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Electronic Interactions in Semiconductor Quantum Dots and Quantum Point Contacts

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Electronic Interactions in Semiconductor Quantum Dots and Quantum Point Contacts Electronic Interactions in Semiconductor Quantum Dots and Quantum Point Contacts A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Physics of the College of Arts and Sciences by Tai-Min Liu M. S. National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan B. S. National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan July 2011 Committee Chair: Andrei Kogan, Ph.D. Abstract We report several detailed experiments on electron transport through Quantum Point Contacts (QPCs) and lateral Quantum Dots (QDs), created in a Single-Electron Transistor (SET). In the experiment for QPCs, we present a zero-bias peak (ZBP) in the differential conductance, G, which splits in an external magnetic field. The observed splitting closely matches the Zeeman energy and shows very little dependence on gate voltage, suggesting that the mechanism responsible for the formation of the peak involves electron spin. We also show that the mechanism that leads to the formation of the ZBP is different from the conventional Kondo effect found in QDs. [1] In the second experiment, we present transport measurements of a QD in a spin-flip cotunneling regime and a quantitative comparison of the data to the microscopic theory by Lehman and Loss. The differential conductance is measured in the presence of an in-plane Zeeman field. We focus on the ratio of the nonlinear G at bias voltages exceeding the Zeeman threshold to G for those below the threshold. The data show good quantitative agreement with the theory with no adjustable parameters. We also compare the theoretical results to the predictions of a phenomenological form used for the determination of a heterostructure g-factor and find good agreement between the two. In the third experiment, we report the magnetic splitting, ∆K , of a Kondo peak in G for a QD while tuning the Kondo temperature, TK , along two different paths in the parameter space: varying the dot-lead coupling at a constant dot energy, and vice versa. At a high magnetic field, B, the changes of ∆K with TK along the two paths have opposite signs, indicating that ∆K is not a universal function of TK . At low B, we observe a decrease in ∆K with TK along both paths, in agreement with theoretical predictions. Furthermore, we find ∆K =∆ < 1 at low B and ∆K =∆ > 1 at high B, where ∆ is the Zeeman energy of the bare spin, in the same system. [2] In the last experiment, we report the zero-bias differential conductance, of an SET in the Kondo regime as a function of temperature, T; and an in-plane magnetic field B. Scaled plots of both the T - and B-dependent data show universal behavior. At moderate and high B, the magnetoconductance data show good agreement with renormalization group calculations in the spin-1/2 Kondo regime. At very low B, we observe a non-monotonic behavior, which may due to the presence of multiple orbital dot levels with similar energies. Further study is required to confirm this assumption. ii iii Acknowledgments Almost six years have passed since I began my PhD studies in Cincinnati, OH, and I could not have come this far without the many people present along the journey. I am deeply thankful for all the guidance, support, help, advice, and encouragement that I have received from these wonderful people over the past years. Without them, I would not be able to accomplish this dissertation. First and foremost, I am grateful for my advisor Andrei Kogan. Andrei's excellent insight and enthusiasm for Physics inspire me to devote myself to research in mesoscopic Physics. I have learned a lot through his guidance not only in the knowledge of physics but also in laboratory skills. If I were to become a professor in the future, I would look to Andrei as a role model. In addition, I also appreciate his support and understanding in my life outside of physics. Without it, I could not have spent an incredible and beautiful time with my wife I-Chun and my daughter Leah when the little one was born in Jan, 2011. At the same time, I am thankful for all the help and encouragement from my PhD degree committee: Howard Jackson, Michael Ma, and Philip Argyres. I specially appreciate Howard's mentoring and advising in both my academic career and everyday life. I will never forget his generosity in taking all of the students out for a fancy dinner at APS March Meetings too. Mike and Philip are two excellent professors. While Mike's lecture is comprehensive, Philip's is very accurate; I have learned and enjoyed a lot in their classes. I would also like to thank Mike's generosity in