DOCSLIB.ORG

Patterns of Ectomycorrhizal Host-Fungus Specificity in the Pacific Northwest

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Patterns of Ectomycorrhizal Host-Fungus Specificity in the Pacific Northwest AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Randolph John Molina for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Botany and Plant Pathology presented on December 17, 1980 Title: PATTERNS OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAL HOST-FUNGUS SPECIFICITY IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: Dr. James M. Trappe Results from approximately 400 fungus-host pure culture inoculations indicate that specificity of ectomycorrhizal associations is a complex phenomenon and cannot be based solely on field observations of sporocarp-host associations. Of the numerous sporocarp-host specific fungi tested, most formed ectomycorrhizae with one or more unexpected, non-associated hosts. These results conclusively demonstrate that ectomycorrhizal fungi which produce sporocarps only with a specific host species or genus can still form mycorrhizae with other "non-asso- ciated" hosts. The ability to form ectomycorrhizae with various hosts is termed "ectomycorrhizal host potential". Some fungi, however, showed superior mycorrhizal development on their particular hosts over other non-associated hosts, indicating further specialization in those associations. A large group of fungi known for diverse sporocarp-host associa- tions showed wide ectomycorrhizal host potential by forming abundant, well developed ectomycorrhizae with all or most hosts. It's suggested that these fungi may share similar compatibility or recognition factors common to many ectomycorrhizal hosts thus allowing for diverse host associations. A spectrum from mycorrhizal generalists to specialists was seen among the hosts in their ability to form mycorrhizae with diverse fungi. The ericaceous hosts Arctostaphylos uva-ursi and Arbutus menziesii were broadly receptive towards the fungi, forming mycorrhizae with 25 of the 28 tested. This included most of the fungi which produce sporocarps only in association with specific conifers. At the opposite extreme, five Alnus spp. showed marked specialization and restrictiveness towards their fungal partners. Only three fungi consistently formed mycorrhizae with the Alnus spp.; numerous fungi which formed mycorrhizae with all other hosts were unable to do so with Alnus. The seven conifer hosts showed intermediate mycorrhiza forming abilities among the test fungi and less defined patterns when compared to each other. Few infrageneric differences were seen among the three Pinus spp. Douglas-fir and western larch showed similar response towards potential fungus associates; most fungal symbionts that fruit only with the one formed ectomycorrhizae with the other. Twenty-three Rhizopogon species differed strongly in ectomycor- rhizal host potential among Douglas-fir, western hemlock, and lodge- pole pine. Comparisons within the sections of Rhizopogon, however, revealed great similarities in both ectomycorrhizal appearance and host potential. Relationships of species both within and between sections were apparent. Detailed culture studies likewise supported the infrageneric classifications and supported transfer of some species to other sections and elevation of all sections to subgeneric rank. Rhizopogon specialization via sporocarp-host specificity, limited ectomycorrhizal host potential, and incompatibility with some hosts are suggested as major contributors to the speciation and diversification of the genus in the Pacific Northwest. Numerous host-fungus combinations showed indications of incom- patibility. This occured most often when sporocarp-host specific fungi were inoculated onto non-associated hosts. Disruption of the