CONTRIBUTORS

Monika Adamczyk Garbowska is Professor of American and Comparative Literature and Chair of the Jewish Studies Centre at Maria Curie-Sklodowska niversity in Lublin, Poland. She is a translator from English and Yiddish and has held visiting fellowships at YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, Columbia University and Brandeis University. Her principal publications include Isaac Bashevis Singer's Poland: Exile and Return [in Polish] (1994) and (together with Antony Polonsky) Contemporary Jewish Writing in Poland: An Anthology (2001). She is on the editorial board of Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry.

Guy B. Adams is Professor and Associate Director in the Graduate School of Public Affairs at the University of Missouri-Columbia. He is co-editor-in-chief of the American Review of Public Administration and co-author of Unmasking Administrative Evil (Sage Publications, 1998), which won the 1998 Louis Brownlow Book Award from the National Academy of Public Administration (USA), and the 1998 Best Book Award from the Public and Nonprofit Division of the Academy of Management (USA). He has published over fifty books, book chapters and scholarly articles in leading national public administration journals.

Jolanta Ambrosewicz-Jacobs is head of the Sociology and Ethnography Section at the Research Center on Jewish History and Culture in Poland at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland, and co-chair of the contact group `Education for Tolerance' of the Advisory Panel of Experts on Freedom of Religion or Belief of the OSCE. She was a Pew Fellow at the Center for the Study of Human Rights at Columbia University (1996) and the Simon Wiesenthal Center in New York (1997). Involved in numerous educational projects that focus on social, ethnic, and religious prejudices, she has given lectures and workshops for students, teachers and journalists; her publications include an Action Guide to Developing Teaching for Tolerance Programs in Central Europe.

Yitshak Arad was born in the town of Swieciany near Vilna in 1926. During the war he escaped from the ghetto and joined the Jewish underground. Although only a youth, he was an active member of a partisan group that fought in the forests of Belorussia until the liberation. His parents and family however died in the Holocaust. At the end of the war in 1945 he reached Eretz Israel as an illegal immigrant. He volunteered for duty in the under- ground Palmah and subsequently served in the Israeli Defence Forces in various positions of command, attaining the rank of Brigadier General. After leaving the army in 1972 he was appointed Chairman of the Board of Directors of Yad Vashem, the Israeli National authority of commemoration of the Holocaust. Yitshak Arad studied at the University of Tel Aviv from which he was awarded his doctorate in history. He served as Chairman of Yad Vashem in the years 1972±99 and is currently Deputy Chairman of the International Council of Yad Vashem. His books include: Ghetto in Flames: The Struggle and Destruction of the Jews in Vilna; Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka: Operation Reinhard Death Camp; A Pictorial History of the Holocaust; The Partisan; The Destruction of the Soviet Jews under Nazi German Occupation, 1941±1944; and Documents on the Holocaust, co-edited with Gutman and Margaliot. He has just completed a 1000-page manuscript on the Holocaust in the Soviet Union, to be published in the Yad Vashem series on the history of the Holocaust (in Hebrew).

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Professor Shlomo Aronson teaches Political Science at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Among his various works on the Holocaust is a standard work on the early history of Gestapo and SD, and a major study entitled The Quadruple Trap ± Hitler, the Allies, and the Jews.

Elizabeth R. Baer is a Professor of English at Gustavus Adolphus College in Minnesota where she holds the Raymond and Florence Sponberg Distinguished Chair of Ethics. She is the co-editor, with Hester Baer, of the first English edition of The Blessed Abyss: Inmate #6582 in RavensbruÈck Concentration Camp for Women, a memoir written by Nanda Herber- mann, published in 2000 by Wayne State University Press. She is also the editor of Shadows on My Heart: The Civil War Diary of Lucy Buck of Virginia, 1861±1865 (University of Georgia, 1997). Her current project is a volume of essays, co-edited with Myrna Goldenberg, entitled Experience and Expression: Women and the Holocaust. Dr. Baer was the recipient of a Fulbright Award in the summer of 2000 to study the history of Jews in Germany. She has also published on children's literature about the Holocaust, and has presented at conferences on pedagogical approaches to teaching the Holocaust, including the use of service-learning in Holocaust courses. Working with the Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies and the Center for Advanced Feminist Studies, she helped co-ordinate a conference entitled `Depart- ures: New Feminist Perspectives on the Holocaust' at the University of Minnesota in spring 2001.

Frank Bajohr is a historian at the Forschungsstelle fuÈr Zeitgeschichte in Hamburg and lecturer at the Department of History at Hamburg University. In 2000/2001 he was a fellow at the International Institute for Holocaust Research in Yad Vashem. His publications include `Arisierung' in Hamburg. Die VerdraÈngung der juÈdischen Unternehmer 1933±1945 (English edition in 2001) and ParvenuÈs und Profiteure. Korruption in der NS-Zeit.

Susan Bakewell-Sachs, Ph.D., RN, is currently Acting Dean and Associate Professor at the School of Nursing, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ. She is nationally recognized in the U.S. for her clinical expertise with prematurely born infants and her research on discharge management and long-term outcomes, and has presented and written extensively in this area. Her clinical background with these vulnerable infants includes ethical decision making with regard to nursing care decisions. Over the past four years, Dr. Bakewell-Sachs has also developed a research focus on the experiences of trained nurses in the Holocaust, specifically Jewish nurses, and is currently collecting oral histories on Jewish nurses who survived the Holocaust.

Danny L. Balfour is the director of and an associate professor in the School of Public and Nonprofit Administration at Grand Valley State University. He is co-author of Unmasking Administrative Evil (Sage Publications, 1998) and winner of the 1998 Brownlow Book Award from the National Academy of Public Administration, and the 1998 Best Book Award from the Public and Nonprofit Division of the Academy of Management. In 1999 he was named a Distinguished Faculty Member by the Michigan Association of Governing Boards of Uni- versities. He has published more than 20 scholarly articles and book chapters. His teaching and research interests are in the areas of organizational theory and behaviour, social policy, administrative ethics, and the Holocaust. He received his Ph.D. in public administration from the Florida State University.

Lea Balint, born in Poland, was hidden during the Holocaust as a little child in a Polish monastery. In 1950 she came to Israel with her father, an Auschwitz survivor. She studied history and literature at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. She was a teacher at the High School and directed the Volunteer Center in Jerusalem. In 1991 she launched the project of Contributors 873 children with lost identity. Since then she has been engaged in further research while trying to help the people concerned, in Israel and elsewhere. In 1994 she established in the Ghetto Fighters Museum in Israel a Department of Children with Lost Identity, which she has continued to direct.

Genadzi Barkun is Director of the Belarussian Museum of History of the Great Patriotic War and Member of the Former Belarussian Partisans' Committee. He is also a Member of the Coordinating Council of the Berlin Karlhorst Museum (Germany). His major publica- tions include Honorary Citizens of Belarus (1988), Museum's Guidebook (1978). He was a member of the Editorial Board of Belarussische Ostarbeiter (1998) and Geiseln der Wehrmacht (1999). He was awarded the medal for Valiant Labour (1980), Honorary Award of the Culture Ministry of Belarus and Honorary Diploma of the Council of Ministers of Belarus (1999).

Neima Barzel is a senior lecturer and head of the department for Graduate Studies at OranimSchool of Education, Haifa University and an associate researcher in the Holocaust Research Centre of Haifa University, and is involved both in research and education. Her most recent publications are: State in Founding ± An integrated study book for teachers and university students and Sacrified Unredeemed, a comprehensive rstudy that deals with the encounter between the leaders of the Ghetto Fighters and Israeli society. She also conducts historical study programmes in Holocaust education and acts as a historical adviser for TV documentaries

Yehuda Bauer is Professor of Holocaust Studies (Emeritus) at the Hebrew University, where he still teaches. He retired from his position as Director of the Holocaust Studies Center at Yad Vashem in the summer of 2000, and now serves as Senior Academic Adviser to Yad Vashem. He is a Member of the Israeli Academy of Science, and recipient of the Israel Prize (1998). He has been Visiting Professor at a number of US Universities (Honolulu; Yale; Stockton College, New Jersey; Clark University). He is the Academic Adviser of the Inter- national Task Force for Holocaust Education, Remembrance and Research. He was the founding Director of Hebrew University's Vidal Sassoon Center for Studies on Antisemitism, and the founding editor of the Journal for Holocaust and Genocide Studies.

Michael J. Bazyler is a professor of international law at Whittier Law School, in Costa Mesa, California, and a Research Fellow with the London-based Holocaust Educational Trust. His specialty is human rights law, and he has representedhuman rights victims in various lawsuits filed in the United States. He has also published numerous articles in the area of international human rights law, and is a contributing editor to the Encyclopedia of Genocide, the first reference work to fully document the crime of genocide, published in December, 1999. Professor Bazyler has delivered numerous addresses on the subject of World War II restitution claims, and has been widely interviewed on the subject. In 1999, he was elected a Vice President of The `1939' Club, one of the largest and most active Holocaust survivor organizations in the United States. Born in the former Soviet Union, he is a child of Holocaust survivors, receiving his primary school education in Poland and emigrating with his family to the United States at age eleven.

Ellen Ben-Sefer is a lecturer at the University of Technology, Sydney, in the Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery and Health. She is currently a doctoral candidate under the supervision of Professor Konrad Kwiet studying Westerbork through a framework of health and has been awarded a fellowship to pursue this work. She lectures regularly in the Sydney area on this topic. 874 Contributors

Doris L. Bergen is Associate Professor of History at the University of Notre Dame in South Bend, Indiana, USA. She is the author of Twisted Cross: The German Christian Movement in the Third Reich (1996), `Race and Space': Nazism, War, and Holocaust (forthcoming) and numerous essays and articles on religion, ethnicity and gender during the Nazi era and World War II. She has been a fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, the German Marshall Fund of the United States and the Charles S. Revson Foundation at the Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C.

Alan L. Berger is the Raddock Eminent Scholar Chair of Holocaust Studies and directs the Holocaust and Judaic Studies B.A. programme at Florida Atlantic University. He is also Director of the Center for the Study of Values and Violence After Auschwitz. Previously, he was a professor in the Religion Department at Syracuse University where he founded and directed the Jewish Studies Programme. He also served as a visiting professor at the College of William and Mary. His major publications include Crisis and Covenant: The Holocaust in American Jewish Fiction (1985), Children of Job: American Second Generation Witnesses to the Holocaust (1997), and ± with his wife Naomi ± Second Generation Voices: Reflections by Children of Holocaust Survivors and Perpetrators (2001). In addition, he has edited several volumes and authored numerous articles, book chapters, and essays. He serves on the Readers Committee for the Elie Wiesel Prize in Ethics Essay Contest. In 1999 he received the degree Doctor of Letters Honoris Causa from Luther College.

James Bernauer, a Jesuit priest, is Professor of Philosophy at Boston College. He is the author of Michel Foucault's Force of Flight (1990), and editor of Amor Mundi: Explorations in the Faith and Thought of Hannah Arendt (1987) and The Final Foucault (1988). He has been the Bannan Foundation Visiting Scholar at Santa Clara University and the Visiting Jesuit University Professor at Chicago's Loyola University. He is currently writing a book on practices of moral formation in Germany prior to the rise of Hitler.

Franklin Bialystok is an adjunct professor in the Department of History at the University of Waterloo, Ontario, and a lecturer in the Department of History at the University of Toronto.

Ruth Bettina Birn is Chief Historian of the War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity Section in the Canadian Department of Justice. She has been a researcher and consultant for the US, Canadian and Australian war crimes sections since 1986. Her publications cover the SS and the police, German occupation policies in the east, anti-partisan warfare, and investigations into and trials of Nazi perpetrators.

Janet Blair is a candidate for Master of Divinity at Union Theological Seminary in New York City, and a candidate for ordination in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.

Donald Bloxham is Leverhulme Research Fellow at the University of Southampton. He was previously research director of the Holocaust Educational Trust. He is author of the forthcoming Oxford University Press monograph The Holocaust on Trial: War Crimes Trials, the Postwar World, and the Formation of History and Memory.

Kerry Bluglass, M.B Ch.B., F.R.C.Psych. is a Psychiatrist and Senior Clinical Lecturer in Birmingham, England, with a particular interest in bereavement and loss, and in the medico-legal field of child protection. Her publications include papers on parental reactions following infant deaths, family care in cancer patients, and therapeutic management of certain Contributors 875 forms of Child Abuse. She is currently working on a book about Hidden Children in Europe (1939±45), focussing on healthy outcomes, based on interviews with survivors in Europe and Israel. She is a Fellow of the Royal College of Psychiatrists of England.

David R. Blumenthal is the Jay and Leslie Cohen Professor of Judaic Studies at Emory University, Atlanta, GA. He is the author of two books dealing with the Shoah: Facing the Abusing God: A Theology of Protest, an attempt to answer the questions `where was God during the shoah' and `what should be our response'; and The Banality of Good and Evil: Moral Lessons from the Shoah and Jewish Tradition, an attempt to answer the questions `where was humanity during the shoah' and `what are the implications of the answer for education, business, government, and childraising'. In addition, he serves on the Committee on Church Relations at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, and serves as one of the coordinators of the biannual Wroxton Seminar on the Holocaust. His field is creative Jewish theology and he has also written God at the Center, a book of contemporary spiritual theology, and has just completed Drop in on God, a guide to contemporary Jewish meditation. He has received an Emory Williams Distinguished Teaching Award and is a long-time member of several professional societies.

Thomas Borer-Fielding is Swiss Ambassador to Germany. From 1996 to 1999 he was Head of the Swiss government's task force `Switzerland ± World War II'.

Florent Brayard is an associate researcher at the Institut d'Histoire du Temps PreÂsent (CNRS/ENS, Cachan). He has specialized in the study of holocaust denial, in particular of the founder of this ideology, Paul Rassinier (Comment l'ideÂe vint aÁM. Rassinier: Naissance du reÂvisionnisme, Paris, Fayard, 1996). He is currently working on a dissertation about the genocide of the Jews seen through one very important testimony, the Gerstein report. Under his codirection a collective volume on the genocide of the Jews was published in 2000 (Le geÂnocide des juifs entre proceÁs et histoire, Bruxelles, Complexe, 2000).

Rev. Marcus Braybrooke, born in 1938, is an Anglican vicar near Oxford. He has long experience of interfaith work. A former Executive Director of the Council of Christians and Jews, he is Joint President of the World Congress of Faiths, a Patron of the International Interfaith Centre at Oxford and a Trustee of the International Peace Council and the Three Faiths Forum. He has travelled widely and attended many international interfaith confer- ences. He has written several books including Pilgrimage of Hope: One Hundred Years of Global Interfaith Dialogue; A Wider Vision: A History of the World Congress of Faiths; Time to Meet, How to Understand Judaism; Children of One God, A History of CCJ; Faith and Interfaith in a Global Age; The Explorer's Guide to Christianity; and Christian±Jewish Dialogue, the Next Steps.

Rachel Feldhay Brenner teaches Hebrew Literature at the University of Wisconsin, Madison. She is the author of two books on Canadian Jewish literature. Her latest book is Writing as Resistance: Four Women Confronting the Holocaust (1997). She has published a wide range of articles on the theme of the Holocaust in Jewish literature. She has held the Canada Research Fellowship, the Skirball Fellowship at the Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies, and the National Endowment for Humanities Fellowship.

Nancy Brown is a Ph.D. student in Modern European History at the University of Colorado at Boulder with a research emphasis on the French Holocaust experience, particu- larly the politics of refugees, rescue, and its construction of memory. Other interests include the role of film in representing Christian and Jewish images from Weimar to Holly- 876 Contributors wood. Her research awards have included the LeForge Fellowship, Gladys Manning Award, Israel Study Fellowship (AJF), and a travel grant from the Holocaust Awareness Institute in Denver.

Christopher R. Browning is the Frank Porter Graham Professor of History at the Uni- versity of North Carolina±Chapel Hill. His publications include: Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers, German Killers (Cambridge University Press, 2000) and Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Bat- talion 101 and The Final Solution in Poland. He was the Shapiro senior scholar in residence at the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in 1996 and delivered the George Macaulay Trevel- yan Lectures at Cambridge University in 1999.

Emily Budick is professor of American Studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. She has authored numerous publications on American literature, including Emily Dickinson and the Life of Language (1985), Fiction and Historical Consciousness (1989), Engendering Romance (1994), and Blacks and Jews in Literary Conversation (1998).

Deirdre Burke is a senior lecturer in Religious Studies at the University of Wolverhampton. She was awarded her Ph.D. on `The Holocaust in Education: Teacher and Learner Perspec- tives' in 1998 and has delivered papers on related topics at national and international conferences. She taught history and religious education in secondary schools before moving into initial teacher education to focus on religious education. She is a regular contributor to professional work on Holocaust education at Beth Shalom, for local education authorities and for individual schools.

Grace Caporino is adjunct professor at the Graduate School of Education of Manhattanville College in Purchase, New York. She is a member of the Educators Planning Committee of the Westchester Holocaust Commission and has served as a consultant to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. She co-wrote `Guidelines For Teaching About Genocide and Intolerance' for the National Council of English Teachers and is a major contributor to their publications Teaching For A Tolerant World. She is a Mandel Fellow of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and in 1999 was awarded the Goldman Award for Excellence in Holocaust Education.

David Cesarani is Professor of Modern Jewish History and Director of the AHRB Parkes Centre for the Study of Jewish/non-Jewish relations at the University of Southampton.

Jerome A. Chanes is an Adjunct Professor (Sociology) at Barnard College of Columbia University (New York) and is Associate Executive Director of the National Foundation for Jewish Culture (New York). He is a senior research fellow at the Center for Jewish Studies of the City University of New York Graduate Center. Chanes is the editor of Antisemitism in America Today: Exploding the Myths; author of A Dark Side of History: Antisemitism Through the Ages; and co-editor of A Portrait of the American Jewish Community. He has authored some 100 published papers, book chapters, reviews and monographs, including the widely used Primer on the American Jewish Community.

Jolene Chu is a researcher at the international offices of the Watch Tower Society, specializ- ing in the history of Jehovah's Witnesses in the Nazi era. She is project coordinator of Holocaust-related education programmes and cooperative efforts with the Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation, Facing History and Ourselves, the Imperial War Museum Holocaust Exhibition, and numerous other Holocaust education and research facilities. She has visited universities and research institutes, lecturing and conducting student and teacher Contributors 877 seminars. Publications include contributions to Judaism Today and What Is the Good News After Auschwitz? (2000). She serves on the advisory board for the Journal of Genocide Research.

Tim Cole is a Lecturer in Contemporary European Social History at the University of Bristol. He was the 1999±2000 Pearl Resnick Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Centre for Advanced Holocaust Studies at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, researching ghettoization and the Holocaust in Hungary. He is the author of Images of the Holocaust (1999).

Steven Cooke completed his Ph.D. in 1998 on the memorial landscapes of the Holocaust in Britain. Before starting work as a Lecturer in Geography at the University of Hull in March 2000, he worked as a research fellow on a project funded by the Leverhulme Trust that investigated the construction of national identity at the Museum of Scotland. His research interests fall broadly within the categories of social and cultural geography, more specifically, the production and consumption of identity within museums and `heritage' sites, and the geographies of the Holocaust. His published work on the memorialization of the Holocaust has recently appeared in the Journal of Holocaust Education and the Journal of Historical Geography.

Frank Coppa is Professor of History at St. John's University in New York. He is also Director of the Doctor of Arts in Modern World History there, and Director of the University's Vatican Symposium. He is also an Associate in the Columbia University on Modern Italy. Among his publications are Pope Pius IX: Crusader in a Secular Age (1979); The Dictionary of Modern Italian History (1985); Cardinal Giacomo Antonelli and Papal Politics in European Affairs (1990); The Modern Papacy since 1789 (1998) Encyclopedia of the Vatican and Papacy (1999) and Controversial Concordats: The Vatican's Relations with Napoleon, Mussolini, and Hitler (1999), among others. He has published articles on the Vatican in the inter-war period and during World War II in such places as The Catholic Historical Review and the Journal of Church and State and reviews for a series of journals including The American Historical Review. Currently he is editing a volume on Notable Popes and writing a volume on The Papacy and the Holocaust.

Gustavo Corni is Professor for Contemporary History at the Faculty of Sociology at the University of Trento. A specialist in German history, his major publications include Hitler and the Peasants (1990), with H. Gies, Brot-Butter-Kanonen, ErnaÈhrungswirtschaft in Deutsch- land unter der Diktatur Hitlers (1997), Hitler's Ghettos. Voices from a Beleaguered Society 1939± 1944 (forthcoming, 2001). He was visiting professor at the University of Vienna (1996) and visiting fellow at the Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies (1999/2000).

Yael Danieli is a clinical psychologist in private practice in New York City; traumatologist, victimologist; co-founder and Director, Group Project for Holocaust Survivors and their Children. Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, New York Medical College. Director of Psychological Services for the Center for Rehabilitation of Torture Victims. Co-founder, past-President and Permanent United Nations Representative of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, former UN Representative, World Federation for Mental Health. Integrates treatment, care, worldwide study, extensive publishing, teaching/training, consult- ing, and expert advocacy for victims rights. Editor, International Responses to Traumatic Stress and The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Fifty Years and Beyond (both published for and on behalf of the United Nations), and International Handbook of Multigenerational Legacies of Trauma (Kluers). 878 Contributors

Sarah Danielsson graduated Summa Cum Laude from the City College of New York. She is currently a Ph.D. candidate in modern European history at the University of Minnesota. Her article on Sven Hedin is one in a series of three to be published in the spring of 2001.

Donald Dietrich is a Professor of Church History in the Department of Theology at Boston College. His major publications include: Catholic Citizens in the Third Reich: Pyscho-Social Principles and Moral Reasoning (1988); God and Humanity in Auschwitz: Jewish±Christian Relations and Sanctioned Murder (1995).

Jacques Benjamin Doukhan, who holds a doctorate in Hebrew and Jewish studies and a doctorate in theology, was educated in France, in Israel, and in the United States. He is currently professor of Hebrew Language, Exegesis and Jewish Studies, and director of the Institute of Jewish±Christian Studies at the Seventh-day Adventist Theological Seminary, Andrews University. He is also the editor of Shabbat Shalom and L'Olivier, two journals devoted to Jewish±Christian rapprochement, and has authored a number of books and articles dealing with biblical exegesis and Jewish±Christian issues. His book Israel and the Church: Two Voices for the Same God will be published by Hendrickson Publishers in 2001.

Gertrude Dubrovsky has worked for many years as an independent scholar and writer. At the same time, she taught Yiddish for twenty years at Princeton University's Center for Jewish Life. She has had a fellowship at the Oxford Center for Hebrew and Jewish Studies (1994) and has been a visiting fellow at Clare Hall, Cambridge (2000±2001). Her major publications include a translation of a book of Yiddish poetry, Kentucky, by I.J. Schwartz (University of Alabama Press, 1992) and a study of an American Jewish farm community, The Land Was Theirs (University of Alabama Press, 1993). She produced a documentary film with the same title, which was presented on American public television in 1993 and won an award as runner-up for first place in the Berkeley (CA) Film Festival, 1995. Dubrovsky is currently working on a book, Six From Leipzig: Kindertransport and The Cambridge Refugee Children's Committee.

Alice L. Eckardt is Professor Emerita of Religion Studies at Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, and Senior Fellow of the Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies, University of Oxford. She served as Special Consultant to President Carter's Commission on the Holocaust (1979), and as Special Advisor to Elie Wiesel of the the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Council, 1980±86; she is a member of the Christian Scholars Group on Judaism and the Jewish People, 1973±, and Associate Editor of Journal of Ecumenical Studies. Her major publications include Long Night's Journey Into Day (co-author, 1982 and, revised, 1988), Burning Memory: Times of Testing and Reckoning (1993), and editor of A. Roy Eckardt's Collecting Myself: A Writer's Retrospective (1993).

Annegret Ehmann, born 1944, graduated from the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt/Main in 1968. She works as a journalist and as a teacher in secondary schools and non-school projects in political education. She was an executive of the Israel department of Action Reconciliation/Service for Peace (NGO) and a volunteer at Yad Vashem in the project Pinkas Hakehillot Germania. In 1986±91 she was an advisor to the commission planning the Memorial House of the Wannsee Conference in Berlin and in 1991±99 director of education at the Wannsee Conferenc Housee. She is presently managing director of NGO RAA Branden- burg e.V. (regional centres for inter-cultural understanding in education) at Potsdam. She is co-editor of the CD-ROM project `Learning from History ± The Nazi Era and the Holocaust in German Education', launched by the German Press and Information Office, April 2000. Contributors 879

Marc H. Ellis is University Professor of American and Jewish Studies and Director of the Center for American and Jewish Studies at Baylor University. He is author of more than 15 volumes, including Toward A Jewish Theology of Liberation and O'Jerusalem: The Contested Future of the Jewish Covenant. His latest book is Revolutionary Forgiveness: Judaism, Chris- tianity and the Future of Religious Life. He has lectured in Africa, the Middle East, Asia, Europe and Latin America.

Robert A. Everett is an ordained clergyman in the United Church of Christ. He holds degrees from the University of Georgia, Yale University, and a Ph.D. from Columbia University/Union Theological Seminary. He has written articles on Jewish±Christian rela- tions, The Holocaust, Christian antisemitism, and Zionism and the State of Israel. His book, Christianity Without Antisemitism: James Parkes and the Jewish±Christian Encounter, was published in 1993 by Pergamon Press and the Vidal Sassoon Center of Hebrew University.

Darrell J. Fasching is Professor of Religious Studies at the University of South Florida where he teaches post-Holocaust religious thought and comparative religious ethics. He is the recipient of two outstanding teaching awards and a professorial excellence award from USF. His books include Narrative Theology after Auschwitz: From Alienation to Ethics (1992), The Ethical Challenge of Auschwitz and Hiroshima (1993), The Coming of the Millennium (1996), and Comparative Religious Ethics: A Narrative Approach (co-authored with Dell deChant) (2001). He is also editor and contributor to The Jewish People in Christian Preaching (1984).

Helen Fein is Director of the Institute for the Study of Genocide (New York) and an Associate of the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at the Kennedy School of Government of Harvard University. She is the author and editor of over 50 articles and 10 books and monographs on genocide, collective violence, human rights, collective altruism and antisemitism. Her works include two prize-winning books on genocide, Accounting for Geno- cide: National Responses and Jewish Victimization During the Holocaust (recipient of the Sorokin Award of the American Sociological Association, 1979) and Genocide: A Sociological Perspective (winner of the PIOOM Award, 1991). She was a founder and first President of the international Association of Genocide Scholars (1995±1997). In 1999, she was honoured for her work by the AGS and by the Peace, War and Social Conflict Section of the American Sociological Association which gave her its Distinguished Contributions to Scholarship, Teaching and Services Award.

Stephen Feinstein is Director of the Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies at the University of Minnesota. Before 1999 he was Professor of History at the University of Wisconsin-River Falls. He has been curator of the exhibition, `Witness and Legacy: Con- temporary Art About the Holocaust', at the Minnesota Museum of American Art, which has been scheduled for touring through the year 2002 across the United States. In 1999, he was curator of a 7,000 square foot exhibition at the University of Minnesota's Nash Gallery, `Absence/Presence: The Artistic Memory of the Holocaust and Genocide.' Feinstein is the co-editor with Karen Schierman and Marcie Littell of Confronting the Holocaust: A Mandate for the 21st Century ± Proceedings of the 27th Annual (1996) Scholars Conference on the German Churches and the Holocaust. (1998, University Press of America) and author of many articles about post-Holocaust art. He is currently writing a book entitled Indelible Images: Artistic Responses to the Holocaust.

Ellen S. Fine is Professor Emerita of French at Kingsborough Community of the City University of New York. She has also been a Visiting Lecturer at the CUNY Graduate School and University Center. She is author of Legacy of Night: The Literary Universe of Elie 880 Contributors

Wiesel (SUNY Press, 1982) and was a co-editor of the Holocaust issue of the journal, Centerpoint (1980). She has been writing about different aspects of Holocaust literature for over twenty years, contributing to various books, including Breaking Crystal: Writing and Memory After Auschwitz (1998), The Holocaust: Message for the Third Generation (1996), and Writing and the Holocaust (1998). Her articles have appeared in journals such as Midstream and Holocaust and Genocide Studies, and in French in Les Nouveaux Cahiers and PardeÁs. Dr Fine served as a Special Advisor to Elie Wiesel when he was Chairman of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Council. She is on the Advisory Board of the Holocaust Memorial Resource Center of the N.Y. State Library/Museum in Albany, as well as on the Editorial Boards of Dimensions (Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith), Holocaust Library, and the Holocaust Studies Annual. Dr Fine was part of a pilot project called `Holocaust Perspectives: The Word and The Image,' sponsored by the National Endowment for the Humanities (1989; 1995), giving seminars on Holocaust literature to high school teachers.

Eva Fogelman, Ph.D., is a social psychologist and psychotherapist in private practice in New York City. She is a senior research fellow at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. Dr Fogelman is the founding director of the Jewish Foundation for Christian Rescuers, and co-director of the Training Programme for Psychotherapy with Generations of the Holocaust and Related Traumas at the Training Institute for Mental Health (New York). Fogelman pioneered the technique of groups for `Second Generation,' and has done extensive work with child survivors of the Holocaust through Child Development Research (New York), which she co-directs. She is the author of the award-winning Conscience and Courage: Rescuers of Jews During the Holocaust; co-editor of Children During the Nazi reign: Psychological Perspectives of the Interview Process; and writer and co-producer of the internationally acclaimed film Breaking the Silence: The Generation After the Holocaust. She serves as an advisor to the United States Holocaust Memorial Council.

Rabbi Albert H. Friedlander, Ph.D., D.D. is the Dean of the Leo Baeck College and its Senior Lecturer in Theology. He is the Associate President of the Conference of Christians and Jews, the President of the London Society for the Study of Philosophy and Religion, and was awarded the Sir Sigmund Sternberg Gold Medal for Interfaith Work. He was made an Officer of the German Legion of Honour by President WeizsaÈcker. He has published more than 12 books in the fields of theology, literature and history in both German and English. Currently, he is the senior editor of the writings of Leo Baeck (in German) for the GuÈtersloher Verlag.

Tina FruÈhauf is a Ph.D. candidate at the Music Department at Folkwang-Hochschule Essen, Germany, and a Visiting Scholar at Columbia University. She recently finished her dissertation about `Organs and Organ music in German-Jewish culture: Tradition ± Assimi- lation ± Modernity.' Between 1998 and 2000 she was awarded two doctoral scholarships to carry out research in Israel and the United States. Her research concentrates on Jewish musical identity in the Western diaspora, especially in Germany during the Third Reich.

Esther Fuchs is Professor of Judaic Studies at the University of Arizona. She is the author of three books on modern Hebrew literature and numerous articles and several books on gender and Jewish studies. Among her publications are Israeli Mythogynies: Women in Contemporary Hebrew Fiction (1987), Women and the Holocaust: Narrative and Representation (1999) and Sexual Politics in the Biblical Narrative: Reading the Hebrew Bible Like a Woman (2000). She is also the author of two poetry collections on her life as a daughter of Holocaust survivors. Contributors 881

Mary J. Gallant is an Associate Professor of Sociology at Rowan University in New Jersey. She regularly teaches a course titled Sociology of the Holocaust and is a member of the Goldner Symposium on the Holocaust which meets in Wroxton, UK every other year. In connection with her specialization in sociological theory, she has published articles related to society, self, and identity in traumatic contexts, especially those related to the Holocaust and genocide.

Mark E. Gammon is a candidate for the doctorate in moral theology at Boston College in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts. His dissertation explores the influence of nationalism on Christian political thought in the United States. He graduated from Hampden-Sydney College and Duke University Divinity School, and he is a candidate for ordination in the Presbyterian Church (USA).

Haim Genizi, former director of the Begin Institute for the Study of Underground and Resistance Movements, is a professor of American history at Bar Ilan University in Israel. His major publications include American Apathy: The Plight Of Christian Refugees From Nazism (1983); America's Fair Share: The Admission and Resettlement of Displaced Persons, 1945±1952 (1993); and The Cross and The Star of David: The Canadian Protestant Churches, The Holocaust and The State Of Israel (in press).

Sir Martin Gilbert is the official biographer of Winston Churchill. Since 1968 he has published six volumes of the Churchill biography and a further twelve volumes of Churchill documents, most recently, in the Churchill War Papers series, the volume for 1941, The Ever- Widening War. His other books include histories of the First and Second World Wars, and the three-volume History of the Twentieth Century. Among his books on the Holocaust are The Holocaust, The Jewish Tragedy, Holocaust Journey, Travelling in Search of the Past; The Boys; Triumph over Adversity and a 316-map Atlas of the Holocaust.

Miriam Gillis-Carlebach, Professor For Contemporary Jewish History and Education, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel, Senator h.c. University of Hamburg. Director of the Joseph Carlebach Institute for Research in Contemporary Jewish Thought and Education and Head of the Internet programme `Aleph Beth Judentum (German). Former Head of Department for Special Education, Founder and Head of `The Haddad Center for Research in Hebrew Reading Difficulties'. Major publications: From `Heder' to Computer ± A Hundred Years of Hebrew Reading, 1987 (Hebrew); Jewish Everyday Life as Human Resistance, 1990 (German), Every Child is My Only One, 1992 (German), Letters from Jerusalem, 1996 (Hebrew), Tolerance and Ethical Principles in Theory and Practice ± From the Teachings of Joseph Carlebach, 1997 (English), Children with a Yellow Star, 1998 (German), Back to Literature after the Holocaust, 1998 (English).

Zvi Gitelman is Professor of Political Science and Preston R. Tisch Professor of Judaic Studies at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, where he also serves as Director of the Frankel Center for Jewish Studies. Gitelman holds three degrees from Columbia University and has written or edited nine books on Soviet, East European and Israeli politics. His most recent works are A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the Present (2nd ed., Indiana Unviersity Press, 2000) and, as editor, Modern Jewish Politics in Eastern Europe: Bundism and Zionism (University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001). His current research is on Jewish identities in Russia and Ukraine and oral histories of Soviet Jewish veterans of World War Two.

Massimo Giuliani (Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Laurea in filosofia cum laude, Universita' Cattolica di Milano) is Adjunct Professor of Hermeneutic Philosophy in the 882 Contributors

Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies at George Mason University (Fairfax, VA) and cultural correspondent from USA for the Italian daily newspaper Avvenire. He authored several academic essays on contemporary Jewish thought, Holocaust, hermeneutics and literary criticism; and the books: Il coltello smussato e altre ricerche (on anti-Semitism), Milano 1993; Auschwitz nel pensiero ebraico (on Jewish Holocaust theologies), Brescia 1998; Cristiane- simo e Shoah (on the Christian interpretations of the Holocaust), Brescia 2000. He translated into Italian and edited Moshe Chajjim Luzzatto's masterpiece Mesilat Jesharim (Milan, 2000). He is active in Jewish±Christian relations at an international level.

Myrna Goldenberg is Professor of English and Director of the Paul Peck Humanities Institute at Montgomery College, Maryland. The recipient of several prestigious teaching awards, she also teaches courses on the Holocaust and genocide in the Johns Hopkins Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. Dr. Goldenberg has written many articles, review essays, and chapters on women and the Holocaust and is currently working on full length manuscripts on teaching the Holocaust and women and the Holocaust.

Jonathan Goldstein is Professor of History at the State University of West Georgia, Carrollton, Georgia, USA, where he teaches courses on East Asia and on The Holocaust. His books include The Jews of China [M.E. Sharpe, l999] and China and Israel, 1948±1998: A Fifty Year Retrospective [Greenwood, 1999]. The basic research for this article was completed while the author was Visiting Scholar at the Oxford [Eng.] Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies, with financial support from the Sino-Judaic Institute, the State of Georgia Commis- sion on the Holocaust, and the State University of West Georgia's Learning Resources Committee.

Sandor Goodhart is an Associate Professor of English and Director of the Jewish Studies Programme at Purdue University. He is the author of Sacrificing Commentary. Reading the End of Literature (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), Reading Stephen Sond- heim: A Collection of Critical Essays (New York: Garland Publishing, 2000), and numerous essays on Hebrew Bible, the Holocaust, modern Jewish philosophy (especially Martin Buber and Emmanuel Levinas), dramatic literature (especially Shakespeare and Greek tragedy), and critical theory. Before coming to Purdue, he taught at the University of Michigan and at Cornell University. He is currently at work on two volumes, MoÈbian Nights: Literary Reading After Auschwitz, and The Tears of Esau: Reading, Revelation, and the Prophetic.

Gershon Greenberg, Professor of Philosophy and Religion at American University, is currently a fellow at Yad Vashem's Institute for Advanced Holocaust Research, working on Jewish religious life in concentration camps and ghettos. He has published thirty essays and journal articles on Jewish religious thinkers during and immediately after the Holocaust, and three volumes of annotated bibliography of their writings (Institute for Holocaust Research at Bar Ilan University, 1994±1999). He has served as visiting professor in the history of modern Jewish thought at Hebrew, Haifa and Tel Aviv universities and is currently teaching the roots of Holocaust-era Orthodox Jewish thought at Bar Ilan. He has been awarded Fulbright and Skirball (Oxford Centre) fellowships.

Henry Greenspan is a psychologist and playwright who teaches at the University of Michigan. He is the author of On Listening to Holocaust Survivors: Recounting and Life History and the co-editor of the forthcoming collection, Holocaust Survivors and their Listeners: Testimonies, Interviews, Encounters. Among his plays that concern the Holocaust, Remnants has been presented throughout the United States and Canada as well as in the U.K. and Israel. Contributors 883

Leonard Grob is Professor of Philosophy and Coordinator of Philosophy Studies at Fairleigh Dickinson University in Teaneck, New Jersey, where he also directs FDU's University Core Curriculum Programme. He has published works in the area of Martin Buber's philosophy, and is the co-editor of two anthologies based on Buber's thought: Education for Peace: Testimonies from World Religions (1987) and Women's and Men's Liberation: Testimonies of Spirit (1991). Dr. Grob is the author of a memoir, `Goodbye Father,' published in Judaism (1990), which describes his roots journey to Ukraine in 1989. His experience in uncovering the history of the destruction of his father's family during the Holocaust led him to the field of Holocaust Studies. Additional works published by Dr. Grob in this area include seven chapters in an anthology entitled Ethics After the Holocaust: Perspectives, Critiques, and Responses (1999); a chapter entitled `Higher Education in the Shadows of the Holocaust' in The Uses and Abuses of Knowledge (1997), and an article `Rescue During the Holocaust ± and Today,' in Judaism (1997). Dr. Grob is the co-organizer, along with Dr. Henry Knight of Tulsa University, of the biennial Pastora Goldner Holocaust Symposium at Wroxton College, Oxfordshire, England.

Mary B. Gruber (Ph.D., University of Illinois, Chicago) is a Professor of Psychology at Humboldt State University, and is a research consultant and statistician for the Altruistic Personality and Prosocial Behavior Institute. She teaches courses in psychological statistics and behaviour analysis, and participates in research and community service projects in areas including health, personal safety, and prosocial behaviour.

George Halasz, MBBS, B.Med.Sc, MRCPsych, FRANZCP is in private practice in child and adolescent psychiatry and honorary Senior Lecturer in the Department of Psychological Medicine, Monash Medical Centre. Since 1992 he has been a member of the Editorial Board of the Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry and Book Review editor (1992±1998). He is co-editor and author of She Won't be Right, Mate! The impact of managed care on Australian psychiatry and the Australian community (1997) and She STILL Won't be Right. Mate!' Will managerialism destroy values based medicine? Your health care at risk! (1999).

Aaron Hass is Professor of Psychology at California State University, Dominguez Hills and Assistant Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at the University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine. He has been a Visiting Professor at Tel-Aviv University, the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, and the Goethe University in Frankfurt, Germany. Professor Hass is the author of six books which have been translated and published in seventeen countries. One of his books, In The Shadow of the Holocaust: The Second Generation (1990) was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize. Another book, The Aftermath: Living With The Holocaust (1995) was a Co- Finalist for the National Jewish Book Award. He is a member of the Editorial Advisory Board of the international journal, Holocaust and Genocide Studies.

Stephen R. Haynes is Associate Professor in the Department of Religious Studies at Rhodes College, Memphis, TN. Since 1996, he has occupied the Albert B. Curry Chair of Religious Studies. He was educated at Vanderbilt University, Florida State University, Columbia Theological Seminary, and Emory University (Ph.D., Religion and Literature, 1989). He is the author of Prospects for Post-Holocaust Theology (Scholars Press, 1991), Reluctant Witnesses: Jews and the Christian Imagination (Macmillan, 1995), Holocaust Education and the Church- Related College: Restoring Ruptured Traditions (Greenwood, 1997), The Death of God Move- ment and the Holocaust: Radical Theology Encounters the Shoah, edited with John K. Roth (Greenwood, 1999), and Noah's Curse: Race, Slavery and the Biblical Imagination in America (Oxford, 2001). Dr. Haynes is founder and co-chair of the `Religion, Holocaust and Genocide Group' of the American Academy of Religion, has been a member of the Tennessee 884 Contributors

Holocaust Commission since 1996, and has served on the regional Advisory Board of Facing History and Ourselves since 1993.

Susanne Heim is a fellow at the Research Programme `History of the Kaiser-Wilhelm- Society under National Socialism' established by the Max-Planck-Society. Her research project is `Ost' and `Lebensraum' research at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes. Her other areas of research are population, economy and migration under National Socialism. Her publications include: (with Goetz Aly) Vordenker der Vernichtung. Auschwitz und die deutschen PlaÈne fuÈr eine neue europaÈische Ordnung (Hamburg, 1992); (with Ulrike Schaz) Berechnung und BeschwoÈrung. UberbevoÈlkerung ± Kritik einer Debatte (Berlin-Gottingen, 1996); `Vertreibung, Raub und Umverteilung. Die juÈdischen FluÈchtlinge aus Deutschland und die Vermehrung des `VolksvermoÈgens', in FluÈchtlingspolitik und Fluchthilfe, Beitrage zur nationalsozialistischen Gesundheits- und Sozialpolittik, Bd. 15 (Berlin 1999); `Emigration and Jewish Identity: An enormous heartbreak', in David Cesarani and John Milfull (eds.), The Portable Jerusalem: The Culture and Politics of Jewish Diaspora (Oxford, 2001).

The late David H. Hirsch was professor emeritus of English and American literature and Judaic studies at Brown University. He wrote extensively on literary topics, including the literature of the Holocaust. In addition to his 1991 book, The Deconstruction Of Literature: Criticism After Auschwitz, Hirsch joined with Roslyn Hirsch, his wife, to translate important Holocaust texts from Polish and Yiddish, including Sara Nomberg Przytyk's Auschwitz: True Tales From A Grotesque Land and Gusta Davidson Draenger's Justina's Narrative.

Herbert Hirsch, Ph.D., is Professor of Political Science at Virginia Commonwealth Uni- versity where he teaches courses on the politics of war, violence and genocide. He is the author or editor of several books including: Poverty and Politicization; Comparative Legislative Systems; Violence as Politics; Learning to be Militant; The Right of the People; Persistent Prejudice: Perspectives on Anti-Semitism; as well as articles and reviews in The American Political Science Review; Social Science Quarterly; Western Political Quarterly; Holocaust and Genocide Studies, The International Journal of Group Tensions; The Armenian Review; Menorah and The Educational Forum. His latest book, Genocide and the Politics of Memory: Studying Death to Preserve Life, was published by the University of North Carolina Press in April, 1995. He is now working on a manuscript entitled Genocide and the Politics of Prevention.

Niles R. Holt is a professor of history at Illinois State University. His interests and publications encompass the history of science, German religious history, and European intel- lectual history. His articles have appeared in, among others, the Journal of the History of Ideas, The British Journal for the History of Science, Isis, Church and State, and the Organization of American Historians' Magazine of History. He has also been the co-author of books on the Graduate Record Examination in History and the Advanced Placement Test in European History. He has held research and travel grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the American Philosophical Society, and the University of TuÈbingen.

