DOCSLIB.ORG

The Ecology of the Macrofungi

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Ecology of the Macrofungi THE ECOLOGY OF THE MACROFUNGI AT THE LANPHERE-CHRISTENSEN DUNES PRESERVE, ARCATA, CALIFORNIA by Sue Sweet Van Hook A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Humboldt State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts December, 1985 THE ECOLOGY OF THE MACROFUNGI AT THE LANPHERE-CHRISTENSEN DUNES PRESERVE ARCATA, CALIFORNIA by Sue Sweet Van Hook We certify that we have read this study and that it conforms to acceptable standards of scholarly presentation and is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts. Major Professor V 1 Y Approved by the Graduate Dean Acknowledgements I wish to thank Dr. David L. Largent, my major professor and mentor, for years of excellent guidance and encouragement in the field of mycology; the members of my graduate committee, Drs. Dennis Anderson, Francis Meredith, and Richard Hurley, for their critical review of the thesis; mycologists, Dr. Orson K. Miller, Dr. Joseph F. Ammirati, and Dr. Harry D. Theirs, for their verification of species identifications; Hortense M. Lanphere for the background material on the fungi at the preserve and for her supportive correspondence; Marjorie Moore for data entry and graphics; The Nature Conservancy, for permitting the study at the Lanphere-Cristensen Dunes Preserve; and my family for their labor, love and patience. Table of Contents Page I. Introduction A. Literature review 1 B. Objectives 5 II. The Study Area A. Location 6 B. Geology 6 C. Climate 8 D. Plant Communities 9 III. Methods and Materials A. Areas studied 10 B. Plots within areas 16 C. Measurements of precipitation and air temperatures 17 IV. Results A. Precipitation 25 B. Air temperatures near the ground 27 C. Climatalogical data from Eureka, California 32 D. Fungal Synecology 34 1. Characterization of species 34 2. Seasonal succession 35 3. Seasonal periodicity 41 4. Mid-dates of fruiting 42 5. Average Cluster Size and Cluster Range 61 6. Abundance 61 7. Phanerogam Associates 64 8. Distribution 65 V. Discussion A. Variations in precipitation and temperature 68 B. Clusters, a method for recording sociability 70 C. Synecology of fungal flora 71 1. Characterization of the species 71 2. Seasonal succession 74 3. Seasonal periodicity 83 4. Mid-dates of fruiting 86 5. Abundance 90 6. Distribution 91 Table of Contents (continued) Page VI. Conclusion 96 VII. Appendix A 99 VIII. Appendix B 100 IX. Appendix C 103 X. Appendix D 104 XI. Literature Cited 149 I. Introduction Α. Literature review The literature on fungal synecology has been reviewed and critiqued by Hueck (1952), and by Cooke (1953). Both investigators emphasized the difficulties arising from the great variability in earlier synecological methods and the absence of a unified approach to the study of fungal communities. Hueck (1952) attributed the variability in methods to a lack of appropriate techniques for best characterizing a mycoflora and consequently he proposed that a plot should be chosen so that there appears to be both an abundant and an homogeneous flora of fungi as well as a homogeneity of vascular plant vegetation. The plot, whether a series of quadrats or an area of irregular shape, should be delimited in such a way that repeated checks are possible. The plots should be sampled 6-8 times per year for several years until no new species are found. Scales, modified from Braun-Blanquet (1932), Lange (1948), and Haas (1932), should be chosen for recording abundance, sociability, and substrate. The early 1950's was a period of transition in the study of fungal synecology. New methods of sampling were combined with earlier techniques. Questions that arose from sampling fungus populations using this new approach involved: the use of stationary plots versus routes (Parker-Rhoades, 1951; Kalamees, 1968); the sizes and 2 numbers of plots (Parker-Rhoades, 1951; Cooke, 1955; Kalamees, 1968; Richardson, 1970; and Fogel, 1976); the periodicity of sampling (Richardson, 1970); and the description of fungi being sampled (Parker-Rhoades, 1951; Kalamees, 1968; Hering, 1966; Richardson, 1970). The objective of these various mycocoenological methods is to be able to characterize major and minor components of a fungal flora. Hering (1966) labeled those species representing 5 percent of the total biomass or total number as dominants. Richardson (1970) also used the 5 percent of total biomass criterion to determine the major species of a pine plantation in Scotland. Parker-Rhoades (1951) designated species having 4 or more records as "prevalent" species and found that constancy of fruiting was an important criterion in placing a species in the "prevalent" category. It is important to note that comparisons of fungal productivity or occurrence between years within a site, or between similar site types in the same year, are reliable only when both the abundance and sociability of the fungi have been recorded. Kalamees (1968) emphasized the importance of sociability over abundance saying, "It is the only indicator demonstrating, but partly (with the present methods), the connection of fruiting bodies with the respective mycelia, thus giving a certain idea on the distribution of mycelia in the soil." He recognized that in