and water use.............................................................................. 37 2.4.6 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 38 3 Methodology........................................................................................................................... 40 3.1 Methodological Position.................................................................................................... 40 3.2 Site Selection.................................................................................................................... 41 ii Second Order Water Scarcity in Southern Africa 3.3 Raw results Collection ...................................................................................................... 45 3.3.1 Secondary Material.................................................................................................. 45 3.3.2 Actors and Stake Holders ........................................................................................ 46 3.3.3 Primary Results........................................................................................................ 46 3.4 Common Narratives.......................................................................................................... 49 3.5 Technique at site .............................................................................................................. 52 3.5.1 Record keeping........................................................................................................ 54 3.5.2 Type of Responses.................................................................................................. 54 3.6 Raw Results Analysis ....................................................................................................... 55 3.6.1 Research Perceptions.............................................................................................. 56 3.7 Conclusion........................................................................................................................ 57 4 Case Studies – Agriculture, Livestock, Industry..................................................................... 59 4.1 Small Scale Agriculture .................................................................................................... 60 4.1.1 Rukuzhye Irrigation Scheme.................................................................................... 60 4.1.2 Vuu Irrigation Scheme ............................................................................................. 63 4.1.3 Sefula Irrigation Scheme ......................................................................................... 66 4.1.4 Lwabwe small scale farmers.................................................................................... 68 4.1.5 Ngulula Vegetable Growers Association ................................................................. 69 4.1.6 Chonya Cooperative ................................................................................................ 71 4.1.7 Measuring Success.................................................................................................. 73 4.2 Commercial Agriculture .................................................................................................... 76 4.2.1 The Africa Coffee Plantation.................................................................................... 76 4.2.2 The Kawambwa Tea Estate....................................................................................
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