DOCSLIB.ORG

Conquest and the Law in Swedish Livonia (Ca

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Conquest and the Law in Swedish Livonia (Ca Conquest and the Law in Swedish Livonia (ca. 1630–1710) Heikki Pihlajamäki - 978-90-04-33153-2 Downloaded from Brill.com02/24/2020 11:16:42AM via University of Helsinki <UN> The Northern World North Europe and the Baltic c. 400–1700 ad. Peoples, Economics and Cultures Editors Jón Viðar Sigurðsson (Oslo) Ingvild Øye (Bergen) Piotr Gorecki (University of California at Riverside) Steve Murdoch (St. Andrews) Cordelia Heß (Gothenburg) Anne Pedersen (National Museum of Denmark) VOLUME 77 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/nw Heikki Pihlajamäki - 978-90-04-33153-2 Downloaded from Brill.com02/24/2020 11:16:42AM via University of Helsinki <UN> Conquest and the Law in Swedish Livonia (ca. 1630–1710) A Case of Legal Pluralism in Early Modern Europe By Heikki Pihlajamäki LEIDEN | BOSTON Heikki Pihlajamäki - 978-90-04-33153-2 Downloaded from Brill.com02/24/2020 11:16:42AM via University of Helsinki <UN>  This title is published in Open Access with the support of the University of Helsinki Library. This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. Cover illustration: Livoniae Nova Descriptio, cartographers: Johannes Portantius and Abraham Ortelius (Antwerp 1574). Collection: National Library of Estonia, digital archive digar (http://www.digar.ee/arhiiv/ nlib-digar:977, accessed 18 August 2016). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Pihlajamaki, Heikki, 1961- author. Title: Conquest and the law in Swedish Livonia (ca. 1630-1710) : a case of legal pluralism in early modern Europe / By Heikki Pihlajamaki. Description: Leiden : Boston, 2017. | Series: The northern world ; 77 | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016046362 (print) | LCCN 2016046740 (ebook) | ISBN 9789004331525 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9789004331532 (E-book) Subjects: LCSH: Law--Livonia--History. | Law--Latvia--History. | Law--Sweden--Hisory. | Law--Estonia--History. | Legal polycentricity--Europe, Northern--History. Classification: LCC KJC530 .P55 2017 (print) | LCC KJC530 (ebook) | DDC 349.479809/032--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016046362 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1569-1462 isbn 978-90-04-33152-5 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-33153-2 (e-book) Copyright 2017 by the Authors. Published by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense, Hotei Publishing, mentis Verlag, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh and Wilhelm Fink Verlag. Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect the publication against unauthorized use and to authorize dissemination by means of offprints, legitimate photocopies, microform editions, reprints, translations, and secondary information sources, such as abstracting and indexing services including databases. Requests for commercial re-use, use of parts of the publication, and/or translations must be addressed to Koninklijke Brill NV. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. Heikki Pihlajamäki - 978-90-04-33153-2 Downloaded from Brill.com02/24/2020 11:16:42AM via University of Helsinki <UN> Contents Acknowledgements vii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Research Questions 1 1.2 Archival Material 10 1.3 Previous Research 13 1.4 The Structure of the Book 18 2 The Outset: The Livonian and Swedish Legal Orders at the Time of the Swedish Conquest 21 2.1 Livonian Administration, Judiciary, and the Legal Procedure before the Swedish Conquest 21 2.2 Livonian Law and the Legal Sources: The European Context 41 2.3 Swedish Law before the Conquest of Livonia 64 2.4 Summary 82 3 The Reorganisation of the Livonian Judiciary under the Swedish Rule 85 3.1 The Alternatives: Colonial Systems and Their Judicial Organisations 85 3.2 Sweden’s Other Overseas Possessions: Organizing the Judiciary in Estonia and the Reich 94 3.3 Reforming the Livonian Judicial Structure 100 3.4 The Personnel in Charge: Judges, Lawyers, and Administrators 135 3.5 Summary 149 4 The Procedure in the Livonian Courts of the Swedish Era 151 4.1 The Classification of Cases into Civil and Criminal 151 4.2 The Civil Procedure in the Lower Courts 153 4.3 The Criminal Procedure in the Lower Courts 172 4.4 