Els Fongs Del Delta Del Llobregat

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Els Fongs Del Delta Del Llobregat 6. ELS FONGS DEL DELTA DEL LLOBREGAT Andrés Valverde Valera i Andrés Valverde Martínez delta-llobregat.indb 141 12/12/2018 16:50:05 142 ELS SISTEMES NATURALS DEL DELTA DEL LLOBREGAT 6.1. INTRODUCCIÓ l’estudi dels micromicets paràsits de plantes, principalment. Les seves aportacions al co- No ha estat fins a dates molt recents que els neixement de la flora de micromicets deltai- micòlegs s’han interessat especialment pels ca són encara les més importants, tot i les fongs del litoral i més concretament per la dates en què es van produir (González Fra- micoflora dels sistemes dunars, que acullen goso, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1920, 1924a, 1924b, moltes formes exclusives i força especialitza- 1925 i 1927), en haver citat prop d’una vui- des d’aquest grup d’organismes. A Europa, tantena d’espècies, entre les quals se’n troba- els primers treballs que es van centrar en ven dues de noves per a la ciència, Coniothy- aquests ambients són d’Andersson (1950) a rium sennenii Gonz. Frag. i Septoria collinae Escandinàvia, Eriksson (1964) a Finlàndia i Gonz. Frag., i altres de molt rares, com Puc- Bon (1970) a França. cinia mediterranea Trotter, que suposava Al delta del Llobregat, en revisar les apor- una espècie nova per a la flora europea, i tacions al coneixement de la seva micoflora, Sporisorium sorghi Ehrenb. ex Link (sub. ens ha sorprès l’antiguitat d’algunes contri- Ustilago sorghi (Ehrenb. ex Link) Pass.), bucions, i molt especialment el nombre d’in- nova per a la flora de micromicets de Cata- vestigadors que han volgut visitar els seus lunya. paratges, potser aprofitant la proximitat a la Moltes de les plantes sobre les quals Gon- ciutat de Barcelona i als seus centres d’inves- zález Fragoso va reconèixer els micromicets tigació i d’estudi, però potser també atrets van ser herboritzades pel botànic i religiós per la singularitat dels seus espais naturals. Etienne Marcellin Granier-Blanc (1861- En aquest treball es fa una síntesi dels 1937), més conegut com a Frère Sennen, en fongs observats al delta del Llobregat, duta a les seves excursions per diverses localitats terme principalment a partir de l’anàlisi de la deltaiques, i especialment pel paratge de Can bibliografia disponible, que és relativament Tunis. extensa. També es fa un repàs de les aporta- González Fragoso va estimular l’estudi cions més importants i una aproximació al dels micromicets a casa nostra, i especial- poblament fúngic dels principals ambients. ment als botànics Arturo Caballero Segarés Finalment, s’aporta un catàleg de les espècies (1877-1950) i Benito Fernández Riofrío citades pels diferents autors, en un període (1896-1942), ambdós de la Facultat de Cièn- que s’estén des del 1916, any en què es va cies de Barcelona. Aquests botànics, a més de produir la primera contribució, fins a l’any proporcionar a González Fragoso mostres 2014. recollides en les seves herboritzacions, van fer també aportacions pròpies. De les vint-i- quatre espècies de micromicets citades per al 6.1.1. Estudis precedents Delta per Caballero (1918a, 1918b i 1920), cal destacar especialment Cytospora arundinis Els progressos en el coneixement de la flora Caball. i Diplodina catalaunica Caball., des- micològica del delta del Llobregat, com es crites com a espècies noves a partir de mos- podrà comprovar, s’han desenvolupat paral- tres recollides a Gavà. Fernández Riofrío lelament als avenços reconeguts en el conei- (1922), per la seva part, va aportar catorze xement de la flora micològica catalana (Giné, espècies, sense descriure’n cap de nova, però 1983; Llimona, 1985). incloent-hi Podosphaera tridactyla (Wallr.) Els primers treballs en què es troben cita- de Bary, que no havia estat citada anteriorment cions de fongs observats al delta del Llobre- a Espanya, i Sporisorium destruens (Schtdl.) gat són del metge Romualdo González Fra- Vánky (sub. Ustilago panici-miliacei (Pers.) goso (1862-1928), considerat el pare de la G. Winter), aleshores espècie nova per a la micologia espanyola, que es va dedicar a micoflora catalana. delta-llobregat.indb 142 12/12/2018 16:50:05 ELS FONGS DEL DELTA DEL LLOBREGAT 143 Federico Gil Montaner (1895-1977), pro- Finalment, cal destacar les importants fessor auxiliar de la Facultat de Ciències de la aportacions de S. Santamaría, entre altres au- Universitat de Barcelona, i Enric Gros i Mi- tors, al coneixement de l’ordre de les laboul- quel (1864-1949), col·laborador de l’Institut benials, representat al Delta per vint-i-cinc Botànic de Barcelona, figuren també com a espècies d’aquest grup de fongs paràsits d’in- recol·lectors d’algunes mostres de micromi- sectes (Balazuc et al., 1983; Santamaría i Gir- cets determinades o descrites pels autors ci- bal, 1987; Santamaría, 1986, 1987, 1989, tats amb anterioritat. 