Groundwater Management in with Focus on the Upper Kafue Catchment

TECHNICAL NOTE NO. 2

Specifications of the Monitoring Network Installed in the Mpongwe Karst Area and the Kafubu and Kafulafuta Catchments

Marcus Fahle, Max Karen, Dr. Tobias El-Fahem, Torsten Krekeler & Mumba Kolala

Lusaka/, July 2017

REPUBLIC OF ZAMBIA

Ministry of Water Development, Sanitation and Environmental Protection

Groundwater Management in Zambia with Focus on the Upper Kafue Catchment

Specifications of the Monitoring Network Installed in the Mpongwe Karst Area and the Kafubu and Kafulafuta Catchments

Authors: Marcus Fahle (BGR/GReSP), Max Karen (GReSP), Dr. Tobias El-Fahem (BGR/GReSP), Torsten Krekeler (BGR), Mumba Kolala (WARMA)

Commissioned by: Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung, BMZ)

Project: Groundwater Management in Zambia with Focus on the Upper Kafue Catchment

BMZ-No.: PN 2014.2073.6 BGR-No.: 05-2386 BGR-Archive No.:

Date: July 2017

-2- SUMMARY

Authors: Marcus Fahle (BGR/GReSP), Max Karen (GReSP), Dr. Tobias El-Fahem (BGR/GReSP), Torsten Krekeler (BGR), Mumba Kolala (WARMA)

Title: Specifications of the Monitoring Network Installed in the Mpongwe Karst Area and the Kafubu and Kafulafuta Catchments

Keywords: Upper Kafue, Zambia, Groundwater level measurement, River gauging

Abstract A water level monitoring network was set up in the second half of 2016 by the Groundwater Resources Management Support Programme (GReSP) in a pilot area in the Zambian to assess the area’s available groundwater resources. The network will serve as basis for the development of a groundwater management plan. The area investigated covers the Kafubu and Kafulafuta catchments as well as the Mpongwe Karst area. The network comprises 14 groundwater monitoring stations and 9 river gauging stations. The technical details of these stations, including their location and the measurement equipment installed, are given in this report. Furthermore, the report describes the installation process and gives a brief overview of the measurement equipment used.

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Table of Contents Summary ...... 3 Abbreviations ...... 7 List of reports compiled by the project in Phase IV ...... 8 Executive Summary ...... 9 1. Introduction ...... 11 2. Monitoring methodology applied ...... 12 2.1. Overview of the Monitoring Network Installed and Monitoring Activities Planned .. 12 2.2. Installation of the Monitoring Stations ...... 13 2.2.1. Installation of Groundwater Monitoring Stations ...... 13 2.2.2. Installation of River Gauging Stations ...... 16 2.3. Water Level monitoring ...... 17 2.3.1. Automatic Registration of Water Levels by Data Loggers ...... 17 2.3.2. Manual Measurements of Water Levels ...... 18 2.4. Streamflow Measurements ...... 18 3. Specifications of the Surface Water monitoring stations ...... 20 3.1. Station N° 4_202 – Kafulafuta River at Great North Road ...... 20 3.2. Station N° 4_205 – Kafulafuta River In Ibenga ...... 23 3.3. Station N° 4_245 – Kafubu River at Masaiti Pumping Station ...... 26 3.4. Station N° 4_260 – at Ndubeni ...... 29 3.5. Station at Kafubu River in Ndola/Twapia ...... 32 3.5.1. Damage and Rescue of Twapia Monitoring Station...... 35 3.5.2. Evaluation of Secured Data of Twapia Monitoring Station...... 36 3.6. Station at Kafulafuta River in Kasamba ...... 37 3.7. Station at Mpongwe River near Senseta ...... 40 4. Specifications of the Groundwater monitoring stations ...... 43 4.1. Station at Ndubeni Mayeba ...... 43 4.2. Station at Fiwale Mission ...... 44 4.3. Station at Misundu Forest, Ndola ...... 45 4.4. Station at Lake Kashiba ...... 46 4.5. Station at Kabya ...... 47 4.6. Station at Titibuke Primary School ...... 48 4.7. Station at Kambowa ...... 49 4.8. Station at Zambeef Nampamba Farm in Mpongwe ...... 51 4.9. Station at Shingwa Primary School ...... 52 4.10. Station at Kasamba Community Borehole ...... 53 4.11. Station at Kafubu Block B Primary School ...... 54 4.12. Station at Ibenga Water Treatment Plant ...... 57 4.13. Station at Forest close to Ibenga Water Treatment Plant ...... 58 5. References ...... 59

-4- List of Figures Figure 1: Map of the monitoring network ...... 12 Figure 2: Handpump prepared for logger installation by lifting to a metal block...... 14 Figure 3: Installation of a logger at a handpump...... 14 Figure 4: Inserting data logger attached into metal cable to a monitoring borehole...... 15 Figure 5: Preparation of former production borehole for monitoring...... 15 Figure 6: Installation of staff gauges...... 16 Figure 7: HOBO® Logger used for automatic registration of water levels...... 17 Figure 8: Reading out the logger data using an adapter and a HOBO® U-Shuttle...... 17 Figure 9: Manual measurement of water levels ...... 18 Figure 10: Streamflow measurement with the RiverSurveyor® at the Kafubu River...... 19 Figure 11: Aerial view on monitoring station 4_202...... 21 Figure 12: Installed staff gauges at monitoring station 4_202...... 21 Figure 13: Benchmark at monitoring station 4_202...... 22 Figure 14: Discharge measurement at monitoring station 4_202 using the OTT ADC...... 22 Figure 15: Aerial view on monitoring station 4_205...... 24 Figure 16: Two of the four installed staff gauges at monitoring station 4_205...... 24 Figure 17: Benchmark at monitoring station 4_205...... 25 Figure 18: Discharge measurement at monitoring station 4_205 using the OTT ADC...... 25 Figure 19: Aerial view on monitoring station 4_245...... 27 Figure 20: Monitoring station 4_245...... 27 Figure 21: Benchmark (close to the wall, between plants) at monitoring station 4_245...... 28 Figure 22: Discharge measurement at monitoring station 4_245 using the RiverSurveyor®. 28 Figure 23: Aerial view on monitoring station 4_260...... 30 Figure 24: Installation of staff gauge at monitoring station 4_260...... 30 Figure 25: Benchmark at monitoring station 4_260...... 31 Figure 26: Discharge measurement attempt at monitoring station 4_260 ...... 31 Figure 27: Aerial view on monitoring station at Kafubu River in Ndola/Twapia...... 33 Figure 28: Monitoring station at Kafubu River in Ndola/Twapia...... 33 Figure 29: Benchmark (bridge edge) at Kafubu River monitoring station Ndola/Twapia...... 34 Figure 30: Discharge measurement at Kafubu River monitoring station in Ndola/Twapia .... 34 Figure 31: Kafubu River in Ndola/Twapia in March 2017 ...... 35 Figure 32: Rescuing the installation and logger at the Kafubu River in Ndola/Twapia...... 35 Figure 33: Water level time series at Kafubu River in Ndola/Twapia...... 36 Figure 34: Aerial view on monitoring station at Kafulafuta River in Kasamba...... 38 Figure 35: Monitoring station at Kafulafuta River in Kasamba...... 38 Figure 36: Benchmark at monitoring station at Kafulafuta River in Kasamba...... 39 Figure 37: Discharge measurement at monitoring station at Kafulafuta River in Kasamba ... 39 Figure 38: Aerial view on monitoring station at Mpongwe River near Sensenta village...... 41 Figure 39: Monitoring station at Mpongwe River near Sensenta village...... 41 Figure 40: Benchmark at monitoring station at Mpongwe River near Sensenta village...... 42 Figure 41: Discharge measurement at monitoring station at Mpongwe River ...... 42 Figure 42: Groundwater monitoring station at Ndubeni, Mayeba...... 43 Figure 43: Groundwater monitoring station at Fiwale Mission...... 44 Figure 44: Groundwater monitoring station at Misundu Forest in Ndola after vandalism. ... 45 Figure 45: Rehabilitated groundwater monitoring station at Misundu Forest...... 45 Figure 46: Water level measurement at Lake Kashiba...... 46 Figure 47: Groundwater monitoring station at Kabya primary school...... 47 Figure 48: Groundwater monitoring station at Titibuke school...... 48 Figure 49: Groundwater monitoring station at Kambowa...... 49