The Cases and the Procedure at the High Court of Dorpat 216 4.5 The Revision Procedure 228 4.6 Summary: Legal Procedure in Seventeenth-Century Livonia 235 5 Transplanting Swedish Law? The Legal Sources at the Livonian Courts 238 5.1 The Theory of Legal Spheres 238 5.2 The Ius Commune in the Livonian Court Records 239 Heikki Pihlajamäki - 978-90-04-33153-2 Downloaded from Brill.com02/24/2020 11:16:42AM via University of Helsinki <UN> vi Contents 5.3 The Influence of Swedish Law in Livonia 244 5.4 The Livonian Legal Sources 246 5.5 Divine Law and Natural Law 248 5.6 The Theory and the Practice of Legal Sources: Europe and Livonia 249 6 Conclusions 256 6.1 The Starting Point: Livonian and Swedish Law before the Conquest 256 6.2 The Organization of the Judiciary in Swedish Livonia 258 6.3 The Judicial Procedure 259 6.4 Legal Sources in the Courts of Swedish Livonia 262 Sources and Bibliography 265 Archival Sources 265 Printed Sources 265 Literature 266 Index 291 Heikki Pihlajamäki - 978-90-04-33153-2 Downloaded from Brill.com02/24/2020 11:16:42AM via University of Helsinki <UN> Acknowledgements This book has been long coming. The initial work was a project to examine the archives of the Livonian High Court (Sw. hovrätt), one of the oldest high courts established in the Swedish realm in the seventeenth century. It soon became evident, however, that the functions of the High Court could not be understood without setting them in a larger context – that of the entire new judiciary which was emerging after Sweden had conquered Livonia. As is so often the case in scholarship, the end product looks rather different to that which had been envisaged at the outset. At this point, it is my pleasure to thank people who have helped along the way. I do not think I would ever have embarked on the first archival trips to the Latvian Historical State Archives in Riga had it not been for Pia Letto-Vanamo. We delved into the High Court’s archive together, and the results of those first trips were also published in a co-authored article. I benefited a great deal from Pia’s expertise in seventeenth-century legal history and sources, which were not my strong point at the time. Because of her patience and assistance in the early stages, the many trips I made to the beautiful city of Riga afterwards were much easier. Tartu, which I like to think of as the spiritual capital of Estonia, has been just as fundamental for this study as Riga. Mart Kuldkepp spent innumerable hours at the Estonian State Archives, collecting material from the Livonian lower court archives for this study. Mart was always reliable, knowledgeable – and extremely efficient. The personnel in both the Latvian and the Estonian archives deserve special thanks for their flexibility and understanding. Marju Luts, my old Tartu connection and good friend, helped me enormously in un- derstanding the Estonian and Baltic past and present a little better. During the past few years, I have been involved in many other projects and scholarly undertakings as well. If this work has one common denomina- tor, it is the comparative method in legal history. Comparative legal history has emerged forcefully in recent years, and many of my good friends and col- leagues in different countries deserve thanks for drawing me into these cir- cles. I would be a different scholar had I never come to know people such as Albrecht Cordes, Serge Dauchy, Dave De ruysscher, Seán Donlan, Markus Dub- ber, Thomas Duve, Dirk Heirbaut, Jaakko Husa, Georges Martyn, Aniceto Mas- ferrer, Dag Michalsen, Kjell Åke Modéer, Anthony Musson, Peter Oestmann, Mathias Schmoeckel, Ditlev Tamm, Alain Wijffels, and James Whitman. Many of them have been instrumental in founding the European Society for Com- parative Legal History and its journal Comparative Legal History, which have grown to be vital frameworks for me. Heikki Pihlajamäki - 978-90-04-33153-2 Downloaded from Brill.com02/24/2020 11:16:42AM via University of Helsinki <UN> viii Acknowledgements The vibrant community of legal historians at the Faculty of Law at the Uni- versity of Helsinki has been an important home base for me. Jukka Kekkonen, Jussi Sallila, Juhana Salojärvi, Toni Malminen, and all my doctoral students – you know what I mean. During my five-year period as academy research fellow at the Academy of Finland, I enjoyed their generous funding, which made research trips and re- search help possible, not to mention the benefit of being entirely free from teaching. The last phases in making a book are always the most arduous and nerve- consuming. As my research assistant, Sofia Söderholm has helped me with ev- erything that needed to be done: a true administrative talent, Sofia has looked for literature, proofread different versions, helped with the index, and kept my files in order.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Climatic Variability in Sixteenth-Century Europe and Its Social Dimension: a Synthesis