Dienke Hondius is senior researcher in modern history at the Erasmus University Rotter- dam, Faculty of History and Arts, and also employed at the Anne Frank House in Amster- dam. Her publications include Anne Frank in the world, 1929±1945 (Amsterdam 1985, many translations); Terugkeer, `Bitter Homecoming: Return and Reception of Dutch Jewish Survivors (The Hague, 1990 and 1998), for which she received the Hartog Beem Award of Jewish Studies in 1989; Gemengde huwelijken, gemengde gevoelens: Mixed Marriages, Mixed Feelings, about the acceptance and avoidance of ethnic and religious difference in the Netherlands since 1945 (The Hague 1999). She is currently working on the historiography of `race' and racial Contributors 885 difference in the Netherlands from the 16th century onwards, and on a history of the separation and education of Jewish children in the Netherlands during the Shoah, focusing on the Jewish Lyceum of Amsterdam.

Richard G. Hovannisian is Professor of Armenian and Near Eastern History and holder of the Armenian Educational Foundation Chair in Modern Armenian History at the University of California, Los Angeles. He is the author of Armenia on the Road to Independence; The Republic of Armenia (4 vols.); and has edited and contributed to The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times (2 vols.); The Armenian Genocide in Perspective; The Armenian Genocide: History, Politics, Ethics; Remembrance and Denial: The Case of the Armenian Geno- cide; Enlightenment and Diaspora: The Armenian and Jewish Cases; The Armenian Image in History and Literature, and eight other books on Near Eastern and Islamic history and culture. Hovannisian is a Guggenheim Fellow and has received numerous honours for his contribu- tions to education and scholarship.

Shulamit Imber is the pedagogical director of the International School for Holocaust Studies at Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, Israel. She earned her M.A. from the Institute of Contemporary Jewry at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. She has collaborated on the development of scores of educational materials in various languages, and has participated in numerous international conferences on Holocaust education around the world. She lectures on a regular basis to teachers who attend seminars at Yad Vashem as well as Yad Vashem professional development days abroad. She is also a member of the International Task Force on Holocaust Education, Remembrance and Research.

Radu Ioanid is the director of the International Archival Programs Division in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington DC. He has a doctorate in history with the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris, France. He is the author of two books: The Sword of the Archangel (a study on the fascist ideology in Romania), and The Holocaust in Romania. He has published numerous articles and book chapters on related topics.

Diane S. Isaacs teaches English at the University of Maryland and Honours and Graduate education courses at George Washington University in Washington, D.C. A frequent pre- senter at Holocaust conferences, her focus is Holocaust education and teacher training in both public and private secondary schools. As a member of the Teachers Committee of the Westchester Holocaust Commission, she studied Holocaust education in Poland, Amsterdam and Germany. In 1990, she received a summer fellowship from Vladka Meed and the Jewish Labor Committee to study in Poland and Israel. In 1991 she was awarded the New York State Louis E. Yavner Teaching Award for Distinguished Contributions to Teaching About the Holocaust and About Other Violations of Human Rights. She received the Loyola Service Award from New York's Fordham University in 2000. Her publications include articles in The Jewish Woman 1900±1980, The F. Scott Fitzgerald Yearbook 1982, Harlem Renaissance Hofstra Conference Proceedings (1986), and China: Shanghai and the Holocaust (1997). She received two Fulbright Fellowships (to East Africa and China) and a Fellowship Award for Independent Study in the Humanities.

Eberhard JaÈckel is Professor Emeritus of Modern and Contemporary History at the Uni- versity of Stuttgart. He is a regular broadcaster, and was a Visiting Professor at the Panjab University, Chandigarh (India), at St Antony's College, Oxford and at the University of Tel Aviv. His major publications include Hitler's World View (1981), Hitler in History (1984), and Das deutsche Jahrhundert (1996). He is a Member of the Heidelberg Academy of Sciences and a Foreign Member of the Polish Academy of Sciences. 886 Contributors

Sara Kadosh is Director of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee Archives in Jerusalem. She received her Ph.D. degree from Columbia University. She has been a Research Fellow at the International Institute for Holocaust Research at Yad Vashem, and continues to be affiliated with the Institute. Her articles in the fields of child rescue during the Holocaust, the postwar Bricha movement and Zionist history appear in academic journals and university publications.

Harold Kaplan is Emeritus Professor of English and American Literature at Northwestern University. He has held faculty appointments at Bennington College and Rutgers University. He has been Fullbright Visiting Professor at the universities of Aix-Marseilles, Poitiers, Clermont-Ferrand and Dijon in France, at the University of Bari, Italy, and Hebrew Uni- versity, Jerusalem. His most recent book is a study of literature of the Holocaust, Conscience and Memory, (University of Chicago Press, 1994), and he has lectured on the subject at scholarly conferences in Warsaw, Dublin, and the University of Alberta, Canada. In his own field he has published Democratic Humanism and American Literature (University of Chicago Press, 1972), Power and Order (University of Chicago Press, 1981), The Passive Voice, An Approach to Modern Fiction (Ohio University Press, 1966).

Katharina von Kellenbach is Associate Professor of Religious Studies at St. Mary's College, Maryland. She is the author of Anti-Judaism in Feminist Religious Writings (1994) and several articles on the life and work of the first ordained female rabbi Regina Jonas (1902± 1944). She currently holds ACLS and Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung fellowships to work on The Politics of Christian Discourses on Forgiveness and Church Attitudes towards the Prosecution of NS Perpetrators at Humboldt University in Berlin (2000±2001).

Steven Kepnes is associate professor of philosophy and religion and director of Jewish Studies at Colgate University, Hamilton, New York. He earned his M.A. and Ph.D. degrees at the University of Chicago, and was a visiting scholar at the Hebrew University and at the Shalom Hartman Institute for Advanced Jewish Studies from 1993 to 1995. He is author of Reasoning After Revelation; Interpreting Judaism in a Postmodern Age; and The Text as Thou: Martin Buber's Dialogical Hermeneutics and Narrative Theology. His articles on Jewish thought have appeared in such journals as The Journal of Jewish Studies, Soundings, and The Harvard Theological Review. He is also Judaism editor for Religious Studies Review.

Yitzchak Kerem is historian and researcher on Greek and Sephardic Jewry at Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece, and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Founder and Director of the Institute of Hellenic±Jewish Relations, University of Denver, Denver, Color- ado. He is editor of the monthly academic e-mail publication Sefarad, the Sephardic Newsletter since 1992, historical filmmaker, and special historical exhibit maker of Greek and Sephardic Jewry and the Holocaust. Board member of the Casa Shalom Institute for Crypto-Jewish Studies, and co-founder of the International Forum for Tolerance and Peace.

Ian Kershaw is Professor of Modern History at the University of Sheffield. His publications include Hitler, 1889±1936: Hubris (1998) and Hitler, 1936±1945: Nemesis (2000).

Edward Kessler is Founder and Executive Director of the Centre for Jewish±Christian Relations, Cambridge. He is well known for his writings on Jewish±Christian Relations in late antiquity as well as the contemporary period.

Henry Knight is Associate Professor of Religion and University Chaplain at the University of Tulsa, Tulsa, Oklahoma. His scholarly activity is concentrated in post-Holocaust Christian Contributors 887 theology. He is the author of Confessing Christ in a Post-Holocaust World: A Midrashic Experiment (Westport, CT:Greenwood Press, 2000) and co-editor with Marcia Sachs Littell of The Uses and Abuses of Knowledge, vol. XVII, Studies in the Shoah (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1997). His articles have been published in The Journal of Ecumenical Studies, Quarterly Review, Shofar, and Encounter.

Wojciech Kowalski has been teaching law at the University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland since 1975. His academic interests have been mainly focused on the legal aspects of the protection of intellectual and cultural property and he is now Head of the University's Department of Intellectual and Cultural Property Law. He has lectured and published extensively on these subjects, both in Poland and abroad. His recent books include Liquidation of the Effects of Warld War II in the Area of Culture (Warsaw 1994) and Art Treasures and War. A Study on the Restitution of Looted Cultural Property pursuant to Public International Law (Leicester, 1998). From 1991 to 1994 he served as the Polish Government's Commissioner for Polish Cultural Heritage Abroad. In this capacity he negotiated international agreements, among other states, with Germany, Russia and Ukraine. He was also a member of the Council of Europe's Cultural Heritage Committee, as well as a member of various international expert groups. Currently, he is a member of UNESCO's expert group working on the principles on the settlement of disputes concerning cultural heritage displaced during the Second World War. He is a member of the Editorial Board of `Spoils of War: International Newsletter', and an Assistant Editor of the journal Art, Antiquity and Law (published by Kluwer Law International).

Stanislaw Krajewskii, Ph.D. in mathematics, teaches at the Department of Philosophy of the University of Warsaw. One of the leaders of Jewish renewal in Poland, he is co-chairman of the Polish Council of Christians and Jews, and has been a member of the International Council of the Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum and Memorial from its creation. He is also the Polish consultant to the American Jewish Committee. He has written on Auschwitz and the Jewish theologies of the Holocaust and his publications include Jews, Judaism, Poland (1997, in Polish).

Tom Kramer received his Ph.D. in 1995 from the University of Sydney, where he has lectured to senior undergraduates on modern European Antisemitism and his doctoral topic `The `Jewish Question' and the Holocaust in Hungary.' Currently an Associate at that University, he is the Convenor and a member of the Board of Directors, Australian Associ- ation of Jewish Holocaust Survivors and Descendants. `Race Against Time', Dr Kramer's contribution to the RFTF 2000 Conference, is based on Chapter VI of his book From Emancipation to Catastrophe: The Rise and Holocaust of Hungarian Jewry, published in September 2000 by University Press of America (Lanham, USA).

Robert Krell was born in Holland and survived the war in hiding. He emigrated to Canada in 1951 with his family. Krell obtained an M.D. from the University of British Columbia, interned at the Philadelphia General Hospital and completed Adult and Child Psychiatry at Temple University in Philadelphia, Stanford University Medical Centre and the University of British Columbia. He was the Clinical Director of the Child and Family Psychiatry Outpatient, University Hospital, UBC 1970±1994, visiting Professor of Psychiatry at Hebrew University 1975, and at the U.C.L.A. Neuropsychiatric Institute in 1992. He served as Professor of Psychiatry at UBC until 1995. Active in Holocaust education and documentation, he is Co-Chair of the Holocaust Education Committee (since 1975), was National Vice- President of Canadian Jewish Congress (1989±1992), and was Founder and President of the Vancouver Holocaust Centre Society for Education and Remembrance (1985±1997). 888 Contributors

In 1978, Krell initiated the Vancouver Holocaust Testimony Project, which has audio- visually taped 120 eyewitnesses. He served on the International Advisory Board of the Hidden Child/Child Survivors Conference held in New York in 1991. As a psychiatrist consulted by Holocaust survivors and their children, he has written about their unique problems for many years. In 1998 he received the State of Israel Bonds Elie Wiesel Remembrance Award.

S. Lillian Kremer is the author of Witness Through the Imagination: The Holocaust in Jewish American Literature (Wayne State University Press) and Women's Holocaust Writing: Memory and Imagination (University of Nebraska Press). The first text deals with the treatment of the Holocaust in the fiction of ten American novelists. The second focuses on women's Holocaust experience in fiction by survivors writing from memory, and by native-born Americans working from research and the imagination. Professor Kremer is the editor of Holocaust Literature, a two volume multi-national, multi-genre reference work to be published by Routledge in 2003 that will include critical essays on Shoah literature of the Americas, Europe, Australia, and Israel. Kremer's essays on Jewish American literature have been published in Modern Language Studies, Contemporary Literature, Modern Jewish Studies, Saul Bellow Journal, Profils ameÂricains, and Studies in American Jewish Literature. Dr Kremer teaches courses in American literature, Ethnic and Women's writing and Holocaust literature and film in the Department of English at Kansas State University.

BjoÈrn Krondorfer is associate professor of religious studies at St. Mary's College of Mary- land. His field of expertise is religion and culture, with an emphasis on gender studies, cultural studies, and Holocaust studies. He is the author of Remembrance and Reconciliation: Encounters Between Young Jews and Germans (Yale UP, 1995), and editor of Men's Bodies, Men's Gods: Male Identities in a (Post-)Christian Culture (New York UP, 1996) and Body and Bible: Interpreting and Experiencing Biblical Narratives (Trinity Press, 1992). He has edited, with an afterword, Edward Gastfriend's My Father's Testament: Memoirs of a Jewish Teenager, 1938±1945 (Temple UP, 2000). He is the appointed series editor of the Cultural Criticism Series of Scholars Press and serves on the editorial board of Living Text: The Journal of Contemporary Midrash. He has served as co-chair for the Men's Studies in Religion Group of the American Academy of Religion. He is the co-director of the International Summer Program on the Holocaust, responsible for organizing and facilitating one-month long study programmes for students from American and German universities.

Hans-Peter KroÈner is a Reader (Privatdozent) at the Institut fuÈr Theorie und Geschichte der Medizin (Institute for Epistemology and History of Medicine) of MuÈnster University. His major publications include Erwin Baur. Naturwissenschaft und Politik (`Erwin Baur: Science and Politics', 1995) and Von der Rassenhygiene zur Humangenetik: das Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institute fuÈr Anthropologie, menschliche Erblehre und Eugenik nach dem Kriege (`From Racial Hygiene to Human Genetics: the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Inheritance and Eugenics after the War', 1998).

Marek Kucia is assistant professor at the Jagiellonian University Institute of Sociology, Cracow, Poland and co-operates with the Holocaust Studies Unit of that University. He was a visiting scholar at Oxford University and worked for Gallup Poll in London. Since 1995 he has carried out numerous empirical research projects into the perception of Auschwitz in Poland in co-operation with the State Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau. He is currently writing a book on KL Auschwitz in the social consciousness of Poles today.

Eva Kurz was born in Bratislava and fled with her family to West Germany in 1968 during the Prague Spring. In 1982 she came to England to read law at St Anne's College, Oxford Contributors 889 where she gained a scholarship to do a masters degree in EU law at the Universite Libre de Bruxelles. In 1988 she moved back to London to qualify as a solicitor with Clifford Chance. Following the breakdown of communism in Eastern Europe, she worked on major privatiza- tions and joint ventures in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Poland. She is fluent in four languages and worked for ten years in the City before embarking on a career change following the birth of her son Max in 1998. During her six-month contract with the Art Loss Register until July 2000, she developed the `WWII Looted Art Project' on an international basis with particular emphasis on researching archives and relevant legislation with respect to Nazi-looted Art in Eastern Europe, Germany and Austria. The paper for the RFTF2000 publication represents a small part of the research done for the Art Loss Register. Since September 2000, she has worked as a research officer for the Institute of Art and Law, where her responsibilities include the writing of headnotes and editing of cases for the forthcoming Art and Antiquity Law Reports, the teaching on the Foundation Certificate in Art Law, and the writing for the legal and art press and for the IAL web site.

Tony Kushner is Marcus Sieff Professor in History and Director of the Parkes Centre for the Study of Jewish/non-Jewish relations at the University of Southampton. He has research and teaching interests in the history of antisemitism and racism, Holocaust studies, British Jewish history and the history and memory of immigrants, ethnic minorities and refugees. Professor Kushner is joint editor of the journal Patterns of Prejudice and the author/editor of ten books, the most recent of which, with Katharine Knox, is Refugees in an Age of Genocide: Global, National and Local Perspectives during the Twentieth Century (Frank Cass, 1999).

Thomas Kuttner is on the Faculty of Law at the University of New Brunswick. His teaching and research interests are in public law, including human rights. In addition to his scholarly interests, Professor Kuttner sits as Vice-Chair of the New Brunswick Labour and Employment Board and is active as a labour arbitrator and mediator. He has acted as counsel pro bono in several human rights cases before the Supreme Court of Canada and his paper builds on that experience.

Michel Laffitte holds a history agreÂgation and since 1997 has been researching the Jewish community in France during the Second World War. In 1999 he received his Masters degree on `Le conseil d'administration de l'U.G.I.F. 1941±1944' (The U.G.I.F. Board of Directors 1941±1944) and is currently preparing a doctoral thesis on the U.G.I.F. under the supervision of Professor Annette Wieviorka and Professor Pierre Laborie at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris.

Andrew Lamprecht is a cultural theorist teaching at the Michaelis School of Fine Art, University of Cape Town. His publications and research interests include the representation of Jews in popular culture, museology and postcolonial materiality.

Rabbi Israel Meir Lau was born on 22 Sivan 5697 in Peitrokov, Poland, the scion of an illustrious rabbinic family and a member of its thirty-seventh generation of practising rabbis. He spent the nightmare years of the Holocaust in the ghetto of Pietrokov, the labour camp in Chestechov, and lastly in Buchenwald, where at the age of eight he was liberated. He arrived in Eretz Yisrael on a ship with other Holocaust orphans organized by the Aliyat HaNoar. Rav Lau began his rabbinic career in Tel Aviv at the Ohr Torah synagogue and then at the Tiferet Zvi Synagague. In 5731 he was chosen as Rabbi of North Tel Aviv and shortly thereafter published his halakhic work. Yahadut Halacha LeMaaseh, with over 70,000 copies in print to date. In 5739 he was elected Chief Rabbi of Natanyah, where he founded Yeshivat 890 Contributors

Ohel Moshe in memory of his father, opened a branch of Machon Yerushalayim as well as a network of Torah study centres for young people and retirees. Rav Lau was appointed to the Chief Rabbinical Council in 5742, becoming its youngest member ever, and in 5748 was chosen as Chief Rabbi of Tel Aviv. He was elected Chief Rabbi of Israel in 5753.

Mark Levene, currently Senior Lecturer in Modern History at the University of Warwick, is about to take up a post as Reader in Comparative History at the University of South- ampton. His major publications include War, Jews and the New Europe, The Diplomacy of Lucien Wolf, 1914±1919 (1992) and The Massacre in History (1999) co-edited with Penny Roberts. He specialized in modern Jewish history and, more generally, minority group relationships with the modern state, and is currently writing a history of genocide in the modern world.

Dov Levin is Professor of Contemporary Jewry at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Director of the Oral History Division of the Avraham Harman Institute of Contemporary Jewry and Chairman of courses for interviewers. He is a member of the Board of Directors of the Association of Lithuanian Jews and has participated in many International Conferences and Commissions to investigate facts, phenomena and trends in Eastern Europe during World War II. He was historical consultant for Israel Educational Television for the documentary film Forests of Valour (1989) about Jewish partisans in the USSR during World War II and Scientific Advisor at the US Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington DC (1995±97). He has published hundreds of articles and 15 books covering the history of East European and particularly Baltic Jews before, during and after the Second World War. His many awards include: the Yitzhak Sadeh Prize in Military History for his book Fighting Back ± Lithuanian Jewry's Armed Resistance to the Nazis 1941±1945 (New York: Holmes & Meir, 1985) and the Yehoshua Gilboa and European European Prizes for his book The Lesser of Two Evils ± Eastern European Jewry Under Soviet Rule, 1939±1941 (Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 1995).

Bryan Lewis was a Vice-President responsible for Corporate Finance and Planning before his retirement in 1991. Since then he has enjoyed being a part-time student, obtaining a BA in Photography from the University of Westminster, followed by an MPhil in Holocaust Studies from the University of Birmingham. He is currently reading for an MA in `Propaganda, Persuasion and History' at the University of Kent at Canterbury. He is a Fellow of the Royal Photographic Society.

Ruth Liberman is currently writing her Ph.D. dissertation at New York University on Functions of Humour in Representation of the Holocaust. Her essay `Of Testimony, Piles, and the Poetics of Final Letters', was published in Contemporary Portrayals of Auschwitz and Genocide: Philosophical Challenges, Alan Rosenberg, James Watson, and Detlef Linke, eds. (Amherst, New York: Humanity Books, 2000).

Mark R. Lindsay is Associate Lecturer in European Studies, and Sub-Dean of the Faculty of Arts, at the University of Western Australia. His field of specialization is modern German theology, and he has written numerous articles on Karl Barth and the Holocaust. His first book, Covenanted Solidarity: The Theological Basis of Karl Barth's Opposition to Nazi Anti- semitism and the Holocaust, is due for publication by Peter Lang in mid-2001.

Deborah E. Lipstadt is Dorot Professor of Modern Jewish and Holocaust Studies at Emory University in Atlanta, where she directs the Institute for Jewish Studies. Her book Denying Contributors 891

The Holocaust: The Growing Assault On Truth And Memory (Free Press/Macmillan, 1993), is the first full-length study of those who attempt to deny the Holocaust. In 1999 she won a libel suit against Holocaust denier and right-wing extremist David Irving. The trial was described by the London Daily Telegraph as having done for the new century what the Nuremburg tribunals or the Eichmann trial did for earlier generations. According to The New York Times, the trial put an end to the pretence that Mr. Irving is anything but a self-promoting apologist for Hitler. Professor Lipstadt is currently writing a book on the trial and her experience as a defendant. Dr. Lipstadt has also written Beyond Belief: The American Press And The Coming Of The Holocaust (Free Press/Macmillan, 1986, 1993). An examination of how the American press covered the news of the persecution of European Jewry between the years 1933 and 1945, the book addresses the question `What did the American public know and when did they know it?' She served as an historical consultant to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and Lipstadt helped design the section of the Museum dedicated to the American Response to the Holocaust.

Franklin H. Littell is the President of the Philadelphia Center on the Holocaust, Genocide and Human Rights and Founder and President of the Annual Scholars' Conference on the Holocaust and the Churches. He is Emeritus Professor of Religion, Temple University; from 1972 to 1995 Adjunct at the Institute of Contemporary Jewry, Hebrew University; presently Distinguished Professor of Holocaust and Genocide Studies at the Richard Stockton College of New Jersey. He served on the board of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington D.C. from its inception until its dedication, and is a member of the board of Yad Vashem in Jerusalem. He has received the Grosse Verdienstkreuz from the Federal Republic of Germany, the Buber-Rosenzweig Award from the German Councils of Christians and Jews, the Ladislaus Laszt Award of Ben Gurion University, and numerous honorary degrees. Among his books are The Free Church, Weltkirchenlexikon: Handbuch der Oekumene, The German Phoenix, Wild Tongues: A Handbook of Social Pathology, The German Church Struggle and the Holocaust, Reflections on the Holocaust, The Crucifixion of the Jews and Religious Liberty in the Crossfire of Creeds. His newspaper column `Lest We Forget' has appeared since 1978.

Marcia Sachs Littell is Associate Professor of Holocaust and Genocide Studies at the Richard Stockton College of New Jersey where she is the Founding Director of the Master of Arts Program in Holocaust and Genocide Studies. She is Executive Director of the Annual Scholars' Conference on the Holocaust and the Churches. Dr. Littell is Consultant for Holocaust and Genocide Studies at Saint Joseph's University in Philadelphia and was the Founding Director of the Anne Frank Institute. She has written or co-edited 19 books on the Holocaust including, Confronting the Holo- caust: A Mandate for the 21st Century (1997), The Abuses and Uses of Knowledge (1997), The Holocaust: Lessons For The Third Generation (1997), Holocaust Education: A Resource Book For Teachers and Professional Leaders and Liturgies on the Holocaust: An Interfaith Anthology. Dr. Littell was formerly a member of the Education Advisory Committee of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council and, under Elie Wiesel, a member of the Chairman's Advisory Committee on Education. She is Senior Consultant to the Philadelphia Center on the Holocaust, Genocide and Human rights and a founding member of the editorial board of Holocaust and Genocide: An International Journal. Presently she is completing Breaking the Silence: A History of Holocaust Education in North America.

Hubert G. Locke is Dean Emeritus of the Daniel J. Evans Graduate School of Public Affairs and John and Marguerite Corbally Professor of Public Service at the University of Washing- 892 Contributors ton. A member of three committees of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum and Associate Editor of Holocaust and Genocide, his latest book on the Holocaust is entitled Learning from History. In 1992 he was Ida E. King Distinguished Visiting Professor of Holocaust Studies at the Richard Stockton College of New Jersey.

Ehud Herbert Loeb was born in BuÈhl/Baden, Germany, on 26 March 1934, as Herbert, son of Hugo and Julchen Odenheimer. He was deported with his parents to Gurs camp in southern France on 22 October 1940, together with 6,500 Jews from Baden and Saarpfalz, in the first act of Germany's `purification' of Jews. His parents were deported from there to Auschwitz in September 1942, where they perished. He was extracted from Gurs in February 1941 and placed in various O.S.E. (Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants) children's homes; in hiding with Catholic families in central France. In January 1946 he was invited by distant relatives resident in Switzerland, who subsequently legally adopted him. After schooling in Switzerland he emigrated to Israel in 1958. He earned a doctoral degree in history of art at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem and worked at The Israel Museum, Jerusalem as well as lecturing at the Hebrew University. He is the author of a number of publications on the history of art. Dr Loeb is involved with research work at Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, and is active in Amcha, the National Israeli Center for Psychosocial Support of Survivors of the Holocaust and the Second Generation.

Hanno Loewy, Dr. Phil, is a scholar of literature and film and since 1995 has developed the Fritz Bauer Institute Study and Documentary Centre on the History and Impact of the Holocaust in Frankfurt-am-Main. He has a visiting fellowship at the University of Konstanz. His major publications concerning subjects from the history of modern aesthetics to the impact of the Holocaust on literature and film include Neokonservativismus in der Strukturkrise (1987), `Unser einziger Weg ist Arbeit'. Das Getto in Lodz 1940±1944 (1990), Holocaust. Grenzen des Verstehens. Eine Debatte uÈber die Besetzung der Geschichte (1992), Deutsche Nachkriegsliteratur und der Holocaust (1998), Medium und Initiation. BeÂla BalaÂzs: MaÈrchen, AÈ sthetik, Kino (2000).

Colin Lucas is the Master of Balliol College, Oxford, and the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford. He has held university lecturer posts at Sheffield and Manchester, a tutorial fellowship at Balliol College, and visiting professorships at Indiana, Smith College, Cornell and Lyons. He was Dean of Social Sciences at the University of Chicago before taking his current positions at Oxford. He has published extensively on the period of the French Revolution.

Regula Ludi has a research affiliation with the Institute of Contemporary History and Wiener Library, London, the Parkes Centre, Southampton University, and the Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University. Her major publications include Die Fabrikation des Verbrechens. Zur Geschichte der modernen Kriminalpolitik 1750±1850 (1999). As a member of the research team of the Independent Commission of Experts Switzerland ± Second World War from 1997 to 2000, she contributed substantial chapters to the reports on Switzerland and Refugees in the Nazi Era (1999) and Roma and Sinti (2000).

Kevin Madigan is Associate Professor of the History of Christianity at Catholic Theological Union (Chicago) and has held a visiting professorship at Harvard Divinity School. He has written a number of articles on the Vatican and the Holocaust.

Sergey Makarov, born in 1939 in the USSR, freelance writer, journalist, translator, editor and researcher of the Jewish Holocaust. MA in engineering (Leningrad Building Institute) Contributors 893 and in English philology (Riga University). Author of books of children's fiction and popular science, publications on cultural issues and history. In 1990 he emigrated with his family to Israel and lives in Jerusalem. Together with his wife Elena Makarova, he has worked since 1977 as a researcher and author in the project `Lectures in Terezin KZ' and is co-author of the book University Over the Abyss (see below).

Elena Makarova was born in 1951 in the USSR. In 1968, she witnessed the Soviet tank invasion into liberal Prague and her anti-Soviet stand made her a victim of KGB persecution. She graduated from an art-school and from Moscow Literary University. She taught art to children, first in Moscow, then from 1990 in Jerusalem, where she emigrated with her husband Sergey Makarov, son and daughter. She has studied Holocaust history since 1988 and is the author of books, films and articles and curator of 11 exhibitions on life in the Terezin KZ. She presently curates a world-wide series of Simon Wiesenthal Center exhibits about the art and life of Friedl Dicker-Brandeis (Vienna, 1898±Auschwitz, 1944), outstanding artist and children's teacher in Terezin. Launched in Vienna in 1999, the exhibition goes on to Paris, Berlin, Atlanta, Tokyo and elsewhere. She is co-author of a monograph on the intellectual and cultural life in KZ Terezin (E.Makarova, S.Makarov, V.Kuperman. Uni- versity Over the Abyss. The Story Behind 489 Lecturers and 2309 Lectures in KZ Theresienstadt, 1942±1944, (Verba, Jerusalem, 2000, 472pp.).

JuÈrgen Manemann, born in 1963, is currently Associate Professor of Fundamental Theology at the University of MuÈnster, Germany. He studied Catholic theology at the University of MuÈnster and was the assistant of Johann Baptist Metz, the founder of the political theology; his doctorate in theology was on the German Historikerstreit. He is editor of the yearbook Jahrbuch Politische Theologie, was a Coolidge Fellowsof the ARIL at Columbia University in 1997, and is founder and organizer of the biennial Ahauser Kolloquium Politische Theologie. His publications include Weil es nicht nur Geschichte ist. Die BegruÈndung der Notwendigkeit einer fragmentarischen Historiographie des Nationalsozialismus aus politisch-theologischer Sicht (MuÈn- ster: Lit-Verlag, 1995); (ed.) DemokratiefaÈhigkeit (MuÈnster: Lit-Verlag, 2nd edition 2000; Christologie nach Auschwitz (together with Johann Baptist Metz) (MuÈnster: Lit-Verlag, 1998); (ed.) Befristete Zeit (MuÈnster: Lit-Verlag, 1999); Politischer Anti-Monotheismus (forth- coming 2001)

Harold Marcuse is associate professor of modern German history at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He has worked extensively on memorial sites, historical monu- ments, and the reception of the Nazi past in Germany from 1945 to the present. He has published articles on Holocaust memorials, memorial sites, and museums. His major book, Legacies of Dachau: The Uses and Abuses of a Concentration Camp, 1933±2001 (2001), traces the reception of a concentration camp and Nazi atrocities more generally from the beginning of the Nazi era to the new millennium.

Cheyenne Martin Ph.D., RN, is the founding director of the Center for Ethics, Law and Policy at the University of Texas School of Nursing, Galveston, Texas. She has conducted research and written extensively during the past two decades about ethical decision-making among nurses and physicians who provide care to vulnerable populations including those with mental impairment, HIV/AIDS, and the elderly. Dr. Martin is currently conducting a large- scale study of the experiences and ethical choices of nurse and physician prisoners in labour and death camps during the Holocaust. She also serves as an ethics consultant to the World Health Organization Center at the University of Texas as well as to numerous health±related organizations in the U.S. 894 Contributors

Elena Marushiakova and Veselin Popov work at the Institute of Ethnography and Museum of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. They started their research of Bulgarian Gypsies in the mid-70s but were unable to publish any of their works before the changes in 1989. After 1989 they founded the Minority Studies Society Studiiromani. They have a number of publications in Bulgaria and abroad; they are involved in international research projects; and are members of several Associations for Roma studies. Elena Marushiakova's and Veselin Popov's major publications include the first monographic research on the history, ethnog- raphy, social structure and culture of the Gypsies in Bulgaria (1997) and a book on Gypsies in the Ottoman Empire (2000). They are publishing a series of Collections on Roma folklore. They created the Roma Heritage Museum Fund at the national Ethnographical museum in Sofia (1995) and initiated the first museum exhibition about Gypsies in Bulgaria and also the international museum exhibition `Roma in Central and Eastern Europe' in 1998/1999 in Budapest.

Joan Michelson is Associate Senior Lecturer in English with responsibility for Creative Writing and Holocaust Studies, literature and the arts, at the University of Wolverhampton. Essays, reviews, fiction, and poetry have been published in periodicals and anthologies including The Jewish Quarterly, London Magazine, Stand Magazine, The British Journal of Holocaust Education and the British Council's annual anthologies of new writing, New Writing 3, edited by Andrew Motion and Candace Rodd, New Writing 4, edited by A.S. Byatt and Alan Holling- hurst. During 1999±2000, she was a recipient of awards from the Poetry Society of England, the Virginian Center for the Arts (USA) and the International Writers and Artists Exchange, hosted by the Kunstlerhaus, Schwandorf, Germany. Further essays on Holocaust poetry will appear in Holocaust Literature, edited by S. Lillian Kremer, forthcoming from Routledge.

Dan Michman is Full Professor of Modern Jewish History, and Chair of the Finkler Institute of HolocaustResearch at Bar-Ilan University, Israel. Since 2000 he has been Chief Historian of Yad Vashem, Jerusalem. He has also taught at the University of Amsterdam and has been a visiting professor at the University of Toronto. His major publications include Pinkas: Geschiedenis van de joodse gemeenschap in Nederland (Hebrew, 1985; Dutch:1992, 1999); Het Liberale Jodendom in Nederland (Dutch:1988); Days of Holocaust and Reckoning, 1±12 (Hebrew, 1983±1992; also Spanish and Russian versions); Post-Zionism and the Holocaust (Hebrew, 1997); Holocaust Historiography from a Jewish Perspective: Conceptualization, Ter- minology and Fundamental Issues (Hebrew, 1998; French, English, German, Italian versions: 2001).

Rochelle L. Millen is Associate Professor of Religion at Wittenberg University, Springfield, Ohio. The author of numerous articles, book chapters, and book reviews, she edited New Perspectives on the Holocaust: A Guide for Teachers and Scholars, New York University Press, 1996, and is currently working on a manuscript for University Press of New England. A member of the Goldner Symposium on the Holocaust, Dr Millen has received grants from the Littauer Foundation, Hadassah International Research Institute on Jewish Women, Lilly Foundation, and National Endowment for the Humanities. She serves on the Board of Directors of the Ohio Council on Holocaust Education and co-chairs the Religion, Holocaust, and Genocide Group of the American Academy of Religion.

Hanspeter Mock is Diplomatic Advisor at the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, where he currently serves as Deputy Head of the `Switzerland-World War II' Unit.

Ronald Modras is a Professor of Theological Studies at Saint Louis University. His book, The Catholic Church and Antisemitism: Poland, 1933±1939 (Harwood), was named the 1994 Contributors 895

Book of the Year by the College Theology Society. He is a Fellow of the Annenberg Research Institute and a founding member of the Polish American Jewish American Council.

GuÈnter Morsch is director of the `Stiftung Brandenburgische GedenkstaÈtten'. He is also director of the `GedenkstaÈtte und Museum Sachsenhausen'. His major publications include the history of national socialism, the history of the workers movement in Germany and the social history of the 19th century in Germany. He has also published about problems of exhibitions and memorial sites. He teaches history in the Freie UniversitaÈt Berlin.

Sarah Traister Moskovitz was born in New York City to Polish Jewish immigrants, Moskovitz, the daughter of a Yiddish school principal. She received her B.A from Cal. State L.A 1952, Masters in Psychology, C.S.L.A 1958 and Ph.D. in Ed. Psychology and Human Development 1970 from Yeshiva University, New York. She is Professor Emeritus Human Development and Counseling at California State University, Northridge. In 1977 she began following up an orphanage of twenty-four young Child Survivors of the Holocaust who came to England after World War II. Cared for by Alice Goldberger and supervised by Anna Freud, their stories were told in her book Love Despite Hate; Child Survivors of the Holocaust and Their Adult Lives (Shocken, 1982.) This work taught her that child survivors have a profound need to counteract stigma, and isolation by breaking the lock of silence over their past. She initiated the first child survivor documentation project at CSUN 1982, was instrumental in founding the first Child Survivor Associations in Los Angeles,1982 and Sydney Australia 1984. With L.A's Jewish Family Service's Flo Kinsler, pioneering discussion groups in Los Angeles were created to help mourn and reintegrate early traumatic experience. Her motivation to work with survivors is rooted in losses of aunts, uncles and cousins, left behind and killed in Poland after her parents emigrated to America. She is married, the mother of three and the grandmother of eight.

Sarah Nathan-Davis is a Member of the International Association of Art Critics (AICA) UNESCO, the Conseil International de la Danse (CIDD) UNESCO and the Society of Authors. International feature writer specialising in subjects relating to Jewish culture. Contributor to Encyclopeadia Judaica, Encyclopaedia of Opera and Ballet (St James Press, Detroit, Barebreiter Verlag, Kassel et al) and numerous newspapers and journals worldwide.

Micheal O'Siadhail, born in Dublin, has published ten collections of poetry, the latest Our Double Time (Bloodaxe Books, 1998) and Poems 1975±1995: New and Selected Poems (Bloodaxe Books, 1999). His poem suites, The Naked Flame, Summerfest and Earlsfort Suite were commissioned and set to music for performance and broadcasting. He was awarded an Irish American Cultural Institute prize for poetry in 1982 and in 1998 the Marten Toonder Prize for Literature. He has been a lecturer at Trinity College Dublin and a professor at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies and is now a freelance writer. Among his many academic works are Learning Irish (Yale University Press 1988) and Modern Irish (Cambridge Uni- versity Press 1989). He was a member of the Arts Council of the Republic of Ireland (1988± 93) and of the Advisory Committee on Cultural Relations (1989±97), a founder member of AosdaÂna (Academy of distinguished Irish artists) and a former editor of Poetry Ireland Review. He was the founding chairman of ILE (Ireland Literature Exchange).

Dalia Ofer is the Max and Rita Haber Professor of Holocaust and East European Studies, for the Avraham Harman Institute of Contemporary Jewry, at the Hebrew University of Jerusa- lem, and Chair of the Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism. She has published extensively on the Holocaust in Eastern Europe, on immigration to Palestine and Israel, and on the memory of the Holocaust in Israel and the development of patterns of 896 Contributors

Holocaust commemoration. She serves as the Hebrew University's representative on the academic committee of Yad Vashem and is a member of the board of the International Research Institute of Yad Vashem. She is a member of the editorial Board of Beshvil Hazicaron, a publication aimed at assisting teachers and educators in the teaching of the Holocaust and heads the Board of Directors at the Hebrew University High School. She is involved in educational programmes on the Holocaust at the School of Education at the Hebrew University and at Yad Vashem. She conducts a Masters Seminar on Education and the Holocaust and has published on this issue. Her recent book, together with Lenore J. Weitzman, Women in the Holocaust, published by Yale University Press in 1998, was one of the three finalists for the 1999 Jewish Book Award in both the Holocaust and Women categories. Her book Escaping the Holocaust: Illegal Immigration to the Land of Israel, (Oxford University Press, 1991) won the Jewish Book Award in 1992 and the Hebrew edition of the book received the Ben Zvi Award that same year. In 1996 she published together with Hannah Wiener, The Dead-End Journey: The Tragic Story of the Kladovo-Sabac Group (Lanham: University Press of America). In 1997 she edited New Immigrants and Veterans in the Mass Immigration to Israel, 1948±1952 ( Jerusalem: Yad Ben Zvi).

Pearl M. Oliner (Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley) is Professor Emeritus of Education at Humboldt State University, and Research Director of the Altruistic Personality and Prosocial Behavior Institute. The author of many publications on education, prosocial behaviour and altruism during the Holocaust, she has lectured widely on these topics, in the United States and abroad. Her major publications include Toward a Caring Society: Ideas into Action (co-author, Samuel P. Oliner, 1995), Embracing the Other: Philosophical, Psychological and Historical Perspectives on Altruism (ed.) (1992), The Altruistic Personality: Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe (co-author, Samuel P. Oliner, 1988) and Teaching Elementary Social Studies: A Rational and Humanistic Approach (1976). She is currently working on a book analysing the influence of religion, gender and national culture on rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust.

Samuel P. Oliner (Ph.D., University of California at Berkeley) is Professor of Sociology at Humboldt State University and Founder and Director of the Altruistic Personality and Prosocial Behavior Institute. He is the author of several dozen publications on the Holocaust, altruism, prosocial behaviour, and national and international race relations. He has appeared on numerous national television shows and has lectured widely in the U.S. and several other countries on the topic of rescuers of Jews in Nazi-occupied Europe. His books include Narrow Escapes: A Boy's Holocaust Memories and Their Legacy (Paragon House, 2000); Race, Ethnicity and Gender: A Global Perspective (Kendall/Hunt Publishing, 1997, co-editor, Phillip T. Gay); Who Shall Live: The Wilhelm Bachner Story (Academy Chicago Publishers, 1996, co-authored with Kathleen Lee); Restless Memories (Judah L. Magnes Museum, 1986); Toward a Caring Society: Ideas into Action (Praeger, 1995, co-editor, Pearl M. Oliner); Embracing the Other: Philosophical, Psychological, and Historical Perspectives on Altruism (New York University Press, 1992, co-editor, Pearl M. Oliner); The Altruistic Personality: Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe (Free Press, 1988/1992, co-author, Pearl M. Oliner). He is the recipient of the Scholar of the Year Award at Humboldt State University.

Iael Orvieto is finishing her Ph.D. dissertation at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem on the subject of the reaction of Italian Jewry to racial laws 1938±1943.

Mordecai Paldiel studied at Hebrew University (Jerusalem) and Temple University (Phila- delphia), where he earned a Ph.D. degree. Since 1982 he is the director of the Department for Contributors 897 the Righteous Among the Nations at Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, which deals with honouring Gentile rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust. He has travelled widely to lecture on the topic of the Righteous, and holds honours from Stockton University and several organizations. His major publications include The Path of the Righteous (1993); Sheltering the Jews (1995); Saving the Jews (2000); Whosoever Saves One Life (in Hebrew, 1992); and Es Gab auch Gerechte (in German, 1999).

Andreas Pangritz has been Professor of Systematic Theology at the University of Aachen, Germany since 1999. He holds a Ph.D. of the Free University of Berlin, where he taught History of Protestant Theology from 1984 until 1999. Among his fields of research are the theology of Dietrich Bonhoeffer and the `hidden theology' of Walter Benjamin. His major publications include Polyphonie des Lebens (On Bonhoeffer's `Theology of Music'; 1994, 2nd edition 2000), Vom Kleiner- und Unsichtbarwerden der Theologie (1996), and Karl Barth in the Theology of Dietrich Bonhoeffer (2000).

His Eminence Professor Dr. Damaskinos Papandreou, Metropolitan of Switzerland and Exarch of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in Europe, is Director of the Orthodox Center as well as Rector of the Institute of Postgraduate Studies in Orthodox Theology in Geneva. Professor Damaskinos is the President of the International Academy of Science of Religions. He is also the Founding Member and President of the recently created Foundation for Interreligious and Intercultural Research and Dialogue seated in Geneva and Member of the International Interreligious Advisory Committee of UNESCO. Over the years he has been awarded the degree of Doctor honoris causa by the: Orthodox Theological Faculties of Bucharest (1981), Belgrade (1982), Thessaloniki (1985), Presov (1987), Athens (1990) and Sofia (1999); Theo- logical Academy of Moscow (1992); Roman Catholic Faculties of the University of Bonn (1986) and senior Pontifical University of Santo Tomas in Manila, Philippines (1998); Old Catholic Faculty of Theology of the University of Bern (1987); and Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Ioannina (1998), State University of Belarus in Minsk (1998). His pursuits regarding theological and ecumenical dialogues have led to the publication of over 250 titles in the form of monographs, studies, articles, lectures and editions which are circulated in many European languages.

David Patterson holds the Bornblum Chair of Excellence in Judaic Studies at the University of Memphis. A winner of the Koret Jewish Book Award in Jewish Thought and Philosophy, he has delivered lectures at numerous universities and community organizations throughout the world. Dr. Patterson has published more than ninety articles and chapters in journals and books on subjects in philosophy, literature, Judaism, Holocaust, and education. His books include Along the Edge of Annihilation: The Collapse and Recovery of Life in the Holocaust Diary (1999); Sun Turned to Darkness: Memory and Recovery in the Holocaust Memoir (1998), The Greatest Jewish Stories Ever Told (1997), When Learned Men Murder (1996), Exile (1995), Pilgrimage of a Proselyte: From Auschwitz to Jerusalem (1993), The Shriek of Silence (1992), In Dialogue and Dilemma with Elie Wiesel (1991), and others. He is also co-editor of the Encyclopedia of Holocaust Literature and translator of the English edition of The Black Book of Russian Jewry.

