Wimax Solutions Airspan’S Wimax Deployments Around the World
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Lecture 10: Switching & Internetworking
Lecture 10: Switching & Internetworking CSE 123: Computer Networks Alex C. Snoeren HW 2 due WEDNESDAY Lecture 10 Overview ● Bridging & switching ◆ Spanning Tree ● Internet Protocol ◆ Service model ◆ Packet format CSE 123 – Lecture 10: Internetworking 2 Selective Forwarding ● Only rebroadcast a frame to the LAN where its destination resides ◆ If A sends packet to X, then bridge must forward frame ◆ If A sends packet to B, then bridge shouldn’t LAN 1 LAN 2 A W B X bridge C Y D Z CSE 123 – Lecture 9: Bridging & Switching 3 Forwarding Tables ● Need to know “destination” of frame ◆ Destination address in frame header (48bit in Ethernet) ● Need know which destinations are on which LANs ◆ One approach: statically configured by hand » Table, mapping address to output port (i.e. LAN) ◆ But we’d prefer something automatic and dynamic… ● Simple algorithm: Receive frame f on port q Lookup f.dest for output port /* know where to send it? */ If f.dest found then if output port is q then drop /* already delivered */ else forward f on output port; else flood f; /* forward on all ports but the one where frame arrived*/ CSE 123 – Lecture 9: Bridging & Switching 4 Learning Bridges ● Eliminate manual configuration by learning which addresses are on which LANs Host Port A 1 ● Basic approach B 1 ◆ If a frame arrives on a port, then associate its source C 1 address with that port D 1 ◆ As each host transmits, the table becomes accurate W 2 X 2 ● What if a node moves? Table aging Y 3 ◆ Associate a timestamp with each table entry Z 2 ◆ Refresh timestamp for each -
802.11 BSS Bridging
802.11 BSS Bridging Contributed by Philippe Klein, PhD Broadcom IEEE 8021/802.11 Study Group, Aug 2012 new-phkl-11-bbs-bridging-0812-v2 The issue • 802.11 STA devices are end devices that do not bridge to external networks. This: – limit the topology of 802.11 BSS to “stub networks” – do not allow a (STA-)AP-STA wireless link to be used as a connecting path (backbone) between other networks • Partial solutions exist to overcome this lack of bridging functionality but these solutions are: – proprietary only – limited to certain type of traffic – or/and based on Layer 3 (such IP Multicast to MAC Multicast translation, NAT - Network Address Translation) IEEE 8021/802.11 Study Group - Aug 2012 2 Coordinated Shared Network (CSN) CSN CSN Network CSN Node 1 Node 2 Shared medium Logical unicast links CSN CSN Node 3 Node 4 • Contention-free, time-division multiplexed-access, network of devices sharing a common medium and supporting reserved bandwidth based on priority or flow (QoS). – one of the nodes of the CSN acts as the network coordinator, granting transmission opportunities to the other nodes of the network. • Physically a shared medium, in that a CSN node has a single physical port connected to the half-duplex medium, but logically a fully-connected one-hop mesh network, in that every node can transmit frames to every other node over the shared medium. • Supports two types of transmission: – unicast transmission for point-to-point (node-to-node) – transmission and multicast/broadcast transmission for point-to-multipoint (node-to-other/all-nodes) transmission. -
ISDN LAN Bridging Bhi
ISDN LAN Bridging BHi Tim Boland U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Technology Administration National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 QC 100 NIST .U56 NO. 5532 199it NISTIR 5532 ISDN LAN Bridging Tim Boland U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Technology Administration National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 November 1994 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Ronald H. Brown, Secretary TECHNOLOGY ADMINISTRATION Mary L. Good, Under Secretary for Technology NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY Arati Prabhakar, Director DATE DUE - ^'' / 4 4 ' / : .f : r / Demco, Inc. 38-293 . ISDN LAN BRIDGING 1.0 Introduction This paper will provide guidance which will enable users to properly assimilate Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) local area network (LAN) bridging products into the workplace. This technology is expected to yield economic, functional and performance benefits to users. Section 1 (this section) provides some introductory information. Section 2 describes the environment to which this paper applies. Section 3 provides history and status information. Section 4 describes service features of some typical product offerings. Section 5 explains the decisions that users have to make and the factors that should influence their decisions. Section 6 deals with current ISDN LAN bridge interoperability activities. Section 7 gives a high-level summary and future direction. 2.0 ISDN LAN Bridging Environment 2 . 1 User Environment ISDN LAN bridge usage should be considered by users who have a need to access a LAN or specific device across a distance of greater than a few kilometers, or by users who are on a LAN and need to access a specific device or another network remotely, and, for both situations, have or are considering ISDN use to accomplish this access. -