cortex by the invading fungus, collapse of cortical cells, and lignificationas indicated by intense safranin staining of the cortical cells were the most common indicators of incompatibility. These host reactions suggest a type of phenolic defense mechanism or hypersensitive response as displayed in many plant-pathogen inter- actions. The need for future research on the mechanisms and factors that determine ectomycorrhizal host-fungus compatibility and specificity is emphasized. Patterns of Ectomycorrhizal Host-fungus Specificity in the Pacific Northwest by Randolph John Molina A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Completed December 17, 1980 Commencement June 1981 APPROVED: Redacted for Privacy Associate Prores.15or of Botany &idtPlant Pathology in charge of major Redacted for Privacy Head of Departnrient of Botany and Plant Pathology Redacted for Privacy Dean of Grauate School( c\1 Date thesis is presented December 17, 1980 Typed in part by Janell Meehan for Randolph John Molina ACKNOWLEDGMENT I wish to dedicate this thesis to my parents, Joseph and Lillian Molina, and my grandmother, Catalina Aviles. Since my early school years, they have given me their love, confidence, and continual encouragement to persue my highest goals. Their pride in my accomp- lishments is.reward enough for my efforts. Many people contributed to the completion of this thesis. My wife Jan deserves most of the credit. She was a constant source of encouragement and understanding especially when the pressures were worst. Dr. James M. Trappe contributed invaluable ideas, advice, and expertise throughout the various stages of my graduate program. His friendship and guidance have been instrumentalin my development both as a scientist and a person. Finally, I would like to thank Darr Duff for her exhaustive effort in preparing the many excellent microtome sections so vital to the interpretation of my experimental results. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2 PURE CULTURE SYNTHESIS AND HOST SPECIFICITY OF RED 8 ALDER MYCORRHIZAE I. Abstract 9 II. Introduction 10 III. Methods IV. Results 11 V. Discussion 15 VI. Acknowledgement 23 VII. References 26 CHAPTER 3 ECTOMYCORRHIZAL SPECIFICITY IN THE GENUS ALNUS 28 I. Abstract 29 II. Introduction 30 III. Methods 31 IV. Results 34 V. Discussion 46 VI. Acknowledgement 52 VII. References 53 CHAPTER 4 PATTERNS OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAL HOST POTENTIAL AND SPECIFICITY AMONG PACIFIC NORTHWEST CONIFERS AND 56 FUNGI I. Abstract 57 II. Introduction 59 III. Methods 61 IV. Results and Discussion 67 A. Synthesis Descriptions 70 B. Comparison of Patterns of Ectomycorrhizal Potential and Specificity 118 C. Indications of Incompatibility 123 V. Summary and Conclusions 125 VI. Acknowledgement 127 VII. References 128 CHAPTER 5 LACK OF MYCORRHIZAL SPECIFICITY BY THE ERICACEOUS HOSTSARBUTUS MENZIESII AND ARCTOSTAPHYLOS UVA-URSI 133 I. Abstract 134 II. Introduction 135 III. Methods 137 IV. Results 138 V. Discussion 154 A. Ecological and Practical Implications 157 B. Specificity and Classification of Arbutoid Mycorrhizae 160 VI. Acknowledgement 163 VII. References 164 CHAPTER 6 CULTURAL DESCRIPTIONS, ECTOMYCORRHIZA FORMATION AND 167 SPECIFICITY OF THE GENUS RHIZOPOGON I. Abstract 168 II. Introduction 169 A. Practical Uses in Forestry 169 B. Taxonomy of Rhizopogon 171 C. Geographic Distribution and Host Specificity of Rhizopogon 174 III. Methods 182 A. Collection, Isolation and Identification 182 B. Pure Cuture Syntheses 183 C. Culture Studies 187 IV. Results and Discussion 189 A. Pure Culture Syntheses 189 B. Patterns of Ectomycorrhizal Host Potential and Specificity 208 C. Culture Characteristics 214 V. Summary and Conclusions 255 VI. Acknowledgement 258 VII. References 267 CHAPTER 7 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 