-5- Figure 50: Flushing of monitoring borehole at Kambowa...... 50 Figure 51: Groundwater monitoring station at Zambeef Farm in Mpongwe before extension of casing...... 51 Figure 52: Groundwater monitoring station at Zambeef Farm in Mpongwe during and after extension of casing...... 51 Figure 53: Groundwater monitoring station at Shingwa Primary School...... 52 Figure 54: Groundwater monitoring station at Kasamba...... 53 Figure 55: Temporary groundwater monitoring station at Kafubu Block B ...... 54 Figure 56: Rehabilitation of historical borehole for monitoring at Kafubu Block B...... 55 Figure 57: Flushing of monitoring borehole at Kafubu Block B...... 55 Figure 58: Groundwater monitoring station at Kafubu Block B...... 56 Figure 59: Groundwater monitoring station at Ibenga water treatment plant...... 57 Figure 60: Groundwater monitoring station at Ibenga Forest ...... 58

List of Tables Table 1: Installed groundwater monitoring stations. Coordinates refer to WGS84...... 12 Table 2: Installed river gauging stations. Coordinates refer to WGS84...... 13 Table 3: Magnetic declinations of river gauging stations...... 19

-6- ABBREVIATIONS

BGR Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources) GReSP Groundwater Resources Management Support Programme KfW Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau mbgl meters below ground level mbtc meters below top of casing MWDSEP Ministry of Water Development, Sanitation and Environmental Protection WARMA Water Resources Management Authority WGS 84 World Geodetic System 1984

-7- LIST OF REPORTS COMP ILED BY THE PROJECT I N P H A S E I V

Date Authors Title Type March 2017 Torsten Krekeler Field Guide Technical Note 01 - Second revised edition - July 2017 Marcus Fahle, Specifications of the Monitoring Technical Note 02 Max Karen, Network Installed in the Mpongwe Karst Tobias El-Fahem, Area and the Kafubu and Kafulafuta Torsten Krekeler, Catchments Mumba Kolala

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Following the Water Resources Management Act of 2011, the abstraction of groundwater is, for the first time in Zambian history, subject to a permission system and coordinated planning. Hence, groundwater management plans have to be developed for all Zambian catchments by the Water Resources Management Authority (WARMA), which was recently established and belongs to the Ministry of Water Development, Sanitation and Environmental Protection (MWDSEP). The German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) supports the WARMA regarding their efforts in groundwater management via the Groundwater Resources Management Support Programme (GReSP), a project of the bilateral technical co-operation between the German and the Zambian government. GReSP works in a pilot region covering the Kafubu and Kafulafuta catchments as well as the Mpongwe Karst area with a mission of conducting an assessment of groundwater resources and the development of a groundwater management plan. The chosen approaches are intended to provide WARMA with a blueprint for managing similar tasks in other parts of Zambia. A precondition of sound groundwater resources management is the availability of data about the hydrogeological and hydrological conditions. The first step of management is always monitoring. Due to the lack of suitable data records in the investigated area, a monitoring network was set up during the months of September, October and November 2016. The objective of the monitoring was to gather groundwater level time series to assess the annual variations and draw conclusions on the annual recharge. Furthermore, discharge data are collected to enable the calculation of water balances for the respective catchments. The monitoring network encompasses 14 new groundwater monitoring stations and 9 river gauging stations, of which six were already existing but had to be rehabilitated. All technical details about the installations done are given in this report. In order to enable a cost-effective groundwater level monitoring, existing boreholes were used except for two monitoring boreholes that were newly drilled within a project funded by the Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW). Out of the remaining 12 installations, three were done at unused boreholes and one at a sinkhole. Six monitoring sites were installed at handpumps, where the static water level can be obtained in the early morning as pumping ceases during the night. Finally, two historical boreholes were made ready for monitoring by removing stuck pump parts by a drilling rig. All the stations were equipped with HOBO® data loggers to allow for automatic water level measurement. The loggers were attached to a metal cable and placed at a depth that ensured submergence of the logger even during periods of minimum groundwater levels. Installations at new river gauging stations included hammering of angle irons into the ground, attaching staff gauge plates to them and levelling all installed staff gauges by a surveyor’s optical level. A HOBO® logger was installed in a stilling well (steel pipe), which was welded on the lowermost angle iron. Loggers were likewise installed at existing river gauging stations, where also staff gauges were renewed and levelled.

-9- The installed loggers record the total pressure at hourly intervals. The total pressure can be converted into water levels by subtracting the barometric pressure measured by a separate logger, located in the centre of the investigation area, and a manually measured reference value. The reference values are derived by using dip meters for groundwater and reading the staff gauges for the rivers. In order to convert river water level data into discharge data, occasional discharge measurements have to be conducted to derive a relationship between discharge and water level, called rating curve. The equipment used for this purpose (OTT ADC and SonTek RiverSurveyor®) is briefly described in the report. By June 2017, preliminary discharge water level relationships were obtained for the river gauging stations and the automatic measurements are continued at all but two stations. Only the logger at Lake Kashiba was stolen and the installation at the Kafubu River in Ndola/Twapia was destroyed during a flood. However, at the latter station the logger was recovered, securing at least part of the data prior and after the incident.