Bridging Strategies for LAN Internets Previous Screen Nathan J
51-20-36 Bridging Strategies for LAN Internets Previous screen Nathan J. Muller Payoff As corporations continue to move away from centralized computing to distributed, peer-to- peer arrangements, the need to share files and access resources across heterogeneous networks becomes all the more necessary. The need to interconnect dissimilar host systems and LANs may arise from normal business operations or as the result of a corporate merger or acquisition. Whatever the justification, internetworking is becoming ever more important, and the interconnection device industry will grow for the rest of the decade. Introduction The devices that facilitate the interconnection of host systems and LANs fall into the categories of repeaters , bridges, routers, and gateways. Repeaters are the simplest devices and are used to extend the range of LANs and other network facilities by boosting signal strength and reshaping distorted signals. Gateways are the most complex devices; they provide interoperability between applications by performing processing-intensive protocol conversions. In the middle of this “complexity spectrum” are bridges and routers. At the risk of oversimplification, traditional bridges implement basic data-level links between LANs that use identical protocols; traditional routers can be programmed for multiple network protocols, thereby supporting diverse types of LANs and host systems over the same WAN facility. However, in many situations the use of routers is overkill and needlessly expensive; routers cost as much as $75,000 for a full-featured, multiport unit, compared with $6,000 to $30,000 for most bridges. The price difference is attributable to the number of protocols supported, the speed of the Central Processing Unit, port configurations, WAN interfaces, and network management features. -
Teaching Protocol Exchanges Over Cellular Air Interface Olufemi Oyedapo, Xavier Lagrange, Philippe Martins, B Van Wyk
Teaching protocol exchanges over cellular air interface Olufemi Oyedapo, Xavier Lagrange, Philippe Martins, B van Wyk To cite this version: Olufemi Oyedapo, Xavier Lagrange, Philippe Martins, B van Wyk. Teaching protocol exchanges over cellular air interface. AFRICON 2007 : 8th IEEE africon conference, Sep 2007, Windhoek, Namibia. pp.1 - 7, 10.1109/AFRCON.2007.4401606. hal-02165725 HAL Id: hal-02165725 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02165725 Submitted on 26 Jun 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 Teaching Protocol Exchanges over Cellular Air Interfaces O. J. Oyedapo, X. Lagrange, P. Martins, and B. Van Wyk attempts were made to examine and study the behavior of MS Abstract—The evolutionary path taken by cellular standards (using trace MS) by analyzing the Dm-channels to suitably to the current and future standards is incomplete without fully support transport of information between the MS and the understanding the older standards. The comprehension of the network. This study culminated from an attempt to have better GSM standard, specifically the procedures for protocols understanding of the services and supplementary services in exchange over the air interface will help students understand radio resource allocation procedures in GPRS and UMTS, and integrated services digital network (ISDN). -
Bridging Internetwork Operating System Release 10.2
Internetwork Operating System Release 10.2 cisc EM Bridging Software Release O2 September 1994 Corporate Headquarters 170 West Tasman Drive San Jose CA 95134-1706 USA Phone 408 526-4000 Fax 408 526-4100 Customer Order Number TRN-IRSC-1O.2 Text Part Number 2O91O1 The and and other technical information the products specifications configurations regarding products contained in this manual are subject to change without notice Alt statements technical information and recommendations contained in this manual are believed to be accurate and reliable but are without of and must take full for their presented warranty any kind express or implied users responsibility application of any products specified in this manual This radiate radio if not installed and used in equipment generates uses and can frequency energy and accordance with the instruction manual for this device may cause interference to radio communications This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for Class computing device which reasonable pursuant to Subpart of Part 15 of FCC Rules are designed to provide protection against such interference when operated in commercial environment of this in residential is in which their Operation equipment area likely to cause interference case users at own expense will be required to take whatever measures may be required to correct the interference will The following third-party software may be included with your product and be subject to the software license agreement The Cisco implementation of TCP header compression -