Gunnar S. (Steve) Paulsson was Senior Historian in the Holocaust Exhibition Project Office at the Imperial War Museum in London (1998±2000) and presently lectures on the Holocaust at the Oxford Centre for Post-Graduate Hebrew and Jewish Studies. In 1994 he was awarded a Commonwealth Scholarship to pursue doctoral studies at Oxford. His doctoral thesis on Jews in hiding in Warsaw won the 1998 Fraenkel Prize in Contemporary History; a book based on the thesis (working title: Secret City: the Hidden Jews of Warsaw, 1940±1945) 898 Contributors will be published by Yale University Press in 2001. His previous publications include `Bridge over the Oeresund: the Historiography on the Expulsion of the Jews from Nazi-Occupied Denmark', Journal of Contemporary History 30 (1995); `The Rescue of Jews by non-Jews in Nazi-Occupied Poland', Journal of Holocaust Education 7 (1998); and `Demographic Char- acteristics and Survival Rates of Jews Hiding in Warsaw, 1940±1945', Polin 13 (2000). He has frequently debated in person, in the broadcast media and on the Internet. Before embarking on his academic career, he was a computer software developer and freelance IT consultant.

John T. Pawlikowski, a priest of the Servite Order, is Professor of Social Ethics at the Catholic Theological Union in Chicago. He also serves as Co-Director of the Catholic-Jewish Studies Programme in the Cardinal Bernardin Center at Catholic Theological Union. He has authored and edited some fifteen volumes including The Challenge Of The Holocaust For Christian Theology. Currently he is at work on a new book on the non-Jewish victims as well as editing a volume entitled Ethics In The Shadow Of The Holocaust. Since 1980 he has served as a presidential appointee to the United States Holocaust Memorial Council where he sits on the Council's Executive, Academic and Conscience Committees and chairs its Church Rela- tions Committee.

James N. Pellechia is Associate Editor of Watch Tower publications and Director of the Office of Public Affairs at the international offices of the Watch Tower Society; he is the producer of feature and documentary videos, including the award-winning film Jehovah's Witnesses Stand Firm Against Nazi Assault; lecturer on the modern history of Jehovah's Witnesses. Pellechia has presented at international academic conferences, university seminars and research institutions, including the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. His publications include The Spirit and the Sword ± Jehovah's Witnesses Expose the Third Reich.

Susan Lee Pentlin is Professor of Modern Languages at Central Missouri State University, Warrensburg, Missouri. She teaches German and courses on the Holocaust. She received her Ph.D. in German from the University of Kansas. She has received grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities, the American Council of Learned Societies and the Fulb- right Program. Her research includes the history of German teaching in the United States, the radio propagandist Dr. Otto Koischwitz and Holocaust memoirs; she is preparing a new edition of Mary Berg's Warsaw Ghetto: A Diary for Syracuse University Press. She serves as a Commissioner on the Missouri Commission on Human Rights.

Rubina Peroomian holds a Ph.D. in Near Eastern Languages and Cultures from UCLA. She has been a lecturer of Armenian language and literature at UCLA, University of Laverne and Glendale College. Her major publications on the topic of Armenian Genocide include: Literary Responses to Catastrophe: A Comparison of the Armenian and the Jewish Experience (1993) and Armenian textbooks on the Armenian Question, with a major emphasis on the Armenian Genocide ± grades 10±12 (1990±1999) and a comprehensive textbook for high schools in Armenia (2000). Chapters contributed in books include: `Armenian Literary Responses to Genocide: The Artistic Struggle to Comprehend and Survive' (1992), `Prob- lematic Aspects of Reading Genocide Literature: The Search for a Guideline or A Canon' (1999), `A Commentary ± A Comparative Approach to the Circumstances, Aspects, Mani- festations, and Elements of the Jewish and Armenian Enlightenment and Modernization' (1999), `The Impact of the Armenian Genocide in the Diaspora Literature,' in Armenian, in the Encyclopedia of the Armenian Question (1996). Research articles in scholarly journals include: `Hagop Oshagan's Literature of Catastrophe: A Struggle to Confront the Genocide of 1915' (1988±1989), `How to Read Genocide Literature' (1996), `The Diasporan-Armenian Literature and the Armenian Genocide' (1990), `Literary Manifestations of Resistance to the Contributors 899

Armenian Genocide: A Comparative Analysis of the Jewish and Armenian Cases' (2000). She has been awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award by the Armenian Educational Founda- tion, and the Mesrob Mashtots Medal with a formal encyclical by His Holiness Aram I Catholicos of Cilicia.

Jacques Picard is a member of the Independent Commission of Experts Switzerland ± Second World War commissioned by the Swiss Federal government; he served as its Research Director in 1997±2000. He is currently lecturing at the University of Basel, Switzerland, and the Institute of Jewish Studies there. Before 1996, he was Professor of Modern History and Culture at the Berne Fachhochschule and has served there as a director in the department of engineering. Among his many publications on the history of the Jews, Switzerland and European culture, there is a newly adapted French version of his Switzerland and the Jews, 1933±1945 with a foreword by Saul FriedlaÈnder. He has just completed writing a new book on Jewish biographies in the 20th century.

Samuel Pisar, a survivor of Auschwitz, Majdanek and Dachau, is an international lawyer and member of the New York, Paris and London bars. He holds doctorates from Harvard and the Sorbonne. His main publications include Of Blood and Hope, Coexistence and Commerce, Les Armes de la Paix and La Ressource Humaine. He was made a citizen of the United States by special Act of Congress and is the recipient of the Order of the French Legion of Honour, the Order of Australia, the Order of Merit of Poland and the Elie Wiesel Remembrance Award for his contributions to human rights, ethnic coexistence and international understanding. Dr. Pisar is a Trustee of the Brookings Institution in Washington, a life Governor of the Technion in Israel, the President-Founder of Yad Vashem, France and Counsel to the International Olympic Committee.

Veselin Popov see Elena Marushiakova

Marvin Prosono is a professor of sociology at Southwest Missouri State University at Springfield, Missouri. He received his B.A. from Stanford University and his Ph.D. from the University of California, San Francisco. His training has been in medical sociology and the sociology of law although he has published a number of papers on the Holocaust. These papers attempt to analyze Holocaust discourse from a pragmatist or symbolic interactionist perspective. He has organized local panels on the Holocaust and teaches a course entitled `The Holocaust: A Sociological Introduction.' At present, he is working on a manuscript with his colleague Gary Brock entitled Holocaustism: The Emergence of a New Religious Movement?

Adele Reinhartz is Professor in the Department of Religious Studies, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. She specializes in the literature and history of Early Christianity and Second Temple Judaism, with occasional forays into Hebrew Bible, feminist and literary criticism. Her major publications include The Word in the World, SBL Monograph Series 45 (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1992), `Why Ask My Name?' Anonymity and Identity in Biblical Narrative (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), Winner of 2000 Dorothy Shoichet Presidents Award in Feminist Literature (Canadian Jewish Book Award for Biblical Scholar- ship). And Befriending the Beloved Disciple: A Jewish Reading of the Gospel of John (New York: Continuum, 2001).

David Rich is a historian employed by the U.S. Department of Justice in Washington DC. His speciality, Russian and Eastern European history, takes him to archives around the former Soviet Union in pursuit of information about persecution of civilians under Nazi German 900 Contributors rule. For the past three years he has worked on the Trawniki SS Training Camp complex and Operation Reinhard. His publications include The Tsar's Colonels: Professionalism, Strategy, and Subversion in Late Imperial Russia (Harvard UP, 1998).

Milan Ristovic is Professor of General Contemporary History at the Faculty of Philosophy, Belgrade University. Since 1994 he is Editor in Chief of the scientific magazine Annual of Social History, and since 1998 he has been head of the Society for Social History. His main publications include : German `New Order' and South East Europe 1940±1945. Future Planning and Practice (Belgrade, 1991); In the Search of Refuge. Jugoslav Jews Escaping the Holocaust 1941±1945, (Belgrade, 1998); Long Way Home. Greek Refugee Children in Yugoslavia, 1948± 1960 (Belgrade, 1998).

Alti Rodal was Professor of Jewish History at Concordia University in Montreal. She has also taught at universities in Ottawa. Since 1983, she has served as a policy and public management consultant to the Government of Canada. As Director of Historical Research for the Commission of Inquiry on Nazi War Criminals in Canada, she authored the report treating Canadian immigration and security screening policies and practices after the war, and policy with regard to alleged war criminals. She is the author of a number of other reports to government, and of writings on medieval and modern history.

Claude Romney, Ph.D., is a child survivor from France, currently a Professor of French at the University of Calgary, Canada. She is primarily a linguist, but has given conference presentations and published articles on the Auschwitz prisoner doctors, including her father, Dr. Jacques Lewin, who was deported from France with the very first convoy in March, 1942. She was awarded an Annual Fellowship by the Calgary Institute for the Humanities for 1999±2000 to prepare a book on the Written Testimonies by Auschwitz Prisoner Doctors.

Paul Lawrence Rose is Mitrani Professor of Jewish Studies and European History at the Pennsylvania State University. He was educated at Oxford and Paris-Sorbonne, and is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society. His recent books include German Question/Jewish Question. Revolutionary Antisemitism in Germany from Kant to Wagner, Princeton University Press, 1990; Wagner ± Race and Revolution, Yale University Press, 1992; Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project. A Study in German Culture, University of California Press, 1998; The Hecht Archive ± The Musy/Sternbuch Mission and Other Documents, Archives of the Holocaust, volume 12, Garland, New York, 1990; See also the article `Joel Brand's Interim Agreement of May 1944 and the Course of Nazi-Jewish Rescue Negotiations 1944±45', The Historical Journal (1991). He has taught at the University of Haifa and various Australian, Canadian and American universities, and is a Member of the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton. He is currently working on a history of the Talmud in antisemitic mythology and on a history of exterminationist mentality in Germany.

Romani Rose was born in Heidelberg in 1946. Since 1982 he has been chairman of the Central Council of German Sinti and Roma. In 1991 he took over the management of the Documentation and Cultural Centre of German Sinti and Roma. Together with repres- entatives of minorities from the USA, Mexico, Argentine, Japan, India, Sri Lanka, France and Holland, Romani Rose is a member of the executive board of the International Movement Against Discrimination and Racism (IMADR), which was founded in Tokyo in 1988. As chairman of the Central Council, Romani Rose is also a member of the `German summit of minorities'. This involves regular meetings of the chairmen of Sorbian, Frisian and Danish minorities and the German Sinti and Roma. Contributors 901

Romani Rose is author and editor of several books, among them BuÈrgerrechte fuÈr Sinti und Roma. Das Buch zum Rassismus in Deutschland (1987) and `Den Rauch hatten wir taÈglich vor Augen'. Der nationalsozialistiche VoÈlkermord an den Sinti und Roma (1999. In addition he has written numerous essays and articles for the OSCE and UN Committees' publications against racism.

John K. Roth is the Russell K. Pitzer Professor of Philosophy at Claremont McKenna College, where he has taught since 1966. In addition to service on the United States Holocaust Memorial Council and on the editorial board for Holocaust and Genocide Studies, he has published more than 25 books and hundreds of articles and reviews, including A Consuming Fire: Encounters with Elie Wiesel and the Holocaust, Approaches to Auschwitz (with Richard L. Rubenstein), Holocaust: Religious and Philosophical Implications (with Michael Berenbaum), Different Voices: Women and the Holocaust (with Carol Rittner), Ethics after the Holocaust, and major contributions to The Holocaust Chronicle. Roth has been Visiting Professor of Holocaust studies at the University of Haifa, Israel, and his Holocaust-related research appointments include a Koerner Visiting Fellowship at the Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies in England. In 1988, Roth was named U.S. National Professor of the Year by the Council for Advancement and Support of Education (CASE) and the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.

Robert Rozett is the Director of the Yad Vashem Library. He is a graduate of Rutgers University and the Institute of Contemporary Jewry at the Hebrew University, Jerusalem. Dr. Rozett has published articles on the Holocaust in Hungary and Slovakia, and the Historiography and Bibliography of the Holocaust. He is the co-editor of the recently published work, The Facts on File Library of World History, Encyclopedia of the Holocaust.

Betty Rogers Rubenstein is a Senior Research Fellow at the University of Bridgeport in Bridgeport, Connecticut. She has recently retired from years as a professor of The History and Criticism of Art at Florida A and M University and the University of Bridgeport. She served for eleven years as a weekly columnist for The Tallahassee Democrat and has published articles on painters Samuel Bak, Henry Koerner, and Jerome Witkin.

Richard L. Rubenstein is President Emeritus and Distinguished Professor of Religion at the University of Bridgeport, Connecticut, where he also directs the University's Centre for Holocaust and Genocide Studies. He has received honorary doctorates from the Jewish Theological Seminary and the Grand Valley State University (Grand Rapids Michigan). His major publications include After Auschwitz (2nd edition, 1992) Approaches to Auschwitz (1983), The Cunning of History (1976) and The Religious Imagination (1968). His works have been translated into French, Italian, Dutch, Hungarian, German, and Japanese. He received the Portico d'Ottavia Literary Prize for the Italian translation of The Religious Imagination. There is general agreement that After Auschwitz initiated the current debate on God and the Holocaust.

Martin Rumscheidt is Professor of Historical Theology at Atlantic School of Theology, an ecumenical school serving the Anglican, Roman Catholic and United Churches of Canada. He has held Rockefeller and Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst and visiting fellowships at Yale University, University of Bonn and Freie UniversitaÈt Berlin. His major publications include Revelation and Theology: An Analysis of the Barth-Harnack Correspondence of 1923 (1972) and Adolf von Harnack: Liberal Theology at Its Height (1989); his focus of research is the theology of Karl Barth and Dietrich Bonhoeffer as well as the history and legacy of the 902 Contributors

Holocaust and its implications for Christian theology. He is a member of the Editorial Board of the Dietrich Bonhoeffer Works in English edition.

The Rev. Dr. Kathleen J. Rusnak was the Director of the Theological Study Department and Study Program Coordinator at Nes Ammim Village in Israel from January 1998 to February 2000. Currently, she is the Director of Support Services and Spiritual Care at The Connecticut Hospice, Inc. in Branford, Connecticut. Rusnak teaches an introductory course on the Holocaust at St. Peter's College in New Jersey, and was an active member of the Holocaust Remembrance and Education Committee of the Jewish Federation of MetroWest, New Jersey for 10 years prior to moving to Israel. She introduced the first Jewish±Christian± Muslim Kristallnacht commemoration service in Israel in 1998. Rev. Rusnak is an ordained minister in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.

Suzanne D. Rutland is chair of the Department of Semitic Studies at the University of Sydney where she lectures in Jewish Civilisation. She has been a visiting lecturer at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Her major publications include Edge of the Diaspora: Two Centuries of Jewish Settlement in Australia (1988, 2nd ed 1997), and Pages of History: A century of the Australian Jewish Press (1995). She is president of the Australian Jewish Historical Society (Sydney) and immediate past president of the Australian Association for Jewish Studies.

Rochelle G. Saidel is executive director of The Remember the Women Institute in New York City and a senior researcher at NEMGE, the Center for the Study of Women and Gender at the University of SaÄo Paulo, Brazil. She is completing a book about Jewish women at RavensbruÈck concentration camp and serving as curator for an exhibit on this camp at the Florida Holocaust Museum. She is the author of Never Too Late to Remember: The Politics Behind New York City's Holocaust Museum) which was awarded the National Foundation for Jewish Culture Musher Publication Prize, and The Outraged Conscience: Seekers of Justice for Nazi War Criminals in America, as well as hundreds of published articles on the Holocaust. She has served on the International Steering Committees for the Scholars' Conference on the Holocaust and the Remembering for the Future 2000 Conference. She received her Ph.D. in Political Science from the Graduate Center of City University, New York and worked for nine years as a special assistant to the Democratic leader of the New York State Senate. She currently divides her time between Jerusalem, New York City, and SaÄo Paulo.

Marc Saperstein is the Charles E. Smith Professor of Jewish History and Director of the Programme in Judaic Studies at the George Washington University. Previously, beginning in 1986, he occupied the newly established Gloria M. Goldstein Chair in Jewish History and Thought at Washington University in St. Louis, and held the first regular faculty appoint- ment in Jewish Studies at Harvard Divinity School (1979±1986). Saperstein is the author of four books, Decoding the Rabbis (Harvard University Press, 1980), the widely acclaimed Moments of Crisis in Jewish±Christian Relations (SCM±Trinity Press International, 1989), Jewish Preaching 1200±1800 (Yale University Press, 1989), which won the National Jewish Book Award in the area of Jewish thought, and `Your Voice Like a Ram's Horn' (HUC Press, 1996), also granted a National Jewish Book Award. Most recently, he edited Witness from the Pulpit: Topical Sermons, 1933±1980, a collection of 52 sermons by his father, Rabbi Harold I. Saperstein, to which he provided historical introductions and annotations (Lexington Books, 2000). A member of the Executive Board of the prestigious American Academy for Jewish Research, he is also currently Book Review Editor for the Association of Jewish Studies Review. Contributors 903

Pierre Sauvage is an award-winning documentary filmmaker and the President of the Chambon Foundation (8033 Sunset Boulevard #784, Los Angeles, CA 90046; http://www. chambon.org; [email protected]), an educational foundation committed to exploring and communicating, especially in film, `the necessary lessons of hope intertwined with the Holocaust's unavoidablelessons of despair'. A public speaker on the Holocaust and its con- tinuing relevance today, Sauvage is best known for his highly acclaimed 1989 feature docu- mentary Weapons of the Spirit, which tells the story of the Christian oasis of Le Chambon- sur-Lignon in France during the Nazi occupation; he himself was born and sheltered in the area during that time. A longtime interest in the American reaction to the refugee crisis in Europe and the massacre of the Jews led to extensive research into Varian Fry and the rescue mission Fry led in 1940±41. This will culminate in Sauvage's upcoming theatrical and television feature documentary, And Crown Thy Good: Varian Fry in Marseille, which will be broadcast on P.B.S. in the United States and will be available from the Chambon Foundation. Among Sauvage's current projects are dramatic movies based on Mary Jayne Gold's memoir Cross- roads Marseille 1940 and Nathan Stoltzfus's study of the successful 1943 Rosenstrasse protest.

Hilda Schiff is a poet, short story writer, and editor. She was born in central Europe and came to England as a small child. She was educated at the Universities of London and Oxford, where she formerly taught and engaged in research. Her publications included A Condition of Being, 1964, Contemporary Approaches to English Studies (1977), and Holocaust Poetry (1995). Her work has appeared widely in anthologies and periodicals, including the RSGB's prayer book. She is an executive member of the Oxford Society for Christians and Jews.

Milton Shain is Professor of Modern Jewish History and Director of the Isaac and Jessie Kaplan Centre for Jewish Studies and Research at the University of Cape Town. He has written and edited several books on South African Jewish history and the history of Anti- semitism. These include Jewry and Cape Society (1983); The Roots of Antisemitism in South Africa (1994); Antisemitism (1998) and (with Sander L Gilman) Jewries at the Frontier, Accommodation, Identity and Conflict (1999). His book The Roots of Antisemitism in South Africa was awarded the University of Cape Town Book Prize for 1996.

Carla Rose Shapiro is a Ph.D. candidate in Media and Cultural Studies at the University of Sussex and received her Master of Museum Studies degree from University of Toronto. She works as a curator and consultant for Holocaust exhibitions and memorials. Her exhibits on the Lodz Ghetto, the Rescue of Denmark's Jews, and the Liberation of Europe were on view at Toronto's Holocaust Education and Memorial Centre and the Beth Tzedec Reuben and Helene Dennis Museum.

Shelly Shapiro is the Director of Holocaust Survivors & Friends Education Center in Albany, New York. She is the editor and co-author of Truth Prevails: Demolishing Holocaust Denial, the end of the Leuchter Report (1990) and co-editor and co-author of Justice Journal. She was the Educational Consultant in the creation of the French Children of the Holocaust Memorial Exhibition for the Beate Klarsfeld Foundation and author of the Study Guide for the French Children of the Holocaust: A Memorial Exhibition (1997) and study guides for Anne Frank in the World Exhibitions (1992,1996). She was a contributor to the Reader's Companion to The diary of a Young Girl, Anne Frank the Definitive Edition (1995). She is an adjunct lecturer at the University at Albany where she teaches a course `Teaching and Learning about the Holocaust'. In 1995 she was awarded the Yavner Award as Teacher of the Year by the New York State Board of Regents and was 1997 Teacher of the Year awarded by the Capital 904 Contributors

District Council on the Social Studies and the recipient of the Boys Town Jerusalem Hope for Humanity Award (1998).

Mikhail Shkarovskii is the chief researcher at the Central State Archive of St.Petersburg, professor at the St. Petersburg State Academy of Culture. Between 1998 and 2000 he was also employed at the Ostkirchen Institut of MuÈnster University (GFR) as a grantee of the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung. He is the author of 15 books on the history of the Russian Orthodox Church and of the Catholic and Lutheran churches in Russia and the USSR.

Victor Shnirelman is the chief researcher at the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, and a Professor at the Jewish University in Moscow. He is an author of more than 200 publications including several books on prehistory, cultural anthro- pology, traditional warfare and contemporary ethno-politics. His major books include At the Dawn of War and Peace (Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Moscow 1994, in Russian), Who gets the Past (Woodrow Wilson Center Press, Washington D.C. 1996), Russian Neo- Pagan Myths and Antisemitism (Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Anti- semitism, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 1998), The Myth of the Khazars: Intellectual Antisemitism in Russia in the 1970s±1990s (The Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, forthcoming).

Donald W. Shriver, Jr. is Emeritus President of Union Theological Seminary, New York, and William E. Dodge Professor of Applied Christianity. He is an ordained Presbyterian minister and has held teaching positions at North Carolina State, Emory, and Columbia Universities. He holds earned degrees from Davidson College, Union Theological Seminary, Yale University Divinity School, and Harvard University (Ph.D., 1963). He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and was a 1999 Berlin Prize Fellow of the American Academy in Berlin. His major publications include The Unsilent South: Prophetic Preaching in Racial Crisis, Spindles and Spires: Religion and Social Change in Gastonia, Beyond Success: Corporations and their Critics in the Nineties (Oxford, 1991) and An Ethic for Enemies: Forgiveness in Politics (Oxford, 1995). His current work concentrates on issues of national and international justice and reconciliation.

Julius Simon is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the University of Texas at El Paso, USA, specializing in Jewish and Continental Philosophies as well as Genocide Studies. He has edited and published a collection of essays, History, Religion, and Meaning: American Reflec- tions on the Holocaust and Israel (2000) and is general editor for and contributor to Philosophy on the Border: An Introduction to Philosophy (forthcoming). He is also currently preparing Art and Responsibility, Heidegger and Rosenzweig, a study of two seminal German philosophers working in the first half of the twentieth century. He was awarded a Fulbright Fellowship to Germany in 1990 to work in the area of Philosophy of Religion and in 1999 he received a jointly sponsored Leo Baeck Institute and DAAD Fellowship to travel to Germany to do research and writing for his work on Heidegger and Rosenzweig.

Thomas W. Simon taught at the University of Florida for fifteen years. He now teaches philosophy at Illinois State University, where he also chaired the department. His scholarship focuses on genocide studies and minority discrimination issues. As a practising attorney he became involved in extradition cases dealing with the 1994 Rwanda genocide. He served as a Court Appointed Advocate in child abuse cases. His committee work includes the Individual Rights Council of the Illinois State Bart Association. He taught at York University in Great Britain and helped to found Miyazaki International College in Japan. He was a Fulbright Scholar at the Law Faculty, University of Ljubljana in Slovenia and a United States Institute Contributors 905 of Peace grant recipient. His books include Democracy and Social Injustice (1995) and Law & Philosophy (2000). Two other books, Group Injustice and Justice and Genocide, are under review. He has published numerous articles including: `Defining Genocide' (Wisconsin Inter- national Law Review, 1996), `Minorities in International Law' (Canadian Journal of Law, 1994), and `The Holocaust's Moral `Uniqueness'' (Contemporary Portrayals of Auschwitz, 2000). He edits an electronic journal, Injustice Studies (http://wolf.its.ilstu.edu/injustice). He consults for the United Nations Working Group on Minorities and lends expertise on constitution drafting to the Central and Eastern European Law Initiative (American Bar Association).

Stephen Smith, MBE, is co-founder and Director of Britain's first Holocaust Memorial, Beth Shalom in Nottinghamshire. He writes and lectures frequently on Holocaust and Genocide Studies and is the editor of the Witness Collection series. Among his publications is The Holocaust and the Christian World (Kuperard: London, 2000) and Forgotten Places: The Holocaust and the Remnants of Destruction (Quill Press: Newark, 2000). A delegate to the International Task Force on Holocaust Education (Sweden), and the Home Office Steering Group for Holocaust Memorial Day, he works closely with Holocaust projects in Lithuania, Sweden and the USA and is Consultant to South Africa's Cape Town Holocaust Memorial Museum. Dr. Smith is also co-founder and Executive Director of the Aegis Genocide Prevention Initiative.

Anton-Andreas Speck teaches History at a Teachers-Training College in Bern, Switzerland. The publication of his research about the diplomatic protection of Swiss Jews in France during World War II is in progress.

Kevin P. Spicer, C.S.C., is assistant Professor of History at Stonehill College, Easton, Massachusetts. Currently, he is working on a book centering on Catholic priests who openly embraced National Socialism. His most recent article `The Propst from St. Hedwig: Bernhard Lichtenberg as a Paradigm for Resistance,' was published in The Burdens of History: Post Holocaust Generations in Dialogue. Spicer is a member of the Jewish±Catholic dialogue at Stonehill College and a priest of the Congregation of Holy Cross.

TamaÁs Stark is a senior research fellow at the Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. His specialisation is forced population movement in East-Central Europe in the period 1938±1956, with special regard to the history of the Holocaust, the fate of prisoners of war and civilian internees, and the post-war migrations. He teaches courses on the history of the Holocaust at the Eotvos Lorand University, and at the Jewish University in Budapest. He held visiting fellowships at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, at the American Jewish Archives at Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati, and at the Institute of Contemporary Jewry at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. His major publica- tions include Hungarian Jews during the Holocaust and after the Second World War, 1939±1949; A Statistical Review, (New York, 2000) and Hungary's Human Losses in World War II. (Uppsala, 1995)

Michael R. Steele is the Distinguished University Professor of Humanities and Peace Studies at Pacific University in Oregon where he has been a faculty member since 1975 after receiving his Ph.D. from Michigan State University. Formerly the President of the Oregon Holocaust Resource Center, he authored Christianity, Tragedy, and Holocaust Lit- erature in 1995. His book-length study of Christianity, The Other, and the Holocaust is forth- coming from Greenwood Press. 906 Contributors

Arlene Stein is Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Oregon and at Rutgers University. Her major publications include The Stranger Next Door: The Story of a Small Community's Battle Over Sex, Faith, and Civil Rights (2001) and Sex and Sensibility (1997). Her areas of interest include political culture, historical memory, and biography and society.

Leon Stein is Mansfield Professor of History at Roosevelt University in Chicago and Education Director of the Holocaust Memorial Foundation of Illinois. He has presented many papers at international conferences and published numerous articles and book reviews about the Holocaust. His major publication is the curriculum on the Holocaust for the public schools of the state of Illinois. In 1990 he helped draft the law that made Illinois the first state to mandate the teaching about the Holocaust in the United States. For the past twenty years he has instructed approximately 1500 teachers in Holocaust education. In 1988 he was awarded a fellowship from the National Endowment for the Humanities for designing courses on the Holocaust for teachers, and in 1996 was given a Fulbright fellowship.

Oren Baruch Stier is Assistant Professor of Religious Studies at Florida International University in Miami, and Associate Director for Judaic Studies in FIU's Institute for Judaic and Near Eastern Studies. His paper is drawn from a forthcoming book entitled Memory Matters: Contemporary Holocaust Memorial Culture. He has published articles on Jewish and Holocaust memory in the Journal of the American Academy of Religion and Prooftexts and has lectured widely on the topic. Previously, Dr. Stier was Joint Senior Lecturer in Jewish Religion and Culture in the Departments of Religious Studies and Hebrew & Jewish Studies at the University of Cape Town, South Africa.

Nathan Stoltzfus teaches history at Florida State University and is author of Resistance of the Heart: Intermarriage and the Rosenstrasse Protest in Nazi Germany, and co-editor of Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany.

Nechama Tec, Professor of Sociology at the University of Connecticut, Stamford, CT, is the author of six books and numerous articles. She has lectured extensively both in the United States and abroad. Since 1977 she has been conducting research about compassion, altruism, resistance to evil and the rescue of Jews during World War II. Each of her last four books was published by Oxford University Press, each won awards.Her most recent book, Defiance: The Bielski Partisans (1993), won the 1994 International Anne Frank, Special Recognition Prize in Switzerland and the First 1995 Prize for Holocaust Literature awarded by the World Federation of Fighters, Partisans and Concentration Camp Survivors of Israel. Supported by a 1991±2 National Endowment For the Humanities Grant, a 1992±1993 Littauer Founda- tion Grant and a 1992±1993 Memorial Foundation for Jewish Culture Grant, Defiance has been optioned for a movie.

Yves Ternon was born in February 1932 and was formerly a houseman in Paris and head of the surgical clinic of the Faculty of Medicine in Paris. He practised as a surgeon until 1996, when he began his historical studies. He became a Doctor of History of the University of Paris IV (Sorbonne) in 1996. His publications include Histoire de la meÂdecine SS ou le mythe du racisme biologique, (Tournai, Casterman, 1969) in collaboration with S. Helman; Le Massacre des alieÂneÂs. Des theÂoriciens nazis aux praticiens SS, (Tournai, Casterman, 1971), in collaboration with S. Helman; La MeÂdecine allemande et le National-Socialisme. Les meÂtamorphoses du darwinisme, (Tournai, Casterman, 1973), in collaboration with S. Helman; Les ArmeÂniens, histoire d'un geÂnocide, (Paris, eÂd du Seuil, 1977); La cause armeÂnienne, (Paris, eÂd. Du Seuil, 1983); Makhno, la reÂvolte anarchiste (1917±1921), (Bruxelles, Complexe, 1981); Raspoutine, une trageÂdie russe (1906±1916), (Bruxelles, Complexe, 1991); L'Etat criminel. Les geÂnocides au XXe Contributors 907 sieÁcle, (Paris, eÂd. Du Seuil, 1995); Du neÂgationnisme. MeÂmoire et tabou, (Paris, DescleÂe de Brouwer, 1999).

Edward Timms is Research Professor in German Studies and Director of the Centre for German-Jewish Studies at the University of Sussex. He has a special interest in Austrian Jewish cultural history and is best known for his book Karl Kraus, Apocalyptic Satirist: Culture and Catastrophe in Habsburg Vienna (Yale University Press, 1986). His edition of the memoirs of Fritz Wittels, Freud and the Child Woman, published by Yale in 1995, has also appeared in French, German and Spanish translations. His most recent publications include the co-edited volumes The German-Jewish Dilemma: From the Enlightenment to the Shoah (1999) and Writing after Hitler: The Work of Jakov Lind (2001). He is a member of the London Board of the Leo Baeck Institute and a Life Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.

Daphne Tsimhoni is research fellow at the Harry S. Truman Institute for the Advancement of Peace, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and adjunct senior lecturer of modern Middle East history at the Department of Humanities and Arts, the Technion ± Israel Institute of Technology. She received her B.A. and M.A. degrees from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and her Ph.D. degree from the School of Oriental and African Studies, the University of London. She was visiting professor at the San Diego State University, California, and at Knox College, Illinois, USA. Her book Christian Communities in Jerusalem and the West Bank since 1948, (Westport: Praeger, 1993) has become the authoritative book on the topic. She has researched extensively the Jews of the Modern Middle East and their search of identity, and published numerous articles on these topics. Her book on the Jews of modern Iraq is forthcoming. She is active in the promotion of interfaith relations in Israel and is member of the board of the Israel Interfaith Association.

Michal Unger is a lecturer in the History of the Holocaust at Ashkelon Regional College and at the Schechter Institute of Jewish Studies in Israel. She has published the book The Last Ghetto, Life in the Lodz Ghetto 1940±1944 (1995) and edited the book In Those Nightmarish Days ± a selection of the writings of Joseph Zelkowicz of the Lodz Ghetto (forthcoming in English). Her doctoral research on the Lodz Ghetto will be published in book form. Dr Unger was the historical adviser and curator of the exhibition about the Lodz Ghetto presented at Yad Vashem in the years 1994±1999. She is currently a historical adviser on a new exhibition about the Eichmann Trial prepared in Massuah, the Institute for the Study of the Holocaust. She is also a research fellow at Yad Vashem International Institute for Holocaust Research.

Jonathan Webber is Fellow in Jewish Social Studies at the Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies, and Hebrew Centre Lecturer in Social Anthropology at the University of Oxford. He is a founder member of the Polish government's International Auschwitz Council, and for over ten years has been the principal teacher of full-length courses in Holocaust Studies at the Jagiellonian University, Cracow. He is a member of the executive council of the Institute for Polish-Jewish Studies (Oxford), and has held visiting fellowships in Germany, at the University of Bielefeld and the Kulturwissenschaftliches Institut in Essen. He has held a personal research grant from the ESRC of the UK for studies of Polish-Jewish relations and also received major funding from the European Commission to direct collaborative work between the Auschwitz Museum and British, German, and Polish universities in the field of Holocaust Studies. Among his publications on modern Jewish sociology and the Holocaust he co-authored Auschwitz: a History in Photographs (1993) and edited Jewish Identities in the New 908 Contributors

Europe (1994). In 1999 he was awarded the Golden Cross of the Order of Merit by the President of the Republic of Poland for services to Polish-Jewish relations.

Ronald Webster is Associate Professor and Chair of the History Department at Atkinson College, York University, Toronto, Canada. Following a German government scholarship and two decades of teaching in the Federal Republic, Dr. Webster has been teaching and researching in the fields of Modern Germany and the History of the Holocaust. In addition to numerous recent articles on these subjects, Dr. Webster has also translated into English a seminal study on Hitler's Waffen-SS by the German historian, Dr. Bernd Wegner.

Richard H. Weisberg is Floersheimer Professor of Constitutional Law at the Cardozo Law School of Yeshiva University, New York City. His recent book, Vichy Law and the Holocaust in France, published in the UK by Harwood (Gordon & Breach) was translated and published in France by Editions des archives (Paris). He may be reached with comment about his contribution to this volume at [email protected]

Eric D. Weitz is Associate Professor of History at the University of Minnesota. He has published Creating German Communism: From Popular Protests to Socialist State, 1890±1990 (Princeton University Press, 1997), and is currently finishing a comparative history of genocides, For Race and Nation: Genocides in the Twentieth Century (Princeton University Press, forthcoming 2002). He has been the recipient of grants and awards from the German Academic Exchange Service, the National Council for Soviet and East European Research, and the American Council of Learned Societies and the Social Science Research Council, among others.

Lenore J. Weitzman is the Clarence J. Robinson Professor of Sociology and Law at George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia (USA). She has also been a professor at Stanford University and Harvard University (where she was awarded Harvard's prestigious Phi Beta Kappa Distinguished Teaching Award). She is co-editor of Women in the Holocaust (Yale University Press, 1998) with Dalia Ofer, which was a finalist for the Jewish Book Award, and is currently finishing a book on Jews who passed on `aryan papers', tentatively entitled Double Lives. Lenore Weitzman is also the author of the award-winning book, The Divorce Revolution: The Unexpected Social and Economic Consequences for Women and Children in America (1985), which led to the passage of 14 new laws in California. Her other books include The Marriage Contract, The Economic Consequences of Divorce, and Sex-Role Social- ization. She was awarded the Kroener Fellowship for Holocaust studies at Oxford (1999), a Fulbright Fellowship at Yad Vashem and the Hebrew University in Israel (1993), member- ship at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton and a Guggenheim fellowship (1984), grants from Ford, Rockefeller, and the National Science Foundation. For the past five years she has been the Chair of the Board of Directors of Women for Women International, a non- profit organization supporting women survivors of ethnic conflict in Bosnia, Rwanda, and Kosovo.

Mark Weitzman is the Director of the Task Force Against Hate and the Associate Director of Education for the Simon Wiesenthal Center. A frequent lecturer in the United States, Canada, South American, Europe and Israel, his many publications include Dignity and Defiance: Confronting Life and Death in the Warsaw Ghetto (Simon Wiesenthal Center, 1993). Recently, he has been concentrating on the nexus between technology and extremism and his publications there include, `Use and Misuse of the Internet,' in the proceedings of The Stockholm International Forum on the Holocaust (26±28 January 2000). Contributors 909

Mr. Weitzman is currently serving as vice-president of the Association of Holocaust Organizations. He is a member of the advisory body of the Aegis Trust; a London based genocide prevention research initiative and of the advisory panel of Experts on Freedom of Religion or Belief, of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), based in Warsaw. In June of 1999 Mr. Weitzman was honoured with the Distinguished Service Award by the Center of Hate and Extremism at Richard Stockton College of New Jersey.

George R. Whyte is an international expert on the Dreyfus Affair and Chairman of the Dreyfus Society for Human Rights. Works as author, musician and producer. Best known for his Dreyfus Trilogy, an adaptation of the Affair as opera, dance drama and musical satire, performed and televised throughout Europe and the USA. Writes and lectures extensively on the Dreyfus Affair and its relevance to our times.

Caroline Wiedmer is a research fellow at the Collegium Helveticum, ETH ZuÈrich where she is writing a book on legal memory in Switzerland. Before coming to Switzerland she took a Ph.D. from Princeton University in Comparative Literature, and held an assistant profes- sorship in German and Jewish Studies at the University of Washington. Her book The Claims of Memory: Holocaust Representations in Germany and France was published Cornell Univer- sity Press in 1999.

Jeanne Wielgus earned her B.S. in Wildlife Biology from Arizona State University and has done graduate work at Humboldt State University, where she is currently employed as an Information Technology Consultant. She is a research consultant and statistician for the Altruistic Personality and Prosocial Behavior Institute. She provides statistical consulting for the local academic and business communities, and participates in community service projects in areas including computer networking and wildlife rehabilitation.

Elie Wiesel, Nobel Peace Prize winner and Boston University Professor, has worked on behalf of oppressed people for much of his adult life. His personal experience of the Holocaust has led him to use his talents as an author, teacher and storyteller to defend human rights and peace throughout the world. Wiesel's efforts have earned him the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the United States Congressional Gold Medal and the Medal of Liberty Award, the rank of Grand Officer in the French Legion of Honour and in 1986, the Nobel Peace Prize. He has received more than 100 honorary degrees from institutions of higher learning. His more than forty books have won numerous awards, including the Prix MeÂdicis for A Beggar in Jerusalem, the Prix Livre Inter for The Testament and the Grand Prize for Literature from the City of Paris for The Fifth Son. The first volume of Wiesel's memoirs, All Rivers Run to the Sea was published in New York (Knopf in December, 1995). The second volume, And the Sea Is Never Full, was published in New York (Knopf) in November, 1999. A native of Sighet, Transylvania (Romania, from l940±45 Hungary), Wiesel and his family were deported by the Nazis to Auschwitz when he was fifteen years old. His mother and younger sister perished there, his two older sisters survived. Wiesel and his father were later transported to Buchenwald, where his father died. Elie Wiesel has been Distinguished Professor of Judaic Studies at the City University of New York (1972±1976) and first Henry Luce Visiting Scholar in the Humanities and Social Thought at Yale University (1982±1983). Since 1976, he has been the Andrew W. Mellon Professor in the Humanities at Boston University where he also holds the title of University Professor. He is a member of the Faculty in the Department of Religion as well as the Department of Philosophy. 910 Contributors

Larry Wilcox is Professor of Modern European History at the University of Toledo in Ohio, where his teaching has focused on modern Germany, World War II, and the Holocaust. His research interests include the rise of National Socialism, WW II documentary films, and visual representations of the Holocaust. He co-edited a volume on Germany and Europe in the Era of Two World Wars (1986), which includes his own chapter on `The Nazi Press Before the Third Reich.' Other essays and reviews have appeared in various journals and books, most recently an essay on `Did the Real War Get Into the Pictures,' in World War II: Variants and Visions (1999), and an analysis of Holocaust documentary films in the 1999 CD-ROM from Film and History. He has held fellowships from the University of Toledo, the German Academic Exchange Service, and the Holocaust Educational Foundation. He has also received an Outstanding Teaching Award from the University of Toledo.

Daniel Wildmann holds a Master of Arts in history and is a fellow at the Institute for Jewish Studies at the University of Basel, where he is at work on a project funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation. His dissertation-in-progress deals with Jewish identity and Jewish masculinity in Germany between 1890 and 1933. From 1997 to 2000 he was a research fellow on the Independent Commission of Experts: Switzerland ± Second World War, where his research specialties were the Swiss chemical industry in connection with National Socialism, and `aryanization' in Austria. Publications: Begehrte KoÈrper. Konstruktion und Inszenierung des `arischen' MaÈnnerkoÈrpers im `Dritten Reich', WuÈrzburg 1998. Various essays on the politics of the past in Switzerland. Documentary film: Unser Jude. Ein Diskurs uÈber Wilkomirski. (Swit- zerland 2000, produced by Dschoint Ventschr AG).

George R. Wilkes lectures on Jewish thought and the history of Jewish±Christian relations at the Centre for Jewish±Christian Relations, Cambridge, England, and has recently also held visiting fellowships and lectureships at Birmingham University, Cambridge Theological Federation and the American Jewish Archives, Cincinnati. His other work on the history of European unification can be found in Britain's First Failure to Join the European Community, 1961±63 (1997) and a series of articles on related subjects. He is presently writing a history of Jewish±Christian Relations in the Twentieth Century.

Isabel Wollaston is Lecturer in Theology at the University of Birmingham. She is also editor of Reviews in Religion and Theology. Recent publications include War against Memory? The Future of Holocaust Remembrance (1996) and Auschwitz and the Politics of Commemoration: The Christianization of the Holocaust (2000).

Geri J. Yonover is Professor of Law at Valparaiso University School of Law, Valparaiso, IN. She attended Smith College and received her B.A. from the University of Chicago and her J.D. with high honours from Chicago±Kent College of Law. After serving as Judicial Law Clerk to a federal district court judge in Chicago and an associate at Sonnenschein Nath and Rosenthal, she joined the Law Faculty at Valparaiso. She teaches Intellectual Property, Conflict of Laws, Torts and a seminar in Law, Ethics and the Visual Arts and has published articles in those areas. Recent titles include: `The Lessons of History: Holocaust Education in United States Public Schools' (forthcoming 2000); `Anti-Semitism and Holocaust Denial in the Academy: A Tort Remedy', 101 Dickinson L. Rev. 71 (1996) and `The Golden Anniver- sary of the Choice of Law Revolution: Indiana Fired the First Shot', 29 Indiana L. Rev. 1201 (1996).

Chunlou Yung graduated from New York University, where he studied statistics. In 1994 he took part in the summer programme `NYU in Krakow', studing the history and culture of Contributors 911

Polish Jews, including the Holocaust. In 1999, he was a Project Manager/ Development Team Leader, Perform.Com, New York. He is also a published poet in the USA.

