DOCSLIB.ORG

First Evidences That the Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Paxillus

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
First Evidences That the Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Paxillus First evidences that the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus mobilizes nitrogen and carbon from saprotrophic fungus necromass Emila Akroume, François Maillard, Cyrille Bach, Christian Hossann, Claude Brechet, Nicolas Angeli, Bernhard Zeller, Laurent Saint-André, Marc Buee To cite this version: Emila Akroume, François Maillard, Cyrille Bach, Christian Hossann, Claude Brechet, et al.. First evidences that the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus mobilizes nitrogen and carbon from saprotrophic fungus necromass. Environmental Microbiology, Society for Applied Microbiology and Wiley-Blackwell, 2019, 21 (1), pp.197-208. 10.1111/1462-2920.14440. hal-02154447 HAL Id: hal-02154447 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02154447 Submitted on 12 Jun 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Environmental Microbiology (2019) 21(1), 197–208 doi:10.1111/1462-2920.14440 First evidences that the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus mobilizes nitrogen and carbon from saprotrophic fungus necromass Emila Akroume,1,2,3,4† François Maillard,1,2† mycelium and mycorrhizas, demonstrating that the Cyrille Bach,1,2 Christian Hossann,5 Claude Brechet,5 EM fungus transferred essentially N from the necro- Nicolas Angeli,5 Bernhard Zeller,3 mass to the tree. These observations reveal that fun- Laurent Saint-André3 and Marc Buée 1,2* gal organic matter could represent a significant N 1INRA, UMR1136 Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, source for EM fungi and trees, but also a C source for F-54280, Champenoux, France. mycorrhizal fungi, including in symbiotic lifestyle. 2Université de Lorraine, UMR1136 Interactions Arbres- Microorganismes, F-54500, Vand uvre-lès-Nancy, Introduction France. 3INRA UR 1138 Biogéochimie des Ecosystèmes In forest ecosystems, dead wood and soil organic matter Forestiers, Centre INRA de Nancy, Champenoux, (SOM) represent essential habitats for a wide variety of France. organisms (Kruys and Jonsson, 1999; Nordén et al., 4Agroparistech, Centre de Nancy, F-54000, Nancy, 2004) and consequently an energy resource for microbes France. and associated ecosystem services, such as soil carbon 5INRA UMR1137 Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestière, sequestration (Clemmensen et al., 2013). Interestingly, if Centre INRA de Nancy, Champenoux, France. soil microorganisms are highly involved in organic matter decomposition and cycling, their own cell degradation and their residual products are important components of Summary this SOM (Schmidt et al., 2011). Indeed, plant tissues, Fungal succession in rotting wood shows a surprising soil fauna and microorganisms are the primary sources abundance of ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi during the of soil organic carbon in forest soils (Six et al., 2006). late decomposition stages. To better understand the In these ecosystems, saproxylic fungi are highly rele- links between EM fungi and saprotrophic fungi, we vant in the process of the degradation of dead wood to investigated the potential capacities of the EM fungus mobilize carbon (Blanchette, 1995; Rajala et al., 2015) Paxillus involutus to mobilize nutrients from necro- and recycle the other major nutrients, such as nitrogen mass of Postia placenta, a wood rot fungus, and to and phosphorus (Watkinson et al., 2006). In addition, this transfer these elements to its host tree. In this aim, we decomposition of woody debris is a temporally dynamic used pure cultures of P. involutus in the presence of process supported by the succession of different fungal labelled Postia necromass (15N/13C) as nutrient ecological groups (Stockland et al., 2012). Interestingly, source, and a monoxenic mycorrhized pine experi- diverse studies reported the recurrent presence and ment composed of labelled Postia necromass and potential role of ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi in this decay- P. involutus culture in interaction with pine seedlings. ing process or in the saproxylic food web dynamics The isotopic labelling was measured in both experi- (Tedersoo et al., 2003; Buée et al., 2007; Rajala et al., P. involutus ments. In pure culture, was able to 2012, 2015; Walker et al., 2012). EM fungi are well Postia mobilize N, but C as well, from the necromass. known to provide soil-derived nutrients in exchange for In the symbiotic interaction experiment, we measured carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis from the host 15 high N enrichments in all plant