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Solar Central Receiver Systems Comparitive Economics
. .~-~ ·- - SERI/SP-633-637 April 1980 A SERI Solar Thermal Information Dissemination Project Reprint _,.,, .· Solar Central Receiver Systems . Comparative Economics P. J . Eicker Sandia Laboratories Livermore, California ~ 111111 ~~ Solar Energy Research Institute A Division of Midwest Research Institute 1617 Cole Boulevard Golden, Colorado 80401 Operated for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. EG-77-C-01-4042 DISTRIBUTIGN OF TH IS G~C!!M EIH !S UNUNIITtl DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency Thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. This report was prepared by P. J . Eicker, Sandia Laboratories. It is issued here as a SERI Solar Therm;:il lnfnrm;:ition Dissemination Project neprint with the author'o pcrmiccion. NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. -
Trends in Electricity Prices During the Transition Away from Coal by William B
May 2021 | Vol. 10 / No. 10 PRICES AND SPENDING Trends in electricity prices during the transition away from coal By William B. McClain The electric power sector of the United States has undergone several major shifts since the deregulation of wholesale electricity markets began in the 1990s. One interesting shift is the transition away from coal-powered plants toward a greater mix of natural gas and renewable sources. This transition has been spurred by three major factors: rising costs of prepared coal for use in power generation, a significant expansion of economical domestic natural gas production coupled with a corresponding decline in prices, and rapid advances in technology for renewable power generation.1 The transition from coal, which included the early retirement of coal plants, has affected major price-determining factors within the electric power sector such as operation and maintenance costs, 1 U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS capital investment, and fuel costs. Through these effects, the decline of coal as the primary fuel source in American electricity production has affected both wholesale and retail electricity prices. Identifying specific price effects from the transition away from coal is challenging; however the producer price indexes (PPIs) for electric power can be used to compare general trends in price development across generator types and regions, and can be used to learn valuable insights into the early effects of fuel switching in the electric power sector from coal to natural gas and renewable sources. The PPI program measures the average change in prices for industries based on the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). -
High Voltage Direct Current Transmission – Proven Technology for Power Exchange
www.siemens.com/energy/hvdc High Voltage Direct Current Transmission – Proven Technology for Power Exchange Answers for energy. 2 Contents Chapter Theme Page 1 Why High Voltage Direct Current? 4 2 Main Types of HVDC Schemes 6 3 Converter Theory 8 4 Principle Arrangement of an HVDC Transmission Project 11 5 Main Components 14 5.1 Thyristor Valves 14 5.2 Converter Transformer 18 5.3 Smoothing Reactor 20 5.4 Harmonic Filters 22 5.4.1 AC Harmonic Filter 22 5.4.2 DC Harmonic Filter 25 5.4.3 Active Harmonic Filter 26 5.5 Surge Arrester 28 5.6 DC Transmission Circuit 31 5.6.1 DC Transmission Line 31 5.6.2 DC Cable 32 5.6.3 High Speed DC Switches 34 5.6.4 Earth Electrode 36 5.7 Control & Protection 38 6 System Studies, Digital Models, Design Specifications 45 7 Project Management 46 3 1 Why High Voltage Direct Current? 1.1 Highlights from the High Voltage Direct In 1941, the first contract for a commercial HVDC Current (HVDC) History system was signed in Germany: 60 MW were to be supplied to the city of Berlin via an underground The transmission and distribution of electrical energy cable of 115 km length. The system with ±200 kV started with direct current. In 1882, a 50-km-long and 150 A was ready for energizing in 1945. It was 2-kV DC transmission line was built between Miesbach never put into operation. and Munich in Germany. At that time, conversion between reasonable consumer voltages and higher Since then, several large HVDC systems have been DC transmission voltages could only be realized by realized with mercury arc valves. -
Electrical Modeling of a Thermal Power Station