Amy Zaro is currently a student at the UCLA School of Law. In 1998, she graduated summa cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa from Boston College with a degree in History. During this same year, Ms. Zaro was awarded a Fulbright grant to study in Dresden, Germany. During her Fulbright year, Amy was enrolled at the Technische UniversitaÈt Dresden, conducted research in local archives, and travelled extensively throughout Europe. In addition, Ms. Zaro has several years experience working at Clinimetrics Research Associates, a California based contract research organization. She plans to combine her backgrounds in history, law and the pharmaceutical industry into a career in bioethics. INDEX

Abadi, Odette 1, 323 Allies Abella, Irving 2, 864±5 Hungarian Jews, Brand-Grosz rescue mission abortion 1, 371±88 in Auschwitz 1, 325±7; 3, 574 Jewish immigration, fear of 2, 364, 371±88, invoked by anti-abortion protesters 2, 871, 476 n.6; 3, 452 Jewish refugees, failure to confront problem Abrams, Alan 1, 600 of 1, 513±14 Abravanel, Rudi 3, 144 Altman, Rachel 3, 575 Abzug, Robert 3, 478, 490 Altmann, Ludwig 1, 418 Ackerman, Gary L. 1, 44 Altmann, Richard 1, 419 ACT-UP, use of Holocaust rhetoric 3, 455 altruism 2, 40±42, 217±29 Adamczyk-Garbowska, Monika Altruistic Personality Project 2, 310 Poland, reception of The Diary of Anne Frank heroic 2, 319±33 in 3, 684±90 and rescue 2, 298±308, 309±18, 319±33 Adams, David 2, 329 religion and 2, 309±18 Adams, Guy B. altruistic personality (with Danny L. Balfour) administrative evil 2, cf. Holocaust rescuer 2, 341±41 19±35 Altshuler, Mordechai 3, 303 Adelsberger, Lucie 1, 325 Aly, Goetz 1, 137; 3, 361 Adenauer, Konrad 3, 48 Ambre, Joannes 2, 512 Adler, Felix 1, 646 Ambrose, St 2, 416 Adler, Hugo Chaim 1, 417 Ambrosewicz, Jolanta Adler, Jacques 1, 679 (with Chunlou Yung) teaching about the Adler, Rachel 2, 729 Holocaust in post-1989 Poland 3, 525±44 Adler, Samuel 1, 417, 418 Amcha 3, 150±61 Adler, Stanislaw 1, 213 America, Spanish administrative evil 2, 19±35 atrocities during conquest of 2, 188±91 Adorno, Theodor W. 2, 163, 224, 776; 3, American Association of Museums 2, 952 16, 84, 209, 608; 3, 719, 796, 854, American Church, Berlin 2, 635±49 855 American Jewish Committee Afanasy, Archimandrite 2, 484 We Remember, response to 2, 429 agriculture, Nazi science and 1, 657±73 American Jewish Joint Distribution Agudat Yisrael 1, 289±90; 2, 290, 291 Committee 1, 372; 2, 271, 282; 3, 25 Aharonian, Avetis 3, 818 Americanization of the Holocaust Aiken, L. 2, 48, 49 see Holocaust, Americanization of Ainsztain, Reuben 1, 302 AmeÂry, Jean 3, 108, 110, 112, 115, 446 Akiba, Rabbi 1, 483; 2, 100; 3, 815 Amico, Giuseppe 1, 516 Albania, Yugoslav Jewish refugees in 1, 515 Amipaz-Silber, Gitta 3, 144 Alberts, Louw 1, 861 Amir, Eli 1, 583 Aleichem, Sholem 3, 824 Amir, Yigail 3, 277±9 Aleksander, Shmuel 1, 422 Amishai-Maisels, Ziva 3, 723 Alexander, Beatrix 2, 898 Amnesty International 1, 17, 100 Alexander, Edward 3, 821±2 Amsterdam Alexandrov, Georgy 1, 364±5 deportations from 1, 531±2 Alexeev, Sergei 1, 888, 889 survival rates, cf. Warsaw 1, 313±14 Alexis II, Patriarch of Moscow 2, 489 survivors, reception of 3, 135±41 AlfoÈldi, GeÂza 1, 898, 899 see also Netherlands Al-Hasani, Abd al-Razzaq 1, 585 Anastasios, Metropolitan 2, 485 Ali, Rashid 1, 570, 571±4 Anders, GuÈnther 3, 654 Alkalaj, Isaak 1, 520 Andreas-Friedrich, Ruth 1, 593 Alleluyeva, Svetlana 1, 356 Andrei, Metropolitan 2, 489±90 Allen, Paula Gunn 2, 187 Anschluss Allendorf, Johannes 2, 499, 500±501 Vatican's denunciation of 2, 399±400

[ 913 ] 914 Index

Anti-Defamation League (ADL) 2, 568; 3, 252, Arad, Yitzhak, cont. 253, 255, 256 Stalin and the Soviet leadership's responses to antijudaism the Holocaust 1, 355±70 Catholic church 2, 413±24 archives antisemitism Allies 1, 371±88 African American 3, 257±9 Budapest 1, 205±8 Arrow-Cross emigration 1, 897±910 Children with Lost Identity Archives 3, 27±9 `Aryan' and `Khazar' myths in Russia 1, Daghani, Arnold 3, 207±8 884±96 Sinti and Roma 3, 666 Baltic States 1, 847±57 Soviet 1, 688±701 Canada, as explanation for entry of war Zionist 1, 371±88 criminals 1, 708, 714 Arendt, Hannah 1, 118, 119, 137, 140±41, 146, Catholic church and 2, 413±24 302, 303, 305; 2, 171±6, 219, 259; 3, 421 Christian church, cf antijudaism 2, 444±6 Rahel Varnhagen 2, 172±5 in Christianity 2, 180±97, 673±82, 776, Argentina 787±97, 814±49 Nazi war criminals in 1, 66 erotic roots of 2, 386±91 Aristotle 1, 90 German antisemitism, meaning and intentions, ethics 2, 298±308 1800±1945 1, 726±50 Poetics 3, 841, 849, 852 Holocaust denial as the new antisemitism 1, Armenian genocide 1, 25±28, 44, 45, 49, 61, 65, 66, 832±46 94, 95±7, 796±812, 879; 3, 317±18, 814±30 on the internet 1, 911±25 denial of 1, 796±812 Iraq 1, 570±88 Hitler on memory of 1, 7, 49, 739 Italy, racial laws 1, 466±80 Holocaust, comparison with 1, 45, 53 Japan 2, 13±14 literary responses to 3, 814±30 Jesuits 2, 382±3 representation of John, Gospel of 2, 787±97 Boltanski, Christian 3, 856 Lithuania, revival of 1, 853±5 Aronsfeld, Caesar 1, 741±2 Luther, Martin 2, 603±17; see also under Aronson, Shlomo Luther, Martin the quadruple trap of the European Jews 1, measurement of 3, 248±65 371±88 MuÈnch, Hans 1, 761±2 Arp, Jean 2, 359 Nazi priests 2, 502±4 Arpiarian, Arpiar 3, 818 Nazi, roots of 1, 119, 126 n.25, 726±50 Arrow Cross Netherlands 3, 136 antisemitism and revisionism 1, 897±910 origins of 2, 180±97, 437±54 Canada, former members emigrating to 1, Poland 1, 490±91 720 n.9 Romania 1, 813, 817±18 art Russia, contemporary antisemitic Holocaust, representation of 3, 718±38, propaganda 1, 884±96 831±40 South Africa 1, 858±69 Bak, Samuel 3, 834±6 Stalin and the Soviet leadership 1, 355±70 Boltanski, Christian 3, 854±70 Stalin, `Doctors' Plot' 1, 123 Daghani, Arnold 3, 205±27 Switzerland 1, 82 Gould, Melissa 3, 731±35 United States, 1930s and 40s 2, 364 Hoheisel, Horst 3, 779±86 Vichy France 2, 509±30 Koerner, Henry 3, 833±4 Antonenko, Sergei 1, 887 Libera, Zbigniew 3, 724±47 Antonescu, Marshal OleÁre, David 3, 720±22 rehabilitation of, in Romania 1, 66, 813±831 Toporowicz, Maciej 3, 727±9, 735 Antonian, Aram 3, 820, 822 Witkin, Jerome 3, 722±4, 837±8 apartheid 1, 862±4 Theresienstadt, lectures on 1, 272±3 Apfel, Alfred 2, 358 art looting Apollo Program see Nazi-looted art Nazi scientists and 2, 26±7 Art Loss Register, UK 2, 895±905 Appelfeld, Aharon 3, 82, 843 arts, the Aquinas, St Thomas 2, 302 art and architecture 3, 718±38, 831±40, Arad, Gulie Ne'eman 3, 413 854±70 Arad, Yitzhak 1, 6 film 3, 691±703 Pictorial History of the Holocaust 3, 354 literature, American 3, 704±717 Index 915 arts, the, cont. Auschwitz, cont. poetry 3, 677±9, 841±53 memorials, cont. music 3, 680±83, 804±13 `supermarket' 3, 328±9 Artzt, Heinz 2, 944±5 memory of Aryan Nations 1, 913±14 Nazi attempts to eradicate 3, 503±4 `Aryan' and `Khazar' myths, Soviet Union 1, Poland 3, 525±44, 632±51 884±96 revisionism and 3, 330±31 Asbury, Beverly 2, 539 Mengele, Josef 1, 324±5, 329, 330, 753, 760, Ashdown, Paddy 3, 596 760±71, 762 Asscher, Abraham 1, 528, 530, 531 Metz, Johannes on 2, 675±7 assimilation MuÈnch, Hans 1, 751±65 and rescue 2, 265 music in 3, 808 Assmann, Aleida 3, 367 Polish perceptions of 3, 632±51 Attis, David 1, 838 Polish victims 3, 323±4 Auerbach, Rachel 3, 110 post-Auschwitz Catholic-Jewish dialogue 2, Augstein, Rudolf 3, 415 661±72 Augustine of Hippo, Saint 2, 439±40 prisoner doctors 1, 319±34, 755±6; 3, 574 Auschwitz Raisko Institute of Hygiene 1, 754±7, 760±61 abortions in 1, 325±7; 3, 574 reading the Bible after 2, 683±99 agricultural department 1, 666±7 representation Birkenau Boltanski, Christian 3, 857 memorials 3, 239, 240±42, 327±8, 332 Libera, Zbigniew 3, 724±47 women's hospital 1, 320 OleÁre, David 3, 720±22 Borowski, Tadeusz 1, 792±3; 3, 841±4 selections 1, 757±8 children, murder of 1, 325±7 slave labour 1, 165 Christian theology and 2, 75±6, 551±8, Sonderkommando, diaries 1, 483 760±74 Stein, Edith 1, 188, 537; 2, 664; 3, 634 Christian victims 3, 323±4 sterilization experiments 1, 284, 322, 325, 328 Czeck, Danuta 3, 841±2 symbolism of 3, 322±40 doctors, Nazi uniqueness of 2, 776 Dering, Wladyslaw 1, 328±9 victims, nationality of 3, 331±2, 635±9 Mengele, Josef 1, 324±5, 329, 330, 753, Wiesel, Elie 760, 760±71, 762 see Wiesel, Elie MuÈnch, Hans 1, 751±65 women in 1, 241±3; 3, 178±9, 181±2 doctors, prisoner 1, 319±34, 755±6 women's orchestra documentary film of 3, 488 women's orchestra 3, 808 Dutch Jews deported to 1, 532, 534 Zyklon B, use of 2, 58 gassing 1, 758±9 Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum 3, 328±9, Greek Jews in 3, 142±3 330±31, 338±9, 351, 506±7, 529, 632, 634, gypsies in 3, 668 637, 639 I.G. Farben and 1, 176 Australia inmates, fate of 3, 323±4 Holocaust denial 1, 919±20 Lagerpost 2, 766 Austria medical experiments 1, 756±7, 760±61 banks, restitution claims against 2, 849 medical resistance 1, 281±6 autarky memorials 3, 237±47, 322±40 Nazi attempts to achieve 1, 657±73 Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum 3, authoritarianism 2, 219, 224±5 328±9, 330±31, 338±9, 351, 506±7, 529, 632, Luther as authoritarian personality 2, 167±8 634, 637, 639±9 Papal Infallability, doctrine of 2, 464±5 Brzezinka, church at 3, 327 SS's obedience to authority 2, 219 Carmelite convent 2, 663±5; 3, 325±7 Aviezer, Miriam 3, 143 `Christianization' of 3, 333±40 Avisar, Ilan 3, 479, 700, 701, 748 crosses at 1, 66; 2, 665±7, 720; 3, 220±41, 242, 327±8, 329±40, 390±91 Babel, Isaac 3, 818 `de-judaization' of 3, 330±31 Babi Yar, massacre of 1, 359, 361, 364 Jewish and Catholic views of 2, 662±7 Bacharach, Walter Zwi 2, 193 Polonization 3, 330±31 Bachner, Wilhelm 2, 324±5 Sinti and Roma 3, 672 Bacht, Heinrich 2, 403 Stein, Edith 3, 328 Bach-Zelewski, Erich 2, 56 916 Index

Backe, Herbert 1, 658±9 Baron, L. 2, 222 Badde, Paul 2, 102, 103 Barrow, Brian 1, 860 Badoni, KraÈmer Rudolf 2, 100, 103 Barsky, Israel 3, 306 Baeck, Leo 1, 141, 392±3, 405, 481, 482, 615; 2, 391 Barth, Karl 1, 496; 2, 78, 421, 587, 622, 624 in Theresienstadt 1, 258, 259±60 Barthelemy, Joseph 2, 516, 517, 521 Baer, Elizabeth Bartov, Omer 3, 505, 863 complicating the Holocaust: who is a victim? Baruch, Yosef 3, 142 what is a Holocaust memoir? 3, 15±23 Barzel, Neima Baer, Tommy 2, 431 Holocaust testimony in education 3, Baer, Werner 1, 419 545±61 Baghdad Bastico, General Ettore 3, 145 Farhud (pogrom), 1941 1, 570±88 Bater, B. Robert 2, 568 Bainton, Roland 2, 593 Batson, C.D. 2, 221 Baird, M. 2, 781 Batzdorff, Susanne 1, 188 Baitsch, Helmut 2, 136, 137 Baudry, Henri 2, 512 Bajohr, Frank Bauer, Yehuda 1, 56, 94, 880, 809; 2, 363, 364, the Holocaust and political corruptiont 1, 784; 3, 244, 344, 347, 564, 619 613±29 RFTF 2000, Opening Address 1, 21±24 Bak, Samuel 3, 270, 719, 834±6 We Remember, response to 2, 428, 430 Bakewell-Sachs, Susan Baum, Gregory 2, 565, 568, 570 nurses and physicians in the resistance 1, Baum, Phil 279±88 We Remember, response to 2, 429 Bakker, D.J. 2, 210 Baum, Rainer 2, 129 Balfour, Danny L. Bauman, Janina 1, 222 (with Guy B. Adams) administrative evil: 2, Bauman, Zygmunt 1, 26, 137; 2, 183±4, 768, 772; 19±35 3, 600, 602 Balina, Asya 3, 301 BaumgaÈrtner, Raimund 2, 504 Balint, Lea Baur, Andre 1, 678±9 survivors, archival sources in uncovering Baur, Charles 1, 678±9 identity of 3, 24±31 Baur, Erwin 1, 659±61, 662 Balkans Bazyler, Michael Holocaust in 3, 142±9 Holocaust restitution in the United States 2, Ball, Howard 2, 659, 727 845±59 Ball, Leon 2, 351, 354 Beck, Gad 1, 598, 603 Ball-Kaduri, Yaacov 3, 109 Beckelman, M.W. 2, 271 Balosher, Abba 1, 216 Becker, Carl 3, 420 Baltic states Becker, Jurek 3, 440 antisemitism and Holocaust denial 1, Becker, Peter 2, 137 847±57 Beeck, Frans Jozef van 2, 99, 101±2 Balzereit, Paul 1, 497 Begley, Louis 3, 80 Bamber, Helen 3, 424 Behhabib, Seyla 1, 876 Banda, Hastings Beigelmann, David 3, 810 Catholic bishops' stand against 2, 155 Beitz, Berthold 1, 177 Bandura, A. 2, 39 Belarus Barak, Aharon 1, 17 Holocaust in 2, 863±4 Baranowski, Hermann 1, 495 Holocaust museums 1, 161 Barbie, Klaus 1, 706, 712 Minsk ghetto 1, 154±62 Barbie, Klaus Pinsk, massacre of Jews of 2, 728±9 US intelligence, service in 1, 65 resistance in 1, 557±65 Bardeche, Maurice 1, 797, 798 Belaya Tserkov Barkashov, Alexander 1, 894 massacre at 1, 33±34 Barkun, Gennady Belgium Minsk ghetto, 1941±44 1, 154±62 hidden children 3, 50±52 Barna, Endre 1, 907 rescue in 2, 256 Barnes, Harry Elmer 1, 861, 871 survivors 1, 533 Barnett, Victoria 3, 413 Belgrade Bar-On, Daniel Jewish property, appropriation of 1, 622±3 MuÈnch, Hans, interviews with 1, 752±3, bell hooks 3, 624±6 757±9, 762, 763 Bellamy, Elizabeth 3, 704±5 Index 917

Bellow, Saul Bernadac, Christian 1, 320 Mr Sammler's Planet 3, 707, 715±16, 752 Bernadin, Cardinal 2, 669 Belsen see Bergen-Belsen Bernadotte, Count Folke Belzec RavensbruÈck, release of prisoners to destruction of 3, 239 Sweden 3, 173±5 slave labour 1, 169 Bernardin, Joseph 2, 155 Zyklon B, use of 2, 59 Bernauer, James Ben Gurion, David 3, 93, 129 Catholicism's post-Shoah tradition: the Farhud, response to 1, 579 Jesuits 2, 381±95 Ben Shalom, Rafi 3, 168 Bernonville, Comte de 1, 712 Benedict XV 2, 466 Bernstein, Elsa 1, 270 BeÂneÂdite, Daniel 2, 351±2, 357 Bernstein, Michael Andre 3, 84 Benigni, Roberto Bernstein, Sara 1, 252±3 Life is Beautiful 1, 782; 3, 403, 479, 770±71 Bertelson, Aage 2, 629 Benjamin, Walter 2, 162, 163±5, 778, 780; 3, 466 Bertram,Cardinal 2, 418,428,430,456±7,498,668 Benner, P. 2, 40 Bessarabia Ben-Sefer, Ellen Holocaust in 1, 814 Gemilat Chesed and moral behaviour at Best, Werner 2, 619 Westerbork 2, 36±53 Beth Shalom Holocaust Memorial Centre, UK Benveniste, Maurice 3, 142 1, 6, 414; 3, 592, 832 Benz, Wolfgang 1, 499 Bethge, Eberhard 2, 588; 3, 414±15 BeÂrard, LeÂon 2, 476, 517±19 Bettelheim, Bruno 3, 10, 50, 99, 209 Berdyczewsli, Michah 1, 389 Bettini, Bishop Antonio 2, 834 Bereczky, Albert 1, 448 Beyer, Frank 3, 775 Berenbaum, Michael 1, 5, 281±2; 3, 200±201 Beyrak, Nathan 3, 130 We Remember, response to 2, 428 Bezek, Shlomo 2, 799 Berg, Mary 1, 215, 221±2, 299 Bialik, Chaim Nachman 3, 680, 817 Bergen, Diego von 2, 399 Bialystok partisans 1, 558±9 Bergen, Doris L. Bialystok, Franklin Jews and `other victims' in studies of the Holocaust survivors, relations with Canadian Holocaust and comparative genocide 1, Jews 3, 32±46 29±42 Biberstein, Ernst 2, 624 Bergen-Belsen Biberstein, Wilhem 1, 675 documentary film of 3, 484 Bible, post-Holocaust interpretations of 2, Holocaust monument at 3, 718 12±13, 683±99, 760±74 medical resistance in 1, 284±5 Akedah, the 2, 689, 741±2 Reagan, Ronald, visit to 3, 686 Apocalypse, the 2, 692±3 Berger, Alan 3, 118, 562 Crucifixion, the 2, 691 post-Auschwitz Catholic-Jewish dialogue 2, Esther, Book of 2, 690 661±72 Genesis 2, 691±2, 693±4 Bergier, Jean-FrancËois 2, 880 Isaiah, Book of 2, 690±91 Bergman, Leo 1, 413 Job, Book of 2, 689±90, 745±59 Bergman, M.S. 3, 48±9 John 8 :31±59 2, 787±97 Bergmann, Maria 3, 81 sacred texts, demonic in 2, 437±54 Bergmann, Werner 3, 211, 216, 218, 219, sufferings during the Holocaust, explanation 223±4 of 1, 422±38 Beria, Lavrenti 1, 121, 368; 2, 277 Biddle, General Francis 2, 28, 29 Berkovits, Eliezer 1, 391; 2, 745, 782 Bieberstein, Marshall von 1, 632 Berkowitz, Liana 2, 485 Biebow, Hans 1, 336±7 Berlant, Lauren 3, 452 Bielicka-Blum, Luba 1, 281±2 Berlin Bielski partisans 1, 562±5 Brandenburg Gate, Hoheisel's proposal to Bierman, Tibor 1, 284 demolish 3, 781 Biermann, Wolf 3, 286±7 Holocaust Memorial 3, 285, 293±4, 432, 781, Biewbow, Hans 3, 175 837, 839 Billig, Joseph 1, 679, 682 Jewish Museum 3, 285, 832±3, 837, 839 Bina, Shulamit 1, 585 New Synagogue, Oranienburgerstrasse 1, 418 Binding, Karl 2, 199 Berlin, Isaiah 1, 921 Bing, Rudolf 3, 812 Berman, Adolf 1, 307 Bingham IV, Hiram 2, 355 918 Index

Birkenau Borchert, Wolfgang 3, 820 Greek Jews, revolt of 3, 142±3 Borchsenius, Paul 2, 629 memorials 3, 239, 240±42, 327±8 Borer-Fielding, Thomas Polonization of 3, 332 (with HansPeter Mock) Holocaust-era assets women's hospital 1, 320 debate: a Swiss perspective 2, 876±81 see also Auschwitz Boretsky, Fr. Michael 2, 487 Birn, Ruth Bettina Borg, Alan 3, 595, 597 the Holocaust goes to court: a view from the Bormann, Martin 1, 617, 649; 2, 496 Canadian courtroom 2, 860±75 Born, Friedrich 1, 449 Birnbaum, Pierre 2, 511±12 Borowitz, Eugene 2, 102 Bismarck, Otto Borowska, Anna 2, 256 Kulturkampf 2, 383 Borowski,Tadeusz 1,139±40,251,792±3;3,841±4 Bitburg cemetery Borwicz, Michael 1, 302 Reagan, Ronald, visit to 3, 389±90, 426, 430 Borzykowski, Tuvia 1, 484, 489 Bitton-Jackson, Livia 3, 573 Bosnia Black, Don 1, 871 ethnic cleansing 1, 59, 61±62, 63 `Black Book' genocide in 1, 27, 43, 45, 46, 99; 2, 129 Soviet Union 1, 367 Bouhler, Philip 2, 200 blacks Bourke-White, Margaret 3, 342 Nazi persecution of 1, 40 n32 Bousquet, Rene 1, 678 Blair, Janet Bowlby, John 3, 56 prayers of the Holocaust 1, 389±409 Bowman, Steven 3, 143 Blair, Tony 1, 58; 3, 595±6 Boys, Mary C 1, 404±5 Blake, Naomi 3, 832 Bozic, Darijan 3, 811 Blanchot, Maurice 3, 445 Braham, Randolph 1, 198, 199±200, 203; 3, 352 Blaskowitz, General Johannes Braiterman, Zachery 2, 753 atrocities recorded by 1, 35 Bramall, Field Marshal Lord 3, 592, 597 Bloch Kennedy, Claudette 1, 330 Brand, Hanzi 3, 128 Bloemendahl, Alice 1, 261, 271 Brand, Joel 1, 373±85, 904 `blood for lorries' 1, 371±2, 904 Brandenburg Gate Bloxham, Donald Hoheisel, proposal to demolish 3, 781 slave labour 1, 163±86 Brandes-Brilleslijpo, Janny 1, 284±5 Bluglass, Kerry Brand-Grosz rescue mission 1, 371±88 surviving well: resistance to adversity 3, 47±62 Brandl-Bowen, Mollie 3, 214, 218 Blum, Lawrence 1, 90 Brandt, Karl 2, 200 Blum, Paul 1, 271 Brandt, Willy 3, 429, 430 Blumenthal, David Bratislava perpetrator/rescuer: the two key factors 2, Unsdorfer, Rabbi Shlomo 1, 422±38 215±386, 782 Braude-Hellerowa, Anna 1, 281±2 Blumenthal, Michael 3, 833 Brauman, Rony 1, 90 Boas, Friedrich 1, 662 Braun, Otto 2, 469 Bodemann, Michal 3, 411 Braun, Werner von 2, 21±7, 33±4 Boe, Lars 2, 635±6 Brayard, Florent Bogdanov, Andrei 1, 894 humanitarian concern versus Zyklon B 2, 54±65 BoÈhme, Richard 1, 667 Braybrooke, Marcus Bohn, Frank 2, 355 Church of England, impact of the Holocaust Bohr, Niels 2, 619 on 2, 544±60 Bolchover, Richard 2, 237 Brazauskas, Algirdas 1, 853±4 Bolin, Sture 3, 175 Brecht, Bertolt 1, 15 Boll, Heinrich 3, 290 Breitman, Richard 2, 363 Boltanski, Christian 3, 854±70 Breitscheid, Rudolf 2, 357 Bondy, Ruth 1, 252 Brenkman, Hans 1, 538 Bonhoeffer, Dietrich 1, 400±401; 2, 557, 588, Brenner, Michael 3, 657 623, 719, 783 Brenner, Rabbi Reeve Robert 1, 391 Boniface VIII, Pope 2, 187, 441 Brenner, Rachel Feldhay Bonjour, Edgar 1, 75, 80; 2, 911 Holocaust education: the American academic Book of Vles 1, 886, 887 setting 3, 562±77 Booth, John Nicholls 2, 568 Breslauer, Hans Karl 3, 694 Bor, Joseph 1, 259; 3, 805 Breton, Andre 2, 358 Index 919

Brett, Lilly 3, 845±6 Buder, Willy 3, 222 Brewda, Alina 1, 322, 325, 328 Budick, Emily Miller Bricks, Yerahmiel 1, 345 silent inscriptions of the Holocaust in American Brinks, Jan H. 1, 539 literature 3, 704±717 British Council for German Jewry 2, 231 Budin, Paul 1, 176 Britten, Benjamin 3, 810 Buerckel, Josef 1, 615, 616 Broc, Andre 2, 512, 522±3 Bukovina Brockschmidt, David 1, 919±20 Holocaust in 1, 814 Brod, Max 3, 806 Bulgakov, Fr Sergei 2, 484±5 Brod, Otto 1, 272; 3, 806 Bulgaria Broder, Henryk 3, 415±16 Gypsies during World War II 1, 456±65 Brooks, Howard 2, 356 Holocaust in 3, 142, 143 Broszat, Martin 3, 358, 653 revisionism 1, 463 Brothers, Caroline 3, 341 Bulka, Rabbi Reuven 2, 571 Brown, Nancy Thomas Bullinger, Heinrich 2, 614 the Holocaust in film 3, 691±703 Bumberger, Jaroslav 1, 266 Brown, R.E. 2, 792 Bunem, Simha 1, 422 Browning, Christopher 1, 167±8, 789; 2, 363, Bunting, Brian 364; 3, 167, 345 Rise of the South African Reich 1, 862 historians and Holocaust denial in the Burke, Deirdre M. courtroom 1, 773±8 Holocaust education: issues of pedagogy and Holocaust, timing of 1, 33, 116 content 3, 578±89 Ordinary Men: Police Battalion 101 2, 219±20, teaching and learning (plenary address) 3, 579±80; 3, 863±4 515±19 BruÈcher, Heinz 1, 647±8 Burkhill, Greta 2, 231, 232, 238, 239, 249 BruÈning, Heinrich 2, 470±71, 473 Burns, Ken 1, 785 Brunner, Alois 1, 594 Burrin, Philippe 1, 12; 2, 363, 365 Bruppacher, Theophile 1, 500 Buruma, Ian 1, 912 Brysk, Miriam 1, 285 Bush, George Brzezinka, church at 3, 327 Japanese Americans, apology to 3, 429 Brzezinski, Zbigniew 2, 9, 152 Bushkoff, Leonard 1, 786 Buber, Martin 2, 101±2, 105±6, 118±121, 671, Butenandt, Adolf 2, 136 737±8 Butz, Arthur 1, 797, 800, 859, 870, 919±20 Buber-Neumann, Margarete 1, 504 Byelorussia Bubis, Ignaz 3, 284, 290±91 see Belarus We Remember, response to 2, 429 Bytwerk, Randy 1, 917 Buchanan, Pat Bzezinski, Haim 2, 337 Holocaust denial 1, 871 Buchenwald Caesar, Joachim 1, 667 documentary film of 3, 484 Cahen, Bob 2, 44, 48 Jehovah's Witnesses in 1, 505 Callahan, Daniel 2, 205 memorials 3, 368±79, 781±2 Calmeyer, Hans Georg 1, 532 Architects Collective 3, 369±70 Calvinism Sinti and Roma 3, 671 and authoritarianism 2, 167±8 photographs of 3, 342 and rescue 2, 89±90, 222, 302, 705 representation of Cambridge Refugee Children's Committee 2, Witkin, Jerome 3, 723±4 230±53 Semprun, Jorge Cameron, Averil 2, 184 Literature or Life 1, 793 Campbell, Sir Ronald 1, 513 Buchenwald camps slave labour 1, 165 child survivors, restitution requirements for 2, Buchenwald 932 V-weapons factory 1, 173 diarists 1, 481±94 BuÈchner, Ludwig 1, 646 doctors and nurses Budapest resistance, role in 1, 283±6 ghetto, shape of 1, 198±210 `food talk' 1, 248±57 Jews, deportation of 1, 442±52 Giado camp, Libya 3, 145 see also Hungary Greek Jews in 3, 142±3 Budde, Rainber 2, 898 Jehovah's Witnesses in 1, 495±511 920 Index camps, cont. Carey, George, Archbishop of Canterbury 2, liberation, documentary film of 3, 482±5 547 memorials, eastern Germany 3, 367±82 Cargas, Harry James 2, 669±70 mothers and children 1, 230±47 Caribs, genocide of 1, 21±22 prayer in 1, 401±2 Carlebach, Lotte 1, 236, 237 prisoner doctors 1, 283±6, 319±34 Carlsson, Ingvar 3, 73 slave labour 1, 163±86 Carmelite convent at Auschwitz 2, 663±5; 3, Theresienstadt, lectures in 1, 258±78 325±7 Trawniki 1, 690±91 Carnegie Heroes women in 1, 230±47, 248±57 as rescuers 2, 325±7 see also under individual camps Caron, Vicki 1, 679 Canada Carroll, James 2, 669 Abrams v. North Shore Free Press Ltd 1, 842 Caruth, Cathy 3, 78, 86 antisemitism, as explanation for entry of war Cassidy, Cardinal 2, 158, 433, 666±7, 670 criminals 1, 708, 714 Casson, Sir Hugh 3, 208 antisemitism, legal constraints on 1, 832±46 Catholic church Canadian Jewish Congress v. North Shore Free anti-Judaism cf antisemitism 2, 413±24, 457 Press Ltd 1, 841±42 Bishops' statement, France 2, 381, 425±7, CHRC v. Taylor 1, 836±7 669±70, 781; 3, 6 denaturalization cases 2, 864±71 Bishops' statement, Germany 2, 381 Holocaust awareness, growth of 3, 39±41 euthanasia, protest against 2, 418 Holocaust denial trials 1, 773±4, 832±46 France Holocaust Literature Research Institute 3, bishops' statement, 1996 2, 381, 425±7, 109±10 669±70, 781; 3, 6 Holocaust survivors in 3, 32±46 Vichy France 2, 509±30 Holocaust, perception of 2, 861±2 Hitler and 2, 472±4 Human Rights Commission 1, 835±40 Holocaust, Papacy and 2, 396±412, 455±80 human rights law and Holocaust denial 1, Holocaust, repentance for inaction during 832±46 French bishops 2, 381, 425±7, 669±70, 781; Kane v. Church of Jesus Christ Christian-Aryan 3, 6 Nations 1, 836 German bishops 2, 381 Ku Klux Klan in 1, 836 Hungarian bishops 2, 540 Moncton School Board case 1, 837±40 the Jesuits 2, 381±2, 390±91 Nazi perpetrators, immigration of 2, 864±6 We Remember 2, 413±24, 425±36 Nazi war criminals evading justice in 1, Holocaust, role during 2, 146±61, 396±412, 702±25 455±80 Nazi war criminals, denaturalization cases 2, Hungary, bishops' statement, 1994 2, 540 860±75 Jesuits, post-Shoah tradition of 2, 381±2 R. v. Keegstra 1, 832±5 Jewish±Christian dialogue 2, 661±72 R. v. ZuÈndel 1, 832±5 Jews, attitude to 2, 383 R. v. Finta 2, 864 Jews, demonization of 2, 437±54 Ross v. New Brunswick School District No 15 et Kristallnacht, protests against 2, 428 al. 1, 838±40 Nazi Germany, relations with 2, 396±412, United Church of 455±80 mission to the Jews, reappraisal of 2, 536±7 Nazi priests 2, 493±508 State of Israel, attitude towards 2, 561±74 Nazism, acquiescence in 2, 430 War Crimes Investigation Unit 2, 860±2 Nazism, appeal of 2, 386±91 war criminals Nazism, opposition to 3, 18 denaturalization cases 2, 860±75 sacred texts, demonic in 2, 437±54 evading justice in 1, 702±25 Third Reich, moral failures during 2, 152±6 Canadian Jewish Congress 2, 864 Ukrainian Catholic church 2, 481±92 United Church of Canada and 2, 570±71 Vichy France 2, 509±30 Canetti, Elias 1, 140 We Remember Cape Town Holocaust Centre 1, 866 and the problems of confession 2, 413±24 Caporino, Grace Jewish reaction to 2, 425±36; see also under (with Diane Isaacs) `Jewish Catholics' in the Vatican Warsaw ghetto' 1, 187±97 Catlin, Stanton 2, 370 Capra, Frank 3, 479, 481±2, 483 Ceausescu, Nicolae 1, 814, 818 Capron, Alexander 2, 206 Celan, Paul 3, 193, 209, 214, 225, 812, 849 Index 921

Central Association of Jewish Communities, children, cont. Bratislava 3, 109 Sinti and Roma, deportation to Auschwitz 3, Cernyak-Spatz, Susan 1, 252 668 Cesarani, David 3, 594 Warsaw ghetto, education in 1, 289±301 memory, representation and education 3, 231±6 Yugoslav child refugees 1, 521±2 Chadwick, Owen 2, 460 Children with Lost Identity Archives Chagall, Marc 2, 359; 3, 271, 272 Israel 3, 27±9 Chalmers, Martin 1, 548 Children's Refugee Guardianship Act 2, 238 Chamberlain, Houston Stewart 1, 738 Chirac, Jacques Chambon sur Lignon Vichy France, acknowledgment of moral rescue in 2, 81, 83, 85±6, 89±91, 95, 265, 302, responsibility of 3, 5 367; 3, 5 Chiune, Sugihara Sauvage, Pierre, Weapons of the Spirit 3, 5 see Sempo, Sugihara Chanes, Jerome Cholavsky [Cholawski], Shalom 2, 863±4 antisemitism in America today: lessons for the Choms, Wladyslawa 2, 256 post-Holocaust era 3, 248±65 Christ, Carol 2, 768 Chaplin, Charlie Christian church The Great Dictator 3, 698 antijudaism 2, 450±52, 711±12, 814±49 Charles-Roux, FrancËois 2, 396, 407 antijudaism cf antisemitism 2, 444±6 Charlesworth, Andrew 3, 591 antisemitism 2, 182±7, 814±49 Charny, Israel 1, 6 Christian doctrine and the `Final Solution' Chayat, Sherry 3, 723 2, 814±49 Chazan, Robert 1, 911 Christianity, the Other and the Holocaust Checinski, Michal M 1, 221 2, 180±97 Chelmno death camp 1, 341 forgiveness, doctrines of, and the Cheyette, Brian 3, 707 perpetrators 2, 725±31 Chiang Kai-shek and the Holocaust 2, 710±24 Taipei massacre 3, 424 Jews, demonization of 2, 437±54 Chicago Art Institute post-Holocaust Goodman v. Searle 2, 952±3 see post-Holocaust theology children post-Holocaust responses Auschwitz 1, 325±7 Nes Ammim 2, 798±13 child survivors 3, 3±4, 24±31, 94, 96 see also Catholic church, Church of England, Amcha, writing workshop 3, 150±65 Lutheran church, Protestant churches, American Jewish Joint Distribution Russian Orthodox church, Ukrainian Committee and 3, 25 Greek Catholic Church Israel 3, 150±66 Christian Right Kindertransport 2, 230±53 and Holocaust memory 3, 452±65 Kongregatsiya 3, 27 Christian theology Poland 3, 24±31 Christian doctrine and the `Final Solution' restitution, experience with 2, 923±65 2, 814±49 Switzerland 2, 287±93 Marcionism 2, 68±70 wartime experiences of 2, 924±9 Christian theology and ethics France future directions for 2, 656±9 deportation of 3, 5±7 Christian X, King of Denmark 2, 631 ghettos 2, 931±2 Christianity handicapped antisemitism, institutionalization of 2, 673±82, Nazi euthanasia programme 2, 200 776 hidden children 3, 78±92, 79, 82, 152±3 method in Christian moral theology after the Netherlands 1, 536 Holocaust 2, 700±709 Poland 3, 49, 57, 59 Tikkun Olam and Christian ethics after the restitution requirements for 2, 931±2 Holocaust 2, 66±80 resistance to adversity 3, 47±62 Christian±Jewish dialogue Kindertransport 2, 230±53 Anglican Church and 2, 544±60 mothers and children during the Holocaust Parkes, James, as pioneer of 2, 575±86 1, 230±47 Christie, Doug 1, 773±4 murder of 1, 32±34; 2, 190±91 Christopher, Warren 1, 44 plight of, in literature 3, 756±7 Chrysostom, John refugee, in Switzerland 2, 281±97 Jews, attacks on 2, 187, 416, 438±9 922 Index

Chu, Jolene Concordat (with James N. Pellechia) Jehovah's Witnesses, Holy See and Germany 3, 395±6 Nazi persecution of 1, 495±511 Confessing Church, Germany 2, 619, 622 Church of England Conroy, Pat impact of the Holocaust upon 2, 544±60 Beach Music 3, 105 `Jews, Christians and Muslims' 2, 544±5 conscience Lambeth Document, 1988 2, 583 Levinas, Emmanuel, the Holocaust and the logic Parkes, James, and the Holocaust 2, 575±86 of witness 2, 98±113 churchless, the consciencious objection National Socialism and 1, 645±56 Jehovah's Witnesses, execution of 1, 503 Church Withdrawal Movement 1, 645±56 Constantinescu, Emil 1, 816 Cimade (Protestant rescue organization) 2, 302 contributor biographies 3, 867±915 cinema Cook, Blanche Wiesen 2, 349 see also film Cooke, Steven Theresienstadt lectures on 1, 274 Imperial War Museum, new Holocaust circumcision exhibition at 3, 590±606 in Jewish identity 3, 707±11 Cooper, Rabbi Abraham 2, 853 CiviltaÁCattolica Coppa, Frank J. Jews, hostility towards 2, 383, 402, 462±4 two Popes and the Holocaust 2, 396±412 Clages, Gerhard [Klages, Otto] 1, 376±8, 379, 380 Corn, Alfred 3, 728, 730 Clague, Julie 2, 142 Corneille, Roland de 2, 565 Class, Heinrich 1, 738 Corni, Gustavo Clauberg, Professor 1, 755±6 diaries and memoirs from the Jewish Clendinnen, Inga 3, 15, 21 ghettos 1, 211±29 Clenman, Donia 3, 33 Cornwall, John 2, 669 Clinton, President Bill 1, 58 Cornwallis, Sir Kinahan 1, 575 Coggan, Donald, Archbishop of Canerbury 2, 546 Cornwell, John Cohen, Arthur 1, 198; 2, 67, 69, 704, 826 Hitler's Pope 2, 460±61, 462, 464, 465, 467, Cohen, David 1, 529, 530, 531, 534±5 471, 474, 475, 477, 479±80 Cohen, Dr. Elie 1, 327, 328, 330 corruption Cohen, E. 2, 51 National Socialism and 1, 613±29 Cohen, Hayyim 1, 573, 575 Cory, Mark 3, 773 Cohen, Judy 1, 6 Coughlin, Rev. Charles 2, 401, 407 Cohen, Richard 1, 681; 2, 671 Council of Christians and Jews (CCJ) 2, 545±6, Cohen, Roger 2, 426 550±51, 576 Cohen, Steven M. 3, 260 Courable, Stephanie 1, 873 Cohn, Norman 1, 27 Cracow Cohn-Sherbok, Daniel 2, 828, 832 hidden children 3, 53±4 Colarizi, Simona 1, 467±8 Crane, Stephen Colby, Anne 2, 48, 327±8 The Red Badge of Courage 1, 785 Cold War Crawford, Robert 3, 594 Armenian genocide, response to 1, 805±6 Crews, Frederick 1, 875 and entry of war criminals to Canada 1, 708, Crichton, Michael 1, 871 713±14 Crimean Tatars Holocaust, response to during 3, 231±6, deportation of 1, 113, 122 311±12, 314±21, 467, 490 Cripps, Sir Stafford 3, 9 Cole, Tim Croatia Budapest 1944: changing the shape of the Dayton Accords, benefits from 1, 62 ghetto 1, 198±210 Holocaust in 1, 514; 3, 143 collaboration Jasenovac, destruction of memorial museum Netherlands 1, 538±40 at 1, 51 France neo-Nazis 1, 51 UGIF 1, 674±87 Crowther, Bosley 3, 486 lawyers under Vichy 2, 509±17 crucifixion Commission for Art Recovery 2, 952 Holocaust victims of symbols of 3, 271 compensation Cunz, Martin 2, 719±20 slave labourers 1, 177±8 Curacao visas 2, 272±3 Switzerland and 2, 907±22 Curci, Carlo 2, 461 see also restitution Cytryn, Abram 1, 217, 222 Index 923