-10- 1. INTRODUCTION

Water management in the upper part of the Kafue catchment is complex as mining companies, commercial farmers and large cities with their domestic users compete for the water resources. A considerable part of these needs is served by groundwater. The Water Resources Management Act of 2011 prescribes for the first time a regulation and permission system of groundwater uses in Zambia. Before an effective regulation can be conducted, extensive knowledge about the groundwater bodies and their characteristics as well as the on-going hydrogeological processes is required. However, currently only limited data on aquifer properties, groundwater flows and recharge rates are available. The objective of the Groundwater Resources Management Support Programme (GReSP), a bilateral cooperation project between the German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) and the Zambian Water Resources Management Authority (WARMA) under the Ministry of Water Development, Sanitation and Environmental Protection (MWDSEP), is to assess the groundwater resources of a pilot area and to set up a groundwater management plan based on this assessment. An area comprising the catchments of the Kafubu and Kafulafuta River as well as the Mpongwe Karst area was selected for this purpose, as the most relevant aspects about groundwater management in Zambia can be found in this region. As starting point of the hydrogeological assessment, a monitoring network was established from September to December 2016. It covers monitoring stations for groundwater levels as well as for water levels of the most important rivers, which are complemented by successive discharge measurements. The monitoring network was set up to allow for establishing water budgets of the study area and the catchments of the three rivers (i.e., the Mpongwe, Kafulafuta and Kafubu) monitored. Furthermore, the gathered data will enable an evaluation of the hydrological and hydrogeological conditions and processes. In this report, a short overview of the methodology is given and all installed monitoring stations are described in detail. The descriptions refer to the state of the monitoring stations end of June 2017, as some monitoring stations were modified (e.g., loggers were replaced) after their initial installation.

-11- 2. MONITORING METHODOLO G Y A P P L I E D

2.1. OVERVIEW OF THE MONITORING NETWORK INSTALLED AND MONITORING ACTIVITIES PLANNED The installed network comprises 14 groundwater and 9 surface water monitoring stations (Figure 1). Of these stations, two groundwater and two surface water stations were installed within projects of the Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW). The groundwater monitoring stations (Table 1) were chosen in locations close to river gauging stations and based on the spatial distribution of the aquifers. The project area comprises three main aquifer types: Quartzite aquifers in the east and south-east, a granite aquifer in the center and a dolomitic Karst aquifer in the south-west. All these hydrogeological entities are covered by the monitoring network, but a focus is put on the Mpongwe Karst area, since the most complex groundwater patterns are expected in this region. Gauges for the surface water monitoring (Table 2) were selected in order to characterise sub-catchments of interest. An in-detail description of the selection process will be given in an upcoming technical report.

Figure 1: Map of the monitoring network.

Table 1: Installed groundwater monitoring stations. Coordinates refer to WGS84. Location District Latitude Longitude Type Fiwale Masaiti -13.20835° 28.71532° Handpump Titibuke Masaiti -13.50511° 28.68981° Handpump Shingwa PS Masaiti -13.40915° 28.12411° Handpump Kafubu Block B PS Masaiti -13.15289° 28.53093° Rehabilitated historical borehole Ibenga 1 Masaiti -13.34546° 28.41888° Old production borehole Ibenga 2 Masaiti -13.34397° 28.41817° Old production borehole Kambowa Masaiti -13.10644° 28.80291° Rehabilitated historical borehole Ndubeni Mayeba Comm Mpongwe -13.40870° 27.82754° Handpump Kabya PS Mpongwe -13.51794° 28.19627° Handpump Kasamba Community BH Mpongwe -13.26342° 28.26050° Handpump Lake Kashiba Mpongwe -13.44303° 27.94054° Sinkhole Mpongwe Farm Mpongwe -13.59175° 28.09534° Unused borehole Misundu Forest Ndola -12.90661° 28.63201° KfW monitoring borehole, stolen logger was replaced Ndola Airport Ndola -12.99375° 28.66103° KfW monitoring borehole

-12- Table 2: Installed river gauging stations. Coordinates refer to WGS84. Station n° River Location Latitude Longitude Type 4_200 Kafue Mpatamatu -13.291560° 28.153000° Rehabilitated by KfW 4_202 Kafulafuta Great North Road -13.301597° 28.686917° Rehabilitated 4_205 Kafulafuta Ibenga -13.346806° 28.420111° Rehabilitated 4_245 Kafubu Masaiti -13.236944° 28.403703° Rehabilitated 4_260 Kafue Ndubeni -13.402561° 27.819036° Rehabilitated 4_280 Kafue Machiya -13.642881° 27.613003° Rehabilitated by KfW None Kafubu Ndola Twapia -13.009047° 28.596306° New installation None Kafulafuta Kasamba -13.259222° 28.261506° New installation None Mpongwe Sesenta Village -13.374731° 28.079583° New installation

At all stations of the monitoring network, automatic measurements of the water level variations are recorded by data loggers. These data are checked and calibrated by manual water level measurements using dip meters (groundwater) and staff gauges (surface water). Rating curves that relate river water levels to streamflow have to be established by conducting successive streamflow measurements. In the following subsections the installation of the monitoring network will be described and the measurement equipment used to conduct the different measurements is briefly introduced. Details about the application of the measurement devices are given in the field guide (Krekeler, 2017).

2.2. INSTALLATION OF THE MONITORING STATIONS

2.2.1. Installation of Groundwater Monitoring Stations Except for two boreholes that were drilled within a project of the KfW for monitoring purposes only, no funds for drilling new monitoring boreholes were available. Hence, the objective was to locate existing boreholes which could be utilized for groundwater monitoring, however this was a difficult objective as most boreholes were in use. Nevertheless, three unused boreholes were identified, which are now incorporated into the monitoring programme. Two boreholes were rehabilitated by removing pumps that got stuck and one logger was installed at a sinkhole. The remaining six sites were boreholes that are equipped with handpumps. Although they are in use the hypothesis was that if hourly measurements are taken, the resulting dataset would show the natural static water level at 04:00 a.m., as no pumping activities occur at night. This hypothesis was confirmed based on the analysis of the data which was done two weeks after installation to check functionality of several of the loggers.

The objective of the stations is to record the natural fluctuation in water level over the complete hydrological cycle. The installation of the stations and the loggers was therefore timed to coincide with the lowest water levels at the end of the dry season, as this enabled to figure out the installation depth of the loggers. The installation depth has to meet two aspects. First, it has to be below the lowest water level as otherwise the water level might drop below the logger, causing a measurement gap. Second, the installation cannot be too deep, as the fluctuation range that the purchased loggers are able to measure is restricted to a maximum of 9 meters water column. To account for the two aspects, the loggers were installed 2 metres below the static water level during installation at the end of the dry season. The installations were carried out by installing the logger by a metal cable, which was measured and cut according to the determined installation depth, to the top of the borehole casing.

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Figure 2: Handpump prepared for logger installation by lifting to a metal block. The installation of the loggers at handpumps was carried out by lifting the water tanks (Figure 2) and moving the rising main to the side. The logger was secured by drilling holes in the metal pedestal (Figure 3) and attaching the metal cable with a ferrule. The hole and cable were then covered by welding on a metal plate and sealing the cover with silicon.