and fungal compart- tree. This exchange of commodities between two inter- 13 ments. Interestingly, C remains mainly in the acting partners is the most basic element of any biologi- cal market (Werner et al., 2014). In the EM symbiosis, Received 17 January, 2018; accepted 5 October, 2018. *For corre- this market involves the exchange of different commodi- spondence. E-mail [email protected]. Tel : +33 (0)3 83 39 40 72; fi Fax: +33 (0)3 83 39 40 69. †These authors contributed equally to this ties by both partners. Indeed, EM fungi are highly ef cient work. at exploring the soil and mobilizing nutrients, particularly © 2018 Society for Applied Microbiology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 198 E. Akroume et al. organic ones that would not be directly available to their known about the turn-over of this large pool of organic plant hosts (Smith and Read, 2010). Therefore, rotting nitrogen. Different authors have suggested that EM fungi wood could constitute a particular niche for EM fungi are capable of degrading fungal necromass and to lyse involved in a symbiotic interaction with their host-tree roots. associated cell walls. Indeed, Leake and Read (1990) More precisely, it was suggested that certain EM fungi colo- have reported potential chitinolytic activities from EM fungi nized dead wood acting as scavengers by degrading wood by quantifying the mycelial growth of diverse ericoid and rot fungi (Buée et al., 2007; Rajala et al., 2012; Mäkipää EM fungi with chitin as the sole source of nitrogen. Com- et al., 2017; Maillard et al., 2018). The abilities of EM fungi plementary to these observations, enzymatic approaches to mobilize nutrients from dead organic matter have been confirmed the expression of proteolytic and chitinolytic suggested in numerous studies (Buée et al., 2005; Courty activities from EM fungal mycelium in presence of sapro- et al., 2007; Lindahl and Finlay, 2006; Talbot et al., 2013; trophic fungal necromass, or pure chitin (Hodge et al., Vaario et al., 2002). Some authors have even reported that 1995; Mucha et al., 2006; Mucha et al., 2007; Maillard EM fungi would be able to mobilize carbon from plant et al., 2018). Moreover, Lindahl and Taylor (2004) organic matter (e.g., cellulose and hemicellulose) for their reported the frequent occurrence of N-acetylhexosamini- development (Durall et al., 1994); but also, under certain dase-encoding genes in ectomycorrhizal fungi. Finally, conditions, to mitigate or offset losses in the host-tree car- although some studies have shown EM chitinase or pro- bon budget through a mixotrophic interaction (Cullings and teolytic activities in the presence of fungal necromass, Courty, 2009; Bréda et al., 2013). Rineau et al. (2012) have there has been no effective demonstration of nitrogen and investigated the mechanisms by which Paxillus involutus carbon mobilization from fungal cell walls to the EM fun- could degrade organic matter. The expression profile of gus, with a potential transfer to the plant host. genes potentially involved in organic matter degradation The use of biomarkers in combination with stable iso- revealed that only few of them were expected to be tope analysis is an efficient approach in microbial ecology involved in plant cell wall degradation. Additionally, Rineau to study carbon or nitrogen transfer. Coupled with analyti- et al. (2012) reported in this study that P. involutus induces cal techniques, such as gas chromatography-combustion- chemical changes in plant organic matter similar to isotope ratio mass spectrometry, stable isotope labelling hydroxyl radical attacks of brown-rot fungi, involving Fenton (e.g., for 15Nuptakeor13C mobilization or respiration) pro- chemistry. More recently Kohler et al. (2015) demonstrated vides the unique opportunity to link biological identity (bio- strong losses of genes encoding enzymes involved in the marker) and biopolymer decomposition and associated decay of lignin within EM fungal genomes, including class II activities (Boschker and Middelburg, 2002). Using 13C/15N peroxidases or glyoxal oxidases, suggesting they have lim- stable isotopic tracing, the aims of our study were (i) to ited genomic capacity to degrade lignocellulose. Neverthe- prove the capability of an EM fungus to decompose the less, a limited presence of class II peroxidases and glyoxal necromass of a ligninolytic fungus and mobilize nutrients oxidases is not an evidence for a limited capacity to (N and/or C) in a pure culture experiment; (ii) to extend degrade plant cell walls. Indeed, despite observed expan- this demonstration to symbiotic conditions; (iii) to sions in peroxidase gene families within white rot fungi, quantify N, and potentially C, transfers