267 I. Correlation of Sporocarp-host Specificity with Ectomycorrhizal Potential 267 II. Ectomycorrhizal Host Potential of Fungi with Normally Wide Sporocarp-host Associations 270 III. Comparison of Hosts for Potential Fungus Associates 271 IV. Infrageneric Differences in Mycorrhizal Specificity within Pinus and Alnus 274 V. Mycorrhizal Specificity in the Genus Rhizopogon and Its Taxonomic Significance 276 VI. Indicators of Incompatibility 278 REFERENCES 284 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page CHAPTER 2 1 Red alder seedling after four months aseptic culture 16 with myvorrhizal fungus. 2 Red alder + Alpova diplohploeus ectomycorrhizae,x7.8. 19 3 Cross section of red alder + A. diplophloeus, x600. 19 4 Red alder + Paxillus involutus ectomycorrhizae, x3. 19 5 Cross section of red alder + P.involutus, x600. 19 6 Red alder + Astraeus pteridis ectomycorrhizae, x4.8. 22 7 Cross section of red alder + A. pteridis, x600. 22 8 Cross section of red alder + Sclerderma hypogaeum, x600. 22 9 Cross section of uninfected red alder feeder root 22 showing extending root hairs, x150. CHAPTER 3 1 Paxillus involutus + Alnus glutinosa ectomycorrhizae, 38 x3.3. 2 P. involutus + A. sinuata ectomycorrhizae as seen through 38 the glass synthesis tube, x5.3. 3 Cross section of P.involutus + A. glutinosa ectomycor- 38 rhiza, x600. 4 Cross section of P. involutus + A. glutinosa ectomycor- 38 rhiza, x600. 5 Astraeus pteridis + A. glutinosa ectomycorrhzae, x5. 41 6 Cross section of Astraeus pteridis + Alnus glutinosa, x600. 41 7 Alpova diplophloeus + Alnus glutinosa ectomycorrhizae, 44 x3.3. 8 Cross section of A. diplophloeus + Alnus rhombifolia, x150. 44 9 A. diplophloeus + Alnusincana, cross section x600. 44 10 Pisolithus tinctorius + Alnus glutinosa, cross section 44 x 600. Figure Page CHAPTER 4 1 Amanita muscaria + Picea sitchensis ectomycorrhizae, x2.7. 74 2 A. muscaria + Larix occidentalis ectomycorrhizae, x4. 74 3 Astraeus pteridis + Pinus monticola ectomycorrhizae, x3.3. 74 4 Boletus edulis + Larix occidentalis ectomycorrhizae, x6. 74 5 Gastroboletus subalpinus + Pinus ponderosa ectomycorrhizae, 74 x6. 6 G. subalpinus + P. monticola ectomycorrhizae, x3.3. 74 7 Hysterangium separabile
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Abies Alba Mill.) Differ Largely in Mature Silver Fir Stands and in Scots Pine Forecrops Rafal Ważny
    Ectomycorrhizal communities associated with silver fir seedlings (Abies alba Mill.) differ largely in mature silver fir stands and in Scots pine forecrops Rafal Ważny To cite this version: Rafal Ważny. Ectomycorrhizal communities associated with silver fir seedlings (Abies alba Mill.) differ largely in mature silver fir stands and in Scots pine forecrops. Annals of Forest Science, Springer Nature (since 2011)/EDP Science (until 2010), 2014, 71 (7), pp.801 - 810. 10.1007/s13595-014-0378-0. hal-01102886 HAL Id: hal-01102886 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01102886 Submitted on 13 Jan 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Annals of Forest Science (2014) 71:801–810 DOI 10.1007/s13595-014-0378-0 ORIGINAL PAPER Ectomycorrhizal communities associated with silver fir seedlings (Abies alba Mill.) differ largely in mature silver fir stands and in Scots pine forecrops Rafał Ważny Received: 28 August 2013 /Accepted: 14 April 2014 /Published online: 14 May 2014 # The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract colonization of seedling roots was similar in both cases. This & Context The requirement for rebuilding forecrop stands suggests that pine stands afforested on formerly arable land besides replacement of meadow vegetation with forest plants bear enough ECM species to allow survival and growth of and formation of soil humus is the presence of a compatible silver fir seedlings.
