DOCSLIB.ORG

THE THEOLOGY of POLITICAL POWER – an Historical Approach to the Relationship Between Religion and Politics

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
THE THEOLOGY of POLITICAL POWER – an Historical Approach to the Relationship Between Religion and Politics THE THEOLOGY OF POLITICAL POWER – An Historical Approach to the Relationship between Religion and Politics PART 3: THE AGE OF REVOLUTION (to 1856) Vladimir Moss © Copyright: Vladimir Moss, 2011. All Rights Reserved. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................4 VII. THE WESTERN REVOLUTION: FRANCE.................................................5 The Constitutional Monarchy ...............................................................................5 Burke versus Paine ..............................................................................................12 The Jacobin Terror ...............................................................................................21 The Sociétés de Pensée .........................................................................................28 Illuminism............................................................................................................31 The Revolution and Religion ...............................................................................40 Babeuf and the Directory .....................................................................................50 Napoleon Bonaparte.............................................................................................53 Napoleon and Catholicism...................................................................................58 La Grande Nation ................................................................................................63 The Jews and the Revolution................................................................................67 Napoleon and the Jews.........................................................................................76 The Latin American Revolutions.........................................................................79 The Nature of Romanticism.................................................................................82 Romanticism and German Nationalism ..............................................................86 The German War of Liberation............................................................................93 The Ideology of Counter-Revolution....................................................................96 Liberty and Liberalism.......................................................................................103 History and Historicism ....................................................................................105 The Polish Question...........................................................................................113 The Source of Political Authority......................................................................117 Liberalism and Free Trade .................................................................................120 The British Empire.............................................................................................128 The Justifications of Imperialism .......................................................................133 Mill on Liberty...................................................................................................138 Utopian Socialism..............................................................................................145 German Historicism ..........................................................................................150 Hegel’s Political Philosophy ..............................................................................158 The Rise of America ...........................................................................................163 Marx’s Historical Materialism..........................................................................170 Karl Marx and the Jewish Question ..................................................................175 1848: “The Springtime of the Nations”.............................................................180 Emperor Napoleon III ........................................................................................187 VIII. THE RUSSIAN AUTOCRACY: PAUL I, ALEXANDER I AND NICHOLAS I........................................................................................................190 Tsar Paul I of Russia..........................................................................................190 The Annexation of Georgia................................................................................195 The Murder of Tsar Paul ...................................................................................202 The Golden Age of Masonry..............................................................................208 Alexander, Napoleon and Speransky.................................................................212 Napoleon’s Invasion of Russia...........................................................................220 The Children of 1812 .........................................................................................225 The Peace of Europe ...........................................................................................232 The Polish Question...........................................................................................237 The Jewish Question ..........................................................................................240 The Reaction against Masonry..........................................................................246 The Serbian Revolution .....................................................................................256 The Greek Revolution ........................................................................................260 The Revolution of 1821......................................................................................268 The Decembrist Rebellion ..................................................................................281 St. Seraphim of Sarov ........................................................................................285 Instinct and Consciousness ...............................................................................288 Tsar Nicholas I...................................................................................................292 Russian Hegelianism .........................................................................................297 Russia and Europe: (1) Chaadaev vs. Pushkin..................................................301 Russia and Europe: (2) Belinsky vs. Gogol........................................................310 