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Covered in Phylloboletellus and Numerous Clamps in Boletellus Fibuliger
    PERSOONIA Published by the Rijksherbarium, Leiden Volume 11, Part 3, pp. 269-302 (1981) Notes on bolete taxonomy—III Rolf Singer Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, U.S.A. have Contributions involving bolete taxonomy during the last ten years not only widened the knowledge and increased the number of species in the boletes and related lamellate and gastroid forms, but have also introduced a large number of of new data on characters useful for the generic and subgeneric taxonomy these is therefore timely to fungi,resulting, in part, in new taxonomical arrangements. It consider these new data with a view to integratingthem into an amended classifi- cation which, ifit pretends to be natural must take into account all observations of possible diagnostic value. It must also take into account all sufficiently described species from all phytogeographic regions. 1. Clamp connections Like any other character (including the spore print color), the presence or absence ofclamp connections in is neither in of the carpophores here nor other groups Basidiomycetes necessarily a generic or family character. This situation became very clear when occasional clamps were discovered in Phylloboletellus and numerous clamps in Boletellus fibuliger. Kiihner (1978-1980) rightly postulates that cytology and sexuality should be considered wherever at all possible. This, as he is well aware, is not feasible in most boletes, and we must be content to judgeclamp-occurrence per se, giving it importance wherever associated with other characters and within a well circumscribed and obviously homogeneous group such as Phlebopus, Paragyrodon, and Gyrodon. (Heinemann (1954) and Pegler & Young this is (1981) treat group on the family level.) Gyroporus, also clamp-bearing, considered close, but somewhat more removed than the other genera.
    [Show full text]
  • Abies Alba Mill.) Differ Largely in Mature Silver Fir Stands and in Scots Pine Forecrops Rafal Ważny
    Ectomycorrhizal communities associated with silver fir seedlings (Abies alba Mill.) differ largely in mature silver fir stands and in Scots pine forecrops Rafal Ważny To cite this version: Rafal Ważny. Ectomycorrhizal communities associated with silver fir seedlings (Abies alba Mill.) differ largely in mature silver fir stands and in Scots pine forecrops. Annals of Forest Science, Springer Nature (since 2011)/EDP Science (until 2010), 2014, 71 (7), pp.801 - 810. 10.1007/s13595-014-0378-0. hal-01102886 HAL Id: hal-01102886 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01102886 Submitted on 13 Jan 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Annals of Forest Science (2014) 71:801–810 DOI 10.1007/s13595-014-0378-0 ORIGINAL PAPER Ectomycorrhizal communities associated with silver fir seedlings (Abies alba Mill.) differ largely in mature silver fir stands and in Scots pine forecrops Rafał Ważny Received: 28 August 2013 /Accepted: 14 April 2014 /Published online: 14 May 2014 # The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract colonization of seedling roots was similar in both cases. This & Context The requirement for rebuilding forecrop stands suggests that pine stands afforested on formerly arable land besides replacement of meadow vegetation with forest plants bear enough ECM species to allow survival and growth of and formation of soil humus is the presence of a compatible silver fir seedlings.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Fungi in Ireland
    FOREST FUNGI IN IRELAND PAUL DOWDING and LOUIS SMITH COFORD, National Council for Forest Research and Development Arena House Arena Road Sandyford Dublin 18 Ireland Tel: + 353 1 2130725 Fax: + 353 1 2130611 © COFORD 2008 First published in 2008 by COFORD, National Council for Forest Research and Development, Dublin, Ireland. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, or stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying recording or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from COFORD. All photographs and illustrations are the copyright of the authors unless otherwise indicated. ISBN 1 902696 62 X Title: Forest fungi in Ireland. Authors: Paul Dowding and Louis Smith Citation: Dowding, P. and Smith, L. 2008. Forest fungi in Ireland. COFORD, Dublin. The views and opinions expressed in this publication belong to the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect those of COFORD. i CONTENTS Foreword..................................................................................................................v Réamhfhocal...........................................................................................................vi Preface ....................................................................................................................vii Réamhrá................................................................................................................viii Acknowledgements...............................................................................................ix
