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%42)*OURNAL VOLUME NUMBER /CTOBER #HANGSOON+ANG ET AL

!00%.$)8 )NVESTIGATION OF #$-! !IR )NTERFACE AND 0ROTOCOLS

3UNYOUNG +IM 0YEONGJUNG 3ONG *IN UP +IM AND (YUCKJAE ,EE

#/.4%.43 !"342!#4

) ).42/$5#4)/. 4HIS APPENDIX DEALS WITH THE +OREAN AIR IN TERFACE STANDARD 44! FOR #$-! -OBILE )) -!*/2 #(!2!#4%2)34)#3 /& 3YSTEMS #-3 ;= ;= 4HE STANDARD HAS 44! 34!.$!2$ BEEN SET UP BY 4ELECOMMUNICATIONS 4ECHNOL ))) 2!$)/ 02/4/#/, !2#()4%#452% OGY !SSOCIATION 44! WHICH IS A STANDARD !.$ &5.#4)/.!,)4)%3 IZATION ORGANIZATION IN +OREA ;= 4HIS STAN )6 6/)#% 3%26)#% #/.42/, DARD IS AN IMPORTANT SPECI`CATION THAT SHOULD BE DETERMINED PRIOR TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A 6 #/.#5,$).' 2%-!2+3 DIGITAL CELLULAR SYSTEM 4HE #-3 HAS BEEN 2%&%2%.#%3 DEVELOPED ON THE BASIS OF THIS STANDARD AND THE PAPERS PUBLISHED IN THIS SPECIAL ISSUE ARE THE RESULTS OF THE #-3 DEVELOPMENT 4HIS AP PENDIX ALSO DESCRIBES THE TECHNICAL COMMONAL ITY OF THESE PAPERS )T COVERS THE OUTLINE OF THE AIR INTERFACE AND PROTOCOL SPECI`CATIONS 4HE OUTLINE INCLUDES ITS MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS RA DIO PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE FUNCTIONALTIES AND CALL PROCESSING ! COMPARISON IS ALSO GIVEN BETWEEN 44! AND )3 ;= A .ORTH !MER ICAN DIGITAL CELLULAR STANDARD 3UNYOUNG +IM ET AL %42) *OURNAL VOLUME NUMBER /CTOBER

) ).42/$5#4)/. )) -!*/2 #(!2!#4%2)34)#3 /& 44! 34!.$!2$ -INISTRY OF )NFORMATION AND #OMMUNI CATION -)# HAS ADOPTED #$-! AS THE AIR 3COPE OF 3TANDARD INTERFACE RADIO CHANNEL ACCESS SCHEME IN +O 4HE SCOPE OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE REATOSATISFYTHEREQUIREMENTS;=FORDIG STANDARD IS ESTABLISHED AS FOLLOWS ITAL CELLULAR SYSTEM 4HE #$-! WORKING GROUP OF RADIO COMMUNICATION SUBCOMMIT { 'ENERAL REQUIREMENTS TEE OF 4ELECOMMUNICATIONS 4ECHNOLOGY !S $E`NITION OF AIR INTERFACE SOCIATION 44! WAS FOUNDED IN IN OR 3YSTEM CON`GURATION DER TO ESTABLISH AIR INTERFACE FOR #$-! SYS 2ADIO INTERFACE METHOD TEM "Y FOLLOWING THE STANDARDIZATION PRO { 4ECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS CEDUREASSHOWNIN&IG <)NTERIM3TAN -3 REQUIREMENTS TRANSMITTER AND DARD FOR #OMMON !IR )NTERFACE FOR $IGITAL RECEIVER REQUIREMENTS PRIVACY AND #ELLULAR IN THE -(Z BAND 44!+/ AUTHENTICATION SUPERVISION MAL ABBREVIATED 44! WAS DEVELOPED FUNCTION DETECTION CALL PROCESSING ;= 44! IS A +OREAN AIR INTERFACE STAN AND SIGNALING FORMATS DARD BETWEEN -OBILE 3TATION -3 ;= AND "3 REQUIREMENTS TRANSMITTER AND "ASE 3TATION "3 ;= ;= WHICH APPLIES TO RECEIVER REQUIREMENTS PRIVACY AND BOTH ANALOG AND #$-! MOBILE TELECOMMU AUTHENTICATION SUPERVISION MAL NICATION SYSTEM !IR INTERFACE AND PROTOCOLS FUNCTION DETECTION CALL PROCESSING ARE IMPORTANT SPECI`CATIONS THAT SHOULD BE AND SIGNALING FORMATS DETERMINED PRIOR TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A { 4EST -ETHODS DIGITAL CELLULAR SYSTEM 4HE #-3 ;= ;= HAS { 3UB 2ULES BEEN DESIGNED BUILT AND `ELD TESTED ;= TO VERIFY AND AUTHORIZE THE 44! AS A DIGITAL #OMPARISON WITH )3 CELLULAR STANDARD 7E DECIDED TO MINIMIZE THE DI_ERENCES 4HIS APPENDIX EXPLAINS THE MAJOR CHAR BETWEEN 44! AND )3 CONSIDERING IN ACTERISTICS AND THE FUNCTIONS OF 44! TERNATIONAL COMPATIBILITY COMMUNICATION STANDARD ON WHICH THE #-3 RELATED PAPERS ENCRYPTION MARKET AND DOMESTIC ENVIRON PUBLISHED IN THIS SPECIAL ISSUE ;= ;= ;= ;= MENT 44! STANDARD HAS MAIN DI_ER DEPEND )T EMPHASIZES ON RADIO INTERFACES ENCES FROM )3 AS BELOW PROTOCOLS AND CALL PROCESSING 4HE DI_ER ENCES BETWEEN 44! AND )3 A .ORTH 3TRUCTURE OF STANDARD !MERICAN DIGITAL CELLULAR STANDARD ARE ALSO 7E HAVE OUR PROPER PROCEDURES AND AL DESCRIBED IN THIS APPENDIX GORITHMS FOR AUTHENTICATION AND VOICE %42) *OURNAL VOLUME NUMBER /CTOBER 3UNYOUNG +IM ET AL