Electrical Modeling of a Thermal Power Station Reinhard Kaisinger Degree project in Electric Power Systems Second Level Stockholm, Sweden 2011 XR-EE-ES 2011:010 ELECTRICAL MODELING OF A THERMAL POWER STATION Reinhard Kaisinger Masters’ Degree Project Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (KTH) Stockholm, Sweden 2011 XR-EE-ES 2011:010 Table of Contents Page ABSTRACT V SAMMANFATTNING VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENT VII ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT VIII 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 BACKGROUND 3 2.1 Facilities in a Thermal Power Plant 3 2.2 Thermal Power Plant Operation 4 2.2.1 Fuel and Combustion 4 2.2.2 Rankine Cycle 4 2.3 Thermal Power Plant Control 6 2.3.1 Turbine Governor 7 2.4 Amagerværket Block 1 7 2.5 Frequency Control 9 2.5.1 Frequency Control in the ENTSO-E RG Continental Europe Power System 9 2.5.2 Frequency Control in the ENTSO-E RG Nordic Power System 10 2.5.3 Decentralized Frequency Control Action 11 2.5.4 Centralized Frequency Control Action 12 3 MODELING 14 3.1 Modeling and Simulation Software 14 3.1.1 Acausality 14 3.1.2 Differential-Algebraic Equations 15 3.1.3 The ObjectStab Library 15 3.1.4 The ThermoPower Library 16 3.2 Connectors 16 3.3 Synchronous Generator 17 3.4 Steam Turbine 22 3.5 Control Valves 23 3.6 Boiler, Re-heater and Condenser 23 3.7 Overall Steam Cycle 23 3.8 Excitation System and Power System Stabilizer 24 3.9 Turbine Governor 25 3.10 Turbine-Generator Shaft 26 3.11 Overall Model 26 3.12 Boundary Conditions 27 3.13 Simplifications within the Model 28 3.13.1 Steam Cycle 28 3.13.2 Governor 28 3.13.3 Valves and Valve Characteristics 29 3.13.4 -
A Review of Energy Storage Technologies' Application
sustainability Review A Review of Energy Storage Technologies’ Application Potentials in Renewable Energy Sources Grid Integration Henok Ayele Behabtu 1,2,* , Maarten Messagie 1, Thierry Coosemans 1, Maitane Berecibar 1, Kinde Anlay Fante 2 , Abraham Alem Kebede 1,2 and Joeri Van Mierlo 1 1 Mobility, Logistics, and Automotive Technology Research Centre, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; [email protected] (M.M.); [email protected] (T.C.); [email protected] (M.B.); [email protected] (A.A.K.); [email protected] (J.V.M.) 2 Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University, Jimma P.O. Box 378, Ethiopia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +32-485659951 or +251-926434658 Received: 12 November 2020; Accepted: 11 December 2020; Published: 15 December 2020 Abstract: Renewable energy sources (RESs) such as wind and solar are frequently hit by fluctuations due to, for example, insufficient wind or sunshine. Energy storage technologies (ESTs) mitigate the problem by storing excess energy generated and then making it accessible on demand. While there are various EST studies, the literature remains isolated and dated. The comparison of the characteristics of ESTs and their potential applications is also short. This paper fills this gap. Using selected criteria, it identifies key ESTs and provides an updated review of the literature on ESTs and their application potential to the renewable energy sector. The critical review shows a high potential application for Li-ion batteries and most fit to mitigate the fluctuation of RESs in utility grid integration sector. -
2020 ETHANOL INDUSTRY OUTLOOK 1 Focusing Forward, from Challenge to Opportunity
RENEWABLE FUELS ASSOCIATION RFA Board of Directors Neil Koehler RFA Chairman Pacific Ethanol Inc. www.pacificethanol.com Jeanne McCaherty Charles Wilson Geoff Cooper Rick Schwarck RFA Vice Chair RFA Treasurer RFA President RFA Secretary Guardian Energy LLC Trenton Agri Products LLC Renewable Fuels Association Absolute Energy LLC www.guardiannrg.com www.trentonagriproducts.com www.EthanolRFA.org www.absenergy.org Neal Kemmet Mick Henderson Brian Kletscher Bob Pasma Ace Ethanol LLC Commonwealth Agri-Energy LLC Highwater Ethanol LLC Parallel Products www.aceethanol.com www.commonwealthagrienergy.com www.highwaterethanol.com www.parallelproducts.com Ray Baker Scott Mundt Pat Boyle Delayne Johnson Adkins Energy LLC Dakota Ethanol LLC Homeland Energy Solutions LLC Quad County Corn Processors Coop. www.adkinsenergy.com www.dakotaethanol.com www.homelandenergysolutions.com www.quad-county.com Eric McAfee John Didion Seth Harder Dana Lewis Aemetis Inc. Didion Ethanol LLC Husker Ag LLC Redfield Energy LLC www.aemetis.com www.didionmilling.com www.huskerag.com www.redfieldenergy.com Randall Doyal Carl Sitzmann Kevin Keiser Walter Wendland Al-Corn Clean Fuel LLC E Energy Adams LLC Ingredion Inc. Ringneck Energy LLC www.al-corn.com www.eenergyadams.com www.ingredion.com www.ringneckenergy.com Erik Huschitt Bill Pracht Chuck Woodside Brian Pasbrig Badger State Ethanol LLC East Kansas Agri-Energy LLC KAAPA Ethanol Holdings LLC Show Me Ethanol LLC www.badgerstateethanol.com www.ekaellc.com www.kaapaethanol.com www.smefuel.com Jim Leiting Jason Friedberg -
Biomass Basics: the Facts About Bioenergy 1 We Rely on Energy Every Day
