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!Fondation 54 Fr Bulletin trimestriel n°54/1997 Histoire et Mémoire des crimes et génocides nazis Congrès International Bruxelles, 23-27 novembre 1992 ACTES VIII 5 Paul HALTER, Présentation des Actes 7 André STEIN (Psychothérapeute, Professeur en Communication Humaine, Université de Toronto - Canada) : Comment peut-on être caché et vivre caché ? Les enfants cachés s’interrogent (Commission «Aspects Psychologiques»). 9 Thomas RAHE (Directeur du Gedenkstätte Bergen-Belsen - Allemagne) : Jüdische Religiosität in den nationalso- zialistischen Konzentrationslagern (Commission «Histoire et Mémoire»). 21 Petru DUNCA (Professeur de Philosophie, Université de Baia-Mare, Maramuresch - Roumanie) : L’image des Juifs déportés dans la mémoire collective des paysans du Maramuresch (Commission «Témoignages et Archives»). 31 Holger GEHLE (Université de Hambourg - Allemagne) : Schreiben im Post-Holocaust. Raymond Federmans «Die Nacht zum 21. Jahrhundert». The Twofold Vibration (Commission «Littérature»). 45 Theresa SWIEBOCKA (Chercheur, Auschwitz Museum - Pologne) : Changes at the Auschwitz Museum and its Future (Commission «Musées»). 49 Jocelyn GREGOIRE (Historien - Belgique) : Le fonds d’archives de l’Amicale des Ex-Prisonniers Politiques d’Auschwitz-Birkenau, Camps et Prisons de Silésie (Commission «Histoire et mémoire»). 53 Gerd STEFFENS (Enseignant, Albert-Einstein-Schule - Allemagne) : Veränderung jugendlicher Mentalitäten und die Erinnerung an Auschwitz (Commission «Pédagogie»). 69 Jean BRACK (Président du Musée de la Résistance - Belgique) : Privilèges des musées (Commission «Musées»). 1 Ulrike JUREIT, Karin ORTH (Collaboratrices au KZ 73 Gedenkstätte Neuengamme - Allemagne) : Gespräche mit Überlebenden des KZ-Neuengamme (Commission «Milieux de Mémoire - Survivants et Héritiers»). Jochen VOGT (Professeur de Littérature, Universität Essen 91 - Allemagne) : Auschwitz bei Peter Weiss. Historisierung oder Universalisierung ? (Commission «Littérature»). Sommaire des Actes I, II, III, IV, V, VI et VII 105 Supplément au Bulletin n°54/1997 Discours du Président Paul HALTER à l’occasion du 115 15ème anniversaire de la Fondation Auschwitz à l’Hôtel de Ville de Bruxelles, le 30 octobre 1996. Arthur Haulot, Le camp de concentration. Eléments 121 sociologiques, présenté par Y. Thanassekos. Un document historique : deux lettres de 1945 du Dr. 135 Janet Vaughan sur l’état sanitaire au camp de Bergen- Belsen Des tziganes parlent... présenté par H. Ch. Jasch. 147 Un témoignage émouvant de Madame Marie Pinhas 157 Informations 159 Le Fonds d’Archives mis à la disposition de la recherche 159 scientifique. Les services pédagogiques de la Fondation Auschwitz : 161 - Encadrement - Dossier pédagogique - Conférences pédagogiques - Exposition - Voyage d’étude à Auschwitz-Birkenau - Organisation de journées pédagogiques - Visite à Breendonk - Concours de dissertation annuel (règlement) - Bibliothèque - Photothèque - Prix Fondation Auschwitz (règlement et suggestions de thèmes) - Prix de la Paix (règlement) Dernières acquisitions de la Bibliothèque et 171 comptes-rendus. 2 3 4 Paul HALTER Présentation des Actes VIII Président de la du Congrès de novembre 1992 Fondation Auschwitz Ce n’est pas, il est vrai, la première fois que nos nom- breuses obligations en matière éditorialiste nous empê- 1 Yannis Thanassekos et Anne Van chent de publier dans leur continuité les Actes de notre Landschoot, Du Témoignage Congrès consacré à l’histoire et à la mémoire des crimes et audiovisuel. Actes de la Deuxième Rencontre Audiovisuelle Inter- génocides nazis de novembre 92. nationale sur le témoignage des survivants des camps de concen- Nous avions en effet décidé, vous vous en êtes rendu tration et d’extermination nazis compte, de consacrer sans délai notre précédent numéro (Bruxelles, 9-11 mai 1996), éd. Fondation Auschwitz et Fondation intitulé Du Témoignage audiovisuel à l’édition des Actes pour la Mémoire de la Déportation, de la seconde «Rencontre Audiovisuelle Internationale Bruxelles-Paris, 1996. Bulletin tri- sur le témoignage des survivants des camps de concen- mestriel de la Fondation Auschwitz, N° spécial 53, octobre-décembre tration et d’extermination nazis» qui eu lieu à Bruxelles en 1996. mai dernier 1. Nous approchons toutefois de la fin de cette longue et volumineuse publication qui culminera par un neuvième et dernier volume. C’est cependant avec un plaisir chaque fois renouvelé que nous poursuivons cette entreprise par laquelle nous vous présentons une nouvelle série de com- munications que l’on qualifiera sans crainte d’«essen- tielles». Celles-ci s’inscrivent, comme précédemment, dans le cadre de notre démarche visant à l’exploration et à la com- préhension de l’histoire et de la mémoire des crimes et génocides nazis. Malgré toute la gravité des évocations, nous vous souhaitons une excellente lecture de cette édition. 