    [Show full text]
  • Field Guide to Common Macrofungi in Eastern Forests and Their Ecosystem Functions
    United States Department of Field Guide to Agriculture Common Macrofungi Forest Service in Eastern Forests Northern Research Station and Their Ecosystem General Technical Report NRS-79 Functions Michael E. Ostry Neil A. Anderson Joseph G. O’Brien Cover Photos Front: Morel, Morchella esculenta. Photo by Neil A. Anderson, University of Minnesota. Back: Bear’s Head Tooth, Hericium coralloides. Photo by Michael E. Ostry, U.S. Forest Service. The Authors MICHAEL E. OSTRY, research plant pathologist, U.S. Forest Service, Northern Research Station, St. Paul, MN NEIL A. ANDERSON, professor emeritus, University of Minnesota, Department of Plant Pathology, St. Paul, MN JOSEPH G. O’BRIEN, plant pathologist, U.S. Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, St. Paul, MN Manuscript received for publication 23 April 2010 Published by: For additional copies: U.S. FOREST SERVICE U.S. Forest Service 11 CAMPUS BLVD SUITE 200 Publications Distribution NEWTOWN SQUARE PA 19073 359 Main Road Delaware, OH 43015-8640 April 2011 Fax: (740)368-0152 Visit our homepage at: http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/ CONTENTS Introduction: About this Guide 1 Mushroom Basics 2 Aspen-Birch Ecosystem Mycorrhizal On the ground associated with tree roots Fly Agaric Amanita muscaria 8 Destroying Angel Amanita virosa, A. verna, A. bisporigera 9 The Omnipresent Laccaria Laccaria bicolor 10 Aspen Bolete Leccinum aurantiacum, L. insigne 11 Birch Bolete Leccinum scabrum 12 Saprophytic Litter and Wood Decay On wood Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus populinus (P. ostreatus) 13 Artist’s Conk Ganoderma applanatum
    [Show full text]
  • The Mycological Society of San Francisco • Jan. 2016, Vol. 67:05
    The Mycological Society of San Francisco • Jan. 2016, vol. 67:05 Table of Contents JANUARY 19 General Meeting Speaker Mushroom of the Month by K. Litchfield 1 President Post by B. Wenck-Reilly 2 Robert Dale Rogers Schizophyllum by D. Arora & W. So 4 Culinary Corner by H. Lunan 5 Hospitality by E. Multhaup 5 Holiday Dinner 2015 Report by E. Multhaup 6 Bizarre World of Fungi: 1965 by B. Sommer 7 Academic Quadrant by J. Shay 8 Announcements / Events 9 2015 Fungus Fair by J. Shay 10 David Arora’s talk by D. Tighe 11 Cultivation Quarters by K. Litchfield 12 Fungus Fair Species list by D. Nolan 13 Calendar 15 Mushroom of the Month: Chanterelle by Ken Litchfield Twenty-One Myths of Medicinal Mushrooms: Information on the use of medicinal mushrooms for This month’s profiled mushroom is the delectable Chan- preventive and therapeutic modalities has increased terelle, one of the most distinctive and easily recognized mush- on the internet in the past decade. Some is based on rooms in all its many colors and meaty forms. These golden, yellow, science and most on marketing. This talk will look white, rosy, scarlet, purple, blue, and black cornucopias of succu- at 21 common misconceptions, helping separate fact lent brawn belong to the genera Cantharellus, Craterellus, Gomphus, from fiction. Turbinellus, and Polyozellus. Rather than popping up quickly from quiescent primordial buttons that only need enough rain to expand About the speaker: the preformed babies, Robert Dale Rogers has been an herbalist for over forty these mushrooms re- years. He has a Bachelor of Science from the Univer- quire an extended period sity of Alberta, where he is an assistant clinical profes- of slower growth and sor in Family Medicine.
    [Show full text]
  • Does Fungal Competitive Ability Explain Host Specificity Or Rarity in Ectomycorrhizal
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.20.106047; this version posted May 20, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 Does fungal competitive ability explain host specificity or rarity in ectomycorrhizal 2 symbioses? 3 4 5 6 7 Peter G. Kennedy1, Joe Gagne1, Eduardo Perez-Pazos1, Lotus A. Lofgren2, Nhu H. Nguyen3 8 9 10 1. Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota 11 2. Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside 12 3. Department of Tropical Plant & Soil Sciences, University of Hawai’i, Manoa 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Text: 4522 words 20 Figures: 2 21 Tables: 1 22 Supplemental Info: Fig. S1-3 23 Corresponding author: Peter Kennedy, [email protected] 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.20.106047; this version posted May 20, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 25 Abstract 26 Two common ecological assumptions are that host generalist and rare species are poorer 27 competitors relative to host specialist and more abundant counterparts. While these assumptions 28 have received considerable study in both plant and animals, how they apply to ectomycorrhizal 29 fungi remains largely unknown.