Biomass Basics: The Facts About Bioenergy 1 We Rely on Energy Every Day Energy is essential in our daily lives. We use it to fuel our cars, grow our food, heat our homes, and run our businesses. Most of our energy comes from burning fossil fuels like petroleum, coal, and natural gas. These fuels provide the energy that we need today, but there are several reasons why we are developing sustainable alternatives. 2 We are running out of fossil fuels Fossil fuels take millions of years to form within the Earth. Once we use up our reserves of fossil fuels, we will be out in the cold - literally - unless we find other fuel sources. Bioenergy, or energy derived from biomass, is a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels because it can be produced from renewable sources, such as plants and waste, that can be continuously replenished. Fossil fuels, such as petroleum, need to be imported from other countries Some fossil fuels are found in the United States but not enough to meet all of our energy needs. In 2014, 27% of the petroleum consumed in the United States was imported from other countries, leaving the nation’s supply of oil vulnerable to global trends. When it is hard to buy enough oil, the price can increase significantly and reduce our supply of gasoline – affecting our national security. Because energy is extremely important to our economy, it is better to produce energy in the United States so that it will always be available when we need it. Use of fossil fuels can be harmful to humans and the environment When fossil fuels are burned, they release carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere. -
DESIGN of a WATER TOWER ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM a Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Graduate School University of Missouri
DESIGN OF A WATER TOWER ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Graduate School University of Missouri - Columbia In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science by SAGAR KISHOR GIRI Dr. Noah Manring, Thesis Supervisor MAY 2013 The undersigned, appointed by the Dean of the Graduate School, have examined he thesis entitled DESIGN OF A WATER TOWER ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM presented by SAGAR KISHOR GIRI a candidate for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE and hereby certify that in their opinion it is worthy of acceptance. Dr. Noah Manring Dr. Roger Fales Dr. Robert O`Connell ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my appreciation to my thesis advisor, Dr. Noah Manring, for his constant guidance, advice and motivation to overcome any and all obstacles faced while conducting this research and support throughout my degree program without which I could not have completed my master’s degree. Furthermore, I extend my appreciation to Dr. Roger Fales and Dr. Robert O`Connell for serving on my thesis committee. I also would like to express my gratitude to all the students, professors and staff of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering department for all the support and helping me to complete my master’s degree successfully and creating an exceptional environment in which to work and study. Finally, last, but of course not the least, I would like to thank my parents, my sister and my friends for their continuous support and encouragement to complete my program, research and thesis. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ ii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... -
"Implementing EPA's Clean Power Plan: a Menu of Options," NACAA
Implementing EPA’s Clean Power Plan: A Menu of Options May 2015 Implementing EPA’s Clean Power Plan: A Menu of Options May 2015 Implementing EPA’s Clean Power Plan: A Menu of Options Acknowledgements On behalf of the National Association of Clean Air Agencies (NACAA), we are pleased to provide Implementing EPA’s Clean Power Plan: A Menu of Options. Our association developed this document to help state and local air pollution control agencies identify technologies and policies to reduce greenhouse gases from the power sector. We hope that states and localities, as well as other stakeholders, find this document useful as states prepare their compliance strategies to achieve the carbon dioxide emissions targets set by the EPA’s Clean Power Plan. NACAA would like to thank The Regulatory Assistance Project (RAP) for its invaluable assistance in developing this document. We particularly thank Rich Sedano, Ken Colburn, John Shenot, Brenda Hausauer, and Camille Kadoch. In addition, we recognize the contribution of many others, including Riley Allen (RAP), Xavier Baldwin (Burbank Water and Power [retired]), Dave Farnsworth (RAP), Bruce Hedman (Institute for Industrial Productivity), Chris James (RAP), Jim Lazar (RAP), Carl Linvill (RAP), Alice Napoleon (Synapse), Rebecca Schultz (independent contractor), Anna Sommer (Sommer Energy), Jim Staudt (Andover Technology Partners), and Kenji Takahashi (Synapse). We would also like to thank those involved in the production of this document, including Patti Casey, Cathy Donohue, and Tim Newcomb (Newcomb Studios). We are grateful to Stu Clark (Washington) and Larry Greene (Sacramento, California), co-chairs of NACAA’s Global Warming Committee, under whose guidance this document was prepared. -
The Digital Energy System 4.0