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&IG 3TANDARDIZATION PROCEDURE

PRIVACY ;= -). ARE SPECI`ED AS AN OPTION %NCRYPTION OF ELECTRONIC SERIAL NUMBER .OT DE`NED OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY %3. AND MOBILE IDENTI`CATION NUMBER CHANNEL FREQUENCY 3UNYOUNG +IM ET AL %42) *OURNAL VOLUME NUMBER /CTOBER

!NALOGPARTISSPECI`EDASANOPTION SINGLEMODE-3ISPOSSIBLE 4ABLE -AIN FUNCTIONS OF 44! 7E APPLY TO OUR RADIO MANAGEMENT #$-! BASEBAND MODEM RULES INSTEAD OF &## AND %-)%-# &RAME%RROR2ATE RULES ,AYER 4IMING 0OWER CONTROL RANDOMIZATION &EATURES AND -AIN &UNCTIONS &REQUENCY SELECTION

4ABLE SUMMARIZES 44! FEATURES -ULTIPLEX -58 AND $%-58 OF TRAbC 3UBLAYER CHANNEL

-ESSAGE BUILD 4X2X AND 4ABLE &EATURES OF 44! !CK PROCEDURE 0ARAMETER 44! ,AYER #2# CHECK AND DUPLICATION -ODE 3INGLE #$-! ONLY OR $UAL DETECTION

!UTHENTICATION 3!# 3UBSCRIBER !UTHENTICA #ALL CONTROL 6OICE 0RIVACY TION !LGORITHM FOR #-3 2EGISTRATION

$UPLEX -ETHOD &$$ (ANDO_ !UTHENTICATION "ANDWIDTH -(Z ,AYER 0OWER CONTROL -ODULATION /103+103+ 3LOTTED PAGING AND STAGGERED %RROR #ONTROL &%# FRAME

-AX !VERAGE -ESSAGE FORMATION AND M7 3UBSCRIBER 0OWER DECOMPOSITION

4IME &RAME MS ,ENGTH ))) 2!$)/ 02/4/#/, %ND TO %ND MS !2#()4%#452% !.$ 3PEECH $ELAY &5.#4)/.!,)4)%3 6OCODER 6ARIABLE 2ATE 1#%,0 ;= !RCHITECTURE

&IGURE PRESENTS THE LAYERED PROTOCOL 4HELAYERSTRUCTUREANDITSFUNCTIONSARE STRUCTURE OF 44! AIR INTERFACE STANDARD SHOWNIN4ABLE BASED ON THE PRINCIPLES OF /3) REFERENCE %42) *OURNAL VOLUME NUMBER /CTOBER 3UNYOUNG +IM ET AL