    [Show full text]
  • The Bioaccumulation of Some Heavy Metals in the Fruiting Body of Wild Growing Mushrooms
    Available online at www.notulaebotanicae.ro Print ISSN 0255-965X; Electronic 1842-4309 Not. Bot. Hort. Agrobot. Cluj 38 (2) 2010, Special Issue, 147-151 Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca The Bioaccumulation of Some Heavy Metals in the Fruiting Body of Wild Growing Mushrooms Carmen Cristina ELEKES1) , Gabriela BUSUIOC1) , Gheorghe IONITA 2) 1) Valahia University of Targoviste, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Biotechnologies, Bd. Regele Carol I, no. 2, Romania; [email protected] 2) Valahia University of Targoviste, Faculty of Materials Engineering, Mechatronics and Robotics, Bd. Regele Carol I, no. 2, Romania Abstract Due to their effective mechanism of accumulation of heavy metals from soil, the macrofungi show high concentrations of metals in their fruiting body. According with this ability, the mushrooms can be used to evaluate and control the level of environmental pollution, but also represent danger for human ingestion. We analyzed some macrofungi species from a wooded area to establish the heavy metal concentrations and ability of bioaccumulation and translocation for Zn, Cu and Sn in fruiting body. The metallic content was established by the Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry method (ICP-AES). The minimal detection limits of method is 0.4 mg/kg for Zn and Cu and 0.6 mg/kg for Sn. Heavy metals concentrations in the fruiting body ranged between 6.98- 20.10 mg/kg for Zn (the higher value was for Tapinella atrotomentosa); 16.13-144.94 mg/kg for Cu (the higher value was for Hypholoma fasciculare); and 24.36-150.85 mg/kg for Sn (the higher value was for Paxillus involutus).
    [Show full text]
  • Adaptability to Submerged Culture and Amtno Acid Contents of Certain Fleshy Fungi Common in Finland
    Adaptability to submerged culture and amtno acid contents of certain fleshy fungi common in Finland Mar j a L i is a H a t t u l a and H . G. G y ll e n b e r g Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Finland The literature on the possibilities of sub­ must be considered when the suitability of merged culture of macrofungi is already fungi for submerged production is evaluated. voluminous. However, the interest has merely The present work concerns a collection of been restricted to the traditionally most va­ fungi common in Finland which have been lued fungi, particularly members of the gene­ investigated according to the criteria descri­ ra Agaricus and M orchella (HuMFELD, 1948, bed above. 1952, HuMFELD & SuGIHARA, 1949, 1952, Su­ GIHARA & HuMFELD, 1954, SzuEcs 1956, LITCHFIELD, 1964, 1967 a, b, LITCHFIELD & al., MATERIAL 1963) . The information obtainable from stu­ dies on these organisms is not especially en­ The material consisted of 33 species of fun­ couraging because the rate of biomass pro­ gi, 29 of which were obtained from the duction seems to be too low to compete fa­ Department of Silviculture, University of ,·ourably with other alternatives of single cell Helsinki, through the courtesy of Professor P. protein production (LITCHFIELD, 1967 a, b). Mikola and Mr. 0 . Laiho. Four species were On the other hand, the traditional use of fun­ isolated by the present authors by taking a gi as human food all over the world is a sterile piece of the fruiting body at the point significant reason for continued research on where the cap and the stem are joined and the submerged production o.f fungal mycel­ by transferring it on a slant of suitable agar.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Mitogenome Analysis of Two Ectomycorrhizal Fungi (Paxillus
    Li et al. IMA Fungus (2020) 11:12 https://doi.org/10.1186/s43008-020-00038-8 IMA Fungus RESEARCH Open Access Comparative mitogenome analysis of two ectomycorrhizal fungi (Paxillus) reveals gene rearrangement, intron dynamics, and phylogeny of basidiomycetes Qiang Li1, Yuanhang Ren1, Dabing Xiang1, Xiaodong Shi1, Jianglin Zhao1, Lianxin Peng1,2* and Gang Zhao1* Abstract In this study, the mitogenomes of two Paxillus species were assembled, annotated and compared. The two mitogenomes of Paxillus involutus and P. rubicundulus comprised circular DNA molecules, with the size of 39,109 bp and 41,061 bp, respectively. Evolutionary analysis revealed that the nad4L gene had undergone strong positive selection in the two Paxillus species. In addition, 10.64 and 36.50% of the