    CLIMATIC VARIABILITY IN SIXTEENTH-CENTURY EUROPE AND ITS SOCIAL DIMENSION: A SYNTHESIS CHRISTIAN PFISTER', RUDOLF BRAzDIL2 IInstitute afHistory, University a/Bern, Unitobler, CH-3000 Bern 9, Switzerland 2Department a/Geography, Masaryk University, Kotlar8M 2, CZ-61137 Bmo, Czech Republic Abstract. The introductory paper to this special issue of Climatic Change sununarizes the results of an array of studies dealing with the reconstruction of climatic trends and anomalies in sixteenth­ century Europe and their impact on the natural and the social world. Areas discussed include glacier expansion in the Alps, the frequency of natural hazards (floods in central and southem Europe and stonns on the Dutch North Sea coast), the impact of climate deterioration on grain prices and wine production, and finally, witch-hlllltS. The documentary data used for the reconstruction of seasonal and annual precipitation and temperatures in central Europe (Germany, Switzerland and the Czech Republic) include narrative sources, several types of proxy data and 32 weather diaries. Results were compared with long-tenn composite tree ring series and tested statistically by cross-correlating series of indices based OIl documentary data from the sixteenth century with those of simulated indices based on instrumental series (1901-1960). It was shown that series of indices can be taken as good substitutes for instrumental measurements. A corresponding set of weighted seasonal and annual series of temperature and precipitation indices for central Europe was computed from series of temperature and precipitation indices for Germany, Switzerland and the Czech Republic, the weights being in proportion to the area of each country. The series of central European indices were then used to assess temperature and precipitation anomalies for the 1901-1960 period using trmlsfer functions obtained from instrumental records.
    [Show full text]
  • Personal Agency at the Swedish Age of Greatness 1560–1720
    Edited by Petri Karonen and Marko Hakanen Marko and Karonen Petri by Edited Personal Agency at the Swedish Age of Greatness 1560-1720 provides fresh insights into the state-building process in Sweden. During this transitional period, many far-reaching administrative reforms were the Swedish at Agency Personal Age of Greatness 1560–1720 Greatness of Age carried out, and the Swedish state developed into a prime example of the ‘power-state’. Personal Agency In early modern studies, agency has long remained in the shadow of the study of structures and institutions. State building in Sweden at the Swedish Age of was a more diversified and personalized process than has previously been assumed. Numerous individuals were also important actors Greatness 1560–1720 in the process, and that development itself was not straightforward progression at the macro-level but was intertwined with lower-level Edited by actors. Petri Karonen and Marko Hakanen Editors of the anthology are Dr. Petri Karonen, Professor of Finnish history at the University of Jyväskylä and Dr. Marko Hakanen, Research Fellow of Finnish History at the University of Jyväskylä. studia fennica historica 23 isbn 978-952-222-882-6 93 9789522228826 www.finlit.fi/kirjat Studia Fennica studia fennica anthropologica ethnologica folkloristica historica linguistica litteraria Historica The Finnish Literature Society (SKS) was founded in 1831 and has, from the very beginning, engaged in publishing operations. It nowadays publishes literature in the fields of ethnology and folkloristics, linguistics, literary research and cultural history. The first volume of the Studia Fennica series appeared in 1933. Since 1992, the series has been divided into three thematic subseries: Ethnologica, Folkloristica and Linguistica.