Figure 3: Installation of a logger at a handpump. Attaching metal cable with logger to borehole pipe (left), using silicon to cover welded plate and protect borehole from contamination (middle and right). At other locations where existing historical boreholes were located the metal cover were cut off using an angle grinder, then custom made metal plates were welded onto the metal borehole casing (Figure 4). The metal wire attached to the logger was then secured to a metal bar which was welded onto a side of the opening of the metal plate or inside the metal plug used as borehole cap. The location was then secured by installing the metal plug and tightening it with a large pipe wrench.

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Figure 4: Inserting data logger attached into metal cable to a monitoring borehole. To the east of Ndola and at the Kafubu Block, historical boreholes were located and found to have been abandoned after a disused mono pump was stuck in the respective boreholes. Rehabilitation procedure was similar in both cases. The pump and rising main were removed by hiring a drilling rig from a local NGO (Figure 5). When lifting the rising main, it was necessary to cut the rising main due to the high level of corrosion at its joints. This installation illustrates the value to locating historical abandoned boreholes as not only they are free monitoring boreholes but in many cases they have good hydraulic and geological information.

Figure 5: Preparation of former production borehole for monitoring by removing disused pump at Kambowa. All 13 groundwater loggers (at one of the two KfW stations the 14th logger was installed by GReSP after the station had been vandalized and the original logger was stolen) were installed successfully at the optimum time at the end of the dry season and before any rain. The loggers have since been tested and are working well.

-15- 2.2.2. Installation of River Gauging Stations Out of the nine surface water monitoring stations in the network, the stations at the Kafue River in Mpatamatu (Gauge number: 4_200) and Machiya (4_280) were rehabilitated by the KfW. Details can be found in the respective KfW report (CES-AHT, 2013). The remaining seven stations were either newly installed or rehabilitated by the GReSP project.

Selection of the locations for new gauging stations considered various factors. Of crucial importance were accessibility, especially during the rainy season, and a clear stage/discharge relationship. For the latter, the cross-section up- and downstream of the gauging station should be as constant as possible and no obstructions (e.g. by plants or abrupt changes in flow direction) should occur downstream of the station, as this might provoke backwater effects, which affect the water level.

The new installations were done by manually hammering in a thick metal angle iron into the river bed to which a staff gauge (ranging from 0 to 1.4 m) was attached (Figure 6, left). Where structures were present, the angle irons were welded on existing metal bridge pillars. Additional angle irons and staff gauges were installed on the adjacent river bank in order to cover all possible water levels during the course of the year. Local people were asked about the peak historical water levels. After finishing the installation of the staff gauges, a benchmark was created and all staff gauges were adjusted accordingly by levelling using a surveyor’s dumpy level (Figure 6, right). For this purpose, angle irons had slots cut into them to enable an up or down shift of the staff gauges.

Figure 6: Installation of staff gauges. Attaching new staff gauge to existing angle iron (left) and levelling of staff gauges (right). A pipe was welded on the lowest angle iron, i.e. the angle iron that is located in the water even during periods of low flow. The lower end of the pipe remained open, furthermore slots were cut at the bottom end of the pipe to enable water to enter. To enable air to move out of the pipe, two holes were drilled at the top end of the pipe. The upper end was closed with a cap. A metal bar was welded inside the cap, which was used to attach a metal cable. At the lower end of this cable a data logger was fixed and by capping the pipe the data

-16- logger was inserted. To prevent any damage of the logger by floating debris, the cable length was chosen in a way to keep the logger inside the pipe. The logger has to be submerged all year long, except for those streams where streamflow eventually ceases at the end of the dry season.

Rehabilitation of existing stations followed the same procedure, except that existing angle irons and benchmarks were used.

2.3. WATER LEVEL MONITORING

2.3.1. Automatic Registration of Water Levels by Data Loggers To conduct automatic measurements of the water levels, HOBO® data loggers (Figure 7) are used. The loggers measure the absolute pressure and the water temperature in a fixed time- interval. For the installed network hourly intervals were chosen. The measured pressure equates to the weight of the water and the air above the logger and can be converted to water levels by subtracting the barometric pressure, i.e. the weight of the air. Hence, a reference logger to monitor the barometric (i.e., air) pressure is needed. Such a barometric logger was installed at the water treatment plant in Ibenga, being located in the centre of the study area. The functioning of this logger is similar to the other loggers, but in order to measure the barometric pressure, it has to be located at a position in the air, i.e., above the maximum possible groundwater level. The logger was installed in a borehole to prevent high daily temperature variations that may lower the measurement accuracy. Based on the barometric pressure data, recorded total pressure values can be converted into water levels when additionally a manually measured reference value (see 2.3.2) is available.

Figure 7: HOBO® Logger used for automatic registration of water levels. For installing a HOBO® logger, first the HOBOware® Pro software (Onset, 2017) has to be installed and then the logger can be connected via the USB port of an adapter. After the connection is established, the logger configuration can be set up, checked or changed, the measurements can be launched or, for already installed loggers, the recorded data can be read out. For the latter task also the HOBO® U-Shuttle, a read-out only device, can be used (Figure 8). After finishing the data collection in the field, the shuttle can then be connected to a computer via USB to copy the read-out data files.

Figure 8: Reading out the logger data using an adapter and a HOBO® U-Shuttle. As the read-out data are pressure measurements, the HOBOWare® Pro software can be used to convert the absolute pressure values recorded at the different groundwater and surface water monitoring stations into water levels. Therefore, barometric pressure values and a manual reference water level measurement are needed.

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2.3.2. Manual Measurements of Water Levels Manual measurements of the water levels are needed to convert the absolute pressure data recorded by the data loggers into water levels, to check the well-functioning of the data loggers and as back-up in case of logger failures.

Figure 9: Manual measurement of water levels with dip meter for groundwater (left) and staff gauge for surface water (right). Groundwater levels are measured by dip meters that are lowered until the sensor hits the water surface, thereby closing an electrical circuit and inducing an acoustic signal (Figure 9, left). The distance to the water table can then be read, typically giving the distance between the cap of the borehole and the groundwater. To relate the water table to the ground surface, the distance between the cap of the groundwater borehole and the ground surface has to be subtracted from the dip meter measurement.

For surface water level monitoring, staff gauges were installed or rehabilitated (Figure 9, right). Having major intervals of 1 cm and sub-intervals of 2 mm, the water level theoretically can be read with an accuracy of 1 mm. However, especially during high flows, an accuracy of 1 cm is sufficient. The methodology to read the staff gauges will be explained in an upcoming gauge reader manual.

2.4. STREAMFLOW MEASUREMENTS To measure the streamflow, two approaches are applied. For water depths smaller than 1m, streamflow can be measured wading in the stream with the OTT ADC (OTT, 2017), a device able to measure flow velocities using ultrasonic Doppler technology. Based on measurements of the velocities at different depths for typical equally-spaced verticals along the river profile, the discharge of the river can be calculated.