Czech Republic Debord, Guy 3, 383 restitution of Nazi-looted art 2, 900±904 Debus, Kurt 2, 25 Czech, Danuta 1, 330; 3, 843 Deckert, Joseph 1, 736 Czerniakow, Adam 1, 193±4, 195, 216, 220, 223, Decourtray, Albert 2, 665 292, 294, 299, 491 Deiters, Ludwig 3, 369 Dekanozov, Vladimir 2, 277 Dachau Delamuraz, Jean-Pascale 3, 472 Dachau-Lied 3, 809 DELASEM 2, 288 Elkes, Elkhanan 1, 283 Delbo, Charlotte 3, 20±21, 503, 504, 572 euthanasia programme in 2, 202 Delmotte, Hans 1, 759±60 slave labour 1, 165 Delp, Alfred 2, 387 Dadrian, V. 1, 94, 95 Demin, Valerii 1, 887 Dagan, Batsheva 3, 446, 586±7 Demjanuk, Ivan [John] 1, 65; 2, 868 Daghani, Arnold 3, 205±27 Demson, David 2, 565 Daimler-Benz denazification slave labour, use of 1, 170 Germany, curtailment of 1, 704 Dallapiccola, Luigi 3, 811 Nazi rocket scientists in US 2, 19±27, 33±4 D'Amato, Senator Alfonse 1, 816; 2, 847, 848 denial 1, 769±??? Damon, William 2, 327±8 America, the Holocaust and the experience of Dancy, Eric 1, 639 radical evil 1, 779±95 Danieli, Yael Armenian genocide 1, 796±812, 879 international responses to trauma 3, 63±77 Arrow-Cross exiles 1, 897±910 Danielsson, Sarah Baltic States 1, 847±57 Sven Hedin, a Swedish apologist for the Third Canada 1, 832±46 Reich 1, 630±44 David Irving v. Deborah Lipstadt and Penguin Danilov, Vladimir 1, 890 Books 1, 773±8, 769±72, 876 Dank, Barry 3, 454 on the internet 1, 911±25 Dannecker, Theodor 1, 675 Lipstadt, Deborah Danys, Milda 2, 862 deception, lies and David Irving 1, 769±72 Darcissac, Roger 2, 302 Lithuania 1, 847±57 Darley, J.M. 2, 221 Romania 1, 813±831 Darwish, Shalom 1, 573 Russia, contemporary antisemitic Daskiewicz, Leszek 2, 276 propaganda 1, 884±96 Davenport, Miriam South Africa 1, 858±69 see Ebel, Miriam Davenport United States 1, 779±95 David Irving v. Deborah Lipstadt and Penguin Books Denmark see under Irving, David Lutheran church 2, 595, 618±34 David, Nicole 1, 6 rescue in 1, 533; 2, 265, 323±4 Davidson, S. 3, 48 survival rate 1, 533 Davies, Alan 2, 183±4, 187, 194, 566, 569, 571 Denning, Lord 2, 846 Dawidowicz, Lucy 1, 145, 789; 3, 239, 310, deportation 320 n.3, 342, 363 Bulgarian Jews 1, 462 Day, Peggy 2, 748 France De Bavier, Jean 1, 449 children, from UGIF homes 1, 676 de Bloany, Paul 3, 174 La grande rafle du Vel d'Hiv 3, 5±7 De Decker, L.P.J. 2, 272 Soviet Union 1, 113±14, 119±24 De Forest, John William 1, 785 Third Reich 1, 113±19 De Gaulle, Charles Dering, Wladyslaw 1, 284 `Holocaust', use of 1, 12 Dering v. Uris 1, 328±9 De Gaulle, Genevieve 1, 505 Derrida, Jacques 2, 164; 3, 201, 704 De Jong, A.M. 2, 275 Des Pres, Terrence 1, 402, 805; 2, 98±9; 3, 760, De Jong, Lou 1, 538 776 De Klerk, F.W. 1, 862; 3, 430 Desbuquois, Gustave 2, 384, 402 De Lagarde, Paul 1, 734 DescheÃnes, Chief Justice Jules De Man, Paul 1, 875±6 DescheÃnes Commission 1, 702, 708, 711 De Pellepoix, Darquier 1, 682 destruction and resistance De Silva, Cara 1, 255 assault on the Holy within the human: the De Sousa Mendes, Aristides 1, 16 Holocaust diaries 1, 481±94 De Voogt, N.A.G 2, 275 Baghdad, Farhud 1, 570±88 924 Index destruction and resistance, cont. Domonkos, Miksa 1, 439 Bulgarian gypsies 1, 456±65 Donat, Alexander the Dutch record during the Holocaust, Dachau, liberation of 3, 826 reassessment of 1, 527±42 Donati, Angelo 3, 144 European Jews, quadruple trap of 1, 371±88 Doneson, Judith 3, 698, 701 evasion DoÈnhoff, Marion GraÈfin 3, 415 Poland and Germany, Jews who passed in 1, Donin, H. 2, 37, 38±9 589±609 Donin, Nicholas 2, 440±41 evasion Dora Warsaw ghetto 1, 302±18 see Mittelbau-Dora Gergely, Gyorgy, endeavours of 1, 439±55 Dorembus, Helena 1, 491 Italian Jews and the racial laws 1, 466±80 Dorian, Emil 1, 488 Jehovan's Witnesses 1, 495±511 Dornberger, Walter 2, 22±3 Klemperer, Victor, diaries of 1, 543±51 Douglas, Lawrence 3, 353±4 prayers of the Holocaust 1, 389±409 Doukhan, Jacques resistance and gender 1, 552±69 reading the Bible after Auschwitz 2, 683±99 synagogue organs and organ music 1, 410±21 Draengerowa, Gusta 1, 216, Unsdorfer, Rabbi Zalman, and the suffering of Dragner, Gusta 1, 556 the righteous 1, 422±38 Drancy Yugoslav Jews fleeting the Holocaust 1, commemoration of deportations from 2, 425±6 512±26 Vel d'Hiv round-up 3, 6 see also resistance Drapac, Vesna 2, 509, 511, 514±16, 517 Deutsche Bank 2, 849 Dreifuss, Ruth 2, 879 Deutschkron, Inge 1, 590±96 Dresden, bombing of 1, 549 DeWitt, General John 2, 29 Dressen, Wolfgang 2, 898, 899±900 dialogue see Jewish-Christian dialogue Drews, Arthur 1, 650±52 diaries Dreyer, Carl, Day of Wrath 2, 630 ghettos and camps 1, 211±29, 481±94 Dreyfus, Alfred see also Frank, Anne, diary of; Klemperer, CiviltaÁCattolica, involvement of in Dreyfus Victor; Ringelblum, Emmanuel and other case 2, 463 individual diarists Dreyfus affair, music inspired by 3, 811 Dibelius, Otto 2, 621 Dror Dicker-Brandeis, Friedl 1, 258, 265 Warsaw, education during the Nazi Dickmann, August 1, 495 occupation 1, 297±8 Dickson, Chief Justice 1, 833, 836±7 Drossert, Paul Arthur 2, 500±501 Dietrich, Donald J. 2, 155, 445 Du Thil, Karl Wilhelm 1, 732 Christianity and the institutionalization of Dubiel, Helmut 3, 293 antisemitism 2, 673±82 Dubnov, Simon [Dubnow, Shimon] 1, 131, 771 Dindo, Richard 3, 469, 471±2 Dubrovsky, Gertrude Diner, Dan 1, 73; 3, 552±3, 783 Kindertransport and the Cambridge Refugee Dineson, Palle 2, 627 Children's Committee 2, 230±53 Displaced Persons camps Duchamp, Marcel 3, 719 survivors in 3, 93±4 Duckwitz, Ferdinand von 2, 619 Dix, Otto 3, 719 Dueck, Johann 2, 868 Dixon, William 1, 329 Duewel, Wilhelm 1, 619 Dlugi, Lusia 1, 559 Dugin, Alexander 1, 885, 892 Dobrowski, Hiena 1, 558 DuÈhring, Eugen 1, 734±5 doctors Duke, David 1, 911; 3, 261 Auschwitz, ethical problems of prisoner Dundes, A 3, 773±4 doctors 1, 319±34 Dunn, Brian 1, 496±7 Nazi doctors, ethics of 2, 84±5, 92±3, 191±2 Durkheim, Emile 2, 317 n.17, 330±31 Nazi euthanasia programme 2, 201±203 DuÈrrenmatt, Friedrich 3, 469 resistance, role in 1, 279±88 DuÈrrfeld, Walter 3, 414±15 Theresienstadt, lectures on medicine 1, 276 Dutschke, Rudi 3, 656 Warsaw ghetto 1, 191±3 Duttweiler, Gottlieb 2, 917 Dodd, William 2, 638 Dworjetski, Mark 1, 213 Doerris, Hermann 2, 186 Dwork, Deborah 3, 79, 343, 351 Dohnanyi, Klaus von 3, 784 Dohrmann, August Co. 3, 205 Eagleburger, Lawrence 2, 850, 877 Index 925 early warning systems, genocide 3, 9, 74 Elhai, Jacob 3, 143 East Timor Eli, Yaakov 1, 340, 345±6 massacres in 1, 53, 60, 61 Eliach, Yaffa 1, 6, 397, 405, 879 Ebel, Miriam Davenport 2, 351, 353, 354, 368, Elicofon, Edward 2, 955 369±70, 371 Eliot, T.S. Ebner, Alfred 2, 727, 728±9 The Waste Land 1, 790±91 Ecclestone, Alan 2, 544 Elkes, Elkhanan 1, 282±3 The Night Sky of the Lord 2, 556±8 Elkins, Stanley 1, 104 Eckardt, Alice 2, 769 Elliott, Jane 2, 218 Protestant churches, response to the Holocaust Ellis, Marc 3, 505 fifty years after 2, 533±43 remembering the Holocaust and the future of Eckardt, Roy 2, 72, 769, 776; 3, 8 Jewish life at the dawn of the 21st Eckmann, Daniel 2, 947 century 3, 266±82 Edelman, Marek 1, 142; 3, 443±4 Ellul, Jacques 2, 93±4 Eden, Anthony 1, 382 Elman, Richard 3, 752 Edinger, Georges 1, 675 ff. ElsaÈsser, Josef 3, 216, 219±22 Edinger, LeÂon 1, 675 Emerson, Ralph Waldo 1, 781 education Emry, Sheldon 1, 913 Jewish children in Nazi Germany 1, 238±9 Englaender, Rosa 1, 265±6 Lodz ghetto 1, 338 Episcopal Church, USA 2, 534, 536 in Poland during the Nazi occupation 1, Epstein, Eliyahu 1, 573, 579 289±301 Epstein, Helen 1, 6; 3, 79, 83, 102, 117, 124 in Theresienstadt 1, 258±78 Epstein, Leslie 3, 707 see also Holocaust education Ericksen, Robert P 1, 506; 2, 193±4 Ehmann, Annegret Ernest, Stefan 1, 310 seminars on the Nazi era and the Holocaust for Eron, L. 2, 222 professionals 3, 607±16 Erony, Susan 3, 774±5 Ehrlich, Richard 1, 260 Esack, Farid 1, 863 Eichmann, Adolf 1, 118; 2, 56 Esayan, Zapel 3, 820±21, 822, 824 `blood for lorries' deal 1, 371±88, 904 ethical choices Fry, Varian, fictitious meeting with 2, 375, administrative evil: remembering the past and n.122 forgetting the future 2, 19±35 Gergely, Gyorgy 1, 440±44 Christianity, the Other and the Holocaust 2, Hungarian Jews, negotiations for rescue of 1, 180±97 371±88 `ethics', `morality' and `responsibility' after the Hungary, `Final Solution' in 1, 173, 200 Holocaust 2, 123±32 Jewish emigration, responsibility for (1938) 2, euthanasia 2, 198±213 232 gemilat chesed at Westerbork 2, 36±53 Sinti and Roma, deportation of 3, 668 human genetics and 2, 133±45 trial of 1, 714, 2, 219; human responsibility in the light of Nazi Israel, impact in 3, 96±7 ideology 2, 146±61 and publication of Holocaust memoirs 3, humanitarian choice versus Zyklon B 2, 169 54±65 Wannsee Conference 3, 610 Levinas, Emmanuel , the Holocaust and the Eicke, Theodor 1, 173 logic of witness 2, 98±113 Einsatzgruppen 1, 135 power, morality of the use of 2, 114±122 Eisenhower, Milton rescuers and perpetrators 2, 81±97 Japanese Americans, evacuation of 2, Tikkun Olam and Christian ethics after the 30±31 Holocaust 2, 66±80 Eisenmann, Peter 3, 293, 837 ethical memory Eisenmenger, Johannes 2, 828 Anne Frank and the American culture war: the Eisenstat, Stuart 2, 953 sexual politics of Holocaust memory 3, Eisner, Jack 1, 217 452±65 Eisner, Kurt 2, 466 antisemitism in America today: lessons for the Eissler, Kurt 2, 932 post-Holocaust era 3, 248±65 Eitinger, L. 3, 48 Auschwitz at the threshold of the Eizenstat, Stuart 2, 847 millennium 3, 322±40 Elbaz, Andre 3, 682 Eastern Germany, Holocaust memorials in 3, Elekdag, SuÈkruÈ 1, 799 367±82 926 Index ethical memory, cont. Ethiopia German identity, the Holocaust and the year disaster, government's response to 3, 69 2000 3, 283±95 ethnic cleansing 1, 45 Germany, South Africa and the United former Yugoslavia 1, 59 States 3, 420±36 Ettinger, Elzbieta 3, 754, 756, 757±8, 761±3, 765 Goldhagen, Daniel, significance for children of eugenics Nazi families 3, 410±19 Holocaust and 1, 48 the Holocaust as history 3, 358±66 Nazi Germany 2, 133±45 Holocaust memory, sexual politics of 3, and Nazi euthanasia programme 2, 199, 202 452±65 Europa, Europa (1990) 1, 143 and Jewish life, future of 3, 266±82 euthanasia memory, ethics and education Catholic protests against 2, 418 applied research, challenge of 3, 237±47 discussion of, in Holocaust education for memory, representation and education 3, professionals 3, 612±14 231±6 Nazi euthanasia programme `nativizing' the Holocaust 3, 501±12 cf contemporary debates on physician-assisted photographs, use and misuse of 3, 341±57 suicide 2, 198±213 Prosono, Marvin Nazis' use of 2, 135 Holocaust memory, regularizing of 3, 383±93 Netherlands, contemporary debates in 2, remembering the Holocaust: history, religion 207±11 and morality 3, 394±409 Evangelical Church, Rhineland Soviet veterans, memories of World War II 3, mission to the Jews, reappraisal of 2, 537 296±308 Evangelical Lutheran Church in America 2, spatial imagery in Swiss memory discourse 3, 587±602 466±77 Missouri Synod 2, 592±600 transgenerational memory and the pitfalls of Evans, Richard 1, 770, 776 narrative closure 3, 437±51 evasion ethics `Jewish Catholics' in Warsaw 1, 187±97 after the Holocaust 2, 123±32 Poland and Germany, Jews who passed in 1, Aristotelian, and rescue 2, 298±308 589±609 Auschwitz prisoner doctors 1, 319±34 `the unexplored continent of Holocaust Christian, after the Holocaust 2, 656±60 historiography' 1, 302±18 Holocaust and 2, 123±32 Everett, Robert A. 2, 547 human genetics and the Holocaust 2, Tikkun olan and Christian ethics after the 133±45 Holocaust 2, 66±80 human responsibility in the light of Nazi Evlogy, Metropolitan 2, 481±92 ideology 2, 146±61 Ezrahi, Sidra 3, 761 Levinas, Emmanuel, and the logic of witness 2, 98±113 Fabian, Bela 1, 440 Levinasian, and rescue 2, 298±308 Fackenheim, Emil 1, 141, 389, 396, 403, 404, medical 482, 486; 2, 8, 66, 147, 419, 533, 685, 689, doctors and nurses, role in resistance 1, 690, 732, 776±7, 778, 781, 825; 3, 386, 387, 279±88 503, 574 Auschwitz prisoner doctors 1, 319±34 Tikkun Olam 1, 403±4; 3, 275±6 of Nazi doctors 2, 84±5, 92±3 United Church of Canada, honorary doctorate post-Holocaust awarded by 2, 567±8 the morality of the use of power 2, Faenza, Andrea da 2, 834 114±122 Fainshtein, Ayzik 3, 304 power, morality of the use of 2, 114±122 Fajerstajn, Rosa 3, 172, 182±3 and religion 2, 81±97 Fajner, Rabbi Josef 1, 339±41 of rescue 2, 81±97, 298±308, 342±3 Falk, Adalbert 1, 646 see also ethical choices, ethical memory Falstein, L. 1, 282 ethics and religion 2, 6±841 Fandel, Thomas 2, 494 RFTF, Plenary Addresses Fankhauser, Hans 2, 956 Metropolitan Damaskinos, message from 2, Farhud, Baghdad, 1941 1, 570±88 3±4 Farrakhan, Louis 3, 257, 258, 261 Pawlikowski, John T. 2, 6±10 Farrow, John 2, 130 Rubenstein, Richard L. 2, 11±16 Fasching, Darrell 2, 704±5, 782±3 ethics, anamnestic 2, 780 ethics without choice 2, 81±97 Index 927 fascism film, cont. Jews in Italy and racial laws 1, 466±80 The Mortal Storm 3, 698 Pius XI's hostility to 2, 400±406 Mr. Death 1, 876 Vatican's attitude towards 2, 396±412 New Land 3, 96 Faulhaber, Cardinal 2, 385, 418, 428, 457, 473, The Pawnbroker 3, 699±700 503, 668 Schindler's List 1, 57, 782; 2, 952; 3, 96, 479, Faulkner, William 3, 420 507, 508, 564, 591, 700±701 Faurisson, Robert 1, 678, 774, 797, 798, 833, 870 second generation, representation of 3, 104±6 Fawcett, Charles 2, 351, 354 Shine 3, 99 Feder, Rabbi 1, 269 Shoah 3, 97 Fein, Helen The Shop on Main Street 3, 699 Holocaust, use of to misunderstand Sophie's Choice 3, 747±9 genocide 1, 43±54 The Specialist 1, 876 Feiner, Leon 1, 312 Substance of Fire 3, 99 Feinstein, Stephen 3, 775 The Summer of Aviya 3, 96, 741±3 pushing the limits of artistic representation: the survivors, portrayal of 3, 95±6, 93±107 only way to go? 3, 718±38 Theresienstadt 1, 274 Fejkiel, Wladyslaw 1, 319, 323, 324 Third Reich 3, 694±7 Feldman, Jacky 3, 555 Voyage of the Damned 3, 700 Felman, Shoshana 3, 502, 562, 571 Weimar Republic, portrayal of Jews in FeÂnelon, Fania 1, 248; 3, 808 cinema 3, 692±4 Fenigsen, Richard 2, 207 women survivors, portrayal of 3, 739±50 Fentress, James 3, 232 film, documentary 3, 478±500 Ferencz, Benjamin 1, 163, 164, 178 Final Solution 1, 134±36 Ferguson, Niall 1, 789 Christian doctrine and 2, 814±49 Ferkiss, Victor 2, 7, 146 collaboration with 1, 138 Fest, Joachim 1, 144; 2, 390 exterminationist mentality and 1, 740±44 Fetterley, Judith 2, 788 and genocide 1, 43±54 Fetterolf, Christian 2, 325 ghettoization and, in Hungary 1, 206±8 Fiala, Ferenc 1, 898, 899, 906 Nazi goals and historical realities 1, 133±5 Fichte, J.G. 1, 731; 2, 173±4, 627 Operation Reinhard 1, 688±701 Filler, Deborah 3, 773 slave labour 1, 163±86 film slave labour, incompatability with 1, 169±70 A Call to Remember 3, 745±7 Wannsee Conference 1, 117; 3, 609 Address Unknown 3, 698 Fine, Ellen Because of that War 3, 549 intergenerational memories: hidden children and Black Thursday 3, 700 the second generation 3, 78±92 concentration camps, liberation of 3, 482±5 Fini, Leonor 2, 359 Day of Wrath 2, 630 Fink, Ida 3, 408, 572 Der Golem 3, 693±4 `A description of a morning' 3, 553 Diary of Anne Frank 3, 699 Finta, Imre 1, 703, 877 The Distant Journey 3, 699 Fiorenza, Bishop Joseph 2, 437 documentary 3, 478±500 Fischer, Eugen 1, 738±9, 741 second generation 3, 105 Fischer, Martha 3, 219, 220 Enemies: A Love Story 3, 743±5 Fisher, Geoffrey, Archbishop of Canerbury 2, 546 Europa, Europa 1, 143 Fisher, Joseph 1, 676 The Great Dictator 3, 698 Fiske, Alan 2, 311 GruÈningers Fall 3, 471±2 Fittko, Hans and Lisa 2, 352, 356±7 Holocaust, early documentary film of 3, Flannery, Edward 2, 182, 565, 725 478±500 Fleischmann, Karel 1, 272±3 Holocaust, humour in representation of 3, Fleischner, Eva 3, 565±6 769±78 Flinker, Moshe 1, 487±8; 3, 828 Holocaust, portrayal of 3, 691±703 FlossenbuÈrg memorial centre 3, 378 Jud SuÈss 3, 696±7 Flums, Bishop 2, 629 Kapo 3, 700 Foerster, Wilhelm 1, 646 The Last Stop 3, 699 Fogelman, Eva 2, 222, 223, 226; 3, 48, 59, 117 The Last Days 3, 479 psychological myths about generations of the Life is Beautiful 1, 782; 3, 403, 479, 770±71 Holocaust 3, 93±107 Madame Rosa 3, 739±41 Folman, Mark 1, 298 928 Index

Fontheim, Ernest 1, 590±96, 604±5 Frank, Emil 1, 419 food talk 1, 248±57 Frank, Hans 1, 168; 3, 486, 487 forced labour 1, 166 Frank, Karl 2, 349 Germany 1, 593±5 Frank, Otto 1, 872 gypsies, Bulgaria 1, 459±60 Frank, Shlomo 1, 218, 490 Miklailowka camp, Ukraine 3, 205±27 Frankl, Victor 1, 252, 258, 262, 277, 546; Minsk ghetto 1, 156±7 3, 94 Ford, Gerald 3, 429 Franz, Kurt 1, 693; 3, 864 Ford, Henry Franz, Victor 1, 648 Dearborn Independent, antisemitism of 2, 635 Frederic, Vsevolod 2, 490 Forel, August 1, 649 Fredj, Jacques 1, 676 Forrest, A.C. 2, 561, 564±70 Freed, Maya 3, 82 Fortunoff Video Archive, Yale University 3, 130, Freeman, Joseph and Helen 3, 400±401 189±204 Frei, Norbert 3, 421, 657±8 Foster, Reginald S. 1, 374 Freire, Paulo 3, 622, 624±6 Foucault, Michel 2, 103 Fresco, Nadine 3, 83 Foundation for Interreligious and Intercultural Freud, Anna 3, 48 Research and Dialogue, Geneva 2, 3±4 Freud, Sigmund Fourcade, Marie-Madeleine 3, 764 `narcissism of minor differences' 1, 36 Foxman, Abraham H. 2, 879; 3, 729 humour, role of 3, 771±2 We Remember, response to 2, 429 Freudenheim, Tom 3, 294, 839 France Freudiger, Pinchas 1, 302 banks, restitution claims against 2, 849 Freund, Emil 2, 901, 903 Catholic bishops' statements 2, 381, 425±7, Freundmann, Lillian 2, 446 669±70, 781; 3, 6 Frick, Wilhelm 2, 199 Catholic church, treatment of the Jewish Fricke, Harald 3, 734 question during Vichy 2, 509±30 Frid, Grigory 3, 812 Drancy, Bishop's apology 2, 669±70; 3, 6 Fride, Bernard 1, 678 Jews, deportation of 3, 5±7 Fried, Erich 3, 416 lawyers, treatment of the Jewish question during Fried, Norbert 1, 259 Vichy 2, 509±17 Friedlander, Albert 1, 391±2; 2, 100, 103, 555 Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants (OSE) 2, 283, German identity, the Holocaust and the 287 year 2000 3, 283±95 rescue 2, 265; 3, 7 Friedlander, Henry 2, 202; 3, 564±5, 618, 627 Le Chambon sur Lignon see Chambon Friedlander, Saul 1, 618, 734; 2, 54, 363, 364, Fry, Varian 2, 347±76 517, 518, 625; 3, 22, 79, 80, 81, 444±5, Skobtsova, Mother Maria 2, 483±4 854 survivors 1, 533 Friedman, Hugo 1, 264 UGIF (Union GeÂneÂrale des IsraeÂlites de Friedman, Paul 3, 94 France) 1, 674±87 Friedman, Tuvia 3, 109 Vel d'Hiv roundup 2, 483; 3, 5±7 Friedrich, Ruth Andreas 1, 549 Vichy France 2, 425±6 Fries, Jakob 1, 731±2 Catholic church 2, 509±30 Frisch, Max 3, 469 lawyers 2, 509±17 Fritz, Maureena 2, 722 the UGIF 1, 674±87 FroÈlicher, Hans 2, 911 Frank, Anne Froment, Pascale 1, 678 death of 1, 284±5 Fromm, Erich 2, 165±71 in hiding 1, 535 Fromm, Ernst 2, 497, 500±501 Frank, Anne, Exhibition Fromm, Herbert 1, 412±13 Poland, reception in 3, 688 FruÈhauf, Tina South Africa 1, 865 the destructions of a cultural tradition: organs USA 3, 456±61 and organ music in the synagogue 1, Frank, Anne, Diary of 1, 10, 537; 3, 431 410±21 deniers' attacks on authenticity of 1, 872 Fry, Varian 1, 16; 2, 347±76 Holocaust memory, sexual politics of 3, Fuchs, Esther 452±65 women survivors in cinema 3, 739±50 music based on 3, 812 Fuller, Buckminster 2, 7 Poland, reception in 3, 684±90 Fullerton, Hugh S. 2, 356, 361 stage adaptation of 3, 563±4, 687 Funk, Walter 1, 633, 634 Index 929

Funke, Hajo 1, 776 Genger, Angela 3, 367 Genizi, Haim Gabriel, Richard 2, 325 United Church of Canada and the State of Gager, John 2, 182 Israel, impact of the Holocaust on 2, Gal, Reuven 2, 325 561±74 Galant, Mera 3, 304 genocide Galen, Bishop Clemens August von 3, 18±19 Armenian 1, 25±8, 44, 45, 61, 65, 94, 95 f, Galicia 739 796±812, Jews of, murder in Belzec 1, 169 Armenian, denial of 1, 796±812 Gallant, Mary Armenian, cf Holocaust 3, 317±18 social dimensions of rescue in the Holocaust 2, avoidance of through education 1, 17 254±70 Bauer, Yehuda: RFTF 2000, Opening Gammon, Mark E. Address 1, 21±24 method in Christian moral theology after the Bosnia 1, 43, 44, 45, 51 Holocaust 2, 700±709 Cambodia 1, 44 Gamzon, Robert 1, 685 changing attitudes to the `European-ness' of the Gandhi, Mahatma Holocaust 1, 130±52 Buber, correspondence with 2, 120 comparative 1, 29±42, 90±112 Ganor, Solly 1, 219 race and nation under Nazi and Soviet Gans, Eduard 3, 284 power 1, 113±29 Garaudy, Roger 1, 818 definition of 1, 21±24, 98±99 Garbe, Detlef 1, 499 early warning signs 1, 46; 3, 9 Gartsman, Semen 3, 305 Final Solution and 1, 43±54 Gary, Romain 1, 141 Gypsies 1, 44, 51, 65; 3, 664±73 Gaspari, Cardinal Pietro 2, 464, 469±70 Hereros, German South West Africa 1, 44, gassing 738±9 see also Zyklon-B Holocaust, use of to misunderstand gassing genocide 1, 43±54 Bernburg 3, 172 literary responses to 3, 814±30 gay and lesbian movement memory, rationalization of 2, 19 Holocaust memory, USA 3, 453, 454±8, modernity of 1, 25±28 462±3 Nazi and Soviet practice of 1, 113±29 Gayevski, Stanislaw 1, 194±5 the `numbers game' 1, 30±32 Gebsattel, General von 1, 737 paradigm of, to explain the Holocaust 1, Gedraitiene, A. 1, 855 47±49 Geeertz, Clifford 2, 182±3 prevention of 1, 22±24 Gelbert, Doug 1, 786 Realpolitik, triumph of 2, 129 Gemahling, Jean 2, 351±2, 358 remembering for the future, engaging with the Gemelli, Fr. Francescini 2, 405±6 present 1, 55±70 Gemilat Chesed Rwanda 1, 26, 43, 44, 45, 46, 53, 59, 91, and moral behaviour at Westerbork 2, 99±100, 101; 3, 9, 245, 426±7 36±53 Sinti and Roma 1, 44, 51, 65; 3, 664±73 Gemmeker, Albert Konrad Stalin's elimination of Kulaks distinguished Commandant, Westerbork 2, 43, 45, 46, 50 from 1, 108±9 gender Swiss neutrality in times of 1, 71±89 in the Holocaust 1, 230±47, 552±69; 3, 20th-century victims of 1, 53 704±717 United Nations Convention on 1, 800 Holocaust memory, sexual politics of 3, victims of, 1988± 1, 60±61 452±65 war, distinction from 1, 104±6 in Holocaust studies 3, 19±20 We Remember, passages on genocide 2, and resistance 1, 552±69 457±8 women, particularity of victimization of 3, Western responses to, 1988± 1, 61±64 568±9 Gerasimovic, Ivan 1, 517 women's Holocaust writing 3, 751±68 Gergely, Gyorgy genetic research endeavours of, 1940±45 1, 439±55 German attitudes towards 2, 133±45 Gerhard, Georgine 2, 285 genetics Gerlach, Christian 1, 12, 13, 135 Nazi science and 1, 661; 2, 133±45 Gerlier, Cardinal 2, 426, 520 Geneva Conventions 3, 69 German Research Council (DFG) 1, 658 930 Index

Germany Gilligan, Carol 2, 48, 86±7 Auschwitz memory, problems of 2, 777±80 Gillis-Carlebach, Miriam banks, restitution claims against 2, 849 Jewish mothers and their children during the Catholic bishops' statement (1995) 2, 381, Holocaust 1, 230±47 669±70, 781, 780, 781±2 Gilman, Sander L. 3, 731 Catholic church, acquiescence in Nazism 2, Ginzburg, Carlo 1, 917 430 Gitelman, Zvi Catholic church, Unsere Hoffnung 2, 780 Soviet Jewish veterans remember World War Historikerstreit 1, 94; 3, 292±3, 371 II 3, 296±308 Holocaust, generational attitudes to 3, 652±63 Giuliani, Massimo Holocaust memorials 3, 367±82, 779±86 the Shoah and the Christian drama of Holocaust memorials, eastern Germany 3, redemption 2, 710±24 367±82 Gizycki, Georg von 1, 646 Holocaust memory 3, 283±95, 410±19, Glagolev, Alexey 2, 489 420±36, 779±86 Glassbrenner, Louis 3, 222 Nazi families, significance of Daniel Goldhagen Glatzer, Nahum 2, 737 for children of 3, 410±19 Glazar, Richard, 3, 109, 503 Neo-Nazism 3, 284 Glemp, Cardinal Jozef 2, 664±5; 3, 326 post-Holocaust theology 2, 760±74 Glick, David 3, 396 revisionism 1, 808 Glik, Hirsh 3, 827 Swiss restitution claims in 2, 907±22 Globocnik, Odilo 1, 169, 170, 691, 695 war crimes trials 2, 727 Godlewski, Father Marceli 1, 311 Germany, Eastern Goebbels, Joseph 1, 133±6, 175, 415, 619, 736, concentration camp memorials 3, 367±82 742±3; 2, 389, 494 Gerron, Kurt 3, 807±8 film, use of 3, 694±6 Gerstein, Kurt 2, 58±63, 188 Goettsche, Claus 1, 619±20 Gerstenfeld, Manfred 1, 534, 538, 540 Gold, Mary Jayne 2, 348, 351, 353±5, 368 Gestetner, S. 2, 237 Goldberg, Michael 3, 505 Geyer, Michael 1, 124 Goldenberg, Myrna Ghetto Fighters 3, 546 `food talk' 1, 248±57 Ghetto Fighters' Museum 2, 805; 3, 26±7, 28 Goldhagen, Daniel ghettos Hitler's Willing Executioners 1, 33, 34±35, 125, assault on the Holy within the human: the 137, 164, 745, 788±9; 2, 177 n.16, 181, 819, Holocaust diaries 1, 481±94 869±70, 874±5; 3, 22, 284, 286±7, 345, 410± Bratislava 1, 422±38 19, 564, 863±4 Budapest 1, 198±210 Germany, reception in 3, 410±19 child survivors, restitution requirements for 2, Lipowa, view of, cf Daghani's 3, 222 931±2 Goldmann, Nahum 3, 422 diaries and memoirs 1, 211±29, 481±94 Goldschlager, Alain 3, 22, 109±10 doctors and nurses, role in 1, 280±83 Goldschmidt, Berthold 3, 680 film of 3, 478±500 Goldstein, Baron Maurice 3, 339 historiography 1, 211±12 Goldstein, Baruch 3, 277 Lodz, religion and religious institutions 1, Goldstein, Jonathan 335±51 Zwartendijk, Jan, and rescue in Lithuania 2, madness in 1, 486±7 271±80 Minsk 1, 154±62 Goldstein, Mina 3, 172, 175±7 mothers and children in 1, 230±47 Goldstein, Rebecca resistance 1, 221 The Mind-Body Problem 3, 712±14 women in 1, 556 Gollancz, Victor 2, 576 starvation in 1, 248 f. GoÈnczi, Imre 1, 330, 756±7 Warsaw 1, 596±8 Goodfriend, Betty 2, 275 education in 1, 289±301 Goodhart, Sandor 2, 671 evading the Holocaust 1, 302±18 Levinas, Emmanuel, and the logic of medical care 1, 280±83; see also under witness 2, 98±113 Warsaw ghetto Goodman v. Searle 2, 952±3, 956±7 Giado camp 3, 145 Goodman, Henry 3, 682 Gil'ad, Ja'akov 3, 549 Goodman, Walter 1, 786 Gilbert, Martin 1, 9; 3, 345, 349, 445 Gordis, David Opening Address, RFTF 2000 1, 5±7 We Remember, response to 2, 429 Index 931

Gordon, Judah Leib 3, 817 Grosz, Bandi 1, 373±85 GoÈrg, Manfred 2, 762, 766±8 Grosz, George 3, 719 GoÈring, Hermann 1, 134, 613, 622, 639±40; 2, Gruber, Mary M. 398, 885 religious cf. irreligious rescuers 2, 309±18 Gorog, Frigyes 1, 443 Grueber, Heinrich 2, 623 Gould, Melissa 3, 731±35 Grujicic, Radan 1, 703, 706 Gould, Stephen Jay 3, 352±3 Grunbaum, Edith 2, 243±45 Gourevitch, Philip 1, 29 Grunbaum, Paula 2, 243±45 Goury, Haim Grundtvig, Nikolai F.S. 2, 626±7 `Inheritance' 3, 554 GruÈninger, Paul Grabner, Maximilian 1, 763 GruÈningers Fall 3, 471±2, 476 Grabska, Maria 1, 283±4 Grunwald, Marie 2, 904 Gradowski, Salmen 1, 483, 484 Gryn, Rabbi Hugo 2, 556; 3, 598, 680 Graetz, Heinrich 2, 550 Guardini, Romano 2, 9, 149±50 Graff, Gerald 3, 622 Guenther, Hans F K 1, 647 Grant, John Webster 2, 571±2 Guggenheim, Kurt 1, 83 Grass, GuÈnther 3, 290, 653 Guggenheim, Paul 2, 909 Graves, Robert 1, 790 Guggenheim, Sylvain 2, 291 Gray, His Honour Judge Charles Guisan, General Henri 1, 80; 3, 467 David Irving v. Deborah Lipstadt and Penguin GuitieÂrrez, Gustavo 2, 677 Books, judgment in 1, 770, 772, 776±8, Gulko, Abram 3, 306 878 Gundlach, Gustav 2, 384, 397, 398, 402, 403 Grayzel, Solomon 1, 131, 188±9 GuÈnther, Christian 3, 173±4 Great Britain Gurfinkiel-Glocerowa, Sabina 1, 280 Bahgdad Farhud 1941, response to 1, 574±8 GuruÈn, Kamuran 1, 797, 801±2, 803 Holocaust education 3, 515, 578±89 Guseva, Natalia 1, 891 Imperial War Museum, Holocaust Gushee, David 2, 705 Exhibition 3, 590±606 Gutman, Friedrich 2, 953 Greece Gutman, Yisrael 1, 279, 293; 3, 825 Holocaust in 3, 142±9 Guttenplan, D.D. 1, 878 survivor testimony 3, 143 Gutteridge, Richard 2, 583, 588 Greeley, Father Andrew 2, 459 Gutwirth, Nathan 2, 272 Green, Gerald Gverz, Esther and Jochen 3, 719 Holocaus 3, 97 Gypsies Greenberg, Gershon Bulgaria, during World War II 1, 456±65 Unsdorfer, Shlomo Zalman, on the suffering of genocide of 1, 32, 35, 40 n26, 44, 49, 51, 65; 3, the righteous 1, 422±38 664±73 Greenberg, Irving 2, 7, 75, 94, 117, 148, 156±7, Lodz ghetto 1, 341; 3, 668 445, 667, 718, 762 802, 807, 831±4 memorials 3, 664±73 Greenberg, Moshe 2, 750±51 MuÈnch's hatred of 1, 762 Greenberg, Uri Zvi 3, 271, 821 Nazi persecution of 3, 664±73 Greenblatt, Stephen 3, 695 reparation, exclusion from 3, 665 Greenspan, Henry 3, 439±40, 442, 444 restitution claims 2, 848 Holocaust survivor testimony in the first years after liberation 3, 108±16 Haas, Peter 2, 81±3, 87±8, 90, 150, 459; 3, Gregorig, Joseph 1, 736 807 Gregory I, Pope 2, 439 Habel, Norman 2, 748, 749, 751 Gregory XVI, Pope 2, 153 Habermas, JuÈrgen 1, 94; 2, 675; 3, 22, 378 Greiser, Arthur 1, 622 Hackel, Sergei 2, 488 Grese, Irma 3, 653 Haeckel, Ernst 1, 646±8, 649 Grierson, John 3, 480±81 Haffner, DeÂsireÂe 1, 323 Grindea, Carola 3, 207, 208, 225 Haft, Cynthia J. 1, 680 Grindea, Miron 3, 207, 208 Hague Convention 2, 955 Grob, Leonard and Swiss neutrality 1, 71±72 the morality of the use of power 2, 114±122 Hahn, Ferdinand 2, 764±6 GroÈber, Archbishop 2, 418 Haibl, Michaela 3, 347 Gross, Leonard 1, 302 Haim, Sylvia 1, 577 Grossman, Chajka 1, 221 Hajdenberg, Henri 2, 427 Grossman, David 3, 89 Hajkova, Michaela 2, 900, 903±4 932 Index

Halasz, George Heller, Celia 1, 187, 189 trauma transmission in survivor families 3, Hemingway, Ernest 1, 791 117±26 Hendel, Yehudit 3, 129 Hale, Matt 1, 915 Hendin, Herbert 2, 209±10 Hallie, Philip 2, 124, 302 Henney, Arpad 1, 897 HallstroÈm, BjoÈrn 1, 505 Heppner, Ernest G. 2, 274±5 Hamilton, V 2, 126±8, 218 Herberman, Nanda 3, 17±22 Hammer, Reuven 3, 621 Herbert, Ulrich 1, 164, 170 Hancock, Ian 1, 49 Hereros, genocide of 1, 44, 53, 119, 738±9, 741 Hanfstaengl, Ernst 2, 366 Herman, Judith 2, 929 Harder, Albert and Loni 2, 335 Herman, Stewart W. 2, 635±49 Harff, Barbara 1, 43 Hermansson, Magnus 1, 634±5 Harlan, Veit 3, 696 Hershele, David 1, 219 Harnack, Adolf 2, 68±9, 186 Hershkowitz, Bendet 1, 213 Harries, Richard 2, 544 Hertz, Chief Rabbi 2, 238±9 Harrington, R. and L. 3, 57 Herzberger, Dr 1, 755±6 Harster, Wilhelm 1, 531 Herzl, Theodor 2, 463 Hartman, David 2, 7, 704 Theresienstadt lectures on 1, 267±8 Hartman, Geoffrey 2, 110; 3, 203, 207, 444, 449, Herzog, Rabbi Isaac 1, 521; 2, 290; 3, 27 706 Herzog, Roman 3, 423, 666 Hartmann, Eduard von 1, 651 Heschel, Abraham 2, 76, 443, 628 Harwood, Richard 1, 774 Heschel, Susannah 1, 506 Hasfari, Shmuel 3, 719±20 We Remember, response to 2, 431, 432 Hashomer Hatzair 1, 298 Hess, Rudolf 2, 496 Hasidism, prayers of the Holocaust 1, 396±7 Heuss, Anja 2, 896 Hass, Aaron Heydrich, Reinhard 1, 49, 117,134±5, 652, 530, survivor testimony, psychological implications 549, 739, 742; 3, 609 of 3, 127±34 Heyman, Eva 1, 483, 486 Hatz, Otto 1, 373, 374 Heymann, Lucie 2, 360 Hauer, Jakob Wilhelm 1, 650±52 Hidden Child Foundation 2, 924 Hauerwas, Stanley 2, 148±9, 703, 706, 783 hidden children Hauser, Irene 1, 221 see under children HaÈuser, Philipp 2, 495 Hielscher, Friedrich 1, 343 Haushild, T 3, 773±4 Hilberg, Raul 1, 9, 145, 190, 203, 250±51, 302, 303, Hausmann, Eric 2, 285 304, 306, 533, 789; 2, 581. 816, 818, 828±9; Hautval, AdeÂlaõÈde 1, 284, 320, 322, 323, 328±9 3, 234, 348, 352, 353, 361, 363, 395, 502 Havel, Vaclev 1, 546 victims, calculation of 1, 30 Hayes, Peter 2, 9, 151 Zundel cases, evidence in 1, 773, 775, 833 Haynes, Stephen Hilferding, Rudolf 2, 357 university Holocaust education 3, 617±31 Hill, Geoffrey 3, 841 `witness people myth' 2, 11±12 Hillesum, Etty 1, 399; 2, 50; 3, 572 Hays, Richard 2, 703 Hilty, Carl 1, 74 Heartfield, John 3, 719 Himler, Martin 1, 908 Heberer, Gerhard 1, 647 Himmler, Heinrich 1, 113±14, 613, 623±5, Hedin, Sven 1, 630±44 742±3; 2, 390, 885; 3, 502 Hefner, Philip 2, 148 camps, organization of 1, 165, 169 Heidegger, Martin 1, 879; 2, 41, 128, 173 forced labour, use of 1, 165, 169, 174 Heiden, Konrad 2, 365 free religious movement, encouragement of 1, Heiler, Frederick 1, 397±8 649, 651 Heilman, Anna 3, 574 gassing, `humaneness' of 2, 55, 56 Heim, Otto 2, 291 Hedin, Sven, meeting with 1, 638 Heim, Susanne 1, 137; 3, 361 Jehovah's Witnesses, admiration for dedication autarky, contribution of scientists to Nazi search of 1, 501 for 1, 657±73 Jewish property, appropriation of 1, 623±4 Heine, Heinrich 1, 729 Peenemunde, visit to 2, 25 Heir, Rabbi Marvin 2, 848 Pius XII, negotiations with 2, 406 Helbronner, Jacques 1, 675 RavensbruÈck, negotiations for release of Helfgott, Ben 1, 6; 3, 593 prisoners to Sweden 3, 173±4 Helldorff, Count 1, 620 scientific research, patronage of 1, 658, 659, 662 Index 933

Himmler, Heinrich, cont. Holborn, Hajo 2, 621 Sinti and Roma, deportation of 3, 668, 669 Holcinger, Robert 1, 534 SS leaders, Posen speech to 1, 31 Holland see Netherlands Hinkel, Hans 1, 411, 412 Holland, Norman 3, 569 Hirsch, David Holocaust 3, 437±51 America, the Holocaust and the experience of Americanization of 3, 309±21, 452±3, 564, 684 radical evil 1, 779±95 art Hirsch, Emmanuel 2, 621, 628 Daghani, Arnold 3, 205±27; see also under Hirsch, Herbert art `ethics', `morality' and `responsibility' after the art, theft of Holocaust 2, 123±32 see Nazi-looted art Hirschberg, Siegmund 1, 418 Balkans 3, 142±9 Hirschfeld, Magnus 1, 650 Baltic States 1, 847±57 Hirschman, Albert 2, 352, 356, 357, 367 banalization of 1, 57 Hirschprung, Pinhas 2, 275 Belarus 1, 154±62; 2, 863±4 Hirsch-Sommer, Martha 1, 414 Bible, interpretative links with 2, 12±13 Hirshman, Ira 1, 381 British government's failure to act 2, 577±8 Hirszfeld, Dr Ludwig 1, 281 Bulgaria 3, 143 Jewish Health Council, Warsaw Ghetto 1, Catholic Church and 2, 152±6, 396±412, 190±91, 192±4, 196 413±24, 455±80, historians Christian ethics and 2, 413±24, 700±709, denial, role in disproving 1, 773±8, 769±72 710±24 Historikerstreit 1, 94; 3, 292±3, 371 circumstances provoking 1, 116 historiography concept of 3, 384±5 Historikerstreit 1, 94; 3, 292±3, 371 Croatia 3, 143 evasion, as unexplored continent of Holocaust decision-making process 1, 13±14, 33 historiography 1, 302±18 denial Holocaust photographs, use of 3, 341±57 see below under Holocaust denial Holocaust, as history 3, 358±66 doctors Soviet, of the Holocaust 3, 298±300 resistance, role in 1, 279±88 Hitler, Adolf documentary films, early 3, 478±500 antisemitism, roots of 1, 119 Dutch record, reassessment of 1, 527±42 Armenian genocide, memory of 1, 7, 739 `European-ness' of 3, 684 and the Catholic church 2, 472±4 evasion of 1, 302±18 euthanasia programme 2, 200 explanations of 3, 362±3 Final Solution 1, 48, 49 films depicting Herero extermination, familiary with 1, 739 see under film Jews, prophecy of annihilation of 1, 117 gender and 3, 751±68 Poles, planned slaughter of 1, 49 generational attitudes in Germany 3, 652±63 political testament 2, 55 genocide, use to misunderstand 1, 43±54 women, opposition to political activity of 1, groups targeted by 1, 29±42 554±5 historians and 1, 773±8 Hoare, Sir Samuel 2, 235 historians' role in recording 1, 769±72 Hobbes, Thomas 3, 421 historiography 3, 358±66 Hoche, Alfred 2, 199 photographs, use and misuse of 3, 341±57 Hocherman, Rachel 3, 175, 180±82 homosexual victims of 3, 454 Hochhuth, Rolf, The Deputy 2, 384, 406, 461, human responsibility in the light of Nazi 582 ideology 2, 146±61 Hoenig, Samuel 2, 526 humour in representation of 3, 769±78 Hoess, Rudolf 1, 763 interpretation of trial of 3, 486 German-Jewish philosophers 2, 162±79 Hoff, Peter P. 3, 781 Germany, Historikerstreit 1, 94 Hoffman, Detlef 3, 370 Levinas, Emmanuel 2, 98±113; 3, 318±20 Hoffman, Eva 3, 121±2, 309±10 Jesuit victims of 2, 385, 387 Hoffman, M.L. 2, 329 and Jewish identity 3, 266±82 Hoffman, Michael 1, 871, 919±20 and political corruption 1, 613±29 Hoffmann, Camill 1, 272 Libya 3, 144±5 Hofstede, Geert 2, 310±11 literature 3, 78±92, 751±68, 814±30 Hoheisel, Horst 3, 719, 779±86 Lithuania 2, 862±3 934 Index