Russia and Europe: (3) Herzen vs. Khomiakov .................................................316 Russia and Europe: (4) Kireyevsky....................................................................327 Russia and Europe: (5) Dostoyevsky.................................................................336 The Slavophiles on the Autocracy......................................................................342 The Crimean War ..............................................................................................355 Metropolitan Philaret of Moscow on Church and State....................................361 Universalism versus Nationalism in the Balkans .............................................369 The Tsar and the Patriarch ................................................................................373 INTRODUCTION This book is a continuation of my earlier books, The Theology of Political Power – Part 1: Israel, Rome and Byzantium (to 1453) and The Theology of Political Power – Part 2: Russia and the West (to 1789). It takes the analysis of the relationship between religion and the main forms of political power – autocracy, absolutism and democracy – into the era of the French revolutions, from 1789 to the Treaty of Paris in 1856. The main struggle in this period is seen to be between the Russian Autocracy and the Western revolution in its new, liberal and nationalist forms. March 5/18, 2011. East House, Beech Hill, Mayford, Woking, Surrey. GU22 0SB. VII. THE WESTERN REVOLUTION: FRANCE The nation, this collective organism, is just as inclined to deify itself as the individual man. The madness of pride grows in this case in the same progression, as every passion becomes inflamed in society, being refracted in thousands and millions of souls. Metropolitan Anastasius (Gribanovsky) of New York.1 After the Gregorian revolution of the eleventh century, the Humanist- Protestant revolution of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the English revolution of the seventeenth century and the Enlightenment Programme of the eighteenth century, the French revolution of 1789 marks the fifth major turning-point in Western life and thought. In some countries – England, for example, and still more America - some of the less radical ideas of the French revolution were already being put into effect, at least partially, well before 1789; while in others – Russia and China, for example – they did not achieve dominance until the twentieth century. Eventually, however, the French revolutionary ideals of “Liberty, Equality and Fraternity” and “the Rights of Man”, combined with an essentially secularist and utilitarian attitude to religion, became the dominant ideology, not only of Europe and North America, but of the whole world. For, as Eric Hobsbawn writes, “alone of all the contemporary revolutions, the French was ecumenical. Its armies set out to revolutionize the world; its ideas actually did so.”2 The Constitutional Monarchy The French revolution, like its English forerunner,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • In the Lands of the Romanovs: an Annotated Bibliography of First-Hand English-Language Accounts of the Russian Empire
    ANTHONY CROSS In the Lands of the Romanovs An Annotated Bibliography of First-hand English-language Accounts of The Russian Empire (1613-1917) OpenBook Publishers To access digital resources including: blog posts videos online appendices and to purchase copies of this book in: hardback paperback ebook editions Go to: https://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/268 Open Book Publishers is a non-profit independent initiative. We rely on sales and donations to continue publishing high-quality academic works. In the Lands of the Romanovs An Annotated Bibliography of First-hand English-language Accounts of the Russian Empire (1613-1917) Anthony Cross http://www.openbookpublishers.com © 2014 Anthony Cross The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the text; to adapt it and to make commercial use of it providing that attribution is made to the author (but not in any way that suggests that he endorses you or your use of the work). Attribution should include the following information: Cross, Anthony, In the Land of the Romanovs: An Annotated Bibliography of First-hand English-language Accounts of the Russian Empire (1613-1917), Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/ OBP.0042 Please see the list of illustrations for attribution relating to individual images. Every effort has been made to identify and contact copyright holders and any omissions or errors will be corrected if notification is made to the publisher. As for the rights of the images from Wikimedia Commons, please refer to the Wikimedia website (for each image, the link to the relevant page can be found in the list of illustrations).
    [Show full text]
  • Humour and Laughter in History
    Elisabeth Cheauré, Regine Nohejl (eds.) Humour and Laughter in History Historische Lebenswelten in populären Wissenskulturen History in Popular Cultures | Volume 15 Editorial The series Historische Lebenswelten in populären Wissenskulturen | History in Popular Cultures provides analyses of popular representations of history from specific and interdisciplinary perspectives (history, literature and media studies, social anthropology, and sociology). The studies focus on the contents, media, genres, as well as functions of contemporary and past historical cultur- es. The series is edited by Barbara Korte and Sylvia Paletschek (executives), Hans- Joachim Gehrke, Wolfgang Hochbruck, Sven Kommer and Judith Schlehe. Elisabeth Cheauré, Regine Nohejl (eds.) Humour and Laughter in History Transcultural Perspectives Our thanks go to the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsge- meinschaft) for supporting and funding the project. An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access for the public good. The Open Access ISBN for this book is 978-3-8394-2858-0. More information about the initiative and links to the Open Access version can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No- Derivatives 4.0 (BY-NC-ND) which means that the text may be used for non-commer- cial purposes, provided credit is given to the author. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ To create an adaptation, translation, or derivative of the original work and for commer- cial use, further permission is required and can be obtained by contacting rights@ transcript-verlag.de Creative Commons license terms for re-use do not apply to any content (such as graphs, figures, photos, excerpts, etc.) not original to the Open Access publication and further permission may be required from the rights holder.