taking us out for lunch when his class ends in a quarter and to hang out with graduate students. Many professors, Paul Esposito, Rohana Wijewardhana, Rostislav Serota, Frank Pinski, Alex Kagan, Brian Meadows, Leigh Smith, Hans-Peter Wagner, Joseph Scanio, Young Kim, Mike Sokoloff, Kay Kinoshita, who are not in my committee are sincerely acknowledged for their lecturing and supporting. I am grateful to M. Jarrell, R. Serota and M. Ma for helpful discussions. People down in the 1st floor of Geo/Phys building are the most wonderful ones in the world. I cannot imagine what my life would have become if Robert Schrott, Mark Ankenbauer, and John Markus were not there. Bob and Mark gave us a lot of help in building the lab. They are also who introduced real American life to me. I have enjoyed a lot of wonderful time eating lunch with them either on the loading dock or off campus. John is another mentor I have had at UC; without his advice I could have made a lot of mistakes during my study. The work he has done to our iv lab is tremendous; his enthusiasm to Physics will be always the example that I will push myself to pursue. There is one more thing that should and must be mentioned, which is spinning TOPS! Thank you John for all the fantastic experiences related to tops. I would also like to thank many people in Physics department: Richard Gass, Larry Bortner and W. Henry Leach gave me a lot of help when I was teaching the undergraduate recitations and labs. Donna Deutenberg and Elle Mengone help me to deal with all the paper work and purchases. It is my honor to have the opportunity to collaborate with many excellent people and to meet professionals during my PhD research. I thank Steven Herbert from Xavier University for his help in our device fabrication and his encouragement; I thank Michael Melloch from Purdue University for his generosity in giving us the 2DEG material. Without this high quality material, we could not have reported any results presented in this thesis; I thank Jeff Simkins, Robert Jones, and Ronald Flenniken for their assistance in helping me become an expert with the facilities in the cleanroom. I thank Theo Costi from Institut f ¨urFestk¨orperforschung, Germany for his helpful discussion on magnetoconductance and his generosity in sharing his NRG calculation with me. The most important and wonderful collaboration I have experienced was to work with Sergio Ulloa and his student Anh Ngo from Ohio University. I have learned a lot from them and have received more than what I expected through this collaboration. I hope we can continue to work together on more projects in the future. A number of people in Andrei's lab have contributed to the work done in my thesis, and I would like to acknowledge them. Amir Maharjan, Maryam Torabi established the lab before I joined the group. They set up most of the dilution refrigerator measurement circuitry that I used to perform the electron transport experiments together with two undergraduate students, Adam Simpson and Kristen Herrmann. Bryan Hemingway is the fantastic partner and colleague in our lab; we have worked together on several successful projects. Besides the academic relationship, Bryan, Aaron Wade, a post-doc fellow in our department, and Patrick Malsom, a graduate student, are also good friends of mine who help me to lower my \antisocial barrier". I currently hold my record of drinking on the night they took me out to Arlins in Clifton. A group of friends who overlap with me at UC are highly appreciated. I have spent the wonderful first year with Hyundoek Song, Herbert Fotso and the entire class of 2005. I specially thank Melodie Fickenscher for her humongous help in proofreading my dissertation; she is so sweet, and I hope v she can find a good job in Cincinnati area. Aaron, also one of the spinning tops \cluster" at UC, gave me a lot of help and useful advice during my PhD studying and job searching. Without his assistance, I probably would not be writing the Acknowledgments in Berlin, Germany now; so far I enjoy my Europe job interviewing trip. I would also like to thank my former advisors in Taiwan, Chih-Ta Chia at National Taiwan Normal University, Chia-Lian Cheng at National Dong Hwa University, Tai-Huei Wei at National Chung Cheng University, and Yu-Ming Chiang at National Taiwan University for initiating me into the research world and for their teaching and training. I specially thank Chih-Ta who personally funded me US$2,000 when I left for the US in 2005. A round of thanks has to be extended to the members of the Cincinnati Taiwanese Presbyterian Ministry and Church by the Woods in Cincinnati, the First Baptist Church in Sioux Falls, my former teachers, my relatives, and my friends for their fantastic support.
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