5 André STEIN Comment peut-on être caché Psychothérapeute et vivre caché ? Professeur en Les enfants cachés Communication s’interrogent (1) Humaine, Université de Toronto (Canada) Résumé Les enfants cachés sont en train de vieillir sans avoir vrai- ment témoigné jusqu’à présent. Avant qu’ils ne disparais- sent, nous devons nous familiariser avec leurs expériences immédiates et conséquentes afin de comprendre comment ils s’étaient réintégrés à leurs milieux socio-culturels dans leur pays natal ou dans l’immigration. Dans cette commu- nication, j’entreprendrai une esquisse phénoménologique de quelques réalités paradoxales des enfants cachés. Mes pro- pos seront fondés sur une enquête menée à bien auprès des ressortissants de huit pays, aussi bien des rescapés que des professionnels dans les domaines de la réhabilitation psy- cho-sociale. L’enquête a été effectuée sur base d’entrevues profondes. D’une part, la bibliographie de recherche sur la Shoah est sur- abondante : d’autre part, de vastes lacunes dominent le domaine des recherches sur les enfants cachés. Comment expliquer cette apparente indifférence vis-à-vis des cir- constances et des conséquences de la survie des enfants ? Comment est-il arrivé que même de nos jours, quand on dit «rescapé», on a tendance à penser à garder le silence, et que les années souterraines de la guerre se soient déversées 1Communication prononcée le 26 dans les années souterraines d’après-guerre ? Qu’est-ce novembre 1992 à la Commission qui les a poussés à continuer à cacher leur identité et leurs «Aspects Psychologiques» (Président souvenirs ? Comment peut-on découvrir les ressorts de de séance : Mr. Claude Bloch, Psychiatre). l’âme et le comportement de ceux qui, tout en négociant 7 leurs routines quotidiennes, ont gardé leur «moi» derrière le mur du silence, même dans leurs rapports les plus intimes ? Comment déchiffrer les mystères des trajectoires de leur vie si souvent paradoxale ? Comment peut-on se retrouver dans le labyrinthe de leurs sentiments tortueux vis-à-vis de leurs parents nourriciers ? Comment expliquer que d’une part, bien des enfants cachés continuent à vivre cachés presque un demi-siècle après la libération, et que d’autre part, un nombre considérable d’enfants cachés se soient dévoués à une vie active, riche en accomplissements ? Comment rendre compte du fait que bon nombre de ces der- niers se soient lancés dans des professions «altruistes» (médecine, psychologie, psychothérapie, assistance, ser- vice, enseignement) ? Quels sont les réseaux internes et externes qui leur ser- vaient et qui continuent à leur servir de soutien ? Et dans tout cela qu’est-il arrivé à leur judaïsme d’antan ? Peut-on dis- cerner une façon unique d’être Juif chez les enfants cachés ? En guise de conclusion, je propose des questions sur ce que le monde peut attendre des enfants cachés, sans pour autant les proposer comme modèles. 8 Dr. Thomas RAHE Jüdische Religiosität in den Direktor nationalsozialistischen Gedenkstätte Konzentrationslagern (1) Bergen-Belsen (Allemagne) Wenn sich in der Literatur zur nationalsozialistischen Judenverfolgung und den Konzentrationslagern kaum Informationen zur jüdischen Religiosität finden, so liegt dies nicht nur an der Randexistenz der (jüdischen) Religi- onsgeschichte innerhalb der zeitgeschichtlichen Forschung (und hier insbesondere der nichtjüdischen Historiographie), sondern hat nicht zuletzt mit der außergewöhnlichen Quellenlage zu tun. Die erhalten gebliebenen Akten - sonst die zentrale Quellengattung der historischen Forschung zur nationalsozialistischen Verfolgungspolitik - enthalten zu dieser Thematik in aller Regel keinerlei Informationen. Die Forschung zur jüdischen Religiosität in den Konzentrationslagern ist daher fast ausschließlich auf die Selbstzeugnisse der Häftlinge bzw. der Überlebenden als Quellengrundlage angewiesen, insbesondere auf Tagebücher und andere dokumentarische Aufzeichnungen, Gedichte und Zeichnungen, die in den Lagern entstanden einerseits, auf nach der Befreiung verfaßte Erinnerungsberichte und Interviews mit Überlebenden andererseits, sowie schließlich die in den Lagern selbst entstandenen, aber zumeist erst nach der Befreiung schriftlich aufgezeichneten Responsen. Die Quellenlage ist jedoch nicht gleichbedeutend mit einem Quellendefizit im Vergleich zu anderen Aspekten der Geschichte der Konzentrationslager. Der Unterschied besteht 1 Communication prononcée le 24 in erster Linie in einer anderen Struktur der Quellenbasis, novembre 1992 à la Commission nicht in der Authentizität der vorhandenen Quellen. «Histoire et Mémoire» (Président de Problematisch ist nicht die vermeintliche «Unzuver- séance : Mr. Herman Balthazar, Gouverneur Provincie Oost- lässigkeit»
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