    [Show full text]
  • CZECH MYCOLOGY Publication of the Czech Scientific Society for Mycology
    CZECH MYCOLOGY Publication of the Czech Scientific Society for Mycology Volume 57 August 2005 Number 1-2 Central European genera of the Boletaceae and Suillaceae, with notes on their anatomical characters Jo s e f Š u t a r a Prosetická 239, 415 01 Tbplice, Czech Republic Šutara J. (2005): Central European genera of the Boletaceae and Suillaceae, with notes on their anatomical characters. - Czech Mycol. 57: 1-50. A taxonomic survey of Central European genera of the families Boletaceae and Suillaceae with tubular hymenophores, including the lamellate Phylloporus, is presented. Questions concerning the delimitation of the bolete genera are discussed. Descriptions and keys to the families and genera are based predominantly on anatomical characters of the carpophores. Attention is also paid to peripheral layers of stipe tissue, whose anatomical structure has not been sufficiently studied. The study of these layers, above all of the caulohymenium and the lateral stipe stratum, can provide information important for a better understanding of relationships between taxonomic groups in these families. The presence (or absence) of the caulohymenium with spore-bearing caulobasidia on the stipe surface is here considered as a significant ge­ neric character of boletes. A new combination, Pseudoboletus astraeicola (Imazeki) Šutara, is proposed. Key words: Boletaceae, Suillaceae, generic taxonomy, anatomical characters. Šutara J. (2005): Středoevropské rody čeledí Boletaceae a Suillaceae, s poznámka­ mi k jejich anatomickým znakům. - Czech Mycol. 57: 1-50. Je předložen taxonomický přehled středoevropských rodů čeledí Boletaceae a. SuiUaceae s rourko- vitým hymenoforem, včetně rodu Phylloporus s lupeny. Jsou diskutovány otázky týkající se vymezení hřibovitých rodů. Popisy a klíče k čeledím a rodům jsou založeny převážně na anatomických znacích plodnic.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bioaccumulation of Some Heavy Metals in the Fruiting Body of Wild Growing Mushrooms
    Available online at www.notulaebotanicae.ro Print ISSN 0255-965X; Electronic 1842-4309 Not. Bot. Hort. Agrobot. Cluj 38 (2) 2010, Special Issue, 147-151 Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca The Bioaccumulation of Some Heavy Metals in the Fruiting Body of Wild Growing Mushrooms Carmen Cristina ELEKES1) , Gabriela BUSUIOC1) , Gheorghe IONITA 2) 1) Valahia University of Targoviste, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Biotechnologies, Bd. Regele Carol I, no. 2, Romania; [email protected] 2) Valahia University of Targoviste, Faculty of Materials Engineering, Mechatronics and Robotics, Bd. Regele Carol I, no. 2, Romania Abstract Due to their effective mechanism of accumulation of heavy metals from soil, the macrofungi show high concentrations of metals in their fruiting body. According with this ability, the mushrooms can be used to evaluate and control the level of environmental pollution, but also represent danger for human ingestion. We analyzed some macrofungi species from a wooded area to establish the heavy metal concentrations and ability of bioaccumulation and translocation for Zn, Cu and Sn in fruiting body. The metallic content was established by the Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry method (ICP-AES). The minimal detection limits of method is 0.4 mg/kg for Zn and Cu and 0.6 mg/kg for Sn. Heavy metals concentrations in the fruiting body ranged between 6.98- 20.10 mg/kg for Zn (the higher value was for Tapinella atrotomentosa); 16.13-144.94 mg/kg for Cu (the higher value was for Hypholoma fasciculare); and 24.36-150.85 mg/kg for Sn (the higher value was for Paxillus involutus).