Holocaust, cont. Holocaust, cont. memorials religion and ethics, continuing challenge to 2, Auschwitz 3, 237±47; see also under 6±10 Auschwitz remembrance 3, 266±82 Berlin 3, 293±4, 781 Germany 3, 283±95, 367±82 Beth Shalom Holocaust Memorial Centre, Israel 3, 545±61 UK 3, 832 in music 3, 680±83, 804±13 Birkenau 3, 239, 240±42 literature, American 3, 704±717 Buchenwald 3, 368±79 memory, representation and education 3, Cape Town Holocaust Centre 1, 866 231±6 Coral Gables, Florida 3, 832 poetry 3, 841±53 Eastern Germany 3, 367±82 see also under art; film Imperial War Museum, London 3, representation, pushing the limits of 3, 718±38 590±606 rescue, see under rescue Hoheisel and Knitz 3, 781±2 restitution see under restitution Kassell 3, 779±81 revisionism 1, 813±831, 847±57; see also Lithuania 1, 852 Holocaust denial RavensbruÈck 3, 368±79 Romania 1, 813±14 Sachsenhausen 3, 368±79 `slaughter of the innocents' 1, 32±34 Sinti and Roma 3, 671±2 Soviet leadership's responses to 1, 355±70 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Soviet Union 1, 154±62 q.v. Jewish veterans, memories of 3, 296±308 Yad Vashem q.v. survival rate memory Netherlands 1, 532±33 future of 3, 383±93 survivors see under survivors Germany 3, 410±19 Swiss victims of 2, 907±22 history, religion and morality 3, 394±409 synagogue organs, destruction of 1, 410±21 Israel 3, 545±61 term, use of 1, 12±13; 2, 869±70; 3, 362±3, 524 nativization of 3, 501±12 uniqueness of 1, 29±42, 58, 92 ff.; 2, 11±16 Pisar, Samuel on 1, 15±17 United States, response to 1, 779±95 public repentance, Germany, South Africa universalization of 3, 266±82 and the United States 3, 420±36 usage of term 1, 12±13; 2, 869±70; 3, 362±3, sexual politics of 3, 452±65 524 Switzerland 2, 880; 3, 466±77, Vatican and 2, 396±412 transgenerational memory and the pitfalls of victims, number of 1, 29±31 narrative closure 3, 437±51 women in 1, 230±47; 3, 568 United Church of Canada, attitude to State of women's writing on 3, 814±30, 751±68 Israel 2, 561±74 Yugoslavia 3, 143 Wiesel, Elie on 1, 8±11 Holocaust (TV series) 1, 57; 3, 97, 478, 564, 655 memory, representation and education 3, Germany, reception in 3, 422 231±6 and publication of Holocaust memoirs 3, 169 mothers and children in 1, 230±47 Holocaust Assets Commission (US) 2, 957±8 museums 3, 161, 505±8, 590±608, 831±40; see Holocaust denial 1, 8±11, 773±8, 769±72; 3, also under individual museums 248±9, 256±7, 360±61 music 3, 680±83, 804±13 Armenian genocide 1, 796±812 synagogue organs, destruction of 1, Arrow Cross emigration 1, 897±910 410±21 Baltic States 1, 847±57 normative comparisons of 1, 90±112 David Irving v. Deborah Lipstadt and Penguin North Africa 3, 144±5 Books 1, 773±8, 769±72 Norway 3, 406±7 Institute for Historical Review 1, 870, 879, 919 photographs, use and misuse of 3, 341±57 internet 1, 911±25 poetry representing 3, 784±803, 841±53 Ku Klux Klan 1, 870, 875 Poland 2, 870 Leuchter, Fred 1, 870, 871, 872±3, 876±7 Poland, attitudes to 3, 525±44 Lithuania 1, 847±57 and political corruption 1, 613±29 Novick, Peter, moral relativism of 3, 311±12 Pope Pius XI and 2, 396±412 on the internet 1, 840±41, 873±5 Pope Pius XII and 2, 396±412 Romania 1, 815, 816, 817 prayers of 1, 389±409 `soft denial', Christian churches and 3, 8 rape, absence of in Nazis attacks on Jews 1, 45 South Africa 1, 858±69 Index 935

Holocaust denial, cont. Hudal, Alois 2, 431 `the spectre of irrationalism at the Huerta, Carlos. C. 1, 872 Millennium' 1, 870±83 Huesmann, L. 2, 222 ZuÈndel, Ernst 1, 773±8 Hughes, Robert 3, 231 Holocaust education 3, 431±2 Huguenots, and rescue 2, 302 Canada 3, 41 HuÈllenkremer, Marie 2, 896 Great Britain 3, 578±89 human genetics Holocaust, presentation of 3, 15±23 Holocaust and 2, 133±45 Imperial War Museum, Holocaust Human Genome Project exhibition 3, 590±606 Nazi racial hygiene, relationship with 2, Israel 3, 545±61 141±2 memory, representation and education 3, Humani Generis Unitas 231±6 see under Vatican pedagogy and content, issues of 3, 578±89 humour Poland 3, 220±41, 525±44, 684±90 in representation of the Holocaust 3, 769±78 professionals, seminars on the Nazi era for 3, in Theresienstadt 1, 264±5 607±16 Hundt-Radowsky, Hartwig 1, 731±2 RFTF 2000 Plenary addresses Hungary Burke, Deirdre M. 3, 515±19 Arrow-Cross emigration, antisemitic writings Imber, Shulamit 3, 520±21 of 1, 897±910 Littell, Marcia Sachs 3, 522±4 `blood for lorries' 1, 371±2 Simon Wiesenthal Center Educational Brand-Grosz rescue mission 1, 371±88 Programme 3, 525±44 Budapest ghetto, changing shape of 1, United Kingdom 3, 515, 578±89 198±210 United States 3, 562±77, 617±31 Eichmann, Adolf 1, 173, 374 universities 3, 617±31 Gergely, Gyorgy videotestimony and 3, 189±204 endeavours of 1, 439±55 Yad Vashem 3, 521, 578±89 Holocaust, Bishops' statement condemning Holocaust Literature Research Institute, (1994) 2, 540 Canada 3, 109±10 International Red Cross 1, 449±52 Holocaust Memorial Day, Israel 3, 394, 550 Jewish Council 1, 442±4 Holt, Niles Jews, deportation of the `churchless' and the Nazi search for Soviet Union refusal to condemn 1, 363 justification 1, 645±56 Himmler moderating to conciliate Allies 1, Homolka, Rabbi Walter 3, 286±7 174 homosexuals, persecution of 1, 36; 3, 454 Soviet Union's refusal to condemn 1, 363 Hondius, Dienke Nazi occupation 1, 374 f Amsterdam, survivors' return to 3, 135±41 rescue attempts Horathy, Regent 2, 668 Gergely, Gyorgy 1, 439±55 Horkheimer, Max 2, 163, 776 Wallenberg, Raoul 1, 444±6 Hornus, Jean-Michel 2, 186 war crimes trials 1, 909 Horon, Hannah 3, 172, 177±80 Hunsche, Otto 1, 443 Horowitz, Sarah 3, 568±9 Hunter, James Davison 3, 453 Horsnhoj-Moeller, Stig 1, 134 Hutter, Shang Horthy, Miklos 1, 374, 814, 897, 901, 903; 2, Shoah, or Wo liegt Auschwitz 3, 472±3 467±8 Huygens, Daniel Johannes 1, 534 hospice volunteers, motivation of 2, 328±9 Huyssen, Andreas 3, 190, 231 HoÈss, Rudolf 2, 56, 771 Hyatt, Felicien Berland 1, 221 Jewish women in Auschwitz, description of 1, 241±2 I.G. Farben 2, 21; 3, 414±15 Jehovah's Witnesses, admiration for dedication Auschwitz, factory at 1, 666±7 of 1, 501 forced labour, use of 1, 176, 593 Hovannisian, Richard MuÈnch, Hans, deposition of 1, 752 denial, the Armenian genocide as prototype 1, Iliescu, President 1, 816 796±812 Iliukhin, Viktor 1, 892 Howil, Boguslaw 2, 334±5 Imber, Shulamit Howse, Ernest M. 2, 561, 563±4 Holocaust education, future directions in 3, Huber, Kurt 3, 275 520±21 Huberband, Shimon 1, 393, 485 Imhof, Peter 3, 469 936 Index

Imperial War Museum, London, Holocaust Israel Exhibition 2, 576; 3, 590±606 Christian community, Nes Ammim 2, 798±13 Daghani archive, inability to accept 3, 207 Holocaust education 3, 545±61 Independent Commission of Experts, Holocaust memory and the future of Jewish life at Switzerland 2, 847, 858 n.40, 876, 945 the dawn of the 21st century 3, 266±82 Innitzer, Cardinal 2, 400 Holocaust remembrance 3, 545±61 Innocent III, Pope Iraqi Jews in 1, 580±84 Licet perfidia Judaeorum 2, 416 Protestant churches attitude towards 2, 534±5 Insdorf, Annette 3, 99 survivors, attitudes towards 3, 545±61 Institute for Historical Review 1, 870, 879, 919 survivors in 3, 95±6, 150±65 Institute of Turkish Studies survivors, psychological myths about 3, Armenian genocide, relativation of 1, 806±7 93±107 insurance companies survivors, reception in 3, 127±34 restitution claims against 2, 877 survivor testimony, perceptions of 3, 545±61 interfaith dialogue United Church of Canada's attitude to State see Jewish-Christian dialogue of 2, 561±74 International Commission on Holocaust Era Yom Kippur War, and publication of Holocaust Insurance Claims 2, 850±51 memoirs 3, 169 International Conference on the Holocaust and Zionist Youth Underground memoirs 3, 169 Genocide (1982) 1, 807 IsraeÈlowicz, Leo 1, 675 International Council of Christians and Jews 2, Israelyan, Victor 2, 277 534 Italy International Criminal Court 1, 58±59, 91; 3, 71 DELASEM international law Yugoslav Jews, aid to 1, 516 and punishment of the perpetrators 2, Feramonti refugee camp 1, 517 123±4 Jews, Pio Nono's attempts to reverse International Red Cross 3, 70±71 emancipation of 2, 461±2 Hungary 1, 449±52 Mussolini, Benito RavensbruÈck survivors, rescue of 3, 172±88 letters to, from Italian Jews 1, 466±80 Theresienstadt visit 3, 805±6 racial laws 1, 466±80 Yugoslav Jews, aid to 1, 516 Pius XI's repudiation of 2, 400±406 internet rescue in 2, 265, 323±4 antisemitism on 1, 911±25 Yugoslav Jewish refugees in 1, 514±16 Holocaust denial 1, 840±41, 873±5, 911±25 neo-Nazis 1, 912 Jabotinsky, Vladimir 2, 275 Odinism 1, 917 JaÈckel, Eberhard 3, 343, 411 racism 1, 911±25 RFTF 2000, Opening Address 1, 12±14 Inuzuka, Koreshige 2, 14 Jackson, Justice Robert 3, 398±9, 485, 486 Ioanid, Radu Jacobs, Sara 2, 46 Romania, revisionism in 1, 813±831 Jagiellonian University, Cracow Ioann, Archimandrite 2, 481±2 Research Center on Jewish History and Iraq Culture 3, 536±7 Kurds, attacks on 1, 59, 62 Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig 2, 627 Iraq Jakubski, Professor 1, 755±6 Farhud, 1941 1, 570±88; 3, 144 James, Clive 3, 411 Irving, David 1, 870, 871, 884 Janner, Lord David Irving v. Deborah Lipstadt and Penguin We Remember, response to 2, 429 Books 1, 773±8, 769±72, 876, 878 Janowitz, Morris 3, 233 Hitler, Adolf, apology for 1, 774 Japan Holocaust denial on the inernet 1, 919 antisemitism in 2, 13±14 in South Africa 1, 865 claims of slave labourers against 2, 854 Isaac, Jules 2, 670, 733, 815, 817, 820, 825 Jewish refugees in 2, 273 Isaacs, Diane Jews, attitude to 2, 13±14 (with Grace Caporino) `Jewish Catholics' in the Japanese Americans Warsaw ghetto 1, 187±97 relocation, 1942±45 2, 27±33; 3, 428±9 Isaacs, Jeremy 1, 861 Jasenovac camp Iser, Wolfgang 3, 569±70, 708 destruction of memorial museum at 1, 51 Islam Jaspers, Karl 2, 385 dhimmi, attitude towards 1, 574 Jauus, Hans 3, 570 Index 937

Jefferson, Thomas Joselewicz, Echiel 1, 285 race, views on 3, 436, n.42 Joseph, Andre 2, 256 Jehovah's Witnesses Josephus 2, 791 Nazi persecution of 1, 35, 495±511 Jospe, Erwin 1, 419 restitution claims 2, 848 Jost, Heinz 3, 864 Jersak, Tobias 1, 116 Jouffa, Yves 1, 678 Jesuits Journal of Genocide Research 1, 92 antisemitism of 2, 382±3 Journal of Historical Review 1, 808 Humani Generis Unitas 2, 402 Journal of Holocaust Education 3, 516 repentance 2, 381±2, 390±91 Jucovy, M.E. 3, 49 Vatican and 2, 383 Jud SuÈss 3, 696±7 Jetzler, Robert 2, 940 Judaism Jewish Agency, Budapest 3, 109 gemilat chesed and moral behaviour at Jewish Chronicle, UK 3, 592, 593 Westerbork 2, 36±53 Jewish Conference on Material Claims 2, 935 Judenrat Jewish Contemporary Documentation Centre, in Holocaust historiography 3, 363±4 France 3, 109 JuÈdischer Kulturbund 1, 411±15 Jewish Free Schools 2, 234±7 Judt, Tony 1, 783, 787 Jewish Historical Institute, Warsaw 1, 313, 344; Julius, Anthony 1, 769 3, 529 Jung, C.G. Jewish life, future of after the Holocaust 3, 266±82 `Wotanism' 1, 918 Jewish-Catholic dialogue 2, 781±2 JuÈnger, Ernst 3, 210 mixed signals and missed opportunites 2, JuÈngst, Britta 2, 762 661±72 JuÈst, GuÈnther 2, 135 Jewish-Christian dialogue 2, 413±24, 437±54, justice, search for 544±60, 654±5, 673±82, 701±3 Canada, prosecution of Nazi perpetrators 2, Metropolitan Damaskinos, message from 2, 860±75 3±4 Holocaust-era assets debate: a Swiss a theology for the 21st century 2, 732±44 perspective 2, 876±81 Nes Ammim 2, 798±13 the Holocaust goes to court: a view from the Jews, mission to Canadian courtroom 2, 860±75 Protestant churches reappraisal of 2, 533±43 Holocaust restitution in the United States 2, Joachim, Dieter 3, 216 845±59 Job, Book of legal discourse and the construction of history in Knight, Henry F. Switzerland 2, 938±51 Job, interpretation of after the Holocaust 2, Nazi art looting: in Poland, machinery of 2, 745±59 882±94 Jodl, Friedrich 1, 646 Nazi-looted assets in Czech collections 2, Joersz, Jerald C. 2, 593±4 895±905 Joffe, Josef 3, 411±12 Nazi-looted art, choice of law issues in return John 8:44 2, 446, 787±97 of 2, 952±65 John Paul II, Pope 1, 11, 15; 2 9, 148±9, 151±2, Nazi-looted art, Poland 2, 882±94 385±6, 416, 425, 444, 446, 447, 455, 457, restitution, child survivors' experience with 2, 663, 664, 666, 670, 822±3; 3, 7, 336, 634 923±65 We Remember return of Nazi-looted art: choice of law see under Vatican issues 2, 952±65 John XXIII, Pope 1, 521; 2, 662, 667 Switzerland, legal discourse and the (as Cardinal Roncalli) construction of history in 2, 938±51 rescue of Balkan Jews 2, 256 Switzerland, victims of national socialism 2, John, Gospel of St 2, 525±7 907±22 John 8:31±59 from a Jewish perspective 2, 787±97 Kaas, Ludwig 2, 471±3 Johnson, Luke Timothy 2, 447, 448. 449, 450 Kabbalists, Lurianic Johnstone, M. 2, 49 Tikkun olan and Christian ethics 2, 78 Joint Distribution Committee 3, 109 Kadosh, Sara Jokl, Anna Maria 2, 102 Jewish refugee children in Switzerland 2, Jonas, Hans 2, 7, 146 281±97 Jonas, Regina 1, 266,269 Kaes, Anton 2, 761 Jones, Gregory 2, 726 Kaganovich, Lazar 1, 356 938 Index

Kahane, David 1, 213, 218, 483, 485; 2, 489 Kellenbach, Katharina von Kahler, Erich Christian discourses of forgiveness and the The Tower and the Abyss 1, 786±7 perpetrators 2, 725±31 Kahn, Colonel 1, 676 Christian theology and ethics after the Kahn, Franz 1, 266 Holocaust, future directions for 2, 656±9 Kaienburg, Hermann 1, 173 Keller, Stefan Kaiser Wilhelm II 1, 737±8 GruÈningers Fall 3, 471 Kaiser, Hermann 3, 216 Keller, Ulrich 3, 341 Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft (KWG) 1, 657±73; Kelman, Herbert C. 2, 126±8, 218 2, 198±9 Kempner, Vitka 1, 559 Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institute 1, 658 Kennedy, Paul 1, 789 Kaldenberg, Wyatt 1, 912 Kenny, L.M. 2, 569 Kalejs, Konrad 2, 867±8 Kenstavicius, Antanas 2, 862±3 Kalish, Alexander 3, 303 Keown, John 2, 208±9 Kalmanovitch, Zelig 1, 484, 485, 489±90; 3, 823±4 Kepnes, Steven Kaltenbach, Fred 2, 640 the ethics of resuce, Aristotelian and Levinasian Kammler, Hans 1, 173; 2, 21, 23 perspectives 2, 298±308 Kandinsky 2, 359 Kerem, Yitzchak Kant, Immanuel 1, 37; 2, 299, 304 Sephardic testimony of the Holocaust 3, 142±9 Kaplan, Chaim 1, 216±17, 220, 393, 396, 483, Kermode, Frank 1, 791 484, 485, 487, 490; 3, 346±7, 820 Kerrl, Hans 2, 494, 495, 502, 503, 622 Kaplan, Harold Kershaw, Ian 1, 6, 14; 3, 697, 701 the `Americanization' of the Holocaust' 3, genocide and modernity 1, 25±28 309±21 Kersten, Felix 3, 173±4 Kaplan, Marion 1, 591 Kessel, Joseph 2, 357 Kaplan, Robert 1, 716 Kessler, Edward Kaplansky, Kalmen 3, 36 Jewish-Christian dialogue, a theology for Karel, Rudolf 3, 806 the 21st century 2, 732±44 Karmel, Ilona 3, 754, 756, 757, 758±9, 763±4, theology, past, present and future 2, 653±5 765 Kestenberg, Judith 3, 48, 57, 102, 124 Karny, Miroslav 1, 259 Khadduri, Rabbi Sasson 1, 571, 580 Karpf, Anna 3, 121, 122 Khalil, Wazir al 1, 585 Karski, Jan 1, 553; 2, 336±7, 576, 666 Khmer Rouge 1, 60, 62 Kascerginski, Schmerke 3, 809 Khrushchev, Nikita 1, 363, 364 Kassel Kichert, Werner 2, 57 Holocaust memorials 3, 779±81 Kiddush Hahayyim Kasztner, Rezso 1, 377, 904 prayers of the Holocaust as expression of 1, `Kasztner's train' 1, 384 394±7, 404±5 Kater, Michael 1, 412 Kiefer, Anselm 3, 719 Kattan, Naim 1, 582 Kielce pogrom 3, 135 Katz, Erich 1, 413 Kierkegaard, Soren 1, 398; 2, 626, 627±8, 775; 3, Katz, Fred 2, 19, 20, 225 420 Katz, Josef 1, 219, 482±3, 487; 2, 441 Kieta, Mieczylw 1, 755±6 Katz, Steven 1, 92, 95, 96±97, 809; 2, 6, 777, Kiev 822, 824, 826; 3, 619 massacre of Jews of 1, 359 Katzir, Ram 3, 772±3 Kim, S. 2, 41 Katzmann, Friedrich 1, 168, 170 Kimber, William 1, 328 Katznelson, Yitzhak 1, 482, 486, 488, 491; 3, Kindertransport 1, 236±7; 3, 59 269, 358 Cambridge Committee, UK 2, 230±53 Kaufman, Abraham 2, 14 Hirsch-Sommer, Martha 1, 414 Kaunas, ghetto chronicle 1, 216, 220 Imperial War Museum Holocaust Kaveny, M. Cathleen 2, 204 exhibition 3, 600 Kayfetz, Ben 3, 34±5 `Six from Leipzig' 2, 230±53 Kaynar, Gad 3, 720 King, Christine 1, 502 Kazin, Alfred 2, 350 King, Martin Luther 3, 258 Keating, Donald R. 2, 567 Kingdon, Frank 2, 359 Kedourie, Elie 1, 573±4, 575 Kingsley, Ben 3, 189 Keegan, John 1, 789 Kisker, K.P. 3, 48 Keilson, Hans 2, 946 Kittel, Gerhard 2, 193±4, 621 Index 939

Kladovo Transport 1, 513 Kollek, Teddy 1, 374, 384 Klages, Otto Koller, Arnold 3, 468 see Clages, Gerhard Kolvenbach, Peter-Hans 2, 381 Klajn, Aleksandar 1, 516 Kolvin, I. 3, 56 Klang, Carl 1, 918 Komoly, Otto 1, 439, 441 Klang, Heinrich 1, 266 Konarzewski, Krzysztof 2, 304, 307 Klapproth, Erich 2, 588±9 Kongregatsiya Klarsfeld, Beate, Foundation 1, 877 and child survivors, Poland 3, 27 Klarsfeld, Serge 1, 679; 2, 427; 3, 79, 721 Konig, Karl 2, 501±3 Klarsfeld, Serge and Beate 1, 6 Koordinatsiya Archives, Ghetto Fighter's Klausner, Joseph 2, 550 House 3, 26±7 Klee, E. 2, 219 Koos, Kalman 1, 904 Klein, Aleksandar 1, 518 Koppold, Harold, Sigmar and Zilla 2, 239, 245, Klein, Fritz 2, 201 245±7 Klein, Gerda 3, 397±8, 400 Kor, Eva 1, 753 Klein, Gideon 3, 806 Korber, Mirjam 1, 485 Klein, Hillel 3, 97, 102 Korczak, Janusz 1, 220, 488 Klein, Kurt 3, 397±8 Koretzer Rebbe 1, 481 Klein, Marc 1, 321, 755±6 Korey, William 3, 298 Kleinova, Dr 1, 756±7 Korman, Judge Edward R. 2, 846 Klemperer, Eva 1, 549 Korn, Mikolasz 1, 330±31 Klemperer, Victor 1, 733, 761 Kosovo diaries 1, 543±51 conflict in 1, 22, 27, 58, 63, 99; 3, 403 Klenickli, Leon Kosovo Klepfisz, Irena 3, 273±4, 461, 784±803 Jewish refugees in 1, 516 Klepfisz, Michal 3, 794±801 Kossak-Szczucka, Zofia 1, 311 Klepinin, Fr. Dmitrii 2, 483 Kostanian, Rachel 1, 6 Kley, Stefan 1, 13 Kott, Jan 1, 138 Klicka, Hanna 1, 190, 191 Kovach, Aladar 1, 903 Klingberg, Wanda 1, 191 Kovner, Abba 1, 558; 3, 546, 552, 822, 825 Klodzinski, Stanyslaw 1, 329, 330 `Not Sheep to the Slaughter' 3, 97 Klonicki-Klonymus, Aryeh 1, 485 Kovno Knigge, Volkhard 3, 369, 473 Zwartendijk, Jan, and rescue in 2, 271±80 Knight, Henry F. Kovno ghetto Job, interpretation of after the Holocaust 2, Aktionen 1, 848, 850 745±59 chronicle 1, 216, 220 Knitz, Andreas 3, 781±2 Elkes, Elkhanan 1, 282±3 Knobloch, Wilhelm 2, 496, 501; 3, 347 exhibition, USHMM 3, 343±4 Knodn, Hans 1, 741 Hidden History of the Kovno Ghetto 3, 351 Knowlden, V. 2, 41 photographs of 3, 343±4, 351 Koch, Erich 1, 621, 664±6 Kowalski, Wojciech Koch, Hal 2, 629 Nazi art looting: in Poland, machinery of 2, Koch, Ludwig 2, 383 882±94 Koerner, Henry 3, 833±4 Kracowski, Eva 1, 561 Koestler, Arthur 2, 576; 3, 232±4 Krafft-Ebing, Richard von 3, 67 Koffler, Josef 3, 810 Krajewski, Stanislaw 1, 6 Kogan, Ilany 3, 120 Auschwitz at the threshold of the new Kogon, Eugene 1, 140 millennium 3, 322±40 Kohl, Helmut 3, 287, 389, 653 Krakowski, Shmuel 3, 24, 109±10 Kohlberg, L. 2, 48 Kram, Judge Shirley Wohl 2, 849 kok sagys Kramer, Lotte 3, 847±8 Auschwitz, research at 1, 666±7, 754 Kramer, T.D. Kolbe, Father 3, 634 Gergely, Gyorgy, endeavours of, 1940±45 1, Kolbe, Fr. Maxmillian 2, 664 439±55 Kolberg, Lawrence 2, 86±7 Kranzler, David 2, 275 Kolczynska, Paulina 3, 724 Krasa, Hans 3, 806 Kolitz, Zvi Kraus, Karl 1, 743 `Yossel Rakover Speaks to God' 2, 99±103, Kraus, Tomas 2, 904 106±7, 109±10 Krause, Reinhold 2, 588 940 Index

Krauthammer, Charles 2, 879 Kuttner, Thomas Krell, Robert 1, 6; 3, 49 legal constraints on the new antisemitism: the Krell, Robert Canadian experience' 1, 832±46 restitution, child survivors' experience with 2, Kutzat, Horst 3, 369 923±65 Kuznetsov, Anatoli Kremer, Johann Paul 1, 763 Babi Yar 1, 359 Kremer, S. Lillian Kuznetsov, Ye.G. 1, 892 gender and the Holocaust: women's Holocaust Kvasha, Yosif 3, 301 writing 3, 751±68 Kwinta, Chava 1, 219; 3, 42 Kremers, Heinz 2, 809 Kren, George 1, 96; 2, 129 Lacane, Jacques 3, 818 Krieck, Ernst 1, 871 LaCapra, Dominick 3, 448, 503, 704±5, 771 Kristallnacht 1, 234, 591 Lacordaire, Henri 2, 155 Herman, Stewart W., reaction of 2, 640 Lafarge, John 2, 384, 401±3; 3, 396 Kindertransport resulting from 2, 231, 232 Laffin, John 3, 353 Protestant reaction 2, 588±9 Laffitte, Michel restitution claims arising from 2, 850 the first U.G.I.F. Board of Directors 1, 674±87 South Africa, Afrikaans press reports of 1, 858 LaForest, Justice 1, 839 synagogues, destruction of 1, 410, 416±17 Lakocinski, Zygmunt 3, 175 Krivoshein, I A. 2, 483 Laks, Szymon 3, 809 Krog, Antjie 3, 427±8, 432 Lambert, Ramond-Raoul 1, 675 ff. Kromiadi, K. 2, 486 Lambeth Conference, 1988 2, 544±5 Krondorfer, BjoÈrn Lamennais, Felicite de 2, 155 German post-Holocaust theology 2, 760±74 Lamprecht, Andrew KroÈner, Hans-Peter (with Milton Shain) Holocaust denial in South ethics, human genetics and the Holocaust 2, Africa 1, 858±69 133±45 Landau, Justice Moshe 1, 17 Kruk, Hermann 1, 220 Landau, LeÂon 1, 330, 756±7 Krumey, Hermann 1, 377, 443 Landau, Regine 2, 190±91 KruÈtzfeld, Wilhelm 1, 419 Landau, Ronnie 3, 347 Krystal, Henry 3, 94, 102, 765 Lando, Jerzy 2, 334±5 Ku Klux Klan Lane, David 1, 918 in Canada 1, 836 Lang, Slobodan 1, 43 Holocaust denial 1, 870, 875 Langbein, Hermann 1, 283, 329, 330, 504 Kube, Wilhelm 2, 497±501 Lange, Nicholas de 2, 584 Kubovitzki, Leon 1, 517 Langer, Lawrence 1, 212; 3, 167, 168, 193±4, Kucia, Marek 196, 312±13, 383, 386±7, 391, 403, 408, Auschwitz, in social consciousness of Poles 3, 438, 444, 445, 446, 449, 482, 505, 508, 517, 632±51 563, 567, 720, 751, 823, 834 Kuckuck, Hermann 1, 660 Langer, Manfred 1, 419 Kuhn, Stefan 2, 141 Langer, Suzanne 2, 182±3 Kuhse, H. 2, 41 Langmuir, Gavin 1, 913 Kulka, Otto 2, 590 Langyel, Olga 3, 573 Kulturkampf Lanzmann, Claude 3, 97, 353, 503, 568 Jesuits, expulsion of, Jewish response to 2, Lapide, Pinchas 2, 416 383 Larsen, Lauritz 2, 635, 636 Kun, Bela Las Casas, Bartolome de Pius XII's reaction to 2, 467±8 atrocities reported by 2, 188±91 KuÈng, Hans 2, 414, 415, 416±17, 420, 825 Lasker-Wallfisch, Anita 3, 437, 681 Kunstsammlungen Zu Weimar v. Elicofon 2, 955 Laski, Shmuel David 1, 342 Kupershtain, Lev 3, 303 Latvia Kurds, genocide of 1, 59, 67 Holocaust in 2, 864 Kurek-Lesik, E. 2, 222±3 Lau, Chief Rabbi Meier 1, 6 Kurz, Eva John Paul II, meeting with 1, 11 Nazi-looted assets in Czech collections 2, Plenary Speech, Survivors' Gathering 3, 3±4 895±905 We Remember, response to 2, 429, 430 Kushner, Tony 3, 590 Laub, Dori 3, 195±6, 197, 502 Parkes, James, and the Holocaust 2, 575±86 Laube, Heinrich 3, 783 Kutler, L. 1, 218 Laufer, Fritz 1, 373, 374, 375, 382±3 Index 941

Laval, Pierre 1, 681; 3, 6 Levin, I. 2, 488, 489 LAWER (Life-terminating Acts without Explicit Levin, Judith 3, 341, 345 Request of Patient) 2, 209 Levin, Nora 1, 145, 533; 2, 255±6, 823±4, 831 Lawton, Mr Justice Levinas, Emmanuel 1, 489; 2, 54, 60, 114±121, Dering vs Uris 1, 328±9 390, 670±72, 750, 754, 779±80; 3, 318±20 Laynez, James 2, 383 rescue, ethics of 2, 298±308, 342±3 Lazar, Karoly 1, 447±8 Levine, Hillel 2, 272 Lazard, Andre 1, 679, 683 LeÂvi-Strauss, Claude 1, 71 Le Chambon sur Lignon Levitt, Cyril 3, 32 see Chambon sur Lignon, Le LeÂvy, Albert 1, 675, 680, 683 Le Pen, Jean-Marie 2, 427 LeÂvy, Robert 1, 324 Lebecq, Georges 1, 684 LeÂvy-Coblenz, Dr 1, 755 Lebel, Jenny 3, 143 Levy-Hass, Hanna 1, 484 Leddy, Mary Jo 3, 575 Lewental, Salmen 1, 483±4; 3, 574 Ledochowski, Father 2, 396, 402, 403 Lewin, Abraham 1, 220 Lee, Marshall 3, 622 Lewin, Isaac and Pessla 2, 272 Leeb, Field Marshall von 1, 105±106 Lewin, Jacques 1, 323, 331 Lefkovitz, Lori Hope 3, 79, 83 Lewin, Reinhold 2, 612, 615 legality Lewin-Kassewitz, Johanne-Lise 1, 411, 419 Vichy France, justifications for Vichy racial Lewinska, Pelagia 1, 402 laws 2, 509±17 Lewinska, Perla 3, 574 Lehmann-RussbuÈldt, Otto 1, 650 Lewis, Bernard 1, 799, 808 Lehne, Ingeburg 1, 667 Lewis, Bryan Leichtentritt, Hugo 1, 412 photographs, use and misuse in Holocaust Leininger, M. 2, 36 historiography 3, 341±57 Leiser, Erwin 3, 695 LeWitts, Sol 3, 473 Leist, Anton 2, 139, 140 Lewy, Guenter 3, 20 Lemkin, Raphael 1, 50, 98, 101 libel law, United Kingdom Lenard, Philip 1, 645, 649 see Irving, David; see also Dering, Wladyslaw Lengyel, Olga 1, 326; 3, 760 Libera, Zbigniew 3, 724±47, 775±6 Lenz, Fritz 2, 135±6, 199 Liberman, Ruth Lenz, Siegfried 3, 653 Holocaust, humour 3, 769±78 Leo XIII 2, 153 Libers, Berthe 1, 677 Leonards, Walters 2, 496 Libeskind, Daniel 3, 285, 831±3, 837, 839 lesbian movement Libya Holocaust memory, USA 3, 453, 454±8 Holocaust in 3, 144±5 Letgers, Lyman 1, 108 Licht, Aleksandar 1, 518 Lettich, Andre 1, 322, 323, 329, 330, 755±6 Lichtenberg, Bernard, Provost of Berlin 3, 275 Leuchter, Fred 1, 774, 870, 871, 872±3, 876±7 Kristallnacht, denunciation of 1, 403±4; 2, 428, Leuteschlager, Earl S. 2, 568 430, 457, 668 Levai, J. Lichtenstern, Paul 1, 419 Eichmann in Hungary 1, 199 Lida ghetto Levene, Mark medical resistance in 1, 285 remembering for the future, engaging with the Liebehenschel, Artur 1, 763 present 1, 55±70 Liebknecht, Karl 1, 650 Levenson, John D. 2, 451 Life is Beautiful 1, 782; 3, 403, 479, 770±71 Levenson, Jon 2, 71 Lifton, Robert Jay 1, 284; 2, 81, 84, 126±8, Levi, Albert 3, 143 191±2, 298; 3, 425, 462 Levi, Erik 1, 411 MuÈnch, Hans, interviews with 1, 752±4, Levi, Joseph 1, 419 757±8, 763±4 Levi, Nora 2, 154 Lilienheim-Angelico, Irene 3, 415 Levi, Primo 1, 9, 214, 248, 331, 390, 544; 2, Lilje, Hanns 1, 506 54, 60, 345, 625; 3, 22, 50, 67, 108, 109, Lindberg, Charles A. 1, 918 232, 402, 438, 503, 556, 789, 841, 850±51, Lindenboim, Abram 3, 301 866 Lindholm, Birgitta 3, 175 Levi, Trude 3, 442 Lindner, Burkhardt 2, 164 Levi-Civita, Tullio 2, 401 Lindsay, Mark Levin, Dov 1, 6 Wir erinnern and the problems of confession 2, Holocaust denial, Lithuania 1, 847±57 413±24 942 Index

Lindsey, Hal 2, 819 Low, Martin 1, 714, 715, 716 Lindwer, Willy 1, 284±5; 2, 45 Lowry, Heath 1, 798, 806 Lingens-Reiner, Ella 1, 320, 322 Lowry, Richard 2, 446 Lipchitz, Jacques 2, 371 LoÈwy, Alfred 1, 419 Lippmann, Walter 2, 29 Lubbe, Hermann 3, 378 Lipset, Seymour Martin 3, 254, 255 Lubell, Samuel 3, 95 Lipstadt, Deborah 1, 5, 10; 3, 454, 575 Lubetkin, Civia 1, 556 David Irving v. Deborah Lipstadt and Penguin Lublin ghetto Books 1, 10, 451, 774±8, 769±72 liquidation of 1, 692, 696 deception, lies and David Irving 1, 769±72 photographs of 3, 346 Denying the Holocaust 1, 872 Lucas, Colin Liss, Andrea 3, 860 Opening Address, RFTF 2000 Conference 1, 3 Lissner, Abraham 1, 483 Ludendorff, Erich 1, 632 literature Ludi, Regula war novels, in American life 1, 779±95 (with Anton-Andreas Speck) Switzerland and Lithuania victims of national socialism 2, 907±22 antisemitism, revival of 1, 853±5 Lueger, Karl 1, 736, 737 German occupation of 2, 271 Luitjens, Jacob 1, 703 Holocaust in 1, 847±57 Lukas, Richard A. 1, 30; 2, 154 Holocaust, Lithuanians' participation in 2, Lukyanov, Seraphim 2, 485±6 862±3 Lustiger, Cardinal Jean-Marie 2, 425, 665, 669; Holocaust, President's apology for 1, 853 3, 6±7 Holocaust denial 1, 847±57 Luthe, Wolfgang 3, 781 Jewish property, appropriation of 1, 621, Luther, Martin 2, 67, 68, 587±602, 603±17, 622±3 619±20 `Jewish Holocaust Day' 1, 853 as authoritarian personality (Fromm) 2, 167±8 rescue 2, 339±40 On the Jews and their Lies 2, 611±15 Zwartendijk, Jan van 2, 271±80 On the Jews and Their Lies Littell, Franklin 2, 566, 575; 3, 522, 524 repudiation of 2, 595±8 Closing Address, RFTF Conference 3, 8±9 That Christ was Born a Jew 2, 606±11 Littell, Marcia Sachs 3, 619, 620 Luther, Martin (German bureaucrat) 2, 82 caring and responsibility: building a moral Lutheran Church community for the 21st century 3, 522±4 American Church in Berlin Littman, Sol 2, 862 Herman, Stewart W., as Pastor of, Litvinov, M. 1, 356, 358 1935±42 2, 635±49 Locke, Hubert 3, 522 Darmstadt Declaration (1948) 2, 194 Closing Address, RFTF Conference 3, 10±11 Denmark 2, 595, 618±34 Lodz ghetto 1, 211, 213, 217, 221; 3, 175 in Germany and Denmark during the chronicle of 1, 217±18, 223 Holocaust 2, 618±34 diarists 1, 217±18 Holocaust, Bavarian synod condemning gypsies in 1, 341; 3, 668 (1998) 2, 540 prayers in 1, 393±4 mission to the Jews, reappraisal of 2, 537 the rabbinate 1, 339±41 United States religion and religious institutions 1, 335±51 the ECLA confronts its history 2, 587 starvation in 1, 250 Lutheran±Jewish relations 2, 587±602 Loeb, Ehud Herbert Lutz, Charles 1, 445 child survivors, writing workshop for 3, 150±66 Lvov ghetto 1, 213, 218 Loewy, Hanno 3, 344, 346 chronicle of 1, 215±16 Hoheisel, Horst, images of the Holocaust of 3, Lynton, Norbert 3, 208 779±86 Lyotard, Jean FrancËois 3, 444, 447±8, 503 Lomax, Eric 3, 424 London Debt Agreement, 1953 2, 912, 918 Maass, Bernhard 3, 216 Lonergan, Bernard 2, 677 Macartney, C.A. 1, 199, 203, 203, 206, 208 n.14 Long, Ralph 2, 635, 638 Maccoby, Hyam 1, 6; 2, 817 Longerich, Peter 1, 776 Macdonald, J. 2, 40 Lopez, Albert 2, 522 Macdonald, W. Clarke 2, 566, 569±70 Lorentz, Pare 3, 485 Macharski, Cardinal Franciszek 2, 663 Lorska, Dorota 1, 328 MacIntyre, Alasdair 2, 302 Lossau, Georg 2, 497 Mackiewicz, Izia 1, 559 Index 943

Macpherson, John 1, 578 Marquardt, F.W. 2, 808 MacQueen, Angus J. 2, 564, 567, 568 Marrus, Michael 2, 153±4, 363, 364; 3, 345, 358, Madagascar plan 1, 134, 367, 559; 2, 363 621, 862 Madejsker, Sonia 1, Marschalko, Lajos 1, 898, 899, 900, 901 Madigan, Kevin Martin, Cheyenne Vatican statement on the Holocaust: Jewish (with Susan Bakewell-Sachs) nurses and reaction to 2, 425±36 physicians in the resistance 1, 279±88 madness Martini, Angelo 2, 397, 403 women survivors, portrayal in cinema 3, Martyn, J.L. 2, 787 739±50 Marushiakova, Elena Mahler, Alma 2, 351±2 (with Sergei Popov) Bulgarian gypsies during Mahler, Gustav World War II 1, 456±65 conversion to Christianity 1, 188 Masalsky, N.N. 2, 486 Mahler-Bungers, Annegret 3, 831 Masaoka, Mike 2, 31 Maier, Charles 3, 423 Massing, Paul 3, 233 Maimonides, Moses 2, 302, 438, 441±2 Masson, Andre 2, 357 Mais, Yitzak 3, 599 Masson, Diego 2, 357 Majdanek Matas, David 2, 865±6 memorials 3, 376 Material Claims Conference 1, 164, 178 slave labour 1, 165, 166 Matsas, Michael 3, 143 Zyklon B, use of 2, 57±8 Matthews, Robert Jay 1, 918 Majercik, Michal 2, 338 Mauriac, FrancËois 3, 271 Major, John 3, 595 Maurras, Charles 2, 397 Makarov, Sergei Maury, Jacques 2, 513±14, 516±17, 520 Theresienstadt, lectures in 1, 258±78 Maus Makarova, Elena see Spiegelman, Art Theresienstadt, lectures in 1, 258±78 Mauthausen 1, 32 Makashov, General 1, 892 Sinti and Roma memorials 3, 671 Malamud, Bernard 3, 752 slave labour 1, 165, 175 Malchow camp 3, 182 Max-Planck Society 1, 658 Malnasi, Odon 1, 908 Maxwell, Elisabeth 1, 4 Malraux, Andre 2, 370±71 May, Georg 2, 494 Maltzan, Maria Countess von 2, 301±2 Maybaum, Ignaz 1, 141 Manemann, JuÈrgen Mayer, Milton 2, 220 Jews and Christians after Auschwitz: political- Mayer, Saly 1, 379, 518; 2, 284, 288, 292, 293 theological perspectives 2, 775±86 Mayzlish, Rabbi David 1, 423 Manes, Philipp 1, 262±3 Mazor, M. 1, 220 Mann, Golo 2, 351±2; 3, 288 Mazur, Norbert 3, 173±4 Mann, Heinrich 2, 351±2 McCarter, Jeremy 1, 875 Mann, Michael 2, 186 McCarthy, Justin 1, 798, 802, 803, 808 Mann,.Thomas 1, 500; 2, 100, 103 McCollough, Thomas 2, 125 Manschreck, Clyde 2, 149 McCormick, Vincent 2, 384±5 Mansfeld, Geza 1, 755±6 McFarland, Lanning 1, 373, 374±5 Marcionism 2, 68±70 McGrath, Alastair 2, 421 Marcoci, Roxana 3, 727, 736 McLachlin, Justice 1, 833, 835 Marcus, Paula 3, 112±15 McLeod, N. Bruce 2, 572 Marcuse, Harold McMullen, Ramsay 2, 184±5 generational cohorts and attitudes to the McPherson, James M. 1, 785 Holocaust 3, 652±63 Mead, George Herbert 3, 384, 385±8, 391, 420, Margalit, Avishi 1, 96 421 Margulies, Motl 3, 302 Mechanicus, Philip 1, 485 Marino, Andy 2, 351, 353 MeÂdeÂcins sans FrontieÁres 1, 17 Maritain, Jacques 2, 406 medical ethics Markov, Marko 1, 457 Nazi doctors 2, 84±5, 92±3 Markovits, Andrei 3, 411 Meed, Vladka 3, 762 Markovits, Inga 2, 866 Meerbaum-Eisinger, Selma 3, 210 Marks, Jane 3, 49 Meershoek, Guus 1, 533, 539 Markusen, Erik 2, 126±8 Meir, Golda 3, 93 Marquardt, Erika 3, 774±5 Meiri, Rabbi Menaham 2, 442 944 Index