TRAbC CHANNEL 4HE NEGOTIATION TAKES THE , FOLLOWING STEPS )F THE -3 REQUESTS A 3/ US

<, 7F ING ORIGINATION MESSAGE OR 3/ REQUEST ORDER WHICH CONTAINS THE 3/ NUMBER THEN THE "3 B *( = ACCEPTS OR REJECTS USING THE RESPONSE ORDER 0 1 )F THE "3 REQUEST THE 3/ USING PAGE MES = SAGE OR 3/ REQUEST ORDER WHICH CONTAINS THE NUMBER THEN THE -3 USES THE PAGE RESPONSE 0 (+ F (// ( MESSAGE ORTHE3/RESPONSEORDERTOREPLY 4HE PHYSICAL LAYER PROVIDES FRAME TRANS = = ( $(+ (+ $ +(+ F =(@ PORTATION FOR THE UPPER LAYER ( = 1 % 1 % 4HE MULTIPLEX SUBLAYER PROVIDES MUL TIPLEX AND DEMULTIPLEX FUNCTIONS FOR THE %+ PRIMARY TRAbC SIGNALING TRAbC AND SEC . $ ONDARY TRAbC )N THE SUBLAYER THE FRAME FORMATANDRATEDECISIONISDETERMINEDBY MULTIPLEX OPTION &IG ,AYERED PROTOCOL STRUCTURE OF 44! 4HE LAYER IS MODULARIZED INTO PAGING CHANNEL ACCESS CHANNEL AND TRAbC CHANNEL MODEL 4HE LAYERING STRUCTURE ALLOWS TO TYPES IN ORDER TO PROCESS THE SIGNALING IN ISOLATE THE SIGNALING FUNCTIONS INTO GROUPS FORMATION EbCIENTLY AND TO DESCRIBE THE PROTOCOL AS SUCCESSIVE ,AYER HAS THE MONOLITHIC STRUCTURE FOR INDEPENDENT LAYERS )T PROVIDES COMMUNI THE EbCIENT CALL CONTROL AND SHORT CALL SETUP CATION REGULARITY BETWEEN ENTITIES ORTHOGO DELAY 4HE NON VOICE SERVICE PART SHOWN BY NALITY BETWEEN FUNCTIONS AND CLEAN INTER DOTTED LINES IN &IG IS NOT YET DE`NED FACES 4HUS THE LAYERING TENDS TO MAKE THE SYSTEM EASIER TO IMPLEMENT %ACH LAYER &UNCTIONALITIES HAS A ROLE OF PROVIDING THE UPPER AND LOWER LAYER WITH ITS TRANSPARENT SERVICE 44! ! 0HYSICAL ,AYER ,AYER RECOMMENDS BASICALLY THE VOICE SERVICE AND PROVIDES ROOM FOR THE NON VOICE SERVICES 4HE PHYSICAL LAYER HAS THE FUNCTIONS NEC SUCH AS DATA ' FAX PACKET DATA SHORT ESSARY TO TRANSFER THE BIT STREAM OF DATA MESSAGE SERVICE 3-3 AND ETC %ACH SER ON THE PHYSICAL RADIO LINKS &OR THE TRANS VICE IS ACCOMPLISHED BY SERVICE OPTION 3/ MISSION SPEECH OR DATA AFTER BEING #$-! NEGOTIATION 4HE NEGOTIATION TAKES PLACE BY BASEBAND SIGNAL PROCESSED FORMS A FRAME EXCHANGING THE DESIRED SERVICE TYPE INFOR AT THE MULTIPLEX SUBLAYER AND THE FRAME IS MATIONBETWEEN-3AND"3THROUGHTHE TRANSFORMED TO AN OVER THE AIR WAVEFORM 3UNYOUNG +IM ET AL %42) *OURNAL VOLUME NUMBER /CTOBER