order to determine dominant species, it is necessary to 3 count clusters of fruiting bodies that represent a single mycelium. Since the 1950's, only two studies in fungal synecology have been done in North America. Cooke (1955) studied the relationship of cryptogam to phanerogam communities in eastern Washington and adjacent Idaho and Fogel (1976) studied sporocarp phenology of hypogeous fungi in a Douglas fir stand in western Oregon. Cooke (1955), in describing the characteristics of the fungal flora, was able to make only general statements about constancy, fidelity, vigor, dominance, sociability and phenology. Constancy and species richness increased in the more moist associations. Fidelity to a phanerogam association was greatest among mycorrhizal species. Vigor was difficult to measure, but a loss of vigor was detected in poorer years by the smaller size of sporocarps. Dominance, defined as the volume of space occupied by all sporocarps of the species observed, was not useful for describing competitive significance. Fall and spring fungal floras differed, with only 10 percent of the species occurring in both seasons. Fogel (1976) determined that the minimum area that could be used for sampling was 100 square meters. However, because of the time required to unearth this much area to find the fungi, sporocarp production was estimated from 50 randomly located one-square meter quadrats; sporocarp numbers and biomass were underestimated as a 4 result. Major species were defined as those comprising 5 percent or more of the total dry-weight production. Major species differed in each of the 3 years. The mid-dates of fruiting for each species were determined using Richardson's (1970) formula, "m= Σ dn/Ν"; where d equals the number of days from the starting date times n, the number of sporocarps, all summed, then divided by N, the total number of sporocarps for a species. Sporocarp production increased logarithmically in spring when the mean minimum temperature was between 0° and 6° C and the precipitation was less than 5 cm. In fall, production began when precipitation totaled at least 0.5 cm per month and increased until the mean minimum temperature dropped to 4° C. Mycologists concur that the paucity of synecological studies is due to the inherent difficulties associated with field studies of fungi (Hueck, 1952; Fogel, 1981). Identification of fungal species often involves taxonomic problems which must be overcome before a study of fungal ecology can begin. Also, in theory, sociological studies should be based on the vegetative portion or dominant stage in the fungal life cycle, as they are for vascular plants. However, the inability to quantify microscopic subterranean mycelia has led to a reliance on the reproductive fruiting bodies, whose ephemeral nature and irregular occurrence pose additional difficulties (Hueck, 1952). It is often impractical to carry out long-term 5 studies with weekly sampling, to obtain accurate records of fungal populations (Fogel, 1981). Lastly, fungal synecology requires the development of efficient methods of study different from those established for phanerogams (Hueck, 1952). Β. Objectives The primary objective of this study was to develop a new method of recording sociability of macrofungi. Α second objective was to describe the synecology of the fungal species of a beach pine/dunes system through frequent sampling based on the identification of sporocarps and clusters. Α third objective was to produce a species list of macrofungi for this ecosystem that includes information on growth habit, habitat, ecological function, and distribution for each species. 6 II. The Study Area A. Location The 86 ha Lanphere-Christensen Dunes Preserve of The Nature Conservancy, managed by Humboldt State University, is a sand dune/beach pine system located 6.4 km west of Arcata, California on the Samoa Peninsula (Fig. 1). The preserve is one of four minimally altered habitats supporting native dune plant populations along the California coast (Barbour, 1977). The system is limited to the west by the Pacific Ocean, to the east by pastureland and a tidal slough. The well-defined limits of this ecosystem, in addition to its protected status, make it attractive for studies. The Dunes Preserve is habitat for many interesting and unusual fungi (Smith, 1957; Stuntz, 1962; Largent, Miller, and Ammirati, personal communications). B. Geology The sand dune system extends for 35 km along Humboldt Bay from Table Bluff north to Little River (Fig. 1). The sand dunes are best developed and reach their greatest heights (27 m) and widths (1.2 km) along the Samoa Peninsula where sand accumulates against a forest south of the preserve. The sand consists of fine, light-colored grains of quartz and feldspar averaging .10-.25 mm, and coarse, dark particles of basalt .25-.50 mm in size (Johnson, 1963).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Covered in Phylloboletellus and Numerous Clamps in Boletellus Fibuliger