Meiser, Bishop Hans 2, 624, 635 memory, ethics of, cont. Meisinger, Joseph 2, 14 memory, representation and education 3, 231±6 Meiss, LeÂon 1, 676 `nativizing' the Holocaust 3, 501±12 Meissner, Alfred 1, 259 remembering the Holocaust: history, religion Mekhlis, Lev 1, 356 and morality 3, 394±409 Melchior, Marcus 2, 629 Soviet veterans, memories of World War II 3, Melson, Robert 1, 45 296±308 memoirs spatial imagery in Swiss memory discourse 3, ghetto 1, 211±29 466±77 Holocaust memoir, definition of 3, 15±23 transgenerational memory and the pitfalls of memorials narrative closure 3, 437±51 see Holocaust memorials see also Holocaust, memory memory Mengele, Josef 1, 324±5, 329, 330, 753, 760, administrative evil attenuating 2, 19 760±71, 762; 2, 135, 932; 3, 395, 397 Auschwitz Menzel v. List 2, 954±5, competing views of 2, 662±7 Mermelstein, Mel 1, 872 memorials at 3, 237±47 Mermet, Daniel 1, 753, 755±6 Polish perceptions of 3, 525±44 Mestre, Achille 2, 521 Daghani, Arnold 3, 205±27 Meth, Rose 3, 574 Germany, Holocaust memory 3, 367±82, Metz, Johann Baptist 2, 75, 675±7, 775, 784; 3, 420±36 285±6 ghetto memoirs 1, 211±29 Meyer, Konrad 1, 658±9, 666±7 Holocaust, as `war against memory' 3, 501±12 Meyer, Kurt 1, 709, 710 how is the Holocaust best remembered 3, Miasnik, Chaim 1, 285 394±409 Michael, Sammy 1, 583 media technology and 3, 189±204 Michaels, Anne remembering the Holocaust and the future of Fugitive Pieces 3, 84±9 Jewish life at the dawn of the 21st Michel, Henri 1, 552±3 century 3, 266±82 Michelson, Joan South Africa 3, 420±36 Klepfisz, Irena, an introduction to the poetry survivors 1, 9±10 of 3, 784±803 survivor testimony and 3, 437±51 Michman, Dan 1, 6, 533, 536, 539 transgenerational memory and the pitfalls of the Holocaust as history 3, 358±66 narrative closure 3, 437±51 Miglione, Cardinal 2, 407 transmission of 3, 84±9 Mikhailowka camp Truth and Reconciliation Commission, South Celan, Paul 3, 225 Africa 1, 864±5 Daghani, Arnold 3, 205±27 witness, ossification of 3, 440±44 Milejowski, Dr Israel 1, 194 memory, ethics of Milgram, Stanley 2, 125±6, 129, 217±18, 222, antisemitism in America today: lessons for the 223, 298 post-Holocaust era 3, 248±65 Milhaud, Darius 3, 810 Auschwitz at the threshold of the Millbank, James 2, 701±2 millennium 3, 322±40 Millen, Rochelle Eastern Germany, Holocaust memorials in the Evangelical Lutheran Church confronts its 3, 367±82 history 2, 587±602 German identity, the Holocaust and the Miller, Alice 2, 224 year 2000 3, 283±95 Millner, Joseph 1, 677 Germany, South Africa and the United Milosevic, Slobodan States 3, 420±36 ethnic cleansing 1, 59 Goldhagen, Daniel, significance for children of Milosz, Czeslaw 1, 142 Nazi families 3, 410±19 Milton, Sybil 3, 341, 348, 353, 480, 760, the Holocaust as history 3, 358±66 859 Holocaust memory, regularizing of 3, 383±93 Minerbi, Sergio 2, 664, 669 Holocaust memory, sexual politics of 3, Minkowski, E. 3, 94 452±65 Minnesota Militia 1, 918 Holocaust, Americanization of 3, 309±21 Mins, Rachel 3, 3 and Jewish life, future of 3, 266±82 Minsk memory, ethics and education murder of Jews ignored in Soviet reports 1, applied research, challenge of 3, 237±47 365 Index 945

Minsk ghetto 1, 154±62 Moore, Bob 1, 536, 540 diaries 1, 216 Moore, Robert 2, 9, 156 forced labour in 1, 156±7 Moores, James F. 2, 701 liquidation of 1, 157±61 moral relativism underground organization in 1, 556 Novick, Peter 3, 311±12, 314 Mintel, Walter 3, 215, 217 morality Mintz, Alan 3, 816, 817 `ethics', `morality' and `responsibility' after the Mischlinge 1, 547 Holocaust 2, 123±32 Missala, Heinrich 2, 729 gemilat chesed, at Westerbork 2, 36±53 Missouri Synod use of power and 2, 114±122 Jews, evangelism towards 2, 587±602 see also ethics Mit Brennender Sorge Moreh, Shmuel 1, 584 see under Vatican Morley, John 2, 154, 669 Mitchell, W.J.T. 3, 353 Morpurgo, Luciano 1, 474±5 Mitscherlich, Alexander 2, 137; 3, 414, 415 Morrant, Harry 2, 124, 129, 130 Mittelbau-Dora Morris, Errol 1, 876 memorials 3, 374±5 Morris, Robert 3, 855 slave labour 2, 21±4 Morrison, Herbert 2, 577±8 mixed marriages Morsch, GuÈnter Italy 1, 472 concentration camp memorials in Eastern and survival 1, 596, 600 Germany 3, 367±82 Warsaw 1, 305±6 Moskin, M. 2, 46 Mizrahi Moskowitz, Sarah 3, 48±9 Poland, education during the Nazi (with Robert Krell) restitution, child survivors' occupation 1, 289±90 experience with 2, 923±65 Mochalova, Inga 1, 890 Mosse, George 2, 9, 156 Mock, Hans-Peter Motta, Giuseppe 1, 75 (with Thomas Borer-Fielding) Holocaust-era Motzkin, Gabriel 1, 96 assets debate: a Swiss perspective 2, Moyers, Bill 2, 83 876±81 Moyne, Lord 1, 372, 381, 383 Modestino, Guerriero 3, 145 Mozcik, Imre 1, 898 Modras, Ronald Mozzeri, Iris 3, 144±5 Catholic-Jewish relations: addressing the Mrugowksy, Joachim 1, 753, 1, 754, 756, 757 demonic in sacred texts 2, 437±54 Muckerman, Fr. Friedrich 3, 18 Mohler, Armin 3, 368 Muggeridge, Malcolm Molotov, Vyacheslav Soviet famine, reporting of 1, 107 Holocaust, response to 1, 357 MuÈller, Ludwig 2, 622 massacre of Jews, notes relating to 1, MuÈller, Sebastian 2, 100±101, 103 360±63 MuÈller-Hill, Benno 1, 743; 2, 133 Molotov±Ribbentrop pact 1, 358 Mulvey, Laura 3, 744 Polish Jews, emigration from Lithuania MuÈnch, Dr Hans 1, 751±65 permitted by 2, 277 Munk, Kai 2, 629 Moltke, Count Helmuth von 1, 373, 374; 2, 386, Munkacsi, Erno 1, 203, 440, 442 619 Murmelstein, Benjamin 1, 270 Moltmann, JuÈrgen 2, 762, 769 Murnau, F.W. 3, 694 Mommsen, Hans 3, 286±7, 289 Murray, Fr. John Courtney 2, 152 Momogliano, Arnaldo 1, 466 Muschg, Adolf 3, 472 Moncton School Board Case 1, 837±40 Museum of Modern Art, New York 2, 958 Monita Secreta 2, 385 Musial, Father Stanislaw 2, 665 Montefiore, Claude 2, 732 music Montefiore, Bishop Hugh 2, 550 in Auschwitz 3, 808 Montesinos, Antonio de RFTF commemorative concerts 3, 680±83 atrocities reported by 2, 188 synagogue organs and organ music, destruction Montini, Monsignor 2, 406 of 1, 410±21 Montresor, Jaye Berman 3, 776 in Theresienstadt 1, 273±4; 3, 804±8 Mooney, James 3, 431 Muslims Moor, Paul 1, 752 dhimmi, obligation to protect 1, 574 Moore, A.B.B. 2, 563, 567 South Africa, Holocaust denial 1, 866 Moore, B. 2, 43 Musnik, Fernand 1, 679, 680, 685 946 Index

Mussolini, Benito 1, 468, 466±80; 2, 397±8, Nazi Germany, cont. 469±70, 474 photographs, use of in propaganda 3, 345±6 My Lai massacre plant breeding 1, 657±73 Calley, Lt., trial of 2, 218 political corruption 1, 613±29 Myer, Dillon race and nation under Nazi power 1, 113±29 War Relocation Authority 2, 31, 33, 34 Reichsforschungsrat 1, 658 and Romania 1, 813±14 Nadel, Arno 1, 413±14 science in 1, 657±73; 2, 133±45 NASA Sinti and Roma 3, 664±73 German scientists and 2, 23±7 slave labour 1, 163±86 Nathan-Davis, Sally Soviet Union music of the Holocaust 3, 804±13 starvation strategy 1, 659 (with George Whyte) RFTF, the sterilization policies 2, 134, 199±200 commemorative concerts 3, 680±83 Switzerland and 2, 907±22 Nation of Islam 3, 257, 258, 261 Vatican and 2, 396±412, 468±74 National Committee for Rescue from Nazi Terror Nazi gold (UK) 2, 576 Switzerland 1, 80±81 National Institute on the Holocaust, Nazi scientists Philadelphia 2, 575 denazification of 2, 19±35 National Registry of Holocaust Survivors 1, 313 Nazi-looted art National Socialism Commission for Art Recovery 2, 952 see Nazi Germany Czech collections 2, 895±905 NATO Goodman v. Searle 2, 853 bombing of Serbia, ethics of 2, 123 New York v. MOMA 2, 853 Naumann, Michael 2, 896 Poland, laws governing confiscation 2, 882±94 Nazi Germany restitution, choice of law issues 2, 952±65 apologists restitution claims arising in US 2, 852±3 Hedin, Sven 1, 630±44 restitution, Czech Republic 2, 895±905 `Aryanization' and political corruption 1, restitution, Poland 2, 890±91 615±19 Rosenberg v. Seattle Art Museum 2, 853 Catholic Church 2, 455±80 Nazism Mit brennender Sorge (1937) 2, 399±400 Christian roots of 2, 386±91 Nazi priests 2, 493±508 genetic selection 1, 657±73 Catholic opposition to 3, 18 genetics and 2, 133±45 the `churchless' 1, 645±56 homoeroticism in 3, 459±50 Church Withdrawal Movement 1, 645±56 as political religion 1, 27 cinema 3, 694±7 sexual ascetism of 2, 388±91 Concordat, Holy See 3, 395±6 Neher, Andre 1, 141 Confessing Church 2, 619, 622 Neikrug, Marc 3, 681±2, 683 corruption in 1, 613±29 Nelken, Halina 1, 219, 221 `degenerate art' 3, 397 Nemo, Philippe 2, 753 documentary film 3, 480 Nemolovsky, Alexander 2, 486 euthanasia programme 2, 198±213, 641 neo-Nazis Evangelical Church 2, 587±91 Croatia 1, 51 genetic science, abuse of 2, 133±45 Germany 3, 284 gypsies 3, 664±73 Holocaust education ineffective with 3, 609 intermarriage 1, 543, 545, 547±9 Irving, David and 1, 771 and Iraq 1, 570±72 on the internet 1, 912 Jehovah's Witnesses, persecution of South Africa 1, 858±69 1, 495±511 Soviet Union 1, 884, 892 Jewish assets, appropriation of 1, 613±29; 2, Nes Ammim, Israel 2, 798±13 898±900 Netherlands Jewish mothers and their children in 1, 231±6 antisemitism 3, 135 Jews passing during the Holocaust 1, 589±609 collaboration 1, 533±6, 538±40 Lutheran Church 2, 587±602, 618±34 Government-in-Exile 2, 272, 275 Mischlinge 1, 547 hidden children 1, 536 Monistic Alliance 1, 646 Holocaust, Dutch record in 1, 527±42 nonconformist sects, persecution of 2, 621 Jewish Council 1, 538±32 patriarchy 1, 554±6 Jewish property, appropriation of 1, 623 Index 947

Netherlands, cont. Novick, Peter, cont. National Socialist Party 1, 534 victims, estimated number of 1, 50 physician-assisted suicide, contemporary Novitch, Miriam 3, 142 debates 2, 207±11 Nuremberg Doctors' Trial 1, 319; 2, 138 Reformed Church, attitude to the State of Nuremberg Laws 1, 132±3, 544, 548; 2, 134 Israel 2, 534 German Southwest African precedents of 1, rescue 1, 535±9; 2, 223, 256, 259±64 119 resistance 1, 530, 531, 537±9; 3, 135±6 Sinti and Roma 3, 667 restitution 3, 135, 138±9 Nuremberg principles, 1946 2, 131 survival rate 1, 532±33 Nuremberg trials 1, 97±98, 727, 731, 743±4, survivors, return of 3, 135±41 752±3; 2, 123±4, 866±7; 3, 232±4, 398±400, Vught camp 1, 532 426 Westerbork doctors' trial 1, 319; 2, 138 moral behaviour at 2, 42±51 film, documentary 3, 485±8, 489±90 Neuengamme camp Hedin, Sven on unfairness of 1, 642±3 memorial centre 3, 378 International Criminal Court based upon 3, 71 Neusner, Jacob 2, 670; 3, 505 Israeli perception of inadequacy of 1, 16 New Testament photographs of 3, 342 antijudaism 2, 703; 3, 417 Rosenberg, Alfred 1, 743±4 antisemitism 2, 787±97 Streicher, Julius 1, 744; 2, 604 John 8:31±59 from a Jewish perspective 2, nurses 787±97 resistance, role in 1, 279±88 Newman, Judith Sternberg 2, 761 Westerbork 2, 36±53 Newsom, Carol 2, 747, 753 Nussbaum, Felix 3, 831±2 NGOs Nyiszli, Miklos 1, 330 human rights, role in defending 1, 17 Nystad-de-Wijze, Kitty 2, 47 trauma, responses to 3, 71, 74±5 trauma, role in helping victims cope with 3, 63 O'Connor, Cardinal 2, 669 Nicholas, Lynn 2, 954 O'Siadhail, Micheal Nicholl, L. 2, 41 `In Witness' 3, 677±9 Nicholls, Dolores 2, 566 Oberman, Heiko 2, 604 Nicolaescu, Sergiu 1, 816 Obrecht, Charles 2, 540 Niebuhr, Reinhold 2, 66, 72±3, 77±8, 156, 157; Odinism, on the internet 1, 917 3, 523 Ofer, Dalia 1, 6, 224 Niederland, William 3, 98 Warsaw, education of Jewish children during Niemoeller, Martin 1, 506; 2, 156, 588, 623, 657 the Nazi occupation 1, 289±301 Nietzsche, Friedrich 2, 91±2, 523±4; 3, 286 Ogienko, I. 2, 487 Nissenbaum, Rabbi 1, 395±6 Ohlendorf, Otto 3, 399 Nix, Dennis 1, 871 Ohrdurf, documentary film of 3, 484 Nolte, Ernst 1, 94, 137 OleÁre, David 3, 720±22 Holocaust, `normalization' of 1, 779 Oliner, Pearl M. Nomberg-Oszytyk, Sara 3, 573 religious cf. irreligious rescuers 2, 309±18 Nono, Luigi 3, 810±11 Oliner, Samuel 1, 6; 2, 257 Nora, Pierre 3, 231, 557, 861 heroic altruism in a variety of settings 2, 319±33 Nordman, Ingebord 2, 172 Oliner, Samuel and Pearl North Africa The Altruistic Personality 2, 40, 86, 87±9, 95, Holocaust in 3, 144±5, 406±7 223, 224, 225±6, 298±300, 316, 329 Norway Olsen, Charles 3, 794 Holocaust in 3, 406±7 Olster, David 2, 184, 187 Jewish property, appropriation of 1, 622 Oneg Shabat archives, Warsaw 1, 216, 220, 223, Nosske, Gustav 1, 549 296 Nostra Aetate Operation Erntefest 1, 167±9 see Vatican Operations Overcast and Paperclip 2, 24±5 Novak, David 2, 413 Operation Reinhard 1, 166, 169, 688±701 We Remember, response to 2, 432±3 evidence of used in Irving trial 1, 776 Novich, Miriam 2, 805 Zyklon B, use of 2, 57±8 Novick, Peter Operation T4 2, 201 The Holocaust in American Life 1, 38, n.6, 56, Catholic protests against 2, 418 57, 779±95; 3, 232, 233, 234, 309±21 Opole ghetto 3, 183 948 Index

Oranienburg 3, 175 Papon, Maurice Oregon Citizens Alliance 3, 455±6 trial of 1, 678; 2, 426; 3, 6 Orenstein, Henry 1, 218±19 Paris, John 2, 206, 208 Orff, Carl 1, 413 Parkes, James 2, 446, 547±9, 575±86, 732, Origen 2, 416 815±16, 824 Orlansky, Samuel 2, 275 Partevian, Suren 3, 820, 821±2, 823 Oron, Yair 3, 545 partisans ORT 2, 288, 291 301±2 Belarus Orthodox church, Russian 2, 490 Belarus 1, 557±65 Orvieto, Iael Bialystok 1, 558±9 letters to Mussolini: Italian Jews and the racial Bielski otriad 1, 562±5 laws 1, 466±80 Bulgaria, Gypsies 1, 464 OSE (Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants) 2, 283, doctors and nurses 1, 285±6 287±8. 301±2 songs of 3, 827 Oshagan, Hagop 3, 820 Soviet Union 1, 365±6, 557±65 Osiel, Mark 3, 427 Pasha, Talaat 1, 799, 801 Ossietzky, Carl von 1, 650 Patterson, David Ostindustrie GmbH 1, 170 the assault on the Holy within the human: Ostwald, Wilhelm 1, 646, 648±9 the account of the Holocaust diaries 1, Oxford, Jews of 1, 5 481±94 Ozick, Cynthia 3, 99±100, 277±8, 685, 707, Patton, Cindy 3, 461 713±14, 754, 756, 764, 765 Paul VI 2, 94 Paul, St Paasch, Karl 1, 734 Judaism, attitude to 2, 524±5, 527 Pabel, Hilmar 3, 346 Paulavicius, Jonas 2, 339±40 Pacelli, Cardinal Eugenio 2, 402, 418, 461±74 Pauli, Hertha 2, 350 Bolshevism,identification with Judaism 2, Paulsson, Gunnar S. [Steve] 466±8 evading the Holocaust 1, 302±18 see also Pius XII Paunescu, Adrian 1, 818 Pacelli, Marcantonio 2, 461 Pawelczynska, Anna 1, 503 Paczula, Tadeusz 1, 322±3 Pawlawski, Michael 1, 703 Padanyi, Victor 1, 898, 899, 906 Pawlikowski, John 2, 182, 444, 677, 678±80, 704, Padlewski, Roman 3, 810 706, 826 Pagis, Don 3, 824, 3, 848 human responsibility in the light of Nazi Palache, Jehuda Lion 1, 268 ideology 2, 146±61 Paldiel, Mordecai 1, 6; 2, 300 `Quo vadis, humanity?' (Plenary Address, gentile rescuers of Jews, motivations of 2, RFTF Conference) 2, 6±10 334±46 Paxton, Robert 2, 364 Palestine Pearl Harbour, deportation of Japanese Americans Allied opposition to emigration of Jews to following 2, 27 1, 372, 382, 513±14 Pearson, Lester B. 3, 39 Palestinians Peck, Abraham J. 1, 57 Jewish attitudes to 3, 268, 272±4, 276±7, Peck, William L. 2, 361±2 279±80 Peenemunde 2, 22±3 Pallavicini, Count Gyorgy 1, 439, 446±7 Pelcovitz, David 2, 929 Palmer, Parker 3, 622 Pellechia, James Pan-German League 1, 737±8 Jehovan's Witnesses, Nazi persecution of Pangritz, Andreas 1, 495±511 Martin Luther and the Jews 2, 603±17 Pentlin, Susan Lee Papacy (with Shelly Z. Shapiro) Holocaust denial: the during the Holocaust 2, 152±6, 396±412, spectre of irrationalism at the 455±80 millennium 1, 870±83 Jews, attitude towards 2, 383±4 Perechodnick, Cahel 1, 217 see also Vatican, Pius XI, Pius XII, JohnPaul II Perel, Solly 1, 743 Papandreou, Dr Damaskinos, Metropolitan of Pergament, Moses 3, 810 Switzerland Perl, Gisella 1, 322, 325±6; 3, 574 message from, RFTF Conference 2, 3±4 Peroomian, Rubina Papazian, Pierre 1, 94 Armenian and Jewish literary responses to Papen, Franz von 1, 500; 2, 471, 473 catastrophe 3, 814±30 Index 949 perpetrators Phipps, Bill 2, 571 administrative evil 2, 19±35 photographs antisemitism and extermination 1, 726±50 Boltanski's use of 3, 862±5 art looting in Poland, Nazi laws on 2, 882±94 Holocaust historiography, use in 3, 341±57 Canada, Nazi war criminals evading justice Sontag, Susan, On Photography 3, 859 in 1, 702±25 Picard, Jacques Canada, war criminals denaturalization Switzerland's neutrality in a time of cases 2, 860±75 genocide 1, 71±89 Christian approaches toward 2, 657±60 Picasso, Pablo Christian discourses of forgiveness and Guernica 3, 735 2, 725±31 Pick, Georg 1, 651 the `Churchless' and the Nazi search for Pieper, Lorenz 2, 494, 497 justification 1, 645±56 Pierce, William 1, 871 Daghani's view of 3, 223±5 Piercy, Marge 3, 754±5, 761±4, 765 educated middle class, role in Final Pilon, Christine 2, 799 Solution 1, 118 Pilon, Johan 2, 799 ethics and 2, 81±97 Pineas, Hertman 3, 93 exoneration of, in Lithuania 1, 852 Pinsk France massacre of Jews of 2, 728±9 the UGIF 1, 674±87 Piper, David 1, 791 generation of, attitudes towards the Pirchegger, Simon 2, 497 Holocaust 3, 653±5 Pisar, Samuel 1, 6 Hedin, Sven, a Swedish apologist for the Third deportation of the French Jews 3, 5±7 Reich 1, 630±44 RFTF 2000 plenary address 1, 15±17 Holocaust diarists on 1, 489±92 Pius IX, Pope 2, 153, 461±2 motivation of 2, 217±29, 579±80 Pius X, Pope 2, 383 Munch, Hans 1, 751±65 Papal Commission on Codification Nazi families, children of, significance of Daniel 2, 464±5 Goldhagen for 3, 410±19 Pius XI, Pope 2, 153±4, 396±412, 457, 469; 3, Operation Reinhard 1, 688±701 395±6 photographs of 3, 353±4 Casti connubii 2, 387 Boltanski's use of 3, 862±5 Humani generis unitas 2, 384, 402 Goldhagen's use of 3, 863±4 Mit brennender Sorge 2, 397, 399±400, 428, 668 political corruption 1, 613±29 Pius XII, Pope 2, 153±4, 383, 384±5, 396±412, post-traumatic stress disorder, absence of 428, 430, 431, 455±80, 474±7, 668±9; 3, 2, 192±3 396; see also Pacelli, Cardinal Eugenio prosecution of 2, 123±4 Planck, Max 2, 198±9 prosecution of, in Germany 2, 727 plant breeding, Nazi science and 1, 657±73 Romania, attempted rehabilitation of Plath, Sylvia 3, 789 1, 813±831 Plaut, Max 1, 619 slave labour 1, 173±7 Plaut, Rabbi Gunther 2, 565, 567 Trawniki Training Camp 1, 688±701 Plekker, S.L.A 1, 539 war crimes trials 2, 866±7 Plotkin, Diane 1, 6; 2, 51 see also war crimes trials Podins, Eduard 2, 864 Persic, Nadia 1, 283±4 Poe, Edgar Allan 1, 793 Pesch, O.H. 2, 415, 419 poetry PeÂtain, Marshal 2, 426, 518, 522±3; 3, 6; see also Holocaust, representation of 3, 841±53 Vichy France Klepfisz, Irena 3, 784±803 Peters, Gerhard 2, 58±63 Pohl, Dieter 1, 117, 166, 170 Peters, R. 3, 516 Pohl, Oswald 1, 166, 173 Petitpierre, Max 2, 914, 917 Pol Pot Peto, Laszlo 1, 444 massacres 2, 827 Petrov, Lieutenant-General K 1, 892 Poland Petukhov, Yuri 1, 889 antisemitism 1, 490±91 Pfannenstiel, Wilhelm 2, 59±60, 61 Polish Church's denunciation of, 1990 Phayer, Michael 2, 669 2, 665 Philips, Frederick 2, 274 art looting, machinery of 2, 882±94 Phillips, Anthony 2, 554±5 Auschwitz Philotheus, Archbishop 2, 488 awareness of 3, 632±51 950 Index

Poland, cont. post-Holocaust theology Auschwitz, cont. Catholic-Jewish relations: addressing the memory of 3, 322±40 demonic in sacred texts 2, 437±54 Polish victims 3, 323±4 Christian doctrine and the `Final Solution' Central Historical Commission 3, 109 2, 814±49 Central Jewish Committee 3, 25 Christian discourses of forgiveness and the child survivors in 3, 24±31 perpetrators 2, 725±31 confiscation 1, 619±21; 2, 882±94 Christian ethics after the Holocaust 2, 66±80 Diary of Anne Frank, reception of 3, 684±90 Christianity and the institutionalization of Generalgouvernement antisemitism 2, 673±82 property, confiscation of 2, 882±94 Christianity and responsibility 2, 146±61 slave labour 1, 166±9 Ecclestone, Alan 2, 556±8 genocide in 1, 49±50 future directions for 2, 656±60 ghettos German `after Auschwitz' theology 2, 760±74 slave labour 1, 167±8 Jewish-Catholic dialogue: mixed signals and see also Lodz ghetto, Warsaw ghetto missed opportunities 2, 661±72 Government-in-exile 2, 276 Jewish±Christian dialogue, a theology for hidden children 3, 49, 57, 59 the 21st century 2, 732±44 Holocaust in 2, 870 Jews and Christians after Auschwitz: political- Holocaust, attitudes to 3, 525±44 theological perspectives 2, 775±86 Holocaust, evasion of 1, 302±18 Job, Book of , interpretation of 2, 745±59 Holocaust, interpretation of John 8:31±59 from a Jewish perspective Diary of Anne Frank, reception of 3, 684±90 2, 787±97 Holocaust, `Polonization' of 3, 526±8 method in Christian moral theology after the Holocaust education 3, 220±41, 525±44 Holocaust 2, 700±709 `Jewish Catholics' 1, 187±97 Protestant churches 2, 533±43 Jewish property, appropriation of 1, 621, 622±3 Nes Ammin, spiritual life at 2, 798±13 Jews, on the `Aryan side' 1, 311 reading the Bible after Auschwitz 2, 683±99 Jews, attitudes to 3, 525±44 religion and the uniqueness of the Jews, murder of Holocaust 2, 11±16 American Jewish Joint Distribution RFTF 2000, Plenary addresses Committee report, 1940 2, 271 Kellenbach, Katherina von 2, 656±9 Jews who passed during the Holocaust Kessler, Edward 2, 653±5 1, 589±609 Pawlikowski, John 2, 6±10 Nazi-looted property, restitution of 2, 890±91 Rubenstein, Richard L. 2, 11±16 non-Jews, slaughter of 1, 30±31, 35±36 the Shoah and the Christian drama of property, confiscation of 2, 882±94 redemption 2, 710±24 rescue 2, 334±5, 337, 341 Simon, Ulrich 2, 551±8 rescue 1, 302, 304, 309, 311; 2, 334±5, 337, theology, past, present and future 2, 653±5 341, 665; 3, 24±31 Tikkun Olam and Christian ethics 2, 66±80 slave labour 1, 166±9 post-traumatic stress survival rates 1, 313±14, 318 n.41 international responses to 3, 63±77 Warsaw, education of Jewish children during see also trauma the Nazi occupation 1, 289±301 PoÈtter, Jochen 2, 900 Poliakov, LeÂon 1, 144, 679 Pound, Ezra 1, 790 Policker, Yehuda 3, 549 Power, David 2, 156, 157 political corruption Prague Holocaust and 1, 613±29 Center for Documentation of Jews 3, 109 Pollefeyt, Didier 2, 150±51, 157 Jewish property, appropriation of 1, 621 Polozkov, Ivan 1, 892 prayer Ponomarenko, Panteleimon 1, 363, 364, 365, 557 Holocaust, prayers of 1, 389±409 Popov, Vesselin Presbyterian Church Bulgarian gypsies during World War II Israel, State of, attitude towards 2, 535 1, 456±65 United States Porat, Dina 1, 139; 3, 552 Holocaust, repentence for 2, 825 Porat, Shayke Ben 2, 281 President's Commission on the Holocaust 1, 10 Poritzky, Ruth 1, 419 Pressac, Jean-Claude 3, 361 Porzic, Rodellec du 2, 361 Presser, J. 1, 538; 2, 43; 3, 138 Posner, Chaim 1, 377 Preysing, Konrad 2, 499, 500±501 Index 951

Prince, A.E. 2, 562 Raisko Institute of Hygiene 1, 754±7, 760±61 Prodi, Romano 1, 143 Rajsfus, Maurice 1, 678, 679 Prosono, Marvin Rakoff, Vivian 3, 101 Holocaust memory, regularizing of 3, 383±93 Rampton, Richard 1, 777 Prosser, Dean William 2, 954 Ramsey, Michael, Archbishop of Canterbury Protestant churches 2, 546 American Church in Berlin Rappoport, Leon 1, 96 Herman, Stewart W. 2, 635±49 Rassinier, Paul 1, 9, 146, 797, 798, 805, 861, 871 Church of England Rathbone, Eleanor 2, 576 impact of the Holocaust on 2, 544±60 Rathenau, Walter 1, 730 Parkes, James 2, 575±86 Ratti, Achille 3, 395 Cimade 2, 302 Rauca, Helmut 1, 703, 705, 705±6 Herman, Stewart W., Pastor of the American Rauschning, Hermann 3, 784 Church in Berlin, 1935±42 2, 635±49 Rauter, Hans 1, 531±2 Israel, State of, attitude towards 2, 534±5 RavensbruÈck Jews, mission to, reappraisal of 2, 533±43 `food talk' 1, 252 Judaism, post-Holocaust attitudes towards 2, Herberman, Nanda 3, 17±22 533±43 Jehovah's Witnesses in 1, 504 Luther, Martin and the Jews 2, 603±17 memorials 3, 368±79 Lutheran church survivors, rescue of 3, 172±88 Evangelical Lutheran Church in America Rawicz, Piotr 3, 437 2, 587±602 Rayman, Jan 1, 755±6 mission to the Jews, reappraisal of 2, 535±8 Rayski, Adam 1, 677, 679 post-Holocaust responses 2, 533±43 Reagan, Ronald Protestant churches, response 50+ years Bergen-Belsen, address at 3, 686 after 2, 533±43 Bitburg cemetery, visit to 2, 554±5; 3, 389±90, Rhineland synod (1980) 2, 534 426, 430 United Church of Canada, impact of the Rechsteiner, Paul 2, 941, 946 Holocaust on 2, 561±74 Reck, Norbert 2, 762, 769 United States Red Cross Evangelical Lutheran Church in America see International Red Cross 2, 587±602 Redlich, Egon 1, 270 Protocols of the Elders of Zion 1, 27, 495, 838, Rees, Laurence 3, 350 873, 886, 918; 2, 13±14, 385; 3, 347 Refael, Shmuel 3, 146 Switzerland, trials (1935) 2, 576 Refugee Children's Movement 2, 230, 231±2 Pruefer, Franz 1, 620 refugees Puchalski, Jan and Anna 2, 335 Allies and 2, 364±5 PuÈckler, Count 1, 735±6 British government's unwillingness to admit Puntulis, Harald 1, 715 2, 577±8 children, in Switzerland 2, 281±97 Qobosa, Percy 1, 863 Fry, Varian, rescue of 2, 347±76 Quint, Peter E. 2, 866 international responses to 3, 69 R .v. Finta 2, 864 Kindertransport 2, 230±53 R. v. Keegstra 1, 832±5 Switzerland 2, 281±97; 3, 467±8 R. v. ZuÈndel 1, 832±5 Yugoslav Jews fleeing the Holocaust R. v. ZuÈndel 1, 769 1, 512±26 Regensburger, Marianne 3, 416 Raab, Earl 3, 248, 253 Reich, Kurt and Ursula 2, 337 Rabin, Yitzhak 3, 278, 279 Reich, Riva 1, 564±5 race Reich, Steve 3, 811 plant breeding, contribution to Nazi racial Reichmann, Eva 1, 144 theories 1, 657±73 Reindorf, Carl 3, 600 Nazi theories of 2, 133±45 Reinhartz, Adele race and nation under Nazi and Soviet John 8:31±59 from a Jewish perspective power 1, 113±29 2, 787±97 Radbruch, Gustav 2, 940 Reiser, Arnost 1, 275 Radnoti, Miklos 3, 845 Reistetter, Stephen 1, 703 Rahner, Karl 2, 678, 680 Reitlinger, Gerald 1, 144; 3, 234, 361 RAHOWA 1, 916, 919 Rejwan, Nissim 1, 577, 584±5 952 Index

Renard, Graf von 1, 732 rescue, cont. reparation rescuers, cont. gypsies 3, 665 Choms, Wladyslawa 2, 256 London Debt Agreement, 1953 2, 912, 918 Fry, Varian 2, 347±76 roadblocks to 2, 923±65 Harder, Albert and Loni 2, 335 Switzerland 2, 938±51 Howil, Boguslaw 2, 334±5 survivors and 3, 48, 96 independence of (Tec) 2, 304 repentance Joseph, Andre 2, 256 Christian churches and 2, 659 Karski, Jan 2, 336±7 French bishops' statement, 1997 2, 425±7 Majercik, Michal 2, 338 Germany 3, 283±95 Maltzan, Maria Countess von 2, 301±2 Jesuits 2, 381±2, 390±91 Paulavicius, Jonas 2, 339±40 South Africa 1, 858±69; 3, 420±36 Puchalski, Jan and Anna 2, 335 representation religious cf. irreligious rescuers 2, 309±18 see art; music; poetry Schroedter, Otto and Hedwig 2, 337 rescue 3, 231±6 Shidlovskaya, Yekaterina 2, 337 altruism and 2, 309±18 Skobtsova, Mother Maria 2, 483±4 Arendt, Hannah on 2, 259 Spiliakos, Dimitri 3, 143 Baghdad pogrom 1, 584 Stojadinovic, Miroslav 1, 515 Belarus 1, 161 Van Damme, Alice 2, 344 Belgium 2, 256, 344 Van der Voort, Hanna 2, 256 Cimade 2, 302 Vasic, Predrag 1, 515 `Curacao visas' 2, 272 Visser, Lodewijk 2, 256 Denmark 1, 533, 2, 323±4, 265 Vos, Johtje 2, 305±6 ethics of 2, 81±97, 298±308, 342±3 Weidner, John H. 2, 336 Aristotle 2, 298±308 Werber, Jack 2, 324±5 Levinas, Emmanuel 2, 298±308, 342±3 Wikiel, Jan 2, 341 Evlogian clergy 2, 483±4 Zwartendijk, Jan van 2, 271±80 France 2, 81, 83, 85±6, 89±91, 265; 3, 5, 7 Shanghai, China 2, 14 Evlogian clergy 2, 483±4 Skobtsova, Mother Maria 2, 483±4 Fry, Varian 2, 347±76 social dimensions of 2, 254±70 Skobtsova, Mother Maria 2, 483±4 subsequent adaptation of survivors and 3, 58±9 Fry, Varian, in Marseille 2, 347±76 Sweden, release of RavensbruÈck prisoners Germany 2, 265 to 3, 173±4 heroic altruism and 2, 319±33 Switzerland, Jewish refugee children in heroism, roots of 2, 257 2, 281±97 hidden children 3, 47±62 Tec, Nechama on 2, 257 Huguenots 2, 302 the two key factors 2, 217±29 Hungary Warsaw ghetto 1, 305±6, 310±11 Gergely, Gyorgy, endeavours of 1, 439±55 World Jewish Congress 3, 173±4 Brand-Grosz mission 1, 371±88 Yugoslavia 1, 515 Italy 2, 265, 323±4 Zwartendijk, Jan van 2, 271±80 key factors 2, 217±29 Reshef, Yehdua 2, 233 Kindertransport 2, 230±53 resistance Le Chambon sur Lignon 2, 81, 83, 85±6, Auschwitz 3, 574 89±91; 3, 5 Auschwitz, prisoner doctors 1, 319±34 Lithuania Belarus partisans 1, 557±65 Zwartendijk, Jan van 2, 271±80 Berkowitz, Liana 2, 485 motivation of 2, 217±29, 274±7, 309±18, doctors and nurses 1, 279±88 319±33, 334±46 gender and 1, 552±69 National Committee for Rescue from Nazi ghettos 1, 221, 556 Terror (UK) 2, 576 humour, role in 1, 264±5 Netherlands 1, 535±6, 537±9; 2, 256, 259±64 Hungary, Jewish Labour Service brigades 1, Pisar, Samuel on 1, 15±17 446±8 Poland 2, 265, 665; 3, 24±31 Jehovah's Witnesses 1, 495±511 religious cf. irreligious rescuers 2, 309±18 Minsk ghetto 1, 161 rescuers 2, 347±76 Netherlands 1, 530, 531, 537±9 Bachner, Wilhelm 2, 324±5 poetry of 3, 827±8 Borowska, Anna 2, 256 Poland 1, 302, 304, 309 Index 953 resistance, cont. Rich, David prayers of 1, 401±2 Operation Reinhard 1, 688±701 representation Richardson, Herbert 2, 68, 70 Boltanski, Christian 3, 854±66 Richmond, Colin 2, 583±4 Treblinka 1, 695 Richter, Gustav 1, 371 Vilna ghetto 1, 559 Richter, Marc 2, 940±41. 946 Warsaw ghetto 1, 302, 303±4 Richthofen, Hans von 1, 630, 631 women and 1, 552±69 Rieder, Jonathan 3, 259 women, portrayal in literature 3, 761±2 Riefenstahl, Leni 3, 479 Resnais, Alain Rifkind, Robert Night and Fog 3, 856 We Remember, response to 2, 429 restitution 3, 403 Righi, Hugo 1, 521 banks, claims against 2, 846±9 Righteous Among the Nations 1, 15±17, 22, 315; child survivors' experiences with 2, 923±65 2, 256, 345; 3, 143 German and Austrian banks, claims against Albanians 1, 22 2, 849 Belarus 1, 161 Holocaust-era assets debate 2, 876±81 France 3, 7 Holocaust restitution in the United States motivation of 2, 87±83, 34±46 2, 845±59 Serbia 1, 515 insurance companies, restitution claims Zwartendijk, Jan van 2, 274±5 against 2, 849±851 Riley, Annette 2, 370 Nazi-looted art Rinaldi, Ray 3, 728 see under Nazi-looted art Ringelblum, Emmanuel 1, 193, 211, 215, 223, Netherlands 3, 135, 138±9 296, 305, 308, 309±10482, 486, 489±90; Poland 2, 890±91 3, 110, 762 roadblocks experienced by child survivors Ringelheim, Joan 1, 230; 3, 21, 568±9, 751 2, 929±37 Rinser, Luise 2, 725±6 slave labourers 2, 846, 848, Rish, Lea 1, 142 survivors and 1, 65 RistovicÂ, Milan Swiss banks, claims against 2, 846±9 Yugoslav Jews fleeing the Holocaust 1, 512±26 Switzerland 2, 907±22 Ritschl, Dieter 2, 421, 422 banks, claims against 2, 846±9 Ritter, Gabriel 1, 602, 604 Holocaust-era aassets debate 2, 876±81 Ritter, Robert 3, 668 United States 2, 845±59 Rittner, Carol 2, 661 United States, cases involving Nazi-looted Ritvo, R. 2, 51 art 2, 952±65 Robertson, Pat 3, 260 Victims or Targets of Nazi Persecution Robinson, John 2, 204 2, 848 Robinson, S. 3, 47 Washington Conference on Holocaust-Era Rocek, Jan 1, 275 Assets 2, 895, 906 Rodal, Alti 1, 6; 2, 864±5 World Jewish Restitution Organization 2, 877 perpetrators of genocidal violence evading Reu, Michael 2, 635±6 justice in Canada 1, 702±25 Revich, Boris 3, 302 Roeder, Manfred 1, 859 revisionism Roland, Charles 1, 191±2, 195 Arrow Cross 1, 897±910 Rolnikaite, Maria 1, 217, 219 and Auschwitz memorials 3, 330±31 Roma Germany 1, 808; 3, 292±3 Bulgaria, during World War II 1, 456±65 photographs, inaccurate captions exploited genocide of 1, 65; 3, 664±73 by 3, 350 see also Gypsies Romania 1, 813±831 Roman, Martin 3, 807±8 see also Holocaust denial Romania Rewald, Ilse 1, 590±96, 604±5 antisemitism in 1, 813, 817±18 Reykowski, Janusz Holocaust in 1, 813±14 rescuer motivation 2, 322 Holocaust denial 1, 815, 816, 817 Reznikoff, Charles 1, 398±9; 3, 844±5 Jewish community in 1, 813±831 Ribary, Geza 1, 440 perpetrators, attempted rehabilitation of Ribbentrop, Joachim von 1, 631, 640, 642 1, 813±831 Pius XII and 2, 406 revisionism 1, 813±831 Ribetsky, Vera 2, 230, 240±42 survivors 1, 814 954 Index