    [Show full text]
  • The Reform Treatises and Discourse of Early Tudor Ireland, C
    The Reform Treatises and Discourse of Early Tudor Ireland, c. 1515‐1541 by Chad T. Marshall BA (Hons., Archaeology, Toronto), MA (History and Classics, Tasmania) School of Humanities Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy University of Tasmania, December, 2018 Declaration of Originality This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for a degree or diploma by the University or any other institution, except by way of background information and duly acknowledged in the thesis, and to the best of my knowledge and belief no material previously published or written by another person except where due acknowledgement is made in the text of the thesis, nor does the thesis contain any material that infringes copyright. Signed: _________________________ Date: 7/12/2018 i Authority of Access This thesis may be made available for loan and limited copying and communication in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968. Signed: _________________________ Date: 7/12/2018 ii Acknowledgements This thesis is for my wife, Elizabeth van der Geest, a woman of boundless beauty, talent, and mystery, who continuously demonstrates an inestimable ability to elevate the spirit, of which an equal part is given over to mastery of that other vital craft which serves to refine its expression. I extend particular gratitude to my supervisors: Drs. Gavin Daly and Michael Bennett. They permitted me the scope to explore the arena of Late Medieval and Early Modern Ireland and England, and skilfully trained wide‐ranging interests onto a workable topic and – testifying to their miraculous abilities – a completed thesis. Thanks, too, to Peter Crooks of Trinity College Dublin and David Heffernan of Queen’s University Belfast for early advice.
    [Show full text]
  • A Look at Schillings of the Free Imperial City of Riga by Charles Calkins
    A Look at Schillings of the Free Imperial City of Riga by Charles Calkins The seaport of Riga is the capital of Latvia and the largest city of the Balkan states. It is located on the Gulf of Riga, a bay of the Baltic Sea, at the mouth of the Daugava river. The area was settled in ancient times by the Livs, a Finnic tribe, giving the area its name of Livonia. Riga began developing economically due to the Daugava being used as a Viking trade route to Byzantium. By the 12th century, German traders were visiting Riga, establishing an outpost near Riga in 1158. After a failed attempt at Christianization in the late 1100s, Bishop Albert landed with a force of crusaders in 1200, and transferred the Livonian bishopric to Riga in 1201, which became the Archbishopric of Riga in 1255. Albert established the Order of Livonian Brothers of the Sword in 1202 to defend territory and commerce, and Emperor Philip of Swabia caused Livonia to become a principality of the Holy Roman Empire. The Order of Livonian Brothers was given one-third of Livonia, and the Church the other two-thirds, which included Riga. In 1211, Riga minted its first coinage, and gradually gained more independence through the 1200s. In 1236, the Order of Livonian Brothers was defeated in battle with the Samogitians of Lithuania. The remaining Brothers were incorporated into the Teutonic Knights as a branch known as the Livonian Order. The Livonian Order subsequently gained control of Livonia. In 1282, Riga became a member of the Hanseatic League, a confederation of towns and merchant guilds which provided legal and military protection.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Helsinki Faculty of Law JURA NOVIT CURIA IN
    University of Helsinki Faculty of Law JURA NOVIT CURIA IN INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION Master’s Thesis Procedural Law September 2013 Supervisor: Dan Frände Author: Marta Viegas de Freitas Monteiro TABLE OF CONTENTS BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................................. III Literature .................................................................................................................................... III Case Law .................................................................................................................................. VIII Miscellaneous ............................................................................................................................ XII ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................... XIV 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Subject and Research Questions....................................................................................... 4 1.3 Methodology and Sources ................................................................................................. 5 1.4 Structure ............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Stare Decisis