repetitive sequences were detected in the mitogenomes of P. involutus and P. rubicundulus, respectively, which might transfer between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. Large-scale gene rearrangements and frequent intron gain/loss events were detected in 61 basidiomycete species, which revealed large variations in mitochondrial organization and size in Basidiomycota.In addition, the insertion sites of the basidiomycete introns were found to have a base preference. Phylogenetic analysis of the combined mitochondrial gene set gave identical and well-supported tree topologies, indicating that mitochondrial genes were reliable molecular markers for analyzing the phylogenetic relationships of Basidiomycota. This study is the first report on the mitogenomes of Paxillus, which will promote a better understanding of their contrasted ecological strategies, molecular evolution and phylogeny of these important ectomycorrhizal fungi and related basidiomycete species. Keywords: Basidiomycota, Boletales, Ectomycorrhizas, Gene rearrangement, Mitochondrial genome, Repeat INTRODUCTION coniferous and hardwood trees (Hedh et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Toxic Fungi of Western North America
    Toxic Fungi of Western North America by Thomas J. Duffy, MD Published by MykoWeb (www.mykoweb.com) March, 2008 (Web) August, 2008 (PDF) 2 Toxic Fungi of Western North America Copyright © 2008 by Thomas J. Duffy & Michael G. Wood Toxic Fungi of Western North America 3 Contents Introductory Material ........................................................................................... 7 Dedication ............................................................................................................... 7 Preface .................................................................................................................... 7 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. 7 An Introduction to Mushrooms & Mushroom Poisoning .............................. 9 Introduction and collection of specimens .............................................................. 9 General overview of mushroom poisonings ......................................................... 10 Ecology and general anatomy of fungi ................................................................ 11 Description and habitat of Amanita phalloides and Amanita ocreata .............. 14 History of Amanita ocreata and Amanita phalloides in the West ..................... 18 The classical history of Amanita phalloides and related species ....................... 20 Mushroom poisoning case registry ...................................................................... 21 “Look-Alike” mushrooms .....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns of Ectomycorrhizal Host-Fungus Specificity in the Pacific Northwest
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Randolph John Molina for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Botany and Plant Pathology presented on December 17, 1980 Title: PATTERNS OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAL HOST-FUNGUS SPECIFICITY IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: Dr. James M. Trappe Results from approximately 400 fungus-host pure culture inoculations indicate that specificity of ectomycorrhizal associations is a complex phenomenon and cannot be based solely on field observations of sporocarp-host associations. Of the numerous sporocarp-host specific fungi tested, most formed ectomycorrhizae with one or more unexpected, non-associated hosts. These results conclusively demonstrate that ectomycorrhizal fungi which produce sporocarps only with a specific host species or genus can still form mycorrhizae with other "non-asso- ciated" hosts. The ability to form ectomycorrhizae with various hosts is termed "ectomycorrhizal host potential". Some fungi, however, showed superior mycorrhizal development on their particular hosts over other non-associated hosts, indicating further specialization in those associations. A large group of fungi known for diverse sporocarp-host associa- tions showed wide ectomycorrhizal host potential by forming abundant, well developed ectomycorrhizae with all or most hosts. It's suggested that these fungi may share similar compatibility or recognition factors common to many ectomycorrhizal hosts thus allowing for diverse host associations. A spectrum from mycorrhizal generalists to specialists was seen among the hosts in their ability to form mycorrhizae with diverse fungi. The ericaceous hosts Arctostaphylos uva-ursi and Arbutus menziesii were broadly receptive towards the fungi, forming mycorrhizae with 25 of the 28 tested. This included most of the fungi which produce sporocarps only in association with specific conifers.