Romania, cont. Rothmund, Heinrich 2, 282±3, 940 war crimes trials 1, 814 Rothschild, Frank 1, 419 Rome, David 3, 34 Rotta, Angelo 1, 445, 450 Romkovsky, Haim 3, 553 Roumani, Maurice 3, 145 Romney, Claude Rousset, David 1, 791; 3, 820 Auschwitz prisoner doctors, ethical responses Rousso, Henry 2, 523; 3, 590 of 1, 319±34 Rozett, Robert 1, 6 Roncalli, Angelo (later Pope John XXIII) Holocaust survivors, published memoirs of rescue of Jews in the Balkans 2, 256 3, 167±71 Roncalli, Cardinal Giuseppe 1, 521 Rozycka, Marylka 1, 558 Roosevelt, Eleanor 2, 349, 359, 360 rubber Roosevelt, President Franklin D. attempt to extract from kok says, at Hungarian Jews, condemnation of murder Auschwitz 1, 754 of 1, 363, 375, 642 Nazi attempts to synthesize 1, 666±7 Rosa, Enrico 2, 398±9, 402 Rubenstein, Betty RoseÂ, Alma 3, 808 remembrance, fine art of 3, 831±40 Rose, Anton 3, 667 Rubenstein, Richard L. 1, 141, 391; 2, 7, 114, Rose, Paul Lawrence 117±18, 121, 182±3, 446, 704, 745, 807, German antisemitism, meaning and intentions, 822; 3, 567, 718, 730 1800±1945 1, 726±50 religion and the uniqueness of the Rose, Rabbi Moshe 2, 458 Holocaust 2, 11±16 Rose, Romani two Popes and the Holocaust 2, 455±80 German Sinti documentation centre 3, 664±73 Rubin, Barry 1, 373 Rosen, David 2, 437±8, 735 Rubin, Gayle 3, 455 We Remember, response to 2, 429 Rubinowicz, Dawid 3, 689 Rosen, Moses, Chief Rabbi of Romania 1, 818 Rudashevski, Itzhak 1, 219, 221, 482 Rosenbaum, Thane 3, 83, 98, 105 Rudavsky, Joseph 1, 390, 395, 396 Rosenberg, Alfred 1, 743±4, 918 Rudin, Rabbi A.James 2, 668 Rosenberg, Justus 2, 368 We Remember, response to 2, 429 Rosenblatt, Leon 1, 343 Rudof, Weiner 3, 445 Rosenblatt, Roger 3, 403 Rudolph, Arthur 2, 23, 25±7 Rosenfeld, Alvin 3, 564, 828 505 Rudorf, Wilhelm 1, 659, 664±5 Rosenfeld, Oskar 1, 213, 215, 220, 337 Ruether, Rosemary Radford 1, 405; 2, 446, 732, Rosensaft, Hadassah 3, 93, 94 738, 820, 825, 829±30 Rosenstiel, Klaus von 1, 662, 665 Rufeisen, Oswald 2, 863±4 Rosenstrasse protest 1, 596 Rumkowski, Chaim 1, 220, 223, 336±51 Rosenzweig, Franz 2, 737, 738 Rummel, Rudolph 1, 22, 105 Rosenzweig, Siegfried 3, 215 Rumscheidt, H. Martin Rosetti, Radu 1, 817 the significance of Daniel Jonah Goldhagen Rosh, Lea 3, 655 for children of Nazi families 3, 410±19 Rosheim, Josel von 2, 614±15 Runcie, Robert, Archbishop of Canerbury Roskies, David 3, 269±72, 817, 817±18, 823, 827, 2, 546±7 859 Runes, Dagobert D. 2, 817, 828, 829 Rosmini, Antonio 2, 105 Rusnak, Kathleen Rosmus, Anna 3, 657 Nes Ammin, spiritual life at 2, 798±13 Rosner Blay, Anna 3, 121 Russia Ross v. New Brunswick School District No 15 et contemporary antisemitic propaganda al. 1, 838±40 1, 884±96 Ross, Malcolm 1, 838±40 neo-Nazism 1, 884, 892 Rotem, Simcha 1, 213, 218, 310 Russian Orthodox church Roth, Cecil 1, 132 Holocaust, attitude during 2, 481±92 Roth, Fr. Josef 2, 495, 501±4 Rust, Bernhard 1, 659 Roth, John K 2, 182±3, 446, 622, 661 Rutherford, Joseph F. 1, 497, 500 remembering the Holocaust: history, religion Rutland, Suzanne and morality 3, 394±409 Dutch record during the Holocaust, United States Holocaust Museum 2, 870; 3, 394 reassessment of 1, 527±42 Roth, Philip Rwanda The Counterlife 3, 707±11 genocide in 1, 24, 26, 29, 43, 44, 46, 53, 59, Roth, Siegfrid 1, 443, 444 61±2, 63, 91, 99±100, 101; 3, 9 Index 955

Rwanda, cont. Scheve, Edyard Benjamin 1, 420 United Nations and 1, 24, 46; 3, 245 Schiff, Hilda war crimes trials 1, 100; 3, 426±7 poetry, truths of 3, 841±53 Ryan, Michael 2, 149 Schilling, Donald 3, 620 Schilling, Ernst 1, 665 Sacchini, Francis 2, 383 Schindler, Oskar 1, 16, 177; 2, 258 Sacerdoti, Giancarlo 1, 468 Schindler's List 1, 57, 782; 2, 952; 3, 96, 479, 507, Sachs, Nelly 3, 810, 828 508, 564, 591 Sachsenhausen Schirach, Henriette von 1, 623 euthanasia in 2, 202 Schirra, Bruno Jehovah's Witnesses in 1, 503, 505 MuÈnch, Hans, interviews with 1, 752±3, 762 memorials 3, 368±79 Schirrmacher, Frank 3, 411, 413±14 memorials Schleiermacher, Friedrich 2, 627 neonazi desecration of 3, 373±4 Schleunes, Karl 1, 789 slave labour 1, 165 Schlink, Bernard 3, 655 Sacks, Rabbi Jonathan 2, 42, 740 Schmidlin, Julius 1, 518 We Remember, response to 2, 428 Schmidt, Heinrich 1, 647 sado-masochism Schmitt, Carl 2, 784 and Nazism 2, 167±8 Schnackenburg, Rudolf 2, 792 Said, Nuri al 1, 579 Schneider, Ernst 1, 736 Saidel, Rochelle G. Schneider, George 1, 213, 221, 217 RavensbruÈck camp and rescue in Sweden Schneider, Gertrude 1, 252 3, 172±88 Schneider, Peter SalieÁge, Archbishop Jean-Geraud 2, 426 Sweeter than Honey 2, 549±51 Saliers, Don E. 1, 398, 401 Schnock, Frieder 3, 719 Salominki, Martin 1, 269 Schnorr, Alter 1, 345 Salonikan Jews Schoch, Bruno 1, 74 in Warsaw Ghetto uprising 3, 142±3 Schoenberg, Arnold Salus, Milos 1, 263 A Survivor from Warsaw 3, 810 Samuel, Hans 1, 419±20 Schoenberner, Gerhard 3, 422 San Stefano, Guiseppe Oreglia di 2, 463 Schoenerer, Georg von 2, 621 Sanders, James A. 2, 684, 687±8 Schoenfeld, Gabriel 3, 20, 751, 765 Sandmel, Samuel 2, 446 Schoeps, Julius 3, 290 Saperstein, Marc 1, 6 Scholars' Conference on the Holocaust and the Christian doctrine and the `Final Solution' Churches 3, 522 2, 814±49 Scholder, Klaus 2, 460, 470, 479±80 Sartre, Jean-Paul 2, 94 Scholem, Gershom 1, 921; 2, 66, 74 Saukel, Franz 1, 648 Scholz, Anton 2, 496, 500±501 Saunders, Cicely 2, 324 Schoneveld, Coos 2, 539±40 Sauvage, Barbara 2, 351±2 Schonfeld, Solomon 2, 236, 238±9, 576 Sauvage, LeÂo 2, 366±7 SchoÈnhuber, Franz 3, 284 Sauvage, Pierre 2, 222 Schreiber, Bishop Christian 2, 497, 498 Fry, Varian, in Marseille 2, 347±76 Schroeder, Gerhard 3, 383 Weapons of the Spirit 2, 85±6, 90; 3, 5 slave labourers, compensation for 2, 851, 852 We Remember, response to 2, 429 Schroedter, Otto and Hedwig 2, 337 Schachleiter, Abt 2, 503±4 Schudson, Michael 3, 457 SchaÈchter, Rafael 3, 805 Schul, Zikmund 3, 807 Schaeffer, Susan 3, 707 Schulberg, Stuart 3, 485 SchaÈfer, Ernst 1, 662, 663±4 SchuÈlhoff, Erwin 3, 806±7 Schalit, Heinrich 1, 420 Schultz, Deborah 3, 208 Schallert, Willibald 1, 620 Schulweis, Rabbi 2, 331 Scheersohn, Isaac 1, 678 Schumann, Coco 3, 808 Scheffler, Wolfgang 3, 653 Schumann, Dr Horst 1, 755 Scheibe, Arnold 1, 662 Schuster, Cardinal 2, 404 Scheicher, Joseph 1, 736 Schwalb, Nathan 2, 289, 291 Scheid, Lucienne 1, 678 Schwan, Gesine 3, 421 Schellenberg, Walter 3, 173±4 Schwartz, Regina M. 2, 180±81 Scherbakov, Vladimir 1, 887, 893 Schwarz, Alfred 1, 373 ff. Scherman, N. 2, 37 Schwarz, Hermann 1, 420 956 Index

Schwarze, Paul 1, 667 Shain, Milton Schwarzfuchs, Simon 1, 681 (with Andrew Lamprecht) Holocaust denial in Schwehn, Mark 3, 617±18, 628 South Africa 1, 858±69 Schweitzer, Albert 2, 329 Shalev, Avner 3, 721 Schweizer, Paul 1, 75 Shamir, Yitzhak 2, 664±5 science Shapiro, Carla Rose Nazis scientists and research for autarky Christian Boltanski's post-Holocaust art 1, 657±73 3, 854±70 scientists Shapiro, Rabbi Kalonimus 3, 823 Nazi rocket scientists, denazification of Shapiro, Shelly 2, 19±27, 33±34 (with Susan Lee Pentlin) Holocaust denial: the plant and animal breeding 1, 657±73 spectre of irrationalism at the Searle, G.D. 2, 953 millennium 1, 870±83 Second Generation 3, 78±92 Sharett, Moshe 3, 129 Klepfisz, Irena 3, 784±803 Shaul, Anwar 1, 582±3 Les Fils et Filles des DeÂporteÂes de France Shaw, Arje 3, 79 The Gathering 3, 100 representation in film and literature 3, 104±6 Shaw, Stanford 1, 798, 802, 803±4 stereotypes of 3, 100±6 Shawcross, Sir Hartley 3, 486 testimony 3, 117 Shay, Jonathan 2, 192 trauma and 3, 117±26 Shayyeq, Shaul 1, 584 Sedwick, W.W. 2, 568 SHEK (Schweizer Hilfswerk fuÈr Emigranten Segall, Manfred 1, 420 Kinder) 2, 281±97 Segall, Nathan 3, 214, 215 Shelah, Menachem 3, 143 Segalman, Ralph 3, 93 Sheptitsky, Andrei 2, 489±90 Segev, Tom 3, 128, 129 Sheriff, Noam 3, 811 Seidler, Victor 2, 298±300 Shertok-Sharett, Moshe 1, 380±83 Seidman, Hillel 1, 482, Sherwin, Byron 2, 824, 829 Seiferheld, David 2, 359 Shibata, Mitsugi 2, 14 Seleznev, Gennady 1, 892 Shidlovskaya, Yekaterina 2, 337 Selvaggiani, Marchetti 2, 398 Shiffman-Huerta, Dafna 1, 872 Selver-Urbach, Sara 1, 222 Shina, Salman 1, 580±81 Semel, Na'ava 3, 549 Shipler, David K. 3, 433 Sempo, Sugihara [Sugihara Chiune] 2, 271±80 Shkarovski, Mikhail Semprun, Jorge 1, 793 Russian Orthodox Church and the Ukrainian Sen, Judge Jan 1, 756±7 Greek Catholic Church, attitudes to the Sengbusch, Reinhold von 1, 660±62 Holocaust 2, 481±92 Senkevich, Yuri 1, 888 Shmulovitz, Leo 2, 240 Senor, Shaul 3, 143 Shnirelman, Victor Sephardi Jews the `Aryans' and the `Khazars': antisemitic cultural identity of 1, 140 propaganda in contemporary Russia Holocaust testimony of 3, 142±9 1, 884±96 Serafinowicz, Simon 2, 864; 3, 232 Shor, Ira 3, 622, 624±6 Seraphim, Metropolitan 2, 485±6 Shostakovitch, Dmytri 1, 367; 3, 810 Seraphim, P.H. 1, 137 Shriver, Donald W., Jr. Serbia public memory and public repentance: Holocaust in 1, 514 Germany, South Africa and the United Sereny, Gita 1, 21 States 3, 420±36 Serge, Victor 2, 358 Shvernik, Nikolai 1, 363±5 Sergeev, Yuri 1, 888 Shvets, Fr. Nikolai 2, 489 Sergi, Metropolitan 2, 485 Siamanto, poetry of 3, 827 Serke, JuÈrgen 3, 217±18 Sicher, Efraim 3, 83 Serra, Richard 3, 293 Sichrowsky, Peter 3, 284, 414 sexual guilt Sidor, Karol 1, 706 role in Catholic tolerance of Nazism 2, 387±90 Siegele-Wenschkewitz, Leonore 3, 288, 291 Seyss-Inquart, Arthur 1, 528±9, 623 Siemens Electric Company Shachar, Isaiah 2, 614 forced labour 1, 593, 3, 172 Shafir, Michael 1, 818 Sierakowiak, David 1, 219, 221; 3, 684, 785 Shahhovskoy, Ioann 2, 481±2 Sigal, John 3, 100, 102, 103 Index 957

Sikwepere, Lucas Baba 3, 428 Smolar, Hersh 1, 216 Silberman, Lili 3, 82 Sobibor Silcox, Claris E. 2, 563 Dutch Jews in 1, 532, 534 Sill, Gertrude Grace 3, 699 memorials Silverman, Kaja 3, 747 Capuchin chapel, objections to 3, 325 Simon Wiesenthal Center 1, 920 Trawniki-trained guards at 1, 690, 699 n.29 educational programme 3, 525±44 Sobol, Joshua 3, 808 Simon, Joachim 1, 537 Society for Christian-Jewish Cooperation 2, Simon, Julius 536±7 German-Jewish philosophers facing the Sofer, Akiva 1, 422±38 Shoah 2, 162±79 Sofier, Ann 2, 246, 248±9 Simon, Marcel 2, 186, 820±21 Sofyer, Jura 3, 809 Simon, Reeva 1, 573±4 Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation v. Lubell Simon, Thomas W. 2, 956 genocides, normative comparative studies of Solomon, Zahava 3, 67 1, 90±112 Soloveitchik, Joseph 2, 740, 825 Simon, Ulrich 2, 551±8 Solti, Sir George 3, 812 Simpson, Sir John Hope 2, 579 Sommer, Martha 1, 420 Simpson, William 2, 582 Sonabend, Charles 2, 938±51; 3, 474 Singer, Kurt 1, 273, 411 Sonderkommando Singer, Mark 1, 877 Auschwitz, diaries 1, 483 Singer, Peter 2, 139; 3, 613 Levi pleading indulgence for 1, 331 Sinti Treblinka 1, 693±5 genocide of 3, 664±73 Sontag, Susan 3, 859 memorials 3, 671±2 South Africa see also Gypsies antisemitism and Holocaust denial in 1,858±69 Sinti and Roma Cultural Centre 3, 664±73 apartheid, and Nazism 1, 862±3 Sinzheimer, Max 1, 420 Cape Town Holocaust Centre 1, 866 Sirat, Chief Rabbi Rene 3, 6±7, 337 public repentance 3, 420±36 Sitruk, Grand Rabbi Joseph Truth and Reconciliation Commission 2, 730; We Remember, response to 2, 428 3, 427±9 Skobtsova, Mother Maria 2, 483±4 South African Jewish War Appeal 2, 288 slave labour 1, 163±86 Soviet Union compensation 1, 177±8; 2, 846 antisemitism 1, 355±70 concentration camp authorities and 1, 169±71 archives 1, 355; 2, 861 German industry and 1, 163±86 `Black Book' 1, 367 Mikhailowka 3, 215±18, 224±5 East German concentration camp Mittelbau-Dora 2, 21±3 memorials 3, 367±82 Poland 1, 166±9 Extraordinary State Commission for RavensbruÈck 3, 172 Investigation of War Crimes 1, 363±5 restitution 2, 851±2, 877±8 famine of 1930s, casualties of 1, 106 the SS and the camps system 1, 164±7 Holocaust, historiography of 3, 298±300 Ukraine, judicial inquiry 3, 216 Holocaust, leadership's response to 1, 355±70 Ukraine, Mikhailowka 3, 205±27 Jewish veterans, memories of 3, 296±308 slavery Lithuania, visas allowing Polish Jews to escape genocide compared with 1, 104 from 2, 277 United States, public memory of 3, 420±36 Minsk ghetto 1, 154±62 Slezevicius, Adolfas 1, 853 Molotov±Ribbentrop pact 1, 358±9 Slezkine, Yuri 1, 120 Nazi starvation strategy Slonim, Reuben 2, 564, 567, 568 Backe and 1, 659 Slovakia Nazi takeover of scientific establishments in ransom of Jews of, 1942 1, 372 1, 664±6 rescue 2, 338 Nuremberg trials, documentary film of Smith, Bradley 1, 919±20 3, 487±8 Smith, Dubba 3, 346±7 Operation Reinhard, archives 1, 688±701 Smith, Stephen 1, 6 partisans 1, 365±6, 557±65 transgenerational memory and the pitfalls of race and nation under Soviet power 1, 113±14, narrative closure 3, 437±51 119±29 Smith, Tom W. 3, 253 survivors, attitude towards 1, 367±9 958 Index

Sowle Cahill, Lisa 2, 142 Stein, Dr Josef 1, 193, 194, 195±6 Spain Stein, Edith 1, 188, 537; 2, 664; 3, 328, 634 America, atrocities during conquest of Stein, Leon 2, 188±91 Lutheranism in Germany and Denmark Yugoslav Jewish refugees in 1, 518 2, 618±34 Spanjaard, Ima van Esso 1, 331 Steinberg, Elan 2, 429 Speck, Anton-Andreas Steinberg, Rabbi Milton 2, 49 (with Regula Ludi) Swiss victims of National Steiner, George 1, 141; 3, 294, 593 Socialism 2, 907±22 Steiner, Joseph 3, 81 Speer, Albert 2, 21 Steinfels, Peter slave labour, use of in war economy 1, 169, We Remember, response to 2, 433 171±2, 173 Steinherz, Samuel 1, 262 Spellman, Cardinal Francis 1, 521 Steinmann, Paul 2, 498 Spelsberg, Walter 3, 223 Steinsaltz, A. 2, 37 Sperber, Manes 3, 169 Stendahl, Krister 1, 405 Spicer, Kevin Stern, Avraham 1, 372, 383 Nazi priests 2, 493±508 Stern, Daniel 3, 118 Spiegelman, Art Stern, Fritz 3, 284, 291 Maus 3, 81, 564, 753, 775 Stern, Gustav 1, 420 Spielberg, Steven 3, 189, 700±701 Stern, Isaac 3, 839 Schindler's List 1, 57, 782; 2, 952; 3, 96, 479, Stern, Juliette 1, 676, 681±2 507, 508, 564, 591 Stern, Samu 1, 440, 442±3, 446±7 survivor projects 3, 127, 144 Sternberg, Karel 2, 353, 367 Spiliakos, Dimitri 3, 143 Stier, Oren Spira, Bill 2, 352 Holocaust videotestimonies 3, 189±204 Spiro Institute, London 3, 529 Stiffel, Frank 1, 284 Spitz, R. 3, 56 Stih, Renate 3, 719 Spotts, Frederic 2, 494 Stimson, Henry Spring, Joseph 2, 938±51, 947; 3, 467±8, 474 Japanese Americans, evacuation of 2, 29 Srebnik, Simon 3, 504 StoÈcker, Helene 1, 649±50 St John, Gospel of 2, 687 Stockholm International Forum 1, 22; 3, 9, 11, Stalin, Joseph 607; 2, 878, 895 antisemitism 1, 356 Stockler, Lajos 1, 440. 453 Holocaust, response to 1, 355±70 Stockums, Wilhelm 2, 493 Jews, attack on, 1952 1, 122±3 Stoecker, Adolf 2, 620 Kulaks, destruction of 1, 108 StoÈhr, Martin 3, 288 race and nation under Soviet power 1, 113±14, Stojadinovic, Miroslav 1, 515 119±24 Stoltzfus, Nathan women partisans symbolizing patriotic Klemperer, Victor, diaries 1, 543±51 struggle 1, 560 Stone, Dan 2, 579; 3, 344±5 Stangl, Franz Stora, Marcel 1, 679, 680, 681±2, 685 Catholic complicity in escape of 2, 431 Stora, Roger 1, 681±2 Stannard, David 1, 21, 92, 95 Storch, Hillel 3, 174 Stark, Freya 1, 575 Storr, Anthony 2, 129 Stark, Johannes 1, 645; 2, 470 Strauss, Hermann 1, 276 Stark, TamaÂs Strauss, Leo 3, 808 Arrow-Cross emigration, antisemitic writings Strehl, Joahannes 2, 496, 497±9 of 1, 897±910 Streibel, Karl Staub, Ervin 2, 221, 223, 298, 304, 306, Commandant, Trawniki camp 1, 690, 696 673±5 Streicher, Julius 1, 136, 744, 917 Steele, Michael R. 3, 622 antisemitism, cf Luther 2, 604, 641 Christianity, the Other and the Holocaust Strobos, Tina 2, 305 2, 180±97 Stubbe, Hans 1, 663±4 Steiger, Eduard von 2, 940 Stuebs, Gerhard 1, 620 Steiman, Lionel 2, 580 Sturge, Hilda 2, 233 Stein, Arlene StuÈrtz, Emil 2, 501 Anne Frank and the American culture war: the Styron, William sexual politics of Holocaust memory Sophie's Choice 3, 706 3, 452±65 Sucher, Cheryl Pearl 3, 83 Index 959

Sugihara, Sempo 1, 16 survivors, cont. suicide reparation 3, 48, 96 of Holocaust survivors 3, 67, 104 restitution 1, 65; 2, 923±65 Sullivan v. The New York Times 1, 770 Netherlands 3, 135, 138±9 Sullivan, Andrew 3, 728 see also under restitution survival Romania 1, 814 Klemperer, Victor 1, 543, 545, 547±9 Sephardi Jews 3, 142±9 survivors social context of survival 1, 599±602 archival sources in uncovering identity of Soviet leadership's attitude towards 1, 367±9 3, 24±9 Soviet Union 3, 296±308 assimilation and survival 1, 599±602 stereotyping in the arts 3, 93±107 Belgium 1, 533 suicide rate 3, 104 breaking the silence of 3, 153±66 survival rates 1, 533 Canada, reception in 3, 32±46 surviving well: resistance to adversity 3, 47±62 child survivors with lost identity 3, 24±31 survivor guilt 3, 49, 132 Daghani, Arnold 3, 205±27 Switzerland, child survivors 2, 287±93 delay in publication of memories of 1, 9 testimony 1, 9±10; 3, 150±66, 437±51, 545±61 Denmark 1, 533 and Holocaust education 3, 562±77 diaries and memoirs 1, 211±29 archives 3, 109 Displaced Persons camps 3, 93 in the first years after liberation 3, 108±16 Eliach, Yaffa 1, 879 ghetto diaries 1, 211±29 epidemiological studies of 3, 103±4 Holocaust deniers' attacks on 1, 8±11, 798 evasion Oriental and Sephardic Jews 3, 142±9 Polish and German Jews passing 1, 589±609 psychological implications 3, 127±34 Warsaw ghetto 1, 302±18 RavensbruÈck 3, 172±88 in film 3, 95±6, 97±100 resistance 3, 574 France 1, 533 Sephardi Jews 3, 142±9 Germany Sinti and Roma 3, 665±6 Jews who passed during the Holocaust Soviet Jewish veterans 3, 296±308 1, 589±609 to second generation 3, 117±18 Holocaust memory in the United States 1, videotestimony 3, 189±204 787 trauma of 1, 787±8; 3, 78, 117±26 integration, problems of trauma, international responses to 3, 63±77 Canada 3, 41±3 United States, reception in 3, 95, 127±34 intergenerational memories: hidden children and videotestimony 3, 189±204 the second generation 3, 78±92 Westerbork 2, 43±7 in Israel 3, 127±34. 545±61 Wiesel, Elie: RFTF 2000 Opening Address Israeli stereotypes of 3, 95±8 1, 9±10 `Jewish Catholics' 1, 187±97 women, portrayal in cinema 3, 739±50 Jews who passed during the Holocaust writing workshop, Amcha 3, 150±66 1, 589±609 Yad Vashem and 3, 170 Lau, Chief Rabbi Yugoslavia 1, 522±3 Plenary Address, Survivors' Gathering see also children: child survivors 3, 3±4 Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation Lustiger, Cardinal Jean-Marie 2, 425 (VHF) 3, 189±204 memoirs 3, 150±66 Survivors' Gathering, RFTF 2000 memoirs, response to 3, 167±71 Lau, Chief Rabbi Meier, Opening Address Netherlands 1, 532±40 3, 3±4 Netherlands, return to 3, 135±41 Pisar, Samuel, Opening Address 3, 5±7 Pisar, Samuel Sussex, University of Plenary Address, Survivors' Gathering Arnold Daghani Archive 3, 205±27 3, 5±7 Suter, Andreas 1, 75 Poland Sutro-Katzenstein, Nettie 2, 284, 287, 389, 291±3 Jews who passed during the Holocaust Sutzkever, Abraham 2, 100±101; 3, 826 1, 589±609 Svanberg, Ingvar 1, 639 post-war experiences 3, 93±107 Svenk, Karel 3, 805 psychological myths about 3, 93±107 Svirska, Janena 2, 337 published memoirs of 3, 167±71 Sweden RavensbruÈck, rescue from 3, 172±88 reporting of Holocaust in 1, 639 960 Index

Sweden, cont. Tec, Nechama, cont. RavensbruÈck survivors in 3, 172±88 resistance and gender 1, 552±69 Swiss banks, restituion claims against 2, 846±9 Rufeisen, Oswald 2, 863 Switon, Kzimierz 2, 666 Tedeschi, Giuliana 1, 252 Switzerland Teitelbaum-Hirsch, Viviane 3, 82 banks Telschow, Ernst 1, 658 Holocaust-era assets debate 2, 876±81, 945 Telushkin, J. 2, 49 restitution claims against 2, 846±9 Temple, William, Archbishop of Canerbury Holocaust memory, spatial discourse in 2, 545±6; 3, 10 3, 466±77 Ter Husik 3, 818 Holocaust memory, suppression of 2, 914 Terboven, Josef 1, 622 Holocaust, role during 2, 938±51 Terezin Independent Committee of Eminent Persons see Theresienstadt (Volcker Committee) 2, 847, 876, 945 Terna, Fred 1, 274 Jewish refugee children in 2, 281±97 Ternon, Yves legal and moral responsibility, debate on Munch or the `good' SS doctor 1, 751±65 2, 938±51 Terr, L. 2, 929 National Socialism, victims of 2, 907±22 Terr'Blanche, Eugene 1, 859 Nazi gold in 1, 80±81 testimony neutrality, and Holocaust memory 3, 467 see survivors, testimony neutrality, in a time of genocide 1, 71±89 Tewes, Ernst Oeuvre de Secours aux Enfants (OSE) 2, 283, diary of 1, 34 287±8. 301±2 Texas Conference of Churches Protocols of Elders of Zion, trials (1935) 2,576 Israel, State of, attitude towards 2, 534 refugees in 1, 81±83; 2, 281±97; 3, 467±8 TheÂas, Bishop Pierre-Marie 2, 426 refugees, deportation of 2, 908±9, 938±51 Theis, Pastor Edouard 2, 302 reparation 2, 907±22, 938±51 theodicy restitution claims 2, 846±9 Holocaust marking end of 2, 109 Schweizer Hilfswerk fuÈr Emigranten Kinder Theodosius, Emperor 2, 438 (SHEK) 2, 281±97 theology, post-Holocaust Union of Evangelical Churches see post-Holocaust theology Israel, State of, attitude towards 2, 534 Theresienstadt Yugoslav Jewish refugees in 1, 518 Danish Jews in 2, 631 Syrkin, Marie The Distant Journey 3, 699 To Light a Match 3, 234 Dutch Jews in 1, 532 Szajkowski, Zosa 1, 679 `food talk' 1, 252, 276 Szalasi, Ferenc 1, 897. 901 In Memory's Kitchen 1, 255 SzeÂkely, Janos 1, 907 The FuÈhrer Gives the Jews a City 3, 480 Szende, Stefan 1, 213 hunger, recorded in children's art 1, 248 Szwajger, Adina 1, 282, 601 International Red Cross and 3, 805±6 lectures in 1, 258±78 T-4 programme 2, 201 music in 1, 273±4; 3, 804±8 Catholic protests against 2, 418 releases to Switzerland 2, 288 Tal, Uriel 2, 8, 147 survivors Talmon, J.L. 2, 9, 156 and Holocaust education in Israel 3, 553±4 Talmud theatre in 1, 273 Christian misunderstanding of 2, 440±41 Third Reich demonic in 2, 450±52 see Nazi Germany `Talmudism' in French antisemitism Thomas, Bishop Jean-Charles 2, 427 2, 511±13, 523±5 Thomas, G. 2, 43 Tannem, Deborah 1, 875 Thomas, Lewis V. 1, 806 Tanner, Jakob 3, 469 Thomas, Mark 1, 915 Tarassiwka camp 3, 205, 216±17 Thomas, Michael Tilson 3, 812 TausendschoÈn, Kurt 3, 369 Thorn, Leo 1, 218, 219 Tausig, Karl 1, 734 Thuringian State Archives 3, 781±2 Taylor, Telford 3, 398±9 Tikhon, Archbishop 2, 486 TCMI framework 3, 65±6, 76 tikkun olam 2, 39, 419 Tec, Nechama 1, 6, 285, 599; 2, 257, 304, 661, 665 and Christian ethics after the Holocaust and rescuers, motivation of 2, 88, 95 2, 66±80 Index 961 tikkun olam, cont. Truman, Harry S. 3, 429 Fackenheim, Emil on 1, 403±4; 3, 275±6 Hiroshima, justification for 1, 106 and Israeli attitudes to Palestinians 3, Trunk, Isaiah 281±2 Judenrat 1, 302 Tillich, Paul 2, 386, 622 Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Timms, Edward Africa 1, 864±5; 2, 730; 3, 427±9 memories of Mikhailowka: the Daghani Truth Commissions 3, 427±9 archive 3, 205±27 Tsimhoni, Daphne Timofeyez, Archpriest 2, 485±6 Farhud in Bahgdad 1, 570±88 Tippett, Michael 3, 810 Tuchman, Barbara 1, 189; 3, 96 Tismaneanu, Vladimir 1, 818 Tucholsky, Kurt 3, 410 Tisserant, Cardinal 2, 406 Tucker, Robert 1, 356 Tiszo, Josef 1, 814 Tudjman, Franjo 1, 814 Toaff, Chief Rabbi Elio 2, 664 Tudor, Corneliu Vadim 1, 818 Todorov, Tzvetan 2, 41, 48, 49, 51; 3, 800 Tulman, Abram 3, 305 Toellner, Richard 2, 137 Turkey Tomaszec, Professor 1, 755±6 Armenian genocide, denial of 1, 66, 796±812; Tommasini, Anthony 3, 729 3, 425 Topas, George 1, 219 Kurds, genocide of 1, 67 Toporowicz, Maciej 3, 727±9, 735 Turkov, Jonas 1, 213, 215, 218, 220 Torah Turner, Graeme 2, 182 injustice, silence on 3, 278 Turner, Sister Lisa 1, 915±16 torture Tutu, Bishop 2, 730 Torture Victims Protection Act [US] (1992) Tutu, Desmond 1, 863, 866 2, 846 Truth and Reconciliation Commission 1, Tory, Avraham 1, 223, 489; 3, 343 864 Totten, S. 3, 586 Tweina, Abraham 1, 572, 573, 575. 583 Touval, Meier 1, 521 TydeÂn, Mattias 1, 639 Trachtenberg, Joshua, The Devil and the Jews Tyrnauer, Gabrielle 1, 49 2, 193, 438±9 Tzara, Tristan 3, 719 Tracy, David 2, 75 Tzetnik, T 3, 358 Transnistria Jews of 1, 813±14 Ueberall-Avriel, Ehud 1, 374, 384 Trapp, Major Wilhelm 3, 863 UGIF (Union GeÂneÂrale des IsraeÂlites de trauma France) 1, 674±87 child survivors and 2, 924±9; 3, 47±50, 78, Ukraine 150±66 Greek Catholic Church during the International Responses to Trauma Stress Holocaust 2, 481±92 3, 63±77 Mikhailowka camp Novick's denial of 1, 787±8 Daghani, Arnold, memories of 3, 205±27 Second Generation and 3, 117±26 Nazi takeover of scientific establishments in 1, survivors' experience of 1, 787±8; 2, 924±9; 666±7 3, 47±50, 78 Nazis, collaboration with 1, 138 transmission of 3, 80±81, 117±26 rescue 2, 338±9 Trawniki camp 1, 688±701 Russian Orthodox church Treblinka 3, 323 attitude during the Holocaust 2, 481±92 destruction of 3, 239 Tarassiwka camp 3, 205 resistance 1, 695 Ukrainian Greek Catholic church Trawniki-trained guards at 1, 693 Holocaust, attitude during 2, 481±92 Treger, Zelda 1, 559 Ullmann, Viktor 1, 258, 273; 3, 806 Trepp, L. 2, 37 Umfried, Hermann 2, 622 Trible, Phyllis 2, 451 UNESCO Trilling, Lionel 1, 783 cultural property, restitution of 2, 957 TrocmeÂ, Andre 2, 81, 83, 85±6, 302, 305 Unger, Michal 1, 250 TrocmeÂ, Daniel 2, 86 religion and religious instutions in the Lodz TrocmeÂ, Magda 2, 81, 302, 305, 351 ghetto 1, 335±51 TroÈster, Werner 2, 494 Unidroit 2, 957 Trotha, Lothar, von 1, 738±9 Union GeÂneÂrale des IsraeÂlites de France Trudeau, Pierre Elliot 1, 712±13, 715±16 (U.G.I.F.) 1, 674±87 962 Index

United Church of Canada United States, cont. impact of the Holocaust on 2, 561±74 space programme, German scientists and 2, Israel, State of, attitude towards 2, 561±74 21±7, 33±4 mission to the Jews, reappraisal of 2, survivors, psychological myths about 3, 536±7 93±107 United Church of Christ, USA 2, 826 survivors, reception of 3, 127±34 Board of Deputies of British Jews 3, 592 Switzerland, relations with 2, 878±9 Imperial War Museum, London, Holocaust Torture Victims Protection Act (1992) 2, 846 exhibition 3, 590±606 United Church of Christ Kindertransport 2, 230±53 Israel, State of, attitude towards 2, 535 United Nations War Relocation Authority 2, 30±33 Charter 3, 63 see also Holocaust, Americanization of Commission on Human Rights 3, 70 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 2, Genocide Convention 1, 21, 43±4, 47, 61±2, 11, 831, 832, 952; 3, 17, 169, 344, 506, 507 97, 98±99, 103, 800; 3, 233, 245 Kovno ghetto exhibition 3, 343±4 genocide, response to 1, 46 Roth, John and 2, 870; 3, 394 Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Sephardic and Oriental Jews, inadequate Affairs 3, 73 representation of 3, 142 Rwanda 1, 46, 61±2, 100; 3, 9, 245 Unsdorfer, Rabbi Shlomo Zalman system 3, 64, 65, 73±4 on the suffering of the Righteous 1, 422±38 trauma, international responses 3, 63±77 Uris, Leon 1, 328 War Crimes Commission 1, 709±10 Ushomirski, Iosif 3, 306 War Crimes Tribunal 1, 43; 2, 658 Utitz, Emil 1, 271 United States Uvarov, Alexander 1, 892 administrative evil, experience of 2, 19±35 Uziel, Daniel 3, 341, 345 antisemitism, 1930s and 40s 2, 364 antisemitism, US, notes on data Vagnorius, Gedimanas 1, 853 interpretation 3, 248±65 Vago, Bela 1, 448 Apollo Program Valadez, Suzie 2, 327±8 Nazi scientists and 2, 26±7 Valent, P. 3, 50 Black±Jewish relations 3, 257±9 Valentin, Erwin 1, 327 Civil War, contemporary responses to 1, Vallat, Valerio 2, 476 785±6 Vallat, Xavier 1, 674, 677; 2, 520, 521 denazification of Nazi scientists 2, 24±5 Van Buren, Paul 2, 73, 74, 78±9, 533, 684, 691, Episcopal Church, attitude towards the State of 717, 825 Israel 2, 534±5 Van Damme, Alice 2, 344 Goldhagen's impact of on 3, 413 Van den Berg van Cleeff, Jeanne 2, 46±7 Holocaust education 3, 522±4, 562±77, Van der Kolk, Bessel 2, 929 617±31 Van der Mass, Paul 2, 208, 210 Holocaust literature 3, 751±68 Van der Voort, Hanna 2, 256 Holocaust memory 3, 420±36 Van der Zee, Nanda 1, 536, 540 sexual politics of 3, 452±65 Van Dongen, Luc 2, 945 Holocaust restitution 2, 845±59 Van Pelt, Robert Jan 3, 343, 351 Holocaust, response to 1, 779±95 Van Rad, Gerhard 2, 72 Japanese Americans, internment of 2, 27±33; Van Reemst de Vries, Trudel 2, 45±6 3, 428±9 Vasic, Predrag 1, 515 Jewish immigration, fear of 2, 364 Vasilenko, Sergei 1, 690 literature, Holocaust in 3, 704±717 Vatican 1, 515, 690 Lutheran Church 2, 587±602 archives 2, 396 Herman, Stewart W. 2, 635±49 Gergely, Georgy, negotiations with Papal Nazi rocket scientists, denazification of 2, Nuncio 1, 445, 450, 452 19±27, 33±34 Holocaust, response to 2, 152±6, 383±, Nazi-looted art, restitution of 2, 952±65 396±412, 455±80 OSS, and Brand-Grosz rescue missions 1, Humani Generis Unitas (1938) 2, 402; 3, 396 371±88 Israel, State of, recognition of 2, 735 public repentance for injustice perpetrated Jewish-Christian Relations 2, 413±24 by 3, 420±36 Jews, Pio Nono's attempts to reverse Romania, relations with 1, 815±816 emancipation of 2, 461±2 slavery, repentance of 3, 420±36 Lateran Treaty 2, 469±70 Index 963

Vatican, cont. Vilnius Mit brennender Sorge (1937) 2, 397, 399±400, Holocaust museum 1, 6 457, 668; 3, 395±6 Vishniac, Roman 3, 503 and Mussolini 2, 397±8, 469±70, 474 Visser, Lodewijk Ernst 1, 529, 530; 2, 256 and Nazi Germany 2, 396±412 Visual History Foundation 3, 50, 189±204 Nostra Aetate (1965) 2, 382, 413, 442±4, Vital, David 3, 503 457,667, 732, 739, 781 Vodopyanov, Anatoly 3, 303 Papal Commission on Codification 2, 464 Vogel, Heinrich 2, 588 Pontifical Commission for Religious Relations Vogt, Oscar 1, 661 with the Jews 2, 743 Volcker, Paul 2, 847, 877 post-Shoah record of 2, 667±70 Volkart, Lily 2, 287 Reich Concordat, 1933 2, 468±73 Volkogonov, General 1, 355, 358 secular powers, concordats with 2, 465±6 Volterra, Vito 2, 401 Vatican Commission for Religious Relations Voroshilov, Kliment Efremovich 1, 557 2, 413±24 Vos, Johtje 2, 305±6 Vatican I magisterium 2, 414±15 Wachsmann, Alfons Maria 2, 500±501 Vatican II 2, 149, 416, 421, 442±4, 662, 667 Wagner, Richard We Remember 2, 158, 381, 383, 413±24, 444±6, antisemitism of 1, 728, 733±4 455±58474±7, 662, 667±70, 732, 823 Das Judentum in der Musick 3, 783 We Remember, Jewish reaction to 2, 425±36 Waitz, Robert 1, 321, 322, 324 Yugoslav Jews, policy towards 1, 519 Wajda, Andrzej, Korczak 3, 336 Vautier, Ben 1, 71 Wajnryb, Ruth 3, 117 Vavilov, Nikolai Ivanovich 1, 661±2 Waldheim, Kurt 2, 663 Vdensky, Alexander 2, 488 Wallant, Edward Lewis 3, 707, 752 Veil, Simone 1, 17 Wallenberg, Raoul 1, 16, 444±6 Vel d'Hiv roundup, France 2, 484; 3, 5±7 Waller, James E 2, 192 Verdet, Ilie 1, 818 Walser, Martin 3, 284, 287±91. 653, 784 Verdun, commemoration of 3, 388±9 Walzer, Michael 1, 105±106; 3, 277 Verhof, Dr J. 2, 208 Wannsee Conference 1, 26, 117, 134±5, 168, 529; Verloni, Gennaro 1, 445 2, 43; 3, 610 Verrall, Richard 1, 774, 833, 860 Wannsee Conference House 3, 607±16, 422 Verschuer, Otmar von 2, 134±5 war crimes Verzeano, Marcel 2, 351 legislation 1, 65 Vichy France Soviet participants in Operation Reinhard antisemitic laws 2, 426; 3, 6 1, 689, 697 n.4 antisemitism, theological roots of 2, 523±7 Soviet Union, Extraordinary State Commission the Catholic Church and its treatment of the for Investigation of War Crimes 1, 363±5 Jewish question 2, 509±30 War Crimes Investigation Unit, Canada lawyers, treatment of the Jewish question 2, 860±2 2, 509±17 war crimes trials 1, 804±5; 2, 123±4 racial laws 2, 476 Daghani's evidence at 3, 215±18 rescue German rocket scientists shielded from 2, 24 Fry, Varian 2, 347±76 Hungary 1, 909 Union GeÂneÂrale des IsraeÂlites de France International Criminal Court 1, 58±59, 91; 3, 1, 674±87 71 Vidal-Naquet, Pierre 1, 872 Leeb, Field Marshall von 1, 105 Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies, Yale Poland 1, 762±3 University 3, 562 Romania 1, 814 videotestimony Rwanda 1, 100 of survivors 3, 189±204 see also Nuremberg trials Vienna war criminals Jews, spoliation of 1, 615 in Argentina 1, 66 Villiger, Kaspar 2, 947; 3, 467±8 Canada, evading justice in 1, 702±25 Villoro, Luis 2, 190 Christian approaches toward 2, 657±9 Vilna ghetto Ward, Kenneth 1, 414 Bak, Samuel, paintings representing 3, 834±6 Wardi, Dina 3, 80, 124 ghetto chronicle 1, 217±18 Warhaftig, Zorach 2, 271, 272 resistance in 1, 559 Warnecke, Karl 2, 497 964 Index

Warsaw Weininger, Otto 3, 699 Jewish Historical Institute 1, 313, 344; 3, 529 Weisberg, Richard Jews on the `Aryan side' 1, 601±2 Vichy France, the Catholic Church and its Oneg Shabbat archives 1, 216, 220, 223, 296 treatment of the Jewish question 2, property, confiscation of 2, 882±94 509±30 Warsaw ghetto 1, 596±8, 601±2 Weiss family, ransom of 1, 375, 377 archives 3, 110 Weiss, Rabbi Avi 3, 326 diaries and memoirs 1, 211, 213, 215, 216±17, Weiss, Rabbi Avraham 2, 664, 666 218, 222±3 Weiss, Bedrich 3, 808 education in 1, 289±301 Weiss, Franz 1, 276 escape from 1, 302±18 Weiss, John 1, 496 evading the Holocaust 1, 302±18 Weiss, Martin 1, 489 the great escape 1, 308±12 Weiss, Peter, The Investigation 2, 181±2 `Jewish Catholics' in 1, 187±97 Weiss, Philip 3, 32, 35 Jewish Health Council 1, 190±91, 192±3 Weiss, Rudolf 1, 451 medical care 1, 280±83 Weiss, Sheila 2, 135 photographs of 3, 341, 345, 347 Weissenberg, I.M. 3, 818 starvation study in 1, 281±2 Weissmandl, Dov 2, 833 survival rates, cf. Amsterdam 1, 313±14 Weisssberg, Liliane 2, 172 uprising 1, 302, 304, 309, 491; 3, 443±4 WeiszaÈcker, Richard von 3, 653 Klepfisz, Michal 3, 794±801 Weitz, Eric Salonikan Jews, role of 3, 142±3 race and nation under Nazi and Soviet Warwick, Nigel 3, 776 power 1, 113±29 Washington Conference on Holocaust-Era Weitzman, Lenore 1, 6 Assets 2, 895, 906, 911 Jews living on false papers in Germany and Wasser, Hersh 1, 482, Poland 1, 589±609 Wasserstein, Bernard 1, 146, 147; 3, 284 Weitzman, Mark Watson, James 2, 136, 141±2 internet, right-wing extremism on 1, 911±25 Wdowinski, David 1, 221 Weizmann, Chaim 1, 798 We Remember WeizsaÈcker, Richard von 3, 430, 431 see under Vatican WeizsaÈcker, Viktor, von 1, 743 Webber, Jonathan 3, 345 Welch, David 3, 697 Holocaust memory, representation and Weliczker, Leon 3, 110 education 3, 237±47 Welles, Sumner 2, 364 Weber, Bruce 3, 728 Wells, Leon Weliczker 1, 391, 406 Weber, Bruno 1, 753±4 Weltmann, Martin (Touval, Meier) 