    [Show full text]
  • In Search of the Wind-Band: an International Expedition
    In Search of the Wind-Band: An International Expedition By Daniel Rager Rager, Daniel. In Search of the Wind-Band: An International Expedition. Chardon, Ohio: Wind-Band Music, 2013. ISBN: 978-0615745169 This digital edition was prepared by MSL Academic Endeavors, the imprint of the Michael Schwartz Library at Cleveland State University (2015). Permission for MSL Academic Endeavors to reprint granted by the original rights holder. In Search of the Wind-Band: An International Expedition By Daniel Rager EXCERPT CHAPTER 13 In Search of the Wind-Band: An International Expedition By Daniel Rager In Search of the Wind-Band: An International Expedition is a new interactive E-book, exploring 16 countries. The first-of-a-kind, interactive encyclopedic e-book uses text, video, mp3 and pdf files to bring the history and development of the wind-band to life. The following pages contain a sample of Chapter 13: Russian Wind Music More chapter samples of In Search of the Wind-Band: An International Expedition can be found at http://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/clmusic_bks/3/ Copyrighted Material In Search of the Wind-Band: An International Expedition By Daniel Rager EXCERPT CHAPTER 13 In Search of the Wind-Band: An International Expedition By Daniel Rager EXCERPT CHAPTER 13 CHAPTER 13: Russian Wind Music This chapter is unlike any other in the book when it comes to ideologies, education and music traditions. The mere size of Russia has contributed to its cultural diversity among its population. Russia has over 100 distinctive cultures, each having its own linguistic and ethnic developments, traditions and heritages from which to draw.
    [Show full text]
  • Essays in the Russian Autocracy
    ESSAYS IN THE RUSSIAN AUTOCRACY Vladimir Moss © Vladimir Moss: 2010. All Rights Reserved. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................4 1. THE RISE OF THE RUSSIAN AUTOCRACY ................................................5 The Appeal to Riurik..............................................................................................5 St. Vladimir the Saint............................................................................................7 Church and State in Kievan Rus’..........................................................................8 The Breakup of Kievan Rus’ ................................................................................14 Autocracy restored: St. Andrew of Bogolyubovo.................................................16 2.THE RISE OF MUSCOVY................................................................................22 St. Alexander Nevsky ..........................................................................................22 St. Peter of Moscow .............................................................................................23 St. Alexis of Moscow ...........................................................................................24 St. Sergius of Radonezh.......................................................................................27 3. MOSCOW: THE THIRD ROME .....................................................................30 4.THE HERESY OF THE JUDAIZERS ..............................................................37
    [Show full text]
  • Fiodor Rostopchin's
    French in the nineteenth-century Russian salon: Fiodor Rostopchin’s ‘memoirs’ Introduction Fiodor Rostopchin’s life and career Fiodor Rostopchin (1763-1826), whose laconic ‘memoirs’ we include in our corpus of documents, was the son of a retired major who owned land in the Province of Oriol, in the fertile black-earth region of Russia some two hundred miles south of Moscow. The family was thought to be of Mongol descent through a sixteenth-century ancestor who had come over to Russia from the Crimean Tatar horde. (It was even claimed that they traced their ancestry back to Genghis Khan (1162?-1227); it is doubtful, though, whether the family took the claim seriously, as Fiodor, in a letter to one of his daughters seems to treat it as a joke.1) From his tenth year until he reached the age of sixteen, Fiodor was educated at home by a Frenchman (a Monsieur Lacour), who was given permission to live with his pupils in a separate house on the family estate. According to an account written much later (in French) by one of his daughters, the young Rostopchin took much pleasure in reading the books that his tutor acquired for his charges, such as French works on ancient history by Jean-Baptiste- Louis Crevier (1693-1765), Charles Rollin (1661-1741) and René Aubert de Vertot (1655- 1735) and the tragedies and moral essays of the great writers of the age of Louis XIV.2 Subsequently, as a young man, Fiodor served in the imperial army, seeing action in the Russo-Turkish War of 1787-92.
    [Show full text]
  • Atlas of American Orthodox Christian Churches A
    Atlas cover:Layout 1 4/19/11 11:08 PM Page 1 A t l Assembling a mass of recently generated data, the Atlas of American Orthodox a s Christian Churches provides an authoritative overview of a most important but o often neglected segment of the American Christian community. Protestant and f Catholic Christians especially will value editor Alexei Krindatchʼs survey of both A Eastern Orthodoxy as a whole and its multiple denominational expressions. m J. Gordon Melton e Distinguished Professor of American Religious History r i Baylor University, Waco, Texas c a n Why are pictures worth a thousand words? Because they engage multiple senses O and ways of knowing that stretch and deepen our understanding. Good pictures r t also tell compelling stories. Good maps are good pictures, and this makes the h Atlas of American Orthodox Christian Churches , with its alternation and synthesis o of picture and story, a persuasive way of presenting a rich historical journey of d Orthodox Christianity on American soil. The telling is persuasive for both scholars o and adherents. It is also provocative and suggestive for the American public as x we continue to struggle with two issues, in particular, that have been at the center C of the Orthodox experience in the United States: how to create and maintain unity h r across vast terrains of cultural and ethnic difference; and how to negotiate i s American culture as a religious other without losing oneʼs soul. t i David Roozen , Director a Hartford Institute for Religion Research n Hartford Seminary C h u r Orthodox Christianity in America has been both visible and invisible for more than c 200 years.