    [Show full text]
  • Tricholoma (Fr.) Staude in the Aegean Region of Turkey
    Turkish Journal of Botany Turk J Bot (2019) 43: 817-830 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/botany/ © TÜBİTAK Research Article doi:10.3906/bot-1812-52 Tricholoma (Fr.) Staude in the Aegean region of Turkey İsmail ŞEN*, Hakan ALLI Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey Received: 24.12.2018 Accepted/Published Online: 30.07.2019 Final Version: 21.11.2019 Abstract: The Tricholoma biodiversity of the Aegean region of Turkey has been determined and reported in this study. As a consequence of field and laboratory studies, 31 Tricholoma species have been identified, and five of them (T. filamentosum, T. frondosae, T. quercetorum, T. rufenum, and T. sudum) have been reported for the first time from Turkey. The identification key of the determined taxa is given with this study. Key words: Tricholoma, biodiversity, identification key, Aegean region, Turkey 1. Introduction & Intini (this species, called “sedir mantarı”, is collected by Tricholoma (Fr.) Staude is one of the classic genera of local people for both its gastronomic and financial value) Agaricales, and more than 1200 members of this genus and T. virgatum var. fulvoumbonatum E. Sesli, Contu & were globally recorded in Index Fungorum to date (www. Vizzini (Intini et al., 2003; Vizzini et al., 2015). Additionally, indexfungorum.org, access date 23 April 2018), but many Heilmann-Clausen et al. (2017) described Tricholoma of them are placed in other genera such as Lepista (Fr.) ilkkae Mort. Chr., Heilm.-Claus., Ryman & N. Bergius as W.G. Sm., Melanoleuca Pat., and Lyophyllum P. Karst. a new species and they reported that this species grows in (Christensen and Heilmann-Clausen, 2013).
    [Show full text]
  • Mycorrhizal Fungi of Exotic Forest Plantations
    Mycorrhizal fungi of exotic forest plantations Peitsa Mikola Department of Silviculture University of Helsinki Introduction South Africa 0.92 mill. ha, and Chile 0.35 mill. ha. In all these countries the main It is a well-known fact that Suillus grevillei species of plantations are pines (mainly Pinus (Boletus elegans) is to be found growing radiata of California, P. elliottii of Florida, under larch (Larix spp.) and nowhere else. and P. patula of Mexico), although the In late summer, sporophores of Suillus grevil­ indigenous floras of these areas include no lei are almost invariably found in all larch species belonging to the Pinaceae family. forests and plantations, and even under soli­ Australian eucalypts (Eucalyptus spp.) which tary trees. The great mycologist Elias Fries have ectotrophic mycorrhizae are also exten­ already wrote: " Ubi Larix, ibi Boletus sively grown outside their natural range, in elegans". Africa, Asia, and South America. Larch is an exotic tree species in Finland. The aim of this article is to review the Consequently, Suillus grevillei cannot belong fungal flora of exotic forest plantations and to the native Finnish flora but must have to discuss the possible modes of immigration 1 arrived there with or after its hosts, Larix of exotic mycorrhizal fungi. ) spp. The same applies to some other mycor­ rhizal fungi of larch, such as Boletinus asiati­ Mycorrhizal fungi of exotic plantations cus, B. cavipes, and Tricholoma psammopus, Local lists of fungi fruiting in exotic coni­ as well as to all the other areas where Larix ferous plantations have been published by spp. are grown as exotics.