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Figure 10: Streamflow measurement with the RiverSurveyor® at the Kafubu River. For water depths above 0.60 m, the RiverSurveyor® (Sontek, 2016) can be used. It follows similar principles as the OTT ADC, yet the multi-frequency probe is put on a small board and dragged several times (by default: 4 times) over the river (Figure 10). By doing so, each time a raster of the flow velocity profile is measured and the discharge is calculated. When deviations of the discharge values of the different measurements are within a certain limit (by default: 5%), the measurement is assumed to be valid. The RiverSurveyor® uses an internal compass, which has to be calibrated before starting the measurement. In this context also the magnetic declination, i.e., the difference between the magnetic north, which is indicated by the compass, and the geographic North Pole, has to be entered. The values change with location and time and can be calculated on the website http://www.gfz- potsdam.de/en/section/earths-magnetic-field/data-products-services/igrf-declination- calculator/. For the nine river gauging stations installed, the values are given in Table 3.

Table 3: Magnetic declinations of river gauging stations.

Station n° River Location January 2017 June 2017 January 2018 4_200 Kafue Mpatamatu -3.7 -3.7 -3.7 4_202 Kafulafuta Great North Road -3.8 -3.8 -3.7 4_205 Kafulafuta Ibenga -3.8 -3.7 -3.7 4_245 Kafubu Masaiti -3.7 -3.7 -3.7 4_260 Kafue Ndubeni -3.7 -3.7 -3.7 4_280 Kafue Machiya -3.9 -3.9 -3.8 None Kafubu Ndola Twapia -3.5 -3.5 -3.5 None Kafulafuta Kasamba -3.7 -3.7 -3.6 None Mpongwe Sesenta Village -3.7 -3.7 -3.7

-19- 3. SPECIFICATIONS OF T HE SURFACE WATER MONITORING STATIONS

Note that details on the river gauging stations at Machiya and Mpatamatu that were rehabilitated by the KfW can be found in the KfW’s respective documentation (CES-AHT, 2013).

3.1. STATION N° 4_202 – KAFULAFUTA RIVER AT GREAT NORTH ROAD

General Data River station number 4_202 River Kafulafuta Location Great North Road Bridge District Masaiti Coordinates South -13.301597° East 28.686917° Date of Installation/Rehabilitation 23.09.2016 & 04.10.2016 Installation New as there were only angle irons left in the river Historical Records Yes (1986-87, referred to as station n° 4_203) Benchmark for Gauge Plate Levelling Inscription 11/29/16 (unclear meaning) Height 2.727 m Location At parking lot Coordinates South -13.30182° East 28.6866° Remarks Height was newly assigned to existing benchmark Discharge Measurements During Low- and Mid-Flows Measurement Device OTT ADC Location Downstream at bathing pool Access by foot path from parking lot Coordinates South -13.30159° East 28.68535° During High-Flows Measurement Device RiverSurveyor® Location From the bridge (downstream), During very high flows a second branch of the stream evolves on the right river bank (flowing through a separate bridge) and has to be measured as well Data Logger Logger serial number 10922681 Location name on logger Kafulafuta Great North 4_202 Location In pipe welded on iron of lowest gauge plate Beginning of measurement 05.10.2016 18:00 Remarks On-going measurement

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Figure 11: Aerial view on monitoring station 4_202.

Figure 12: Installed staff gauges at monitoring station 4_202.

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Figure 13: Benchmark at monitoring station 4_202.

Figure 14: Discharge measurement at monitoring station 4_202 using the OTT ADC.

-22- 3.2. STATION N° 4_205 – KAFULAFUTA RIVER IN IBENGA

General Data River station number 4_205 River Kafulafuta Location Ibenga District Masaiti Coordinates South -13.346806° East 28.420111° Date of Installation/Rehabilitation 29.09.2016 Installation Rehabilitation of existing gauge Historical Records Yes (1971-2002 with data gaps) Benchmark for Gauge Plate Levelling Inscription 6.214 BMI 17.12.12 Height 6.214 m Location At street level Coordinates South -13.34696° East 28.42023° Discharge Measurements During Low- and Mid-Flows Measurement Device OTT ADC Location Upstream of bridge, downstream of a black pipe Accessible from both sides of the river During High-Flows Measurement Device RiverSurveyor® Location From the bridge (downstream) Data Logger Logger serial number 10922678 Location name on logger Kafulafuta Ibenga 4_205 Location In pipe welded on iron of lowest gauge plate Beginning of measurement 05.10.2016 16:00 Remarks On-going measurement Remarks - Benchmark has to be checked - may have been damaged by construction work

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Figure 15: Aerial view on monitoring station 4_205.

Figure 16: Two of the four installed staff gauges at monitoring station 4_205.

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Figure 17: Benchmark at monitoring station 4_205.

Figure 18: Discharge measurement at monitoring station 4_205 using the OTT ADC.

-25- 3.3. STATION N° 4_245 – KAFUBU RIVER AT MASAITI PUMPING STATION

General Data River station number 4_245 River Kafubu Location Masaiti Boma, bridge & pumping station District Masaiti Coordinates South -13.236944° East 28.403703° Date of Installation/Rehabilitation 30.09.2016 Installation Rehabilitation of existing gauge Historical Records Yes (1971-1999 with data gaps) Benchmark for Gauge Plate Levelling Inscription None Height 2.63 m Location At pump house Coordinates South -13.23707° East 28.40368° Discharge Measurements During Low- and Mid-Flows Measurement Device RiverSurveyor Location About 200m upstream of bridge, at very small farming plot (ox-bow does not carry water during low-flow) Coordinates South -13.23707° East 28.40368° During High-Flows Measurement Device RiverSurveyor Location From the bridge (downstream) Remarks During high flows second branch on right bank side emerges (around ~100m from bridge), which should be measured as well Data Logger Logger serial number 10922672 Location name on logger Kafubu Masaiti 4_245 Location In pipe welded on iron of lowest gauge plate Beginning of measurement 05.10.2016 15:00 Remarks On-going measurement Remarks # Second benchmark across the street with unclear height

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Figure 19: Aerial view on monitoring station 4_245.

Figure 20: Monitoring station 4_245.

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Figure 21: Benchmark (close to the wall, between plants) at monitoring station 4_245.

Figure 22: Discharge measurement at monitoring station 4_245 using the RiverSurveyor®.

-28- 3.4. STATION N° 4_260 – KAFUE RIVER AT NDUBENI

General Data River station number 4_260 River Kafue Location Ndubeni District Mpongwe Coordinates South -13.402561° East 27.819036° Date of Installation/Rehabilitation 03.10.2016 Installation Rehabilitation of existing gauge Historical Records Yes (1962-2002 with data gaps) Benchmark for Gauge Plate Levelling Inscription None Height Unknown Location Next to small path leading to the right hand side Coordinates South -13.40249° East 27.81934° Remarks Uppermost staff gauge was used to level remaining (old and new) staff gauges; based on this staff gauge the benchmark was at 8.71 m Discharge Measurements During all flows Measurement Device RiverSurveyor® Location At the site, using (ferry) boat Data Logger Logger serial number 10922748 Location name on logger Kafue Ndubeni 4_260 Location In pipe welded on iron of lowest gauge plate Beginning of measurement 03.10.2016 15:00 Remarks - Pipe was detached from angle iron on 18.07.2017 during attempt to open cap and has to be re-installed - Logger had dropped but was rescued - Measurement currently interrupted

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Figure 23: Aerial view on monitoring station 4_260.