1994, 1996a, 1996b, 1996c, 2001a, 2001b i Les aportacions a la micoflora deltaica del 2002). micromicetòleg i frare agustí Luis María Els micòlegs abans esmentats han contri- Unamuno e Irigoyen (1873-1943), principal buït, principalment, a la citació de les 194 es- continuador de l’obra micològica iniciada pècies de micromicets que integren actual- per González Fragoso, són ben escasses, en ment la micoflora del delta del Llobregat. limitar-se a recollir les citacions aportades El primer estudiós conegut que va apor- pel mestre i els deixebles abans esmentats, en tar dades sobre els macromicets del delta les seves obres fonamentals: Enumeración y del Llobregat va ser el doctor Josep Cuatreca- distribución geográfica de los Esferopsidales sas i Arumí (1903-1996). Primerament, l’any conocidos de la Península Ibérica y de las Islas 1929, en unes «Notas micológicas» publica- Baleares (Unamuno, 1933) i Enumeración y des al Boletín de la Sociedad Española de His- distribución geográfica de los Ascomicetos de toria Natural, cita un ascomicot no identifi- la Península Ibérica y de las Islas Baleares cat abans a Espanya, Peziza arenaria (sub. (Unamuno, 1941). Plicaria arenaria), abundant als arenals ja Les aportacions posteriors també han es- poblats de Castelldefels; Pseudoclitocybe tat escasses. Cal destacar, no obstant això, cyathiformis (sub. Clitocybe cyathiformis), de dos treballs de Taurino Mariano Losa Es- les pinedes de Castelldefels, i Meripilus gi- paña (1893-1966), publicats els anys 1948 i ganteus (sub. Polyporus giganteus), del Prat 1957. A l’article «Micromicetos de Cataluña» de Llobregat. L’any següent, el 1930, el But- (Losa, 1957), hi ha citacions d’alguns fongs lletí de la Institució Catalana d’Història Na- interessants, com Uromyces cuenodii, que tural, reprodueix una comunicació verbal havia estat recol·lectat anys enrere per Caba- del senyor Josep Cuatrecasas emesa per la llero i Fernández Riofrío sense haver-ho de- troballa de Gyrophragmium delilei a les terminat, sobre Silene nicaensis, a les dunes dunes de Castelldefels, el 25 de maig d’aquell de Castelldefels. José María Losa-Quintana, mateix any, mentre herboritzava plantes en fill de Losa España, també va aportar alguns companyia del botànic Antoni de Bolòs micromicets a la micoflora deltaica, recone- (1889-1975). guts a partir de materials recol·lectats pel seu Però el gran impulsor de la macromiceto- pare (Losa-Quintana, 1970). logia a Catalunya i també, consegüentment, També s’han de remarcar algunes cita- a les terres deltaiques, va ser el cèlebre botà- cions recollides de les contribucions de M. nic Pius Font i Quer (1888-1964). Primer de Nadal, A. Moret i C. Montón al coneixement tot, en recopilar, juntament amb el micòleg i dels ascomicots fitoparàsits de les plantes cul- metge cellerenc Joaquim Codina i Vinyes tivades als municipis deltaics (Moret i Na- (1868-1934), la informació sobre macromi- dal, 1984; Nadal i Moret, 1981, 1984 i 1991; cets observats a Catalunya, publicada a la re- Nadal et al., 1984), de la contribució a l’estu- vista Cavanillesia sota el títol «Introducció a di dels hifomicets d’Espanya de Gené et al. l’estudi dels macromicets de Catalunya» (1995) i de l’aportació al coneixement dels (Codina i Font i Quer, 1931). Després, i com fongs mitospòrics (deuteromicets) de Mun- a director de l’Institut Botànic de Barcelona, tañola-Cvetković et al. (1996). en promoure l’anomenat Pla Quinquennal delta-llobregat.indb 143 12/12/2018 16:50:05 144 ELS SISTEMES NATURALS DEL DELTA DEL LLOBREGAT Micològic a Catalunya, amb l’objectiu d’am- grisea (Singer, 1989), assimilada actualment pliar el catàleg de macromicets coneguts a a Limacella furnacea (Letell.) E. Gilbert. Catalunya, que aleshores contenia només Durant els anys quaranta, cinquanta i sei- 627 espècies de fongs. Amb aquest objectiu, xanta del segle passat, fruit de la inestabilitat en anys successius (1931-1935), es convida- social generada als trenta, hi va haver poca ven il·lustres micòlegs estrangers a explorar producció micològica a Catalunya. Això no el territori català. Arthur A. Pearson, René obstant, i pel que fa a la micoflora deltaica, Maire, Roger J. Heim, Georges Malençon i s’han revisat d’aquest període els treballs de Rolf Singer van ser els més destacats. Taurino Mariano Losa i del seu fill, José Ma- Roger J. Heim (1900-1979) i Rolf Singer ría Losa-Quintana. Respecte als macromi- (1906-1994) van visitar el Delta, on hi van cets, Losa-Quintana va centrar-se en l’estudi reconèixer diverses espècies fúngiques, algu- del gènere Inocybe, del qual va reconèixer nes de les quals es consideren actualment fins a tretze espècies al Delta (Losa-Quinta- molt interessants o rares. na, 1960). A més, juntament amb Salvador Heim va visitar el 2 de novembre de 1932 Rivas-Martínez, va fer un estudi ecològic i el camp d’aviació del Prat de Llobregat i el 10 sociològic de les comunitats vegetals de les del mateix mes va prospectar les dunes lito- dunes costaneres del Llobregat en relació rals de Castelldefels.
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