    [Show full text]
  • Toxic Fungi of Western North America
    Toxic Fungi of Western North America by Thomas J. Duffy, MD Published by MykoWeb (www.mykoweb.com) March, 2008 (Web) August, 2008 (PDF) 2 Toxic Fungi of Western North America Copyright © 2008 by Thomas J. Duffy & Michael G. Wood Toxic Fungi of Western North America 3 Contents Introductory Material ........................................................................................... 7 Dedication ............................................................................................................... 7 Preface .................................................................................................................... 7 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. 7 An Introduction to Mushrooms & Mushroom Poisoning .............................. 9 Introduction and collection of specimens .............................................................. 9 General overview of mushroom poisonings ......................................................... 10 Ecology and general anatomy of fungi ................................................................ 11 Description and habitat of Amanita phalloides and Amanita ocreata .............. 14 History of Amanita ocreata and Amanita phalloides in the West ..................... 18 The classical history of Amanita phalloides and related species ....................... 20 Mushroom poisoning case registry ...................................................................... 21 “Look-Alike” mushrooms .....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • MUSHROOMS of the OTTAWA NATIONAL FOREST Compiled By
    MUSHROOMS OF THE OTTAWA NATIONAL FOREST Compiled by Dana L. Richter, School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI for Ottawa National Forest, Ironwood, MI March, 2011 Introduction There are many thousands of fungi in the Ottawa National Forest filling every possible niche imaginable. A remarkable feature of the fungi is that they are ubiquitous! The mushroom is the large spore-producing structure made by certain fungi. Only a relatively small number of all the fungi in the Ottawa forest ecosystem make mushrooms. Some are distinctive and easily identifiable, while others are cryptic and require microscopic and chemical analyses to accurately name. This is a list of some of the most common and obvious mushrooms that can be found in the Ottawa National Forest, including a few that are uncommon or relatively rare. The mushrooms considered here are within the phyla Ascomycetes – the morel and cup fungi, and Basidiomycetes – the toadstool and shelf-like fungi. There are perhaps 2000 to 3000 mushrooms in the Ottawa, and this is simply a guess, since many species have yet to be discovered or named. This number is based on lists of fungi compiled in areas such as the Huron Mountains of northern Michigan (Richter 2008) and in the state of Wisconsin (Parker 2006). The list contains 227 species from several authoritative sources and from the author’s experience teaching, studying and collecting mushrooms in the northern Great Lakes States for the past thirty years. Although comments on edibility of certain species are given, the author neither endorses nor encourages the eating of wild mushrooms except with extreme caution and with the awareness that some mushrooms may cause life-threatening illness or even death.
    [Show full text]
  • Mycological Society of San Francisco
    Mycological Society of San Francisco Fungus Fair!! 4-5 December 2004 Mycological Contact MSSF Join MSSF About MSSF Society of Event Calendar Meetings San Mycena News Fungus Fairs Cookbook Francisco Recipes Photos History Introduction Other Activities Welcome to the home page of the Mycological Society of San Francisco, North America's largest local amateur mycological Web Sites association. This page was created by and is maintained by Michael Members Only! Wood, publisher of MykoWeb. MykoWeb The Mycological Society of San Francisco is a non-profit corporation Search formed in 1950 to promote the study and exchange of information about mushrooms. Copyright © Most of our members are amateurs who are interested in mushrooms 1995-2004 by for a variety of reasons: cooking, cultivating, experiencing the Michael Wood and out-of-doors, and learning to properly identify mushrooms. Other the MSSF members are professional mycologists who participate in our activities and may serve as teachers or advisors. Dr. Dennis E. Desjardin is the scientific advisor for the Mycological Society of San Francisco. He is professor of biology at San Francisco State University and director of the Harry D. Thiers Herbarium. Dr. Desjardin was the recipient of the Alexopoulos Prize for outstanding research and the W. H. Weston Award for Excellence in Teaching from the Mycological Society of America. Our active membership extends throughout the San Francisco Bay Area and into many other communities in Northern California and beyond. To join the MSSF, please see the membership page. To renew your MSSF membership, see the renewal page. For information on how to http://www.mssf.org/ (1 of 2) [5/17/2004 12:11:22 PM] Mycological Society of San Francisco contact the MSSF, please visit our contact page.
    [Show full text]
  • Catalogue of Fungus Fair
    Oakland Museum, 6-7 December 2003 Mycological Society of San Francisco Catalogue of Fungus Fair Introduction ......................................................................................................................2 History ..............................................................................................................................3 Statistics ...........................................................................................................................4 Total collections (excluding "sp.") Numbers of species by multiplicity of collections (excluding "sp.") Numbers of taxa by genus (excluding "sp.") Common names ................................................................................................................6 New names or names not recently recorded .................................................................7 Numbers of field labels from tables Species found - listed by name .......................................................................................8 Species found - listed by multiplicity on forays ..........................................................13 Forays ranked by numbers of species .........................................................................16 Larger forays ranked by proportion of unique species ...............................................17 Species found - by county and by foray ......................................................................18 Field and Display Label examples ................................................................................27
    [Show full text]