)N THE RECEPTION THE SIGNAL aOW IS REVERSED -3 4HE ERROR CONTROL INCLUDES THE #2# ,AYER ONE O_ERS A SET OF LOGICAL CHANNELS ÈLD 4HE `RST TWO ÈLDS ARE POSITIONED AT WHICH CONSISTS OF CONTROL CHANNEL AND TRAF THE HEADER ÈLD OF THE LAYER MESSAGES AND `C CHANNEL &IRST THE CONTROL CHANNEL IS THE LAST ÈLD IS POSITIONED AT THE TAIL DIVIDEDINTOFOURCHANNELSACCORDINGTOITS 4HE LAYER CAN BE LOGICALLY DIVIDED FUNCTIONS 4HE PAGING CHANNEL ALLOWS AN INTO TWO FUNCTIONAL CATEGORIES &IRST IS -3 TO ACQUIRE THE TIMING OF THE FORWARD THE LOWER LEVEL RELATED FUNCTIONS SUCH AS LINK PROVIDES A PHASE REFERENCE FOR COHER THE MESSAGE FORMATION COMBING MESSAGE ENT DEMODULATION AND SUPPORTS A MEANS LENGTH AND #2# ÈLD THE DECOMPOSITION FOR MEASURING SIGNAL STRENGTH FOR HANDO_ OF MESSAGE INTO FRAMES DETECTION OF MES 4HE SYNCH CHANNEL IS A UNIDIRECTIONAL SAGE START MESSAGE ERROR CONTROL SPLITTING CHANNEL WHICH TRANSPORTS THE SYNCRONIZA OF RECEIVED MESSAGE THE RETRANSMISSION OF TION INFORMATION FROM THE "3 TO THE -3 MESSAGE AND CALCULATION OF RANDOM VALUES THE PAGING CHANNEL IS A UNIDIRECTIONAL CHAN FOR RANDOM ACCESS ATTEMPTS 3ECOND IS THE NEL FROM THE "3 TO THE -3 WHICH IS USED FOR UPPER LEVEL RELATED FUNCTIONS SUCH AS THE TRANSMITTING THE OVERALL SYSTEM INFORMATION ADDRESS RECOGNITION ON PAGING CHANNEL AN AND PAGING 4HE ACCESS CHANNEL IS A UNI ADDITION OF ADDRESS ON ACCESS CHANNEL SE DIRECTIONAL CHANNEL FROM THE -3 TO THE "3 QUENCE CONTROL USING SEQUENCE NUMBERING WHICHISUSEDTOACCESSA"3FORCALLORIG INATION PAGE RESPONSE AND REGISTRATION RE ACKNOWLEDGMENT ON EACH CHANNEL TYPE AND QUEST 4HE ACCESS CHANNEL AND PAGING CHAN THE DUPLICATE DETECTION OF MESSAGE NEL IS ALWAYS OPERATED AS A PAIR TO EXCHANGE 4HE ACKNOWLEDGMENT CAN BE ACCOM THE INITIAL CONTROL MESSAGES BETWEEN THE -3 PLISHED EITHER AT LAYER OR LAYER DEPEND AND THE "3 3ECOND THE TRAbC CHANNEL IS BI INGONTHERECEIVEDMESSAGETYPE4HEAC DIRECTIONAL WHICH IS ASSIGNED TO AN -3 FOR KNOWLEDGMENT AT LAYER IS HANDLED BY THE VOICE AND SIGNALING INFORMATION 4HE STRUC SEQUENCE NUMBER ÈLDS OF THE MESSAGE 4HE TURE OF EACH CHANNEL IS DESCRIBED IN ;= ACKNOWLEDGMENT AT LAYER IS HANDLED BY A SPECI`C LAYER MESSAGES 4HE TRANSMITTED " $ATA ,INK ,AYER ,AYER MESSAGE CAN BE ONE OF TWO TYPES A MESSAGE 4HE LAYER CONSISTS OF SEQUENCE CONTROL REQUIRING AN ACKNOWLEDGMENT OR NOT REQUIR ADDRESSING AND ERROR CONTROL )T PERFORMS ING AN ACKNOWLEDGMENT -OST MESSAGES BE WITHOUT ACTUALLY ESTABLISHING THE DATA LINK TWEEN MOBILE AND "3 REQUIRE ACKNOWLEDG CONNECTION 4HE SEQUENCE CONTROL INCLUDES MENT 4HE LAYER ACKNOWLEDGMENT IS USED ACKNOWLEDGMENT SEQUENCE NUMBER MESSAGE WHEN THERE IS INSUbCIENT TIME DURING AN AC SEQUENCE NUMBER ACKNOWLEDGMENT INDICA KNOWLEDGMENT CYCLE OR WHEN SOME OTHER AC TOR AND VALID !CK INDICATOR 4HE ADDRESS TION IMPLIES THE MESSAGE ACKNOWLEDGMENT ING INCLUDES THE TYPE AND IDENTIÈR OF THE SUCH AS IN HARD HANDO_ %42) *OURNAL VOLUME NUMBER /CTOBER 3UNYOUNG +IM ET AL