    PERSOONIA Published by the Rijksherbarium, Leiden Volume 11, Part 3, pp. 269-302 (1981) Notes on bolete taxonomy—III Rolf Singer Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, U.S.A. have Contributions involving bolete taxonomy during the last ten years not only widened the knowledge and increased the number of species in the boletes and related lamellate and gastroid forms, but have also introduced a large number of of new data on characters useful for the generic and subgeneric taxonomy these is therefore timely to fungi,resulting, in part, in new taxonomical arrangements. It consider these new data with a view to integratingthem into an amended classifi- cation which, ifit pretends to be natural must take into account all observations of possible diagnostic value. It must also take into account all sufficiently described species from all phytogeographic regions. 1. Clamp connections Like any other character (including the spore print color), the presence or absence ofclamp connections in is neither in of the carpophores here nor other groups Basidiomycetes necessarily a generic or family character. This situation became very clear when occasional clamps were discovered in Phylloboletellus and numerous clamps in Boletellus fibuliger. Kiihner (1978-1980) rightly postulates that cytology and sexuality should be considered wherever at all possible. This, as he is well aware, is not feasible in most boletes, and we must be content to judgeclamp-occurrence per se, giving it importance wherever associated with other characters and within a well circumscribed and obviously homogeneous group such as Phlebopus, Paragyrodon, and Gyrodon. (Heinemann (1954) and Pegler & Young this is (1981) treat group on the family level.) Gyroporus, also clamp-bearing, considered close, but somewhat more removed than the other genera.
    [Show full text]
  • Forest Fungi in Ireland
    FOREST FUNGI IN IRELAND PAUL DOWDING and LOUIS SMITH COFORD, National Council for Forest Research and Development Arena House Arena Road Sandyford Dublin 18 Ireland Tel: + 353 1 2130725 Fax: + 353 1 2130611 © COFORD 2008 First published in 2008 by COFORD, National Council for Forest Research and Development, Dublin, Ireland. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, or stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying recording or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from COFORD. All photographs and illustrations are the copyright of the authors unless otherwise indicated. ISBN 1 902696 62 X Title: Forest fungi in Ireland. Authors: Paul Dowding and Louis Smith Citation: Dowding, P. and Smith, L. 2008. Forest fungi in Ireland. COFORD, Dublin. The views and opinions expressed in this publication belong to the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect those of COFORD. i CONTENTS Foreword..................................................................................................................v Réamhfhocal...........................................................................................................vi Preface ....................................................................................................................vii Réamhrá................................................................................................................viii Acknowledgements...............................................................................................ix
    [Show full text]
  • Adaptability to Submerged Culture and Amtno Acid Contents of Certain Fleshy Fungi Common in Finland
    Adaptability to submerged culture and amtno acid contents of certain fleshy fungi common in Finland Mar j a L i is a H a t t u l a and H . G. G y ll e n b e r g Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Finland The literature on the possibilities of sub­ must be considered when the suitability of merged culture of macrofungi is already fungi for submerged production is evaluated. voluminous. However, the interest has merely The present work concerns a collection of been restricted to the traditionally most va­ fungi common in Finland which have been lued fungi, particularly members of the gene­ investigated according to the criteria descri­ ra Agaricus and M orchella (HuMFELD, 1948, bed above. 1952, HuMFELD & SuGIHARA, 1949, 1952, Su­ GIHARA & HuMFELD, 1954, SzuEcs 1956, LITCHFIELD, 1964, 1967 a, b, LITCHFIELD & al., MATERIAL 1963) . The information obtainable from stu­ dies on these organisms is not especially en­ The material consisted of 33 species of fun­ couraging because the rate of biomass pro­ gi, 29 of which were obtained from the duction seems to be too low to compete fa­ Department of Silviculture, University of ,·ourably with other alternatives of single cell Helsinki, through the courtesy of Professor P. protein production (LITCHFIELD, 1967 a, b). Mikola and Mr. 0 . Laiho. Four species were On the other hand, the traditional use of fun­ isolated by the present authors by taking a gi as human food all over the world is a sterile piece of the fruiting body at the point significant reason for continued research on where the cap and the stem are joined and the submerged production o.f fungal mycel­ by transferring it on a slant of suitable agar.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Mitogenome Analysis of Two Ectomycorrhizal Fungi (Paxillus