    [Show full text]
  • The Icon of the Pochayiv Mother of God: a Sacred Relic Between East and West
    The Icon of the Pochayiv Mother of God: A Sacred Relic between East and West Franklin Sciacca Hamilton College Clinton, New York Introduction There are myriad icons of the Mother of God that are designated as “miracle-working” (chudotvornyi in Ukrainian and Russian) in the Orthodox and Catholic lands of Eastern Europe. Thaumaturgic powers are often ascribed to the icon itself and therefore such panels are venerated with particular devotion. Pilgrims seek physical contact with these objects. From the lands of medieval Kievan Rus’, there are four surviving icons with Byzantine pedigree that achieved “miracle- working” status as early as the 11th c.: The Vladimir icon (known in Ukrainian tradition as Vyshhorod, after the location of the convent north of Kiev where it was originally kept); the Kievo-Pechersk icon of the Dormition; the Kholm icon (attributed to Evangelist Luke); and the so-called Black Madonna of Częstochowa (originally housed in Belz, and for the last 600 years in the Jasna Gora monastery in Poland). All of them are surrounded by complex folkloric legends of origin and accounts of miraculous interventions. In later centuries, numerous other wonder-working icons appeared in Ukrainian, Belarusian, Russian, Polish, Balkan lands, Figure 1: Pochayiv Mother Of among which is a relative late-comer (known from the late 16th c.)--The icon God in Dormition Cathedral, of the Mother and Child that was venerated at the Pochayiv monastery in Western Pochayiv Lavra. Ukraine. This small, originally domestic, icon achieved significant cult status throughout Eastern Europe, both in Orthodox and Catholic milieus. This article seeks to examine the origin of the icon in the context of the development of the monastery whose reputation was built as its repository.
    [Show full text]
  • Napoleon and the 1812 Patriotic War in Russian Humour
    Napoleon and the 1812 Patriotic War in Russian Humour ELISABETH CHEAURÉ There are few events in Russia’s history that have anything like the signifi- cance of the war against Napoleon, the famous battle of Borodino and the subsequent Fire of Moscow, with its surrounding myths. This evaluation may seem surprising, at least from a Western perspec- tive. One would perhaps regard the accession of Peter the Great, or the Oc- tober Revolution in 1917, or the Second World War as particularly important events. So why 1812? And why a battle that only lasted one day in early September 1812, and from which no clear victor emerged, but which instead cost umpteen thousand lives on both sides and thus can rightly be called one of the bloodiest battles of the 19th century? A brief reminder: Both Napoleon’s Grande Armée and General Field Marshall Kutuzov’s Russian Army claimed the battle as a victory. Napoleon marched on towards Moscow, but his desire to start negotiations fell on deaf ears. Instead, he found himself in the looted, burning city of Moscow, and with the start of an unusually early winter, he was soon in a catastrophic supply situation. The retreat of the Grande Armée was a complete disaster with few survivors. In a second legendary battle, the Battle of Berezina, Napoleon suffered his final defeat. This military defeat was followed soon after by political defeat, and Napoleon was banished to Elba. The events of 1812 were commemorated in grand style and with great expense at the centenary celebrations in 1912. But not just in 1912.