# .ETWORK ,AYER ,AYER TION CALL ORIGINATION AND CALL TERMINATION

4HE LAYER FUNCTIONS INCLUDE THE CALL ! )NITIALIZATION CONTROL HANDO_ CONTROL AND REGISTRATION CONTROLOVERTHEAIRINTERFACE !FTERTHEPOWERISON THE-3TAKESTHE FOLLOWING SIX STEPS FOR INITIALIZATION AC 4HE CALL CONTROL IS THE MAIN SERVICE OF QUIRES THE STRONGEST PAGING CHANNEL OF THE THE LAYER AND EXECUTES A CALL CONNECTION "3 ON THE #$-! PRIMARY OR SECONDARY FRE FOR THE END TO END USER COMMUNICATION )T QUENCY TUNES TO THE SYNC CHANNEL OF THE ALLOWS THE ESTABLISHMENT MAINTENANCE AND SELECTED "3 AND RECEIVES THE SYNC CHANNEL RELEASE OF CALLS AND SUPPORTS THE CALL RELATED MESSAGE SYNCHRONIZES THE TIMING OF -3 SUPPLEMENTARY SERVICES SUCH AS CALL TRANSFER TO THE #$-! SYSTEM TIME WHICH IS GIVEN BY AND THREE WAY CALLING !LL THE PROCEDURES THESYNCCHANNELMESSAGE INITIALIZETHE OF THE CALL CONTROL ARE PERFORMED ON THE AS LONG CODE STATE WHICH IS CARRIED ON THE LONG SIGNED TRAbC CHANNEL WITH IN BAND SIGNAL CODE STATE `ELD OF THE SYNC CHANNEL MES ING SCHEME SAGE TUNES TO THE ASSIGNED PAGING CHAN 4HE HANDO_ IS THE PROCESS TO TRANSFER NEL THE COMMUNICATION LINK OF AN -3 FROM ONE !FTER THE INITIALIZATION THE -3 MONITORS "3 TO ANOTHER DURING THE CALL 4HE HAND THE PAGING CHANNEL AND SETS ITS SYSTEM PA O_ IS NECESSARY WHEN CELL CROSSING OR DEGRA RAMETERS BY RECEIVING THE SYSTEM OVERHEAD DATION OF LINK QUALITY OCCURS 44! ALSO MESSAGES FROM THE "3 4HEN THE -3 IS SUPPORTS THE IDLE HANDO_ WHICH OCCURS DUR READY FOR A CALL ORIGINATION OR CALL TERMI ING THE IDLE STATE OF -3 NATION 2EGISTRATION IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH THE -3 NOTI`ES THE "3 OF ITS LOCATION 4HE " #ALL /RIGINATION REGISTRATION IS NECESSARY FOR THE "3 TO EF `CIENTLY PAGE THE -3 4HE -3 INFORMS THE 4HE BASIC aOWS OF CALL ORIGINATION IS "3 OF ITS LOCATION STATUS SLOT CYCLE DURING SHOWNIN&IG!USERCANINITIATEACALL ITS IDLE STATE BY DIALING THE DIGITS AND PRESSING THE SEND KEY "ECAUSE THE -3 HAS ALREADY GOT THE -ORE DETAILED FUNCTIONS OF LAYER WILL "3 INFORMATION IT SENDS THE "3 AN ORIG BE DESCRIBED IN THE FOLLOWING SECTION INATION MESSAGE WHICH CONTAINS THE DIALED NUMBER AND THE 3/ NUMBER FOR VOICE ON )6 6/)#% 3%26)#% #/.42/, ACCESS CHANNEL 4HEN THE "3 ACKNOWLEDGES WITH "3 !CK ORDER AND SENDS BACK THE #ALL #ONTROL CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT -ESSAGE WHICH CONTAINS CODE CHANNEL FRAME O_SET FREQUENCY AS 4HE CALL CONTROL PROCEDURES OF THE LAYER SIGNMENT 4HEN THE -3 RECEIVES A NULL TRAF CAN BE DIVIDED INTO THREE PHASES INITIALIZA `C DATA ON THE FORWARD TRAbC CHANNEL AND 3UNYOUNG +IM ET AL %42) *OURNAL VOLUME NUMBER /CTOBER

THEN SENDS A PREAMBLE FOR ACQUISITION ON THE INFORMATION MESSAGE WITH TONE /&& SIGNAL REVERSE TRAbC CHANNEL !FTER RECEIVING THE AND THE -3 ENDS A BELL 4HUS THE CALL IS "3 !CK ORDER FROM THE "3 THE -3 SENDS ESTABLISHED )N THIS CASE THE CALL SETUP DE A NULL TRAbC DATA AT EVERY MS SYSTEM LAY VARIES DEPENDING ON THE PROTOCOL TRANS TIME )N THIS WAY THE -3 VERI`ES THE ES ACTION ON THE AIR INTERFACE AND DEPENDING TABLISHMENT OF THE FORWARD TRAbC CHANNEL ON IMPLEMENTATION OF CALL HANDLING IN THE AND TRANSMIT TRAbC CHANNEL NETWORK SIDE