    1974] A PROPER LAW OF TORTS 101 A. PROPER LAW OF TORTS IN THE CONFLICT OF LAWS* PETER J. M. LOWN** The subfect examined by this thesis is the conflicts rules which should be applied to determine liability in tort actions, and the question of whether or not a "proper law" approach could be adopted in this particular area. It is submitted, in Section I, that changing circumstances and changing theoretical bases for conflict of laws, are reasons for a fresh look at the area of torts in the conflict of laws. Moreover it is submitted, in Section II, that such a fresh look should be firmly based on funda­ mental policies of conflict of laws generally, such as the absence of forum-shopping, the convenience of the parties and the achieving of a uniform result whatever the forum of a particular action, The existing rules are examined in the light of their application to the varying circumstances which can arise in tort actions. In addition a critical examination of the existing rules is attempted, in respect of the require­ ments of identifying the locus delicti, and whether the existing rules relate to choice of law or furisdictional questions. The "prorer law" concept is suggested as a solution to the problems arising from this critica examination, and is buttressed by the operation and use of such a concept in other areas of the law, such as contracts and recognition of foreign divorce decrees. Since the "proper law" approach has been adopted in the United States, it is necessary to examine the experience in those jurisdictions.
    [Show full text]
  • 17 Infidel Turks and Schismatic Russians in Late Medieval Livonia
    Madis Maasing 17 Infidel Turks and Schismatic Russians in Late Medieval Livonia 17.1 Introduction At the beginning of the sixteenth century, political rhetoric in Livonia was shaped by the threat posed by an alien power: Following a significant deterio- ration in the relations between the Catholic Livonian territories and their mighty Eastern Orthodox neighbour – the Grand Duchy of Moscow – war broke out, lasting from 1501 to 1503, with renewed armed conflict remaining an immi- nent threat until 1509. During this period of confrontation, and afterwards, the Livonians (i.e., the political elite of Livonia) fulminated in their political writ- ings about the gruesome, schismatic, and even infidel Russians, who posed a threat not only to Livonia, but to Western Christendom in general. In the Holy Roman Empire and at the Roman Curia, these allegations were quite favoura- bly received. Arguably, the Livonians’ greatest success took the form of a papal provision for two financially profitable anti-Russian indulgence campaigns (1503–1510). For various political reasons, the motif of a permanent and general ‘Russian threat’ had ongoing currency in Livonia up until the Livonian War (1558–1583). Even after the collapse of the Livonian territories, the Russian threat motif continued to be quite effectively used by other adversaries of Mos- cow – e.g., Poland-Lithuania and Sweden. I will focus here first and foremost on what was behind the initial success of the Russian threat motif in Livonia, but I will also address why it persisted for as long as it did. A large part of its success was the fact that it drew upon a similar phenomenon – the ‘Turkish threat’,1 which played a significant role in the political rhetoric of Early Modern Europe, especially in south-eastern 1 This research was supported by the Estonian Research Council’s PUT 107 programme, “Me- dieval Livonia: European Periphery and its Centres (Twelfth–Sixteenth Centuries)”, and by the European Social Fund’s Doctoral Studies and Internationalization Programme DoRa, which is carried out by Foundation Archimedes.