    Li et al. IMA Fungus (2020) 11:12 https://doi.org/10.1186/s43008-020-00038-8 IMA Fungus RESEARCH Open Access Comparative mitogenome analysis of two ectomycorrhizal fungi (Paxillus) reveals gene rearrangement, intron dynamics, and phylogeny of basidiomycetes Qiang Li1, Yuanhang Ren1, Dabing Xiang1, Xiaodong Shi1, Jianglin Zhao1, Lianxin Peng1,2* and Gang Zhao1* Abstract In this study, the mitogenomes of two Paxillus species were assembled, annotated and compared. The two mitogenomes of Paxillus involutus and P. rubicundulus comprised circular DNA molecules, with the size of 39,109 bp and 41,061 bp, respectively. Evolutionary analysis revealed that the nad4L gene had undergone strong positive selection in the two Paxillus species. In addition, 10.64 and 36.50% of the repetitive sequences were detected in the mitogenomes of P. involutus and P. rubicundulus, respectively, which might transfer between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. Large-scale gene rearrangements and frequent intron gain/loss events were detected in 61 basidiomycete species, which revealed large variations in mitochondrial organization and size in Basidiomycota.In addition, the insertion sites of the basidiomycete introns were found to have a base preference. Phylogenetic analysis of the combined mitochondrial gene set gave identical and well-supported tree topologies, indicating that mitochondrial genes were reliable molecular markers for analyzing the phylogenetic relationships of Basidiomycota. This study is the first report on the mitogenomes of Paxillus, which will promote a better understanding of their contrasted ecological strategies, molecular evolution and phylogeny of these important ectomycorrhizal fungi and related basidiomycete species. Keywords: Basidiomycota, Boletales, Ectomycorrhizas, Gene rearrangement, Mitochondrial genome, Repeat INTRODUCTION coniferous and hardwood trees (Hedh et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Toxic Fungi of Western North America
    Toxic Fungi of Western North America by Thomas J. Duffy, MD Published by MykoWeb (www.mykoweb.com) March, 2008 (Web) August, 2008 (PDF) 2 Toxic Fungi of Western North America Copyright © 2008 by Thomas J. Duffy & Michael G. Wood Toxic Fungi of Western North America 3 Contents Introductory Material ........................................................................................... 7 Dedication ............................................................................................................... 7 Preface .................................................................................................................... 7 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. 7 An Introduction to Mushrooms & Mushroom Poisoning .............................. 9 Introduction and collection of specimens .............................................................. 9 General overview of mushroom poisonings ......................................................... 10 Ecology and general anatomy of fungi ................................................................ 11 Description and habitat of Amanita phalloides and Amanita ocreata .............. 14 History of Amanita ocreata and Amanita phalloides in the West ..................... 18 The classical history of Amanita phalloides and related species ....................... 20 Mushroom poisoning case registry ...................................................................... 21 “Look-Alike” mushrooms .....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Application of Semantic Technology to Define Names for Fungi by Nathan Wilson1, Kathryn M
    Application of Semantic Technology to Define Names for Fungi by Nathan Wilson1, Kathryn M. Dunn2, Han Wang3, and Deborah L. McGuinness4 v1.0 - April 27, 2012 Abstract The need for well-defined, persistent descriptions of taxa that can be accurately interpreted by computers is becoming increasingly clear. The goal of this work is to develop named descriptions of Fungi that enable automated reasoning by computers. We encode these descriptions using the Web Ontology Language (OWL). The initial target audience is field mycologists using the Mushroom Observer website, who range from professional scientists to beginning mushroom enthusiasts. We describe our mycology ontology and propose developing a transparent, community-based ontology evolution process. The ontology was designed to focus on properties that can be observed in the field, but the framework is proving to be suitable for microscopic, chemical, and genomic properties as well. Concrete examples are provided where field mycologists need names for groups of similar-looking Fungi that are known to belong to different species, and where our approach can significantly increase the precision of information recorded by the observer. Such a system is important for enabling the field mycologist to make more meaningful contributions to the modern scientific literature. In addition, the resulting ontology and descriptions provides a foundation for consistent, unambiguous, computational representations of Fungi. Finally, we expect that such a system will enable more people to become active field mycologists by providing a more robust way to document field observations and connect those observations with information about similar fungi. Introduction The original motivation for the proposed system is to fill a gap in the existing naming systems for Fungi between scientific and common names, as well as between names based on evolutionary relatedness and names based on observed similarity.