# #ALL 4ERMINATION A 4HE -3 MONITORS THE PAGING CHANNEL 3A , WHICH IS DETERMINED BY (ASHING FUNCTION $ * EITHER IN SLOTTED MODE OR NON SLOTTED MODE )N THE NON SLOTTED MODE THE -3 ALWAYS *+ MONITORS ALL SLOTS OF THE CHANNEL "UT IN 3 THE SLOTTED MODE THE -3 WATCH ONLY ONE OR TWO ASSIGNED SLOTS OF MS SLOTS CYCLE

A A , THEN GOES TO SLEEP IN THE OTHER SLOTS RESULT 3 ING IN SAVING POWER 2$ * 4HE BASIC CALL aOW FOR THE -3 TERMI ! 3 A" NATED CALL IS SHOWN IN &IG 4HE aOWS 2$ * ! 3 A" OF TERMINATION CALL IS VERY SIMILAR TO THAT OF ORIGINATION CALL EXCEPT THE ADDITION OF PAG ING OPERATION 4HE "3 PAGES THE -3 BY SENDING PAGE MESSAGE OR SLOTTED PAGE MES SAGE WHICH CONTAINS THE DESIRED -3S -). &IG "ASIC ORIGINATION CALL aOWS OVER THE AIR INTER AND VOICE 3/ NUMBER 4HE -3 WHOSE -). FACE VALUE AGREES WITH THE -). VALUE IN THE PAGE !FTER THAT THE "3 SENDS THE 3/ RESPONSE MESSAGE RECEIVES THE MESSAGE ACCOMPLISHES ORDER TO INDICATE REJECTION OR ACCEPTANCE OF THE PAGE MATCH OPERATION AND RESPONDS BY THE 3/ REQUESTED BY THE ORIGINATION MES SENDING THE PAGE RESPONSE MESSAGE4HEN SAGE )F THE 3/ IS ACCEPTED -3 SENDS THE THE"3ACKNOWLEDGESWITH"3!CKORDER -3 !CK ORDER 4HEN THE -3 GENERATES A AND SENDS A CHANNEL ASSIGNMENT MESSAGE RING BACK TONE CONTROLLED BY A RECEIVED ALERT WHICH CONTAINS CODE CHANNEL FRAME O_SET WITH INFORMATION MESSAGE WITH RING BACK AND FREQUENCY ASSIGNMENT 4HE REMAINING TONE /. SIGNAL )F THE CALLED SUBSCRIBER RE PROCEDURE IS THE SAME AS THE CORRESPONDING SPONDS A CALL THE "3 SENDS THE ALERT WITH PROCEDURE IN THE -3 ORIGINATION CASE %42) *OURNAL VOLUME NUMBER /CTOBER 3UNYOUNG +IM ET AL

-3 DETECTS A PILOT SIGNAL RADIATED BY THE NEIGHBORING "3S AND NOTI`ES THE INTENTION OF HANDO_ TO THE DESIRED "3 AND THEN THE "3 DETERMINES THE HANDO_ CONTROL 44! 3 CAN SUPPORTS THE TWO TYPES OF HANDO_ SOFT $ * AND HARD

*+ 3OFT HANDO_ 4HISISAMAKE BEFORE 3 BREAKTYPEHANDO_ 4HE-3COM MENCES THE COMMUNICATIONS WITH A NEW "3 TARGET "3 WITHOUT THE TEMPORARY A A , 3 DISCONNECTION OF 4RAbC #HANNEL CON 2$ * NECTED TO THE OLD "3 SERVING "3 DUR !-A" ING THE HANDO_ 4HEREFORE SOFT HAND , O_ HAS A MAJOR WHICH O_ERS ADDITIONAL DIVERSITY RESULTING IN A UNIFORM QUALITY OVER THE "3 COVERAGE AREA &OR THE SOFT HANDO_ THE ASSIGNED FREQUENCY OF TARGET &IG "ASIC TERMINATION CALL aOWS OVER THE AIR IN "3 HAS TO BE THE SAME AS THAT OF SERV TERFACE ING "3 -OST HANDO_ IN #$-! SYSTEM IS SOFT HANDO_ !FTER THAT IF THE -3 RECEIVES THE 3/ RE (ARD HANDO_ 4HISISABREAK BEFORE SPONSE ORDER INCLUDING AN ACCEPTING OF 3/ MAKE TYPE HANDO_ )T IS CHARACTERIZED IT SENDS THE -3 !CK ORDER 4HEN THE -3 BY THE TEMPORARY DISCONNECTION OF 4RAF RECEIVES AN ALERT WITH INFORMATION MESSAGE `C #HANNEL DURING THE HANDO_ )N THIS WITH RING TONE OF )3 " SIGNAL TYPE AND CASE VOICE PACKET FRAMES WILL BE LOST SOUNDS A BELL OF HANDSET FOR NOTIFYING THE AND LOST DATA PACKETS WILL BE RETRANS SUBSCRIBER THE TERMINATED CALL )F THE SUB MITTED AFTER THE HANDO_ (ARD HANDO_ SCRIBER RESPONDS THE CALL THE -3 SENDS A CAN BE DIVIDED INTO TWO TYPES CONNECT ORDER TO THE "3 4HUS THE CALL IS ESTABLISHED { #$-! TO #$-! HARD HANDO_4HIS HANDO_ OCCURS IN THE CASE THAT THERE IS (ANDO_ #ONTROL NOT THE SAME FREQUENCY OR FRAME O_SET BETWEEN TWO ASSOCIATED "3S OR THE CASE ! (ANDO_ 4YPE THAT THE -3 MOVES TO A NEW "3 WHOSE 4HEHANDO_SCHEMEIN44! ISMAINLY "3 IS NOT MAINTAINED IN THE LIST OF ACTIVE THE MOBILE ASSISTED HANDO_ IN WHICH THE SET 3UNYOUNG +IM ET AL %42) *OURNAL VOLUME NUMBER /CTOBER