The Digital Energy System 4.0 2016 May 2016 Authors and Contributors: Main authors: Pieter Vingerhoets, Working Group coordinator Maher Chebbo, ETP SG Digital Energy Chair Nikos Hatziargyriou, Chairman ETP Smart Grids Authors of use cases: Authors Company Chapters E-mail Project Georges Kariniotakis Mines-Paritech 3.2 [email protected] Anemos/Safewind Rory Donnelly 3E 3.1. [email protected] SWIFT Steven de Boeck Energyville, 4.1. [email protected] iTesla KU Leuven Anna-Carin Schneider RWE 4.2. [email protected] GRID4EU Anderskim Johansson Vattenfall 4.3 [email protected] GRID4EU Stephane Dotto SAP 4.4. [email protected] SAP view Nikos Hatziargyriou NTUA 4.5, [email protected] NOBEL grid, 5.1., SmarterEMC2, 6.2. Smarthouse Smartgrid Paul Hickey ESB 4.6. [email protected] Servo Antonello Monti RWTH Aachen 6.3, [email protected] FINESCE, 6.4., IDE4L, 7.1. COOPERATE Pieter Vingerhoets Energyville 6.1. [email protected] Linear KU Leuven Nina Zalaznik, Cybergrid 7.2., [email protected] eBadge, Sasha Bermann 7.3. Flexiciency Marcel Volkerts USEF 7.4. [email protected] USEF Speakers on the digitalization workshop: Rolf Riemenscheider (European Commission), Patrick Van Hove (European Commission), Antonello Monti (Aachen University), Joachim Teixeira (EDP), Alessio Montone (ENEL), Paul Hickey (ESB), Tom Raftery (Redmonk), Svend Wittern (SAP), Jean-Luc Dormoy (Energy Innovator). ETP experts and reviewers: Venizelos Efthymiou, George Huitema, Fernando Garcia Martinez, Regine Belhomme, Miguel Gaspar, Joseph Houben, Marcelo Torres, Amador Gomez Lopez, Jonathan Leucci, Jochen Kreusel, Gundula Klesse, Ricardo Pastor, Artur Krukowski, Peter Hermans. -
A New Era for Wind Power in the United States
Chapter 3 Wind Vision: A New Era for Wind Power in the United States 1 Photo from iStock 7943575 1 This page is intentionally left blank 3 Impacts of the Wind Vision Summary Chapter 3 of the Wind Vision identifies and quantifies an array of impacts associated with continued deployment of wind energy. This 3 | Summary Chapter chapter provides a detailed accounting of the methods applied and results from this work. Costs, benefits, and other impacts are assessed for a future scenario that is consistent with economic modeling outcomes detailed in Chapter 1 of the Wind Vision, as well as exist- ing industry construction and manufacturing capacity, and past research. Impacts reported here are intended to facilitate informed discus- sions of the broad-based value of wind energy as part of the nation’s electricity future. The primary tool used to evaluate impacts is the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s (NREL’s) Regional Energy Deployment System (ReEDS) model. ReEDS is a capacity expan- sion model that simulates the construction and operation of generation and transmission capacity to meet electricity demand. In addition to the ReEDS model, other methods are applied to analyze and quantify additional impacts. Modeling analysis is focused on the Wind Vision Study Scenario (referred to as the Study Scenario) and the Baseline Scenario. The Study Scenario is defined as wind penetration, as a share of annual end-use electricity demand, of 10% by 2020, 20% by 2030, and 35% by 2050. In contrast, the Baseline Scenario holds the installed capacity of wind constant at levels observed through year-end 2013. -
UNIT-1 THERMAL POWER STATIONS Introduction
UNIT-1 THERMAL POWER STATIONS Introduction ➢ Thermal energy is the major source of power generation in India. More than 60% of electric power is produced by steam plants in India. India has large deposit of coal (about 170 billion tonnes), 5th largest in world. Indian coals are classified as A-G grade coals. ➢ In Steam power plants, the heat of combustion of fossil fuels is utilized by the boilers to raise steam at high pressure and temperature. The steam so produced is used in driving the steam turbines or sometimes steam engines couples to generators and thus in generating electrical energy. ➢ Steam turbines or steam engines used in steam power plants not only act as prime movers but also as drives for auxiliary equipment, such as pumps, stokers fans etc. ➢ Steam power plants may be installed either to generate electrical energy only or generate electrical energy along with generation of steam for industrial purposes such as in paper mills, textile mills, sugar mills and refineries, chemical works, plastic manufacture, food manufacture etc. ➢ The steam for process purposes is extracted from a certain section of turbine and the remaining steam is allowed to expand in the turbine. Alternatively the exhaust steam may be used for process purposes. ➢ Thermal stations can be private industrial plants and central station. Advantages And Disadvantages Of A Thermal Power Plant Advantages: ▪ Less initial cost as compared to other generating stations. ▪ It requires less land as compared to hydro power plant. ▪ The fuel (i.e. coal) is cheaper. ▪ The cost of generation is lesser than that of diesel power plants.