Glossary of Acronyms
Glossary of Acronyms This glossary provides short definitions of a range of abbreviations· and acronyms in use within the cordless telecommunications field; many of the terms are defined in greater detail within this volume. ACCH associated control channel ACELP algebraic code-excited linear prediction, vocoder ACK acknowledgement protocol ACTE Approval Committee for Telecommunication Equipment ACW address code word ADM adaptive delta modulation ADPCM adaptive differential pulse-code modulation AGC automatic gain control AIN advanced intelligent network ALT automatic link transfer AM access manager AMPS American Mobile Phone System - US cellular standard API application programming interface ARA alerting/registration area ARI access rights identifier ARIB Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (Japan) ARQ automatic repeat request ATIS Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (USA) AWGN additive white Gaussian noise B echo balance return loss B channel user information bearer channel, 64 kb s-l, in ISDN BABT British Approvals Board for Telecommunications BCCH broadcast channel BCT business cordless telephone BER bit error ratio BMC/BMD burst mode controller/device BPSK binary phase shift keying, modulation BRA ISDN basic rate access BS basestation - the fixed radio component of a cordless link, single-channel or multichannel; term also used in cellular radio Glossary of Acronyms 507 BS6833 a standard for digital cordless telephones allowing for proprietary air interfaces (mainly specifying telephony-related aspects) (UK) -
Understanding Linux Internetworking
White Paper by David Davis, ActualTech Media Understanding Linux Internetworking In this Paper Introduction Layer 2 vs. Layer 3 Internetworking................ 2 The Internet: the largest internetwork ever created. In fact, the Layer 2 Internetworking on term Internet (with a capital I) is just a shortened version of the Linux Systems ............................................... 3 term internetwork, which means multiple networks connected Bridging ......................................................... 3 together. Most companies create some form of internetwork when they connect their local-area network (LAN) to a wide area Spanning Tree ............................................... 4 network (WAN). For IP packets to be delivered from one Layer 3 Internetworking View on network to another network, IP routing is used — typically in Linux Systems ............................................... 5 conjunction with dynamic routing protocols such as OSPF or BGP. You c an e as i l y use Linux as an internetworking device and Neighbor Table .............................................. 5 connect hosts together on local networks and connect local IP Routing ..................................................... 6 networks together and to the Internet. Virtual LANs (VLANs) ..................................... 7 Here’s what you’ll learn in this paper: Overlay Networks with VXLAN ....................... 9 • The differences between layer 2 and layer 3 internetworking In Summary ................................................. 10 • How to configure IP routing and bridging in Linux Appendix A: The Basics of TCP/IP Addresses ....................................... 11 • How to configure advanced Linux internetworking, such as VLANs, VXLAN, and network packet filtering Appendix B: The OSI Model......................... 12 To create an internetwork, you need to understand layer 2 and layer 3 internetworking, MAC addresses, bridging, routing, ACLs, VLANs, and VXLAN. We’ve got a lot to cover, so let’s get started! Understanding Linux Internetworking 1 Layer 2 vs. -
Network Experience Evolution to 5G
Network Experience Evolution to 5G Table of Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 5 Definition of Terms ............................................................................................................... 5 Typical MBB Services and Network Experience Requirements in the 5G Era ............. 7 VR ........................................................................................................................................ 8 Video.................................................................................................................................... 9 Voice .................................................................................................................................... 9 Mobile Gaming ................................................................................................................... 10 FWA ................................................................................................................................... 11 Summary ........................................................................................................................... 13 Network Evolution Trends .............................................................................................. 13 5G-oriented LTE Experience Improvement Technologies .......................................... -