Figure 24: Installation of staff gauge at monitoring station 4_260.

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Figure 25: Benchmark at monitoring station 4_260.

Figure 26: Discharge measurement attempt at monitoring station 4_260 using the RiverSurveyor®.

-31- 3.5. STATION AT KAFUBU RIVER IN NDOLA/TWAPIA

General Data River station number --- River Kafubu Ndola, Twapia, Pedestrian bridge Location (downstream of sewage treatment plant) District Ndola Coordinates South -13.009047° East 28.596306° Date of Installation/Rehabilitation 04.10.2016 Installation New station Historical Records No Benchmark for Gauge Plate Levelling Inscription None Height 2.976m Location Edge of the concrete base of the bridge, upstream side, close to the staff gauge, on right river bank (in flow direction) Coordinates South -13.00907° East 28.59625° D ischarge Measurements During Low- and Mid-Flows Measurement Device OTT ADC Location Upstream of the bridge Coordinates South -13.009047° East 28.596306° During High-Flows Measurement Device RiverSurveyor® Location From the bridge (downstream) When water level exceeds 1.688m, water spills to the Remarks floodplain where it can flow downstream via 4 pipes Data Logger Logger serial number 10922676 Location name on logger Kafubu Ndola Bridge Location In pipe on angle iron to which staff gauge is fixed Beginning of measurement 04.10.2016 17:00 End of measurement 24.03.2017 11:00 Remarks Bridge pillars and installed staff gauges have been overthrown and washed away during a flood, see sections Figure 33 and 3.5.2 for details. => New installation needed => Logger was rescued and will be used for new installation

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Figure 27: Aerial view on monitoring station at Kafubu River in Ndola/Twapia.

Figure 28: Monitoring station at Kafubu River in Ndola/Twapia.

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Figure 29: Benchmark (bridge edge) at Kafubu River monitoring station Ndola/Twapia.

Figure 30: Discharge measurement at Kafubu River monitoring station in Ndola/Twapia using the OTT ADC.

-34- 3.5.1. Damage and Rescue of Twapia Monitoring Station The station at the Kafubu River in Ndola/Twapia was damaged during the rainy season. This was recognized during a field visit on 21/02/2017. After the water level had dropped towards the end of the rainy season, the structure (i.e., the old bridge pillars with the angle iron, pipe and staff gauge attached to it) was found below the pedestrian bridge (Figure 31). The structure could be rescued by instructing a group of locals on 24/03/2017 (Figure 32). The logger was buried in sediment but was still functioning.

Figure 31: Kafubu River in Ndola/Twapia in March 2017 – installation was overthrown during rainy season and appeared slightly downstream beneath pedestrian bridge

Figure 32: Rescuing the installation and logger at the Kafubu River in Ndola/Twapia.

-35- 3.5.2. Evaluation of Secured Data of Twapia Monitoring Station The data from the logger could be retrieved and are shown in Figure 33. Unfortunately, due to the change in the position of the logger after replacement, the data cannot be reconstructed entirely. When the logged total pressure data was corrected by subtracting the barometric pressure and referenced to the manual measurement made at the beginning of the dry season (blue line), the logged data is in agreement with the manual measurements made up to 26/01/2017, i.e. before the damage occurred.

Figure 33: Water level time series at Kafubu River in Ndola/Twapia. Luckily, manual measurements could also be done after the damage occurred by measuring the water level via a dip meter from the bridge and relating them to the former staff gauge as the necessary information was available from a prior-installation discharge measurement. When such a measurement from the 16/03/2017 was taken as reference for conversion of the logger pressure data (grey line), the derived water level time series fit the manual measurement from 24/03/2017 but not the one made on 21/02/2017. Consequently, the damage of the structure appeared between 26/01/2017 and 16/03/2017. However, the exact time cannot be derived from the measurements as the river is reacting very fast to rainfall events and a particular jump in water level that has probably occurred due to the abrupt change of the logger position cannot be distinguished from ‘normal’ rainfall-induced peaks. Therefore, the data during the time range marked with an arrow (Figure 33) is uncertain. Not only might the logger position have changed within this time frame repeatedly, but also the on-going burial of the logger with sediment might have influenced the pressure measurement. Other reconstruction approaches, like relating the water levels to rainfall events or downstream measurements, are possible. Still, high spatial diversity of heavy rainfall events and the anthropogenic influence of the Kafubu dam on the nearest downstream station in Masaiti probably impede such efforts. Despite the uncertain middle part, the water level time series in Figure 33 confirms the general functionality of the loggers used. Still, one conclusion is that for such fast reacting upstream river sections time intervals of less than one hour might be preferable.

-36- 3.6. STATION AT KAFULAFUTA RIVER IN KASAMBA

General Data River station number --- River Kafulafuta (downstream of confluence with Kafubu) Location Kasamba District Mpongwe Coordinates South -13.259222° East 28.261506° Date of Installation/Rehabilitation 01.10.2016 Installation New station Historical Records No Benchmark for Gauge Plate Levelling Inscription 5.575 Height 5.575 m Location Next to solitary tree close to the street Coordinates South -13.25916° East 28.26146° Discharge Measurements During Low- and Mid-Flows Measurement Device OTT ADC Location Upstream of the bridge Coordinates South -13.25919° East 28.26169° During High-Flows Measurement Device RiverSurveyor Location From the bridge (downstream) Data Logger Logger serial number 10922665 Location name on logger Kafulafuta Kasamba Location In pipe welded on iron of lowest gauge plate Beginning of measurement 01.10.2016 16:00 Remarks On-going measurement

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Figure 34: Aerial view on monitoring station at Kafulafuta River in Kasamba.

Figure 35: Monitoring station at Kafulafuta River in Kasamba.

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Figure 36: Benchmark at monitoring station at Kafulafuta River in Kasamba.

Figure 37: Discharge measurement at monitoring station at Kafulafuta River in Kasamba using the OTT ADC.