    [Show full text]
  • Discipline in Polish-Lithuanian Cavalry Units During Battles in the Early Modern Period1
    Open Military Studies 2020; 1: 44–61 Karol Łopatecki* Discipline in Polish-Lithuanian cavalry units during battles in the early modern period1 https://10.1515/openms-2020-0104 Received Jul 13, 2020; accepted Sep 08, 2020 Abstract: Keywords: articles of war, military discipline, organization of cavalry, tactics in the 16th-18th c., desertion, old-Polish art of war The Polish and Lithuanian military in the modern period developed in a different direction from most European areas. First and foremost, it is emphasized that we did not deal with military revolution (it would be better to use the term “evolution”), which did not bring about the origins of a modern military-fiscal state on the territory of the Commonwealth2. This issue certainly requires comprehensive studies, since from at least the mid-17th century onwards, both on the military level as well as in the state organization, the Commonwealth coped well with strong enemies: the Teutonic Order (1519-1521), the Roman Empire (Austria) (1587-1588), the Kingdom of Sweden and the Tsardom of Moscow (1557- 1582, 1600-1629, 1632-1635) and the Ottoman Empire (1621, 1633-1634) 3. The research on transformations occurring in the 16th century indicate crucial changes in the military, but different from those developed in Western Europe. Among the differences it is important to name primarily the reliance on cavalry which fought with polearms and cutting weapons. Moreover, the Crown and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania lacked strongholds understood as large cities fortified with bastions4. These two elements, as well as deficiencies of the fiscal system, which were “patched” by complementing paid troops with private units, district troops and Mass Mobilization5, 1 The article was written as part of the research project of the National Centre for Science SONATA, no.
    [Show full text]
  • Mars 17.Indd
    800 Bokauktion i Stora Levene Lördagen den 13 oktober 2018 Bokauktion nr 138 Lördagen den 13 oktober 2018 Böcker ur Jan Nilsson m fl samlingar Plats: Församlingshemmet, Stora Levene. Församlingshemmet ligger på Storgatan 44 i Stora Levene (genomfartsgatans höger sida). Tider: Visning från 08.00. Auktionsstart kl 09.30 Fastprisförsäljning av en mängd böcker. Start kl 08.30 Villkor: Böckerna säljes i befintligt skick. Ev. reklamationer skall göras omgående, och senast en vecka efter auktionen. Bibliotek etc. erhåller faktura. Betalningsvillkor 30 dagar netto. Inga avgifter av något slag tillkommer. Endast lägsta porto om böckerna ej avhämtas auk- tionsdagen. Skick etc. Om bandtyp ej är angiven avses häftade exemplar. Hfrbd. betyder halvfranskt band, hklbd betyder halvklotband. Pbd är pappersband. Hpergbd betyder halvpergament- band. Bevakning av anbud hanteras av: Föreningen för Västgötalitteratur, Box 325, 532 24 Skara. Tfn 0511 16540 (kvällstid) eller helst via E-mail: [email protected] Vid mailbud returnerar vi bekräftelse på erhållna anbud. Anbud skall vara inkomna senast torsdagen den 11 oktober. -o-o-o-o- Höstens första bokauktion hålls i Stora Levene, strax utanför Vara. Ett par kolorerade träsnitt blir nog de äldsta verk som vi någonsin sålt på våra auktioner. Det är stadsvyer över Hessen och Siena ur H. Schedels Liber chronicarum, tryckta i Nürnberg 1493. Vid vårens auktion sålde vi ett ex av den synnerligen sällsynta Alingsås Manufakturverk av Stråle. Nu dyker ytterligare ett ex av denna bok. Denna gång i ett Hedbergs-band. Mera Alingsås blir det eftersom A. Knös Dissertatio … de Alingsåsia veteri et nova från 1793-94 och G. A.