CDMA2000—A World View
CDMA2000—A world view Johan Langer and Gwenn Larsson The world’s first CDMA2000 networks were launched in Korea in October while maintaining the 1.25 MHz band- 2000, providing 144 kbit/s data rates to subscribing customers and deliv- width. Operators and manufactures soon re- ering nearly twice the voice capacity that operators experienced with their alized that there were inherent cost, back- cdmaOne (IS-95) systems. The success of the CDMA2000 1X system in ward compatibility and timing advantages Korea has encouraged many operators in the Americas and Asia to follow in keeping with the 1.25 MHz bandwidth for evolution. Thus, CDMA2000 3X has through with their plans to launch CDMA2000 this year. now been put on the wayside until market The authors outline some of the products and describe product advan- demands make it necessary to migrate to a tages that Ericsson CDMA customers will gain when rolling out Ericsson’s widerband carrier (3.75 MHz). CMS 11 R3 to provide third-generation services early next year. The authors also describe some of the key enablers in CMS 11 R3. 1xEV-DO The two phases of 1xEV are labeled 1xEV-DO and 1xEV-DV. DO stands for data only; DV stands for data and voice. Updates in the evolution CDMA2000 1xEV-DO was standardized by the Telecommunications Industry Associa- of CDMA2000 tion (TIA) in October 2000. 1xEV-DO was Since the spring of 2000, the evolution of recently recognized by the ITU-R WP8F as third-generation CDMA systems has an IMT-2000 standard. Formal approval is changed dramatically. -
Bridging Principles
Bridging Principles 1 By the end of this session you will be able to... n Define bridging modes – Source Routing – Transparent – Source Route Transparent (SRT) n Describe how Spanning Tree functions Token Ring Bridging 2 2 Flexible Frame Forwarding Choice of Techniques Source Route Source Route Transparent Transparent Bridging Bridging Bridging n Transparent u Ethernet and Token Ring u simple to implement u not easy to manage in a complex network n Source Routing u Token Ring u requires management effort to implement u trouble shooting is simplified n SRT u short term combination solution Token Ring Bridging 3 Bridging Techniques Transparent Can be used on both Token Ring and Ethernet networks Nothing is identified so implementation is simple Nothing is identified so locating problems can be difficult on complex networks Source Route Bridging Designed for Token Ring networks Requires each ring and bridge to be identified Locating potential and actual trouble spots is simplified SRT Useful when combing transparent and source routing networks, e.g. when adding a department using ‘the other method’ to a company network. Allows bridges/switches to forward both source routed and transparent frames appropriately. Also allows the bridges/switches to communicate with each other. A short term solution, ultimately MAKE UP YOUR MIND; use source routing OR transparent for the whole network. 3 What is the purpose of a Bridge ? 2 4 1 Ring A Ring B 6 3 5 n Connects two physical rings n Forwards or Filters Frames n Single logical network n Keeps local traffic local Token Ring Bridging 4 Bridges are used to physically connect two rings. -
UMTS Overview
UMTS overview David Tipper Associate Professor Graduate Telecommunications and Networking Program University of Pittsburgh 2720 Slides 12 UMTS • ETSI proposed GSM/NA-TDMA /GPRS evolution under name Universal Mobile Telecom. Services (UMTS) • Most of 3G licenses in Europe required operator to deploy a UMTS system covering x% of population by a specific date y – Germany: 25% of population by 12/03, 50% by 12/05 –Norway: 80% of population by 12/04 – In most countries operators have asked for and received deployment delay due to dot.com bust and equipment delays • Estimate 2.5 Billion euros to deploy a 5000 base station UMTS system • According to UMTS Forum – More than 90 million UMTS users as of 10/06 on operating networks in more than 50 countries – Most deployments of UMTS in Europe (~40% of market) and Pacific Rim (~38% market) Telcom 2720 2 UMTS • UMTS is a complete system architecture – As in GSM emphasis on standardized interfaces • mix and match equipment from various vendors – Simple evolution from GPRS – allows one to reuse/upgrade some of the GPRS backhaul equipment – Backward compatible handsets and signaling to support intermode and intersystem handoffs • Intermode; TDD to FDD, FDD to TDD • Intersystem: UMTS to GSM or UMTS to GPRS – UMTS supports a variety of user data rates and both packet and circuit switched services – System composed of three main subsystems Telcom 2720 3 UMTS System Architecture Node B MSC/VLR GMSC PSTN RNC USIM Node B HLR ME Internet Node B RNC SGSN GGSN Node B UE UTRAN CN External Networks • UE (User Equipment) that interfaces with the user • UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) handles all radio related functionality – WCDMA is radio interface standard here.