-39- 3.7. STATION AT MPONGWE RIVER NEAR SENSETA

General Data River station number --- River Mpongwe Location Near Sensenta village District Mpongwe Coordinates South -13.374731° East 28.079583° Date of Installation/Rehabilitation 02.10.2016 Installation New station Historical Records No Benchmark for Gauge Plate Levelling Inscription 2.10.2016 WARMA 2.760 Height 2.760 m Location Close to upper staff gauge Coordinates South -13.37453° East 28.07965° Discharge Measurements During Low-Flows Location No suitable spot close to gauge (Flow is too small or water level too low to measure with OTT ADC) => Installation of V-notch weir would be possible During Mid-Flows Measurement Device OTT ADC Location Upstream of the bridge Coordinates South -13.37474° East 28.07962° During High-Flows Measurement Device RiverSurveyor® Location From the bridge (downstream) Remarks Check whether water is also flowing in a channel with on left river bank During Highest-Flows Measurement Device RiverSurveyor® Location In Boat downstream of the bridge Remarks Waterflow extends over the whole flood plain (ca. 100 m wide) Data Logger Logger serial number 10922669 Location name on logger Sensenta Mpongwe In pipe on angle iron to which lower staff gauge is Location fixed Beginning of measurement 01.10.2016 17:00 and 12.05.2017 11:00 Remarks Measurement gap between 09.05.2017 10:00 and 12.05.2017 11:00 since pipe broke loose and had to be welded back on bridge pillar again

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Figure 38: Aerial view on monitoring station at Mpongwe River near Sensenta village.

Figure 39: Monitoring station at Mpongwe River near Sensenta village.

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Figure 40: Benchmark at monitoring station at Mpongwe River near Sensenta village.

Figure 41: Discharge measurement at monitoring station at Mpongwe River near Sensenta village using the OTT ADC.

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4. SPECIFICATIONS OF THE G ROUNDWATER MONITORING STATIONS

Note that details on the groundwater monitoring stations installed by the KfW (at Ndola Airport and at the Misundu Forest in Ndola) can be found in the respective documentation (AGW, 2016). As the logger in the Misundu Forest had to be replaced, installation details are given below.

4.1. STATION AT NDUBENI MAYEBA

General Data Code UKGMB1 Location Ndubeni Mayeba Community District Mpongwe Coordinates South -13.40870° East 27.82754° Date of Installation 17.11.2016 Static water level at that day 9.59 mbtc (meters below top of casing1) Type of Installation Handpump Remarks Installed on India Mark II Handpump Data Logger Logger serial number 10922680 Location name on logger Ndubeni Mayeba BH 10922680 Installation Depth 11.59 mbtc Beginning of measurement 17.11.2016 16:00 Remarks On-going measurement

Figure 42: Groundwater monitoring station at Ndubeni, Mayeba.

1 For handpumps “top casing” refers to the casing revealed by lifting the handpump (see Figure 2).

-43- 4.2. STATION AT FIWALE MISSION

General Data Code UKGMB2 Location Fiwale Mission District Masaiti Coordinates South -13.20835° East 28.71532° Date of Installation 18.11.2016 Static water level at that day 13.56 mbtc (meters below top of casing) Type of Installation Handpump Remarks Logger installed in handpump borehole as abandoned borehole was dry Data Logger Logger serial number 10922674 Location name on logger Fiwale Mission UKGMB 10922674 Installation Depth 15.56 mbtc Beginning of measurement 18.11.2016 13:00 Remarks On-going measurement

Figure 43: Groundwater monitoring station at Fiwale Mission.

-44- 4.3. STATION AT MISUNDU FOREST, NDOLA

General Data Code Misundu UKGMB Location Misundu Forest, Ndola Coordinates South -12.90661° East 28.63201° Date of Installation 19.11.2016 Static water level at that day 42.03 mbtc (meters below top of casing) Type of Installation KfW monitoring borehole Remarks Cover and logger stolen, cover replaced with stronger thicker metal and concrete slab reinforced Data Logger Logger serial number 10922679 Location name on logger Installation Depth 44 .03 mbtc Beginning of measurement 19.11.2016 Remarks On-going measurement

Figure 44: Groundwater monitoring station at Misundu Forest in Ndola after vandalism.

Figure 45: Rehabilitated groundwater monitoring station at Misundu Forest.

-45- 4.4. STATION AT LAKE KASHIBA

General Data Code - Location Lake Kashiba District Mpongwe Coordinates South -13.44303° East 27.94054° Date of Installation 20.11.2016 Static water level at that day 6.96 meters below top of pipe Type of Installation Sinkhole Remarks Logger installed in 9m metal rod attached with metal spikes and welded; Monitoring station was vandalised on 3.12.2016 (top pipe including logger was stolen) Water level measurements Location Measurements are taken from outer edge of the highest cliff close to the bathing site (see Figure 46) Coordinates South -13.4444° East 27.93934° Data Logger Logger serial number 10922670 Location name on logger Installation Depth 8.80 meters below top of pipe Beginning of measurement 20.11.2016 Remarks Logger was stolen

Figure 46: Water level measurement at Lake Kashiba.

-46- 4.5. STATION AT KABYA

General Data Location Kabya Primary School District Mpongwe Coordinates South -13.51794° East 28.19627° Date of Installation 20.11.2016 Static water level at that day 8.16 mbtc (meters below top of casing) Type of Installation Handpump Remarks Installed on India Mark II Handpump Data Logger Logger serial number 10922683 Location name on logger Kabiya PS 10922683 Installation Depth 10.16 mbtc Beginning of measurement 20.11.2016 16:00 Remarks On-going measurement

Figure 47: Groundwater monitoring station at Kabya primary school.

-47- 4.6. STATION AT TITIBUKE PRIMARY SCHOOL

General Data Location Titibuke Primary School District Masaiti Coordinates South -13.50511° East 28.68981° Date of Installation 20.11.2016 Static water level at that day 14.32 mbtc (meters below top of casing) Type of Installation Handpump Remarks Installed on India Mark II Handpump Data Logger Logger serial number 10922673 Location name on logger Titibuke 10922673 Installation Depth 16.32 mbtc Beginning of measurement 20.11.2016 18:00 Remarks On-going measurement

Figure 48: Groundwater monitoring station at Titibuke school.

-48- 4.7. STATION AT KAMBOWA

General Data Location Kambowa (close to Tug Argan) District Masaiti Coordinates South -13.10644° East 28.80291° Date of Installation 22.11.2016 Static water level at that day 10.10 mbtc (meters below top of casing) Type of Installation Rehabilitated historical borehole Remarks 22.11.2016 Stuck mono pump removed with drilling rig of local NGO (see Figure 5) 04.05.2017 As measurements were disturbed by debris in the borehole, it was flushed (Figure 50) and a bigger borehole cap was installed to allow for pumping tests Data Logger Logger serial number 10922682 Location name on logger GW Kambowa 10922682 (formerly Tug Argan 10922682) Installation Depth 12.10 mbtc Beginning of measurement 22.11.2016 16:00 Remarks Logger was removed on 04.05.2017 9:00 before flushing and re-installed on 08.05.2017 13:00

Figure 49: Groundwater monitoring station at Kambowa.

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Figure 50: Flushing of monitoring borehole at Kambowa.