    [Show full text]
  • Patterns of Ectomycorrhizal Host-Fungus Specificity in the Pacific Northwest
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Randolph John Molina for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Botany and Plant Pathology presented on December 17, 1980 Title: PATTERNS OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAL HOST-FUNGUS SPECIFICITY IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: Dr. James M. Trappe Results from approximately 400 fungus-host pure culture inoculations indicate that specificity of ectomycorrhizal associations is a complex phenomenon and cannot be based solely on field observations of sporocarp-host associations. Of the numerous sporocarp-host specific fungi tested, most formed ectomycorrhizae with one or more unexpected, non-associated hosts. These results conclusively demonstrate that ectomycorrhizal fungi which produce sporocarps only with a specific host species or genus can still form mycorrhizae with other "non-asso- ciated" hosts. The ability to form ectomycorrhizae with various hosts is termed "ectomycorrhizal host potential". Some fungi, however, showed superior mycorrhizal development on their particular hosts over other non-associated hosts, indicating further specialization in those associations. A large group of fungi known for diverse sporocarp-host associa- tions showed wide ectomycorrhizal host potential by forming abundant, well developed ectomycorrhizae with all or most hosts. It's suggested that these fungi may share similar compatibility or recognition factors common to many ectomycorrhizal hosts thus allowing for diverse host associations. A spectrum from mycorrhizal generalists to specialists was seen among the hosts in their ability to form mycorrhizae with diverse fungi. The ericaceous hosts Arctostaphylos uva-ursi and Arbutus menziesii were broadly receptive towards the fungi, forming mycorrhizae with 25 of the 28 tested. This included most of the fungi which produce sporocarps only in association with specific conifers.
    [Show full text]
  • MUSHROOMS of the OTTAWA NATIONAL FOREST Compiled By
    MUSHROOMS OF THE OTTAWA NATIONAL FOREST Compiled by Dana L. Richter, School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI for Ottawa National Forest, Ironwood, MI March, 2011 Introduction There are many thousands of fungi in the Ottawa National Forest filling every possible niche imaginable. A remarkable feature of the fungi is that they are ubiquitous! The mushroom is the large spore-producing structure made by certain fungi. Only a relatively small number of all the fungi in the Ottawa forest ecosystem make mushrooms. Some are distinctive and easily identifiable, while others are cryptic and require microscopic and chemical analyses to accurately name. This is a list of some of the most common and obvious mushrooms that can be found in the Ottawa National Forest, including a few that are uncommon or relatively rare. The mushrooms considered here are within the phyla Ascomycetes – the morel and cup fungi, and Basidiomycetes – the toadstool and shelf-like fungi. There are perhaps 2000 to 3000 mushrooms in the Ottawa, and this is simply a guess, since many species have yet to be discovered or named. This number is based on lists of fungi compiled in areas such as the Huron Mountains of northern Michigan (Richter 2008) and in the state of Wisconsin (Parker 2006). The list contains 227 species from several authoritative sources and from the author’s experience teaching, studying and collecting mushrooms in the northern Great Lakes States for the past thirty years. Although comments on edibility of certain species are given, the author neither endorses nor encourages the eating of wild mushrooms except with extreme caution and with the awareness that some mushrooms may cause life-threatening illness or even death.
    [Show full text]
  • Fall 2012 Species List Annex October 2012 Lummi Island Foray Species List
    MushRumors The Newsletter of the Northwest Mushroomers Association Volume 23, Issue 2 Summer - Fall, 2012 Record 88 Days Without Measurable Precipitation Defines Northwest Washington’s 2012 Mushroom Season As June had faded into the first week of July, after a second consecutive year of far above average rainfall, no one could have anticipated that by the end of the second week of July we would see virtually no more rain until October 13th, only days before the Northwest Mushroomer’s Association annual Fall Mushroom Show. The early part of the season had offered up bumper crops of the prince (Agaricus augustus), and, a bit later, similar Photo by Jack Waytz quantities of the sulphur shelf (Laetiporus coniferarum). There were also some anomalous fruitings, which seemed completely inexplicable, such as matsutake mushrooms found in June and an exquisite fruiting of Boletus edulis var. grand edulis in Mt. Vernon at the end of the first week of July, under birch, (Pictured on page 2 of this letter) and Erin Moore ran across the king at the Nooksack in Deming, under western hemlock! As was the case last year, there was a very robust fruiting of lobster mushrooms in advance of the rains. It would seem that they need little, or no moisture at all, to have significant flushes. Apparently, a combination of other conditions, which remain hidden from the 3 princes, 3 pounds! mushroom hunters, herald their awakening. The effects of the sudden drought were predictably profound on the mycological landscape. I ventured out to Baker Lake on September 30th, and to my dismay, the luxuriant carpet of moss which normally supports a myriad of Photo by Jack Waytz species had the feel of astro turf, and I found not a single mushroom there, of any species.