    [Show full text]
  • MUSHROOMS of the OTTAWA NATIONAL FOREST Compiled By
    MUSHROOMS OF THE OTTAWA NATIONAL FOREST Compiled by Dana L. Richter, School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI for Ottawa National Forest, Ironwood, MI March, 2011 Introduction There are many thousands of fungi in the Ottawa National Forest filling every possible niche imaginable. A remarkable feature of the fungi is that they are ubiquitous! The mushroom is the large spore-producing structure made by certain fungi. Only a relatively small number of all the fungi in the Ottawa forest ecosystem make mushrooms. Some are distinctive and easily identifiable, while others are cryptic and require microscopic and chemical analyses to accurately name. This is a list of some of the most common and obvious mushrooms that can be found in the Ottawa National Forest, including a few that are uncommon or relatively rare. The mushrooms considered here are within the phyla Ascomycetes – the morel and cup fungi, and Basidiomycetes – the toadstool and shelf-like fungi. There are perhaps 2000 to 3000 mushrooms in the Ottawa, and this is simply a guess, since many species have yet to be discovered or named. This number is based on lists of fungi compiled in areas such as the Huron Mountains of northern Michigan (Richter 2008) and in the state of Wisconsin (Parker 2006). The list contains 227 species from several authoritative sources and from the author’s experience teaching, studying and collecting mushrooms in the northern Great Lakes States for the past thirty years. Although comments on edibility of certain species are given, the author neither endorses nor encourages the eating of wild mushrooms except with extreme caution and with the awareness that some mushrooms may cause life-threatening illness or even death.
    [Show full text]
  • Mycobiology Research Article
    Mycobiology Research Article Influence of the Culture Media and the Organic Matter in the Growth of Paxillus ammoniavirescens (Contu & Dessi) , Elena Fernández-Miranda Cagigal* # and Abelardo Casares Sánchez Department of Biology of Organism and Systems, Area of Plant Physiology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain Abstract The genus Paxillus is characterized by the difficulty of species identification, which results in reproducibility problems, as well as the need for large quantities of fungal inoculum. In particular, studies of Paxillus ammoniavirescens have reported divergent results in the in vitro growth while little is known of its capacity to degrade organic matter. For all the above, and assuming that this variability could be due to an inappropriate culture media, the aim of this study was to analyse growth in different culture media (MMN, MS, and 1/2 MS) and in the case of MMN in presence/absence of two types of organic matter (fresh litter and senescence litter) to probe the saprophytic ability of P. ammoniavirescens. We also evaluated the effects of pH changes in the culture media. Growth kinetics was assessed by weekly quantification of the area of growth in solid culture media over 5 wk, calculating the growth curves and inflection points of each culture media. In addition, final biomass after 5 wk in the different culture media was calculated. Results showed that best culture media are MS and 1/2 MS. Moreover, an improvement in growth in culture media containing decomposing fall litter was observed, leading to confirm differences in the culture media of this species with others of the same genus.