-50- 4.8. STATION AT ZAMBEEF NAMPAMBA FARM IN MPONGWE

General Data Location Zambeef Nampamba Farm District Mpongwe Coordinates South -13.59175° East 28.09534° Date of Installation 21.11.2016 Static water level at that day 29.71 mbtc (meters below top of old casing) Type of Installation Unused borehole Remarks Logger installed on disused production borehole at Zambeef farm, Casing was extended by 1.51 m on 30.06.2017 Data Logger Logger serial number 10922675 Location name on logger Zambeef 10922675 Installation Depth 31.71 mbtc (referring to old casing) Beginning of measurement 21.11.2016 16:00 Remarks On-going measurement

Figure 51: Groundwater monitoring station at Zambeef Farm in Mpongwe before extension of casing.

Figure 52: Groundwater monitoring station at Zambeef Farm in Mpongwe during and after extension of casing.

-51- 4.9. STATION AT SHINGWA PRIMARY SCHOOL

General Data Location Shingwa Primary School District Masaiti Coordinates South -13.40915° East 28.12411° Date of Installation 21.11.2016 Static water level at that day 8.06 mbtc (meters below top of casing) Type of Installation Handpump Remarks Installed on India Mark II Handpump near Mpongwe gauging station Data Logger Logger serial number 10922677 Location name on logger Shingwa PS 10922677 Installation Depth 10.06 mbtc Beginning of measurement 21.11.2016 18:00 Remarks On-going measurement

Figure 53: Groundwater monitoring station at Shingwa Primary School.

-52- 4.10. STATION AT KASAMBA COMMUNITY BOREHOLE

General Data Location Kasamba Community Borehole District Mpongwe Coordinates South -13.26342° East 28.26050° Date of Installation 22.11.2016 Static water level at that day 11.09 mbtc (meters below top of casing) Type of Installation Handpump Remarks Community handpump borehole installed with India Mark II Data Logger Logger serial number 10922684 Location name on logger Kasamba 10922684 Installation Depth 13.09 mbtc Beginning of measurement 22.11.2016 12:00 Remarks On-going measurement

Figure 54: Groundwater monitoring station at Kasamba.

-53- 4.11. STATION AT KAFUBU BLOCK B PRIMARY SCHOOL

General Data Location Kafubu Block B Primary School District Masaiti Coordinates South -13.15289° East 28.53093° Date of Installation 15.03.2017 Static water level at that day ~ 3 mbgl (meters below ground level) Type of Installation Rehabilitated historical borehole Remarks Logger was only installed after borehole was flushed on 04.05.2017 Former Monitoring Station Coordinates South -13.15248° East 28.53023° Date of Installation 22.11.2017 Static water level at that day 18.96 mbtc (meters below top of casing) Type of Installation Handpump Remarks Monitoring station was abandoned since handpump was heavily used while water level recovery was very slow. Also the pipe was very narrow and the logger dropped into borehole twice (on 9.12.2016 and on 15.02.2017). The logger was rescued both times but was not re-installed after the second incident. Data Logger Logger serial number 10922671 Location name on logger Kafubu Block B PS 10922671 Installation Depth 11 mbtc Beginning of measurement 08.05.2017 16:00 Measurements at handpump borehole 22.11.2016 16:00 – 16.02.2017 10:00

Figure 55: Temporary groundwater monitoring station at Kafubu Block B Primary School handpump.

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Figure 56: Rehabilitation of historical borehole for monitoring at Kafubu Block B.

Figure 57: Flushing of monitoring borehole at Kafubu Block B.

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Figure 58: Groundwater monitoring station at Kafubu Block B.

-56- 4.12. STATION AT IBENGA WATER TREATMENT PLANT Please note: The barometric logger used for study area was installed at the monitoring borehole at the Ibenga water treatment plant.

General Data Location Ibenga Water Treatment Plant District Masaiti Coordinates South -13.34546° East 28.41888° Date of Installation 02.10.2016 Static water level at that day 1.82 mbgl (meters below ground level) Type of Installation Old production borehole Remarks Disused Kafubu Water and Sewage Company production borehole Data Logger Logger serial number 10922666 Location name on logger GW Kafubu Watertreatmentplant Ibenga Installation Depth 7.14 mbgl Beginning of measurement 02.10.2016 17:00 Remarks On-going measurement Barometric Data Logger Logger serial number 10906213 Location name on logger Airpressure Ibenga Installation Depth 0.60 mbgl Beginning of measurement 02.10.2016 17:00 Restart of measurement 09.05.2017 18:00 Remarks The logger was replaced on 09.05.2017 (former logger serial number: 10922667)

Figure 59: Groundwater monitoring station at Ibenga water treatment plant.

-57- 4.13. STATION AT FOREST CLOSE TO IBENGA WATER TREATMENT PLANT

General Data Location Forest close to Ibenga Water Treatment Plant District Masaiti Coordinates South - 13.34397° East 28.41817° Date of Installation 02.10.2016 Static water level at that day 3.79 mbgl (meters below ground level) Type of Installation Old production borehole Remarks Logger installation on disused Kafubu Water and Sewage Company production borehole Data Logger Logger serial number 10922668 Location name on logger GW Ibenga Road Installation Depth 7.36 mbgl Beginning of measurement 02.10.2016 18:00 Remarks On-going measurement

Figure 60: Groundwater monitoring station at Ibenga Forest close to the water treatment plant.

-58- 5. REFERENCES

AGW Ltd (2016): Construction of Monitoring Boreholes for the Integrated Water Resource Management Information System Project (IWRMIS) Under the Department of Water Affairs, Final Report. Ansco Ground Water Ltd., Lusaka on behalf of Ministry of Mines, Energy and Water Development, Zambia and Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau, Germany. 30 pages (without annexes), Lusaka.

CES-AHT (2013): Measuring Stations Final Design Report. Water and Climate Monitoring – Establishment of an Integrated Water Resources Managemen Information System. AHT Group AG, Germany and Consulting Engineers Salzgitter GmbH, Germany on behalf of Ministry of Mines, Energy and Water Development, Zambia and Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau, Germany. 130 pages. For further details on the monitoring stations in Machiya and Mpatamatu to the 18 pages site reports that were issued separately.

Krekeler, T. (2017): Field Guide – Second revised edition. Technical Note 01 – Water Resources Management Authority, Zambia and Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Germany. Xx pages, Hannover - Lusaka.

Onset (2017): HOBOware® User’s Guide. 224 pages, Bourne. (http://www.onsetcomp.com/files/manual_pdfs/12730- W%20HOBOware%20User%27s%20Guide.pdf)

OTT (2017): Operating instructions. Acoustic, digital current meter OTT ADC. 74 pages, Kempten. (http://www.ott.com/en-uk/products/download/operating-instructions-acoustic-digital- current-meter-ott-adc/)

SonTek (2016): RiverSurveyor S5/M9, System Manual, Firmware Version 4.02. 244 pages, San Diego. (Downloadable as part of the RiverSurveyor Live Software under http://www.sontek.com/softwaredetail.php?RiverSurveyor-LIVE-RSL-34)

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