    [Show full text]
  • Arbitral Law-Making
    Michigan Journal of International Law Volume 25 Issue 4 2004 Arbitral Law-Making Thomas E. Carbonneau Penn State Dickinson School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil Part of the Dispute Resolution and Arbitration Commons, Litigation Commons, and the Transnational Law Commons Recommended Citation Thomas E. Carbonneau, Arbitral Law-Making, 25 MICH. J. INT'L L. 1183 (2004). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil/vol25/iss4/20 This Symposium is brought to you for free and open access by the Michigan Journal of International Law at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Journal of International Law by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ARBITRAL LAW-MAKING Thomas E. Carbonneau* I. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 1183 II. THE FOIBLES OF MUNICIPAL ADJUDICATION ......................... 1187 III. THE ARBITRAL SOLUTION ...................................................... 1195 IV. THE ARBITRAL LEGAL CULTURE ........................................... 1199 V. THE ARBITRAL LEX MERCATORIA .......................................... 1202 VI. PROSPECTIVE ARBITRAL PRACTICE ......................................... 1206 I. INTRODUCTION Diversity--of a cultural, economic, religious, and political kind--exists not only among nation-states and in the sources and interpretation
    [Show full text]
  • New Horizons in Spanish Colonial Law Contributions to Transnational Early Modern Legal History
    GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES ON LEGAL HISTORY 3 THOMAS DUVE HEIKKI PIHLAJAMÄKI (EDS.) New Horizons in Spanish Colonial Law Contributions to Transnational Early Modern Legal History GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES ON LEGAL HISTORY 3 Global Perspectives on Legal History A Max Planck Institute for European Legal History Open Access Publication http://global.rg.mpg.de Series Editors: Thomas Duve, Stefan Vogenauer Volum e 3 Global Perspectives on Legal History is a book series edited and published by the Max Planck Institute for European Legal History, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. As its title suggests, the series is designed to advance the scholarly research of legal historians worldwide who seek to transcend the established boundaries of national legal scholarship that typically sets the focus on a single, dominant modus of normativity and law. The series aims to privilege studies dedicated to reconstructing the historical evolution of normativity from a global perspective. It includes monographs, editions of sources, and collaborative works. All titles in the series are available both as premium print-on-demand and in the open-access format. THOMAS DUVE HEIKKI PIHLAJAMÄKI (EDS.) New Horizons in Spanish Colonial Law Contributions to Transnational Early Modern Legal History MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR EUROPEAN LEGAL HISTORY 2015 ISBN 978-3-944773-02-5 ISSN 2196-9752 First published in 2015 Published by Max Planck Institute for European Legal History, Frankfurt am Main Printed in Germany by epubli, Prinzessinnenstraße 20, 10969 Berlin http://www.epubli.de Max Planck
    [Show full text]
  • Wikipedia-Based Entity Linking for the Digital Library of Polish and Poland-Related News Pamphlets
    Wikipedia-based Entity Linking for the Digital Library of Polish and Poland-Related News Pamphlets Maciej Ogrodniczuk Linguistic Engineering Group Institute of Computer Science Polish Academy of Sciences Włodzimierz Gruszczyński Institute of Polish Language Polish Academy of Sciences ICADL 2020 30 November 2020 The Digital Library used in the study CBDU: The Digital Library of Polish and Poland-Related Ephemeral Prints from the 16th, 17th and 18th Centuries a thematic digital library of approx. 2,000 Polish and Poland-related pre-press documents dated between 1501 and 1729 available only in image form (PDF files containing scanned originals) accompanied with rich metadata taken over from existing bibliography, including item descriptions https://cbdu.ijp.pan.pl 2 CBDU: a sample item 3 Background information needed! On two levels: related to content (actors, locations, events, facts...) related to the item as a whole (’read more’) 4 Getting this information From which source? Wikipedia! it’s large, universal... already contains compensation mechanisms such as redirections How to use it? getting content-related information by wikization getting item-related information by wikisearch 5 Wikization 6 Wikisearch 7 Preliminary results A sample print description: An account of King Sigismund III’s expedition to Sweden in September 1598 and the battles with with Prince Charles of S¨odermanland, including the battles of Stegeborg and Link¨oping. Entity in Polish Entity in English WF WS Zygmunt III Waza Sigismund III Vasa X Szwecja Sweden X 1598
    [Show full text]