    [Show full text]
  • Mycological Society of San Francisco
    Mycological Society of San Francisco Fungus Fair!! 4-5 December 2004 Mycological Contact MSSF Join MSSF About MSSF Society of Event Calendar Meetings San Mycena News Fungus Fairs Cookbook Francisco Recipes Photos History Introduction Other Activities Welcome to the home page of the Mycological Society of San Francisco, North America's largest local amateur mycological Web Sites association. This page was created by and is maintained by Michael Members Only! Wood, publisher of MykoWeb. MykoWeb The Mycological Society of San Francisco is a non-profit corporation Search formed in 1950 to promote the study and exchange of information about mushrooms. Copyright © Most of our members are amateurs who are interested in mushrooms 1995-2004 by for a variety of reasons: cooking, cultivating, experiencing the Michael Wood and out-of-doors, and learning to properly identify mushrooms. Other the MSSF members are professional mycologists who participate in our activities and may serve as teachers or advisors. Dr. Dennis E. Desjardin is the scientific advisor for the Mycological Society of San Francisco. He is professor of biology at San Francisco State University and director of the Harry D. Thiers Herbarium. Dr. Desjardin was the recipient of the Alexopoulos Prize for outstanding research and the W. H. Weston Award for Excellence in Teaching from the Mycological Society of America. Our active membership extends throughout the San Francisco Bay Area and into many other communities in Northern California and beyond. To join the MSSF, please see the membership page. To renew your MSSF membership, see the renewal page. For information on how to http://www.mssf.org/ (1 of 2) [5/17/2004 12:11:22 PM] Mycological Society of San Francisco contact the MSSF, please visit our contact page.
    [Show full text]
  • Catalogue of Fungus Fair
    Oakland Museum, 6-7 December 2003 Mycological Society of San Francisco Catalogue of Fungus Fair Introduction ......................................................................................................................2 History ..............................................................................................................................3 Statistics ...........................................................................................................................4 Total collections (excluding "sp.") Numbers of species by multiplicity of collections (excluding "sp.") Numbers of taxa by genus (excluding "sp.") Common names ................................................................................................................6 New names or names not recently recorded .................................................................7 Numbers of field labels from tables Species found - listed by name .......................................................................................8 Species found - listed by multiplicity on forays ..........................................................13 Forays ranked by numbers of species .........................................................................16 Larger forays ranked by proportion of unique species ...............................................17 Species found - by county and by foray ......................................................................18 Field and Display Label examples ................................................................................27
    [Show full text]
  • Field Key to the Boletes of California
    Field Key to the Boletes of California Key to the Genera of Boletes 1. Tubes typically disoriented and irregularly arranged; spore deposit not obtainable ........ Gastroboletus 1. Tubes more or less vertically oriented and orderly arranged; spore deposit usually readily obtainable ...................................................................................................................................................................... 2 2. Basidiocarps small (4‐7 cm); tubes white when young, becoming bright yellow at maturity; spore deposit yellow; stipe typically hollow in the basal portion with age ...................................... ........................................................................................................................ Gyroporus castaneus 2. Basidiocarps typically larger; tubes yellow when young, or if white at first, then not bright yellow with age; spore deposit olivaceous to brown to reddish brown or flesh or vinaceous color; stipe usually not hollow ........................................................................................................ 3 3. Basidiocarp with a conspicuous, cottony, bright yellow veil (be sure to check young specimens) .......... ................................................................................................................................ Pulveroboletus ravenelii 3. Basidiocarps lacking such a veil ............................................................................................................... 4 4. Spore deposit flesh
    [Show full text]