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&IG "ASIC SOFT HANDO_ aOWS OVER THE AIR INTERFACE

{ #$-! TO ANALOG HARD HANDO_ ! HAND " 3OFT (ANDO_ /PERATION O_ IN WHICH THE -3 IS TRANSITIONED FROM 4HE TYPICAL aOW OF SOFT HANDO_ PROCE A#$-!4RAbC#HANNELTOANANALOG DUREBETWEENTHE-3ANDTHE"3ISSHOWN VOICE CHANNEL IN &IG 3OFT HANDO_ CONSISTS OF TWO %42) *OURNAL VOLUME NUMBER /CTOBER 3UNYOUNG +IM ET AL

PHASES ADD THE TARGET "3 NEW CELL 3TEP 0REPARATION FOR HANDO_ BY NET ANDDROPTHESERVING"3OLDCELL )N WORK THE ADD PHASE THE -3 SHALL CONTINUOUSLY 3TEP 0ERFORMANCE OF HANDO_ BY -3 SEARCH FOR THE PILOT SIGNALS ON THE CURRENT 3TEP #OMPLETION OF HANDO_ BY NETWORK FREQUENCY ASSIGNMENT FROM THE NEIGHBOR ING "3S 7HEN THE -3 DETECTS A SUb -OBILITY #ONTROL CIENTLY STRONG PILOT SIGNAL OVER A THRESH OLD 4 !$$ IT WILL SEND THE PILOT STRENGTH 4HE MOBILITY CONTROL CAN SUPPORT THE MEASUREMENT MESSAGE TO THE SERVING "3 AND REGISTRATION OF THE -3 LOCATION THE TRACKING RECEIVE THE HANDO_ DIRECTION MESSAGE FROM OF ROAMING -3 LOCATION AND THE UPDATING THE "3 7ITH THIS MESSAGE THE -3 UPDATES OF THE SUBSCRIBER PRO`LE INFORMATION THE LIST OF ACTIVE SET TO INCLUDE THE DETECTED ! 2EGISTRATION PILOT O_SET TARGET "3 4HE -3 ACQUIRES THE TARGET "3 AND SENDS THE HANDO_ COM 4HE REGISTRATION TYPES DE`NED IN 44! PLETION MESSAGE TO THE NETWORK SIDE VIA THE ARE AS FOLLOWS SERVING "3 { 0OWER UPDOWN REGISTRATION4HE-3 )N THE DROP PHASE THE -3 DETECTS THAT REGISTERS WHEN IT TURNS ON OR TURNS O_ THE PILOT STRENGTH OF SERVING "3 DROPPING POWER BELOW THE THRESHOLD 4 $2/0 AND STARTS { 4IMER BASED REGISTRATION4HE-3REG THEHANDO_DROPTIMER!FTERTHETIMEROUT ISTERS WHEN A TIMER EXPIRES THE -3 SENDS A PILOT STRENGTH MEASUREMENT { $ISTANCE BASED REGISTRATION4HE-3 MESSAGE TO THE NETWORK SIDE AND RECEIVES REGISTERS WHEN THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE THE HANDO_ DIRECTION MESSAGE FROM THE NET CURRENT"3ANDTHE"3INWHICHITLAST WORK SIDE REGISTERED EXCEEDS A PRESET DISTANCE 4HE -3 STOPS THE DIVERSITY COMBINING { :ONE BASED REGISTRATION4HE-3REGIS OF SIGNALS FROM THE TWO "3S AND CONTINUES TERS WHEN IT ENTERS INTO NEW ZONE COMMUNICATION WITH THE TARGET "3 &INALLY { 0ARAMETER CHANGE REGISTRATION4HE-3 THE -3 MOVES THE PILOT O_SET OF THE SERVING REGISTERS WHEN CERTAIN OF ITS STORED PA "3FROMTHEACTIVESETTOTHENEIGHBORSET RAMETERS CHANGED AND SENDS THE HANDO_ COMPLETION MESSAGE { /RDERED REGISTRATION 4HE -3 REGISTERS TO THE NETWORK SIDE VIA THE TARGET "3 WHEN THE NETWORK OPERATOR REQUESTS REG 4HE TYPICAL HANDO_ PROCEDURE CAN BE ISTRATION SUMMARIZEDINTOTHEFOLLOWINGSTEPS { )MPLICIT REGISTRATION 7HEN THE -3 SUC 3TEP $ETECTION OF HANDO_ SITUATIONS BY CESSFULLY SENDS AN ORIGINATION MESSAGE -3 OR PAGE RESPONSE MESSAGE THE"3CAN 3TEP $ECISION OF HANDO_ BY NETWORK INFER THE -3 LOCATION 3UNYOUNG +IM ET AL %42) *OURNAL VOLUME NUMBER /CTOBER