    [Show full text]
  • Page 1 Page 2 Page 3 Page 4 Page 5 Page 6 Sopp, 30.08.2019
    Sabima kartleggingsnotat 27, 2019 Soppkartlegging i Gloppen 30-aug. til 1.sep 2019 Av Harald Eriksen Diskusjon om funn, Fred Arild Grøneng, Kjersti Swendssen, Eli Heiberg og Monica Bjørbek Kartleggingsnotat 27, 2019 – Soppkartlegging i Gloppen 2019 1 av 9 Soppkartlegging i Gloppen 2019 Emneord: Soppmangfald, soppsakkunnige i Sogn og Fjordane,kvite flekkar Deltakarar Sunnfjord sopp og nyttevekstforening arrangerte kartleggingssamling for sine soppsakkunnige og andre med særskild interesse for kartlegging av storsopp i Hyen-Storebru i Gloppen i månadsskifte aug- september. Deltakarane i år var Anne Johanne Schei,Kjersti Svendssen, Nina Heiberg, Eli Heiberg, Marit Rygg , Ottar Sande og Harald Eriksen , alle soppsakkunnige. Elles deltok Fred Arild Grøneng, Hilde Gjørvad, Monica Bjørbekk Herremåltid i granskogen på Hjorteset Kartleggingsområde Målet for kartlegging var å sjå om det var spennande førekomstar av sopp i frå Hyen mot Strorebru i Flora.Her er registrert ein del edelauvskog men lite sopp. Eli Heiberg hadde ved hjelp av berggrunnskart funne interresante lokalitetar, men vi plukka og ut nokre ut frå ei visuell vurdering då me køyrde til Nesholmen leirstad Kartleggingsnotat 27, 2019 – Soppkartlegging i Gloppen 2019 2 av 9 som var base for kartlegginga.Området har vore lite kartlagt og det er svært spa rsomt med registreringar av storsopp frå kommunen. Gruppa undersøkte seks lokalitetar i løpet av helga. Funna er gjort tilgjengelege i artsobservasjoner, og fleire av deltakarane har i ettertid byrja å gjere eigne registreringar på sine respektive heimstadar. Kartleggingsnotat 27, 2019 – Soppkartlegging i Gloppen 2019 3 av 9 Denne er førebels registrertsom falsk brunskrubb. Det er ein art berre ein av deltakarane hadde sett før.
    [Show full text]
  • Mushrooms Traded As Food
    TemaNord 2012:542 TemaNord Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen K www.norden.org Mushrooms traded as food Nordic questionnaire, including guidance list on edible mushrooms suitable Mushrooms traded as food and not suitable for marketing. For industry, trade and food inspection Mushrooms recognised as edible have been collected and cultivated for many years. In the Nordic countries, the interest for eating mushrooms has increased. In order to ensure that Nordic consumers will be supplied with safe and well characterised, edible mushrooms on the market, this publication aims at providing tools for the in-house control of actors producing and trading mushroom products. The report is divided into two documents: a. Volume I: “Mushrooms traded as food - Nordic questionnaire and guidance list for edible mushrooms suitable for commercial marketing b. Volume II: Background information, with general information in section 1 and in section 2, risk assessments of more than 100 mushroom species All mushrooms on the lists have been risk assessed regarding their safe use as food, in particular focusing on their potential content of inherent toxicants. The goal is food safety. Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) TemaNord 2012:542 ISBN 978-92-893-2382-6 http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/TN2012-542 TN2012542 omslag ENG.indd 1 11-07-2012 08:00:29 Mushrooms traded as food Nordic questionnaire, including guidance list on edible mushrooms suitable and not suitable for marketing. For industry, trade and food inspection Jørn Gry (consultant), Denmark, Christer Andersson,
    [Show full text]