    [Show full text]
  • War and Peace （Volume XI）
    War and Peace （Volume XI） by Leo Tolstoy 图书在版编目(CIP)数据 War and Peace��（Volume XI）/杨丹主编 飞天电子音像出版社 2004 ISBN 7-900363-43-2 监 王 出版发行 飞天电子音像出版社 责任编辑 杨丹 经销 全国各地新华书店 印刷 北京施园印刷厂 版次 2004年6月第1版 书号 ISBN 7-900363-43-2 CONTENTS BOOK ELEVEN: 1812 .......................................................................... 1 CHAPTER I..................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER II ................................................................................... 8 CHAPTER III ................................................................................15 CHAPTERIV IV............................................................................ 21 CHAPTER V ................................................................................. 29 CHAPTER VI................................................................................ 34 CHAPTER VII............................................................................... 42 CHAPTER VIII ............................................................................. 50 CHAPTER IX................................................................................ 55 CHAPTER X ................................................................................. 62 CHAPTER XI................................................................................ 69 CHAPTER XII............................................................................... 74 CHAPTER XIII ............................................................................. 82 CHAPTER XIV............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Woodrow Wilson's Diplomatic Agenda and Strategic Military Interventions
    Southern New Hampshire University Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomatic Agenda and Strategic Military Interventions: How They Affected the Russian Civil War 1918-1920 A Capstone Project Submitted to the College of Online and Continuing Education in Partial Fulfillment of the Master of Arts in History By Richard A. Rinehart Killeen, Texas June 2017 Copyright © 2017 by Richard A. Rinehart All Rights Reserved ii Student: Richard A. Rinehart I certify that this student has met the requirements for formatting the capstone project and that this project is suitable for preservation in the University Archive. October 3, 2017 __________________________________________ _______________ Southern New Hampshire University Date College of Online and Continuing Education iii Abstract This thesis aims to understand the factors that affected Woodrow Wilson’s foreign and military policy actions, which subsequently led to decisions that dictated United States’ intervention into the Russian Civil War, 1918-1920. The background information discussed demonstrates the importance of the Russian Civil War. This chaotic time in history surrounding World War I caused much of Woodrow Wilson’s dilemma and consequentially changed future of Soviet-American relations. It details how it would take numerous foreign policy shifts to convince Mr. Wilson to send U.S. troops to intervene into North Russia and Siberia. Lenin’s opposing perspective will encompass what is contained in much of the supporting information surrounding this thesis. In conjunction with military operations there, the allies attempted to broker peace with Lenin and the Bolsheviks in the form of the Prinkipo Proposal, the Bullitt Mission, and the Hoover-Nansen Proposal. The concluding question that frames the argument of this research will answer what happened because Wilson intervened on Russian soil and how it affected the Communist world revolution.
    [Show full text]
  • A Short Biography of Archbishop Antony (Bartoshevich) of Geneva and Western Europe (+ 1993)
    A Short Biography of Archbishop Antony (Bartoshevich) of Geneva and Western Europe (+ 1993) by Bernard le Caro I first met Vladyka Antony in 1986 and my debt to him is great indeed. Twenty years ago, in 1988, he saved me from an impossible situation in Paris and in 1991 he ordained me to the priesthood. Travelling with him in Austria and France, I recognised in him an authentic hierarch, a spiritual heir of Metropolitan Antony (Khrapovitsky), after whom he had been named in monasticism. He alone encouraged me in missionary work in Portugal and I also realised how lucidly he saw through extremes, both new calendarist ecumenism and old calendarist sectarianism alike. Like St John, he too recognised what would happen in Russia and I know that he would have rejoiced at the unity of today’s Russian Church, for which he long thirsted. Fifteen years ago, together with many others, I was privileged to take part in his funeral. I can confirm everything that Bernard has written below. Vladyko, Vechnaya Pamyat! Archpriest Andrew Phillips Archbishop Antony was born Andrei Georgievich Bartoshevich in St Petersburg in 1910. His parents, Yuri (George) Vladimirovich Bartoshevich, a military engineer and colonel in the Imperial Army, and Ksenia (nee Tumkovskaya), were both pious people. At the beginning of the Revolution, Andrei left with his mother for Kiev to his grandmother’s home, while his father joined the Volunteer Army. During Lenin’s New Economic Policy period, they managed to flee to Germany and then to Belgrade to rejoin his father, who worked there as an engineer.
    [Show full text]
  • Blessed Are the Faithful: on the Ninetieth Anniversary of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia (ROCOR)
    Blessed are the Faithful: On the Ninetieth Anniversary of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia (ROCOR) Archpriest Andrew Phillips, St John’s Orthodox Church, Colchester, England, 2010 Blessed are the Faithful: On the Ninetieth Anniversary of ROCOR They love all men and yet are persecuted by all men. They are unknown and yet are condemned. They are put to death and yet are restored to life. They are poor and yet make many rich. They lack all things and yet abound in all things. They are dishonoured and yet are glorified in their very dishonour. They are evilly spoken of and yet are justified. They are reviled and yet bless. They are insulted and yet repay the insult with honour. They do good and yet are punished as evildoers. When punished, they rejoice as if quickened into life. They are attacked by the Jews as foreigners and are persecuted by the Greeks - yet those who hate them are unable to give any reason for their hatred. The Epistle to Diognetus, Chapter V Introduction: Ninety Years of ROCOR Witness Blessed are the poor in spirit: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven. Russian Orthodox churches existed outside Russia long before a separate Church administration was established for them by Decree No 362 of Patriarch Tikhon on 20 November 1920. In Scandinavia and in Holland for example, Russian churches had been founded in the late seventeenth century and in England in the eighteenth century. Moreover, by the late nineteenth century, several very beautiful Russian churches had appeared in the great 2 cities and resorts of Germany, France, Italy and in the Holy Land.
    [Show full text]