{ 4RAbC CHANNEL REGISTRATION7HENTHE ARE BASICALLY TRIGGERED BY THE REGISTRATION "3 HAS REGISTRATION INFORMATION FOR AN REQUEST OF THE -3 OR THE NETWORK 4HE IN -3 THAT HAS BEEN ASSIGNED TO A TRAbC FORMATION OF -3 LOCATION IS PRIMARILY IN THE CHANNEL THE"3CANNOTIFYTHE-3THAT HOME LOCATION REGISTER (,2 7HEN THE IT IS REGISTERED -3 ROAMS INTO OTHER REGISTRATION AREA THE VISITOR LOCATION REGISTER 6,2 REQUESTS A 4HE `RST `VE TYPES ARE AUTONOMOUS REG COPYOFTHEUSERSERVICEFEATUREPRO`LEAND ISTRATION ENABLED BY ROAMING -3 4HE RE STORES THE USER LOCATION MAINING TYPES ARE THE SPECIAL APPLICATIONS SUCH AS OPERATOR REQUEST AND SYSTEM PARAM !UTHENTICATION ETER CHANGE 4HE NETWORK OPERATOR DETER MINES THE TYPE OF REGISTRATION AND THE FRE 4HE AUTHENTICATION IS THE PROCESS OF CON QUENCY OF REGISTRATIONS TO BE EMPLOYED IN `RMING THE IDENTITY OF THE -3 )TS ALGO THE SYSTEM TO OPTIMIZE SYSTEM PERFORMANCE RITHMS ARE DESCRIBED IN SUBSCRIBER AUTHENTI CATION ALGORITHM FOR #-3 3!# DOCUMENT " 2OAMING 4HE INTERFACE FOR ALGORITHM IS SPECI`ED IN 2OAMER IS AN -3 OPERATING IN A CELLU <)NTERFACE 3PEC FOR 3!# ;= LARSYSTEMORNETWORKOTHERTHANTHEONE 4HE AUTHENTICATION IS ACCOMPLISHED BY FROM WHICH SERVICE WAS SUBSCRIBED 2OAM THREE STEPS 4HOSE ARE A RANDOM SEED CON ING ALLOWS THE FOREIGN ROAMER TO ACCESS SER `RMATION RESULTS COMPARISON OF THE AU VICE !N -3 HAS ONE OR MORE HOME PAIR THENTICATION ALGORITHM AND CON`RMATION OF ;3)$ SYSTEM ID .)$ NETWORK ID = 4HE COUNT VALUE 4HE SAME AUTHENTICATION PA -3 IS SAID

# 5PDATING OF -OBILE ,OCATION 6 #/.#5,$).' 2%-!2+3 4HE LOCATION INFORMATION IS MAINTAINED TO LOCATE THE USER FOR CALL ROUTING IN THE 4HIS PAPER PRESENTED THE 44! AIR IN NETWORK 4HE NETWORK TAKES AND UPDATES TERFACE AND PROTOCOLS )T CLARI`ES THE DIF THE LOCATION OF THE -3 ,OCATION UPDATES FERENCES BETWEEN 44! AND )3 2ADIO %42) *OURNAL VOLUME NUMBER /CTOBER 3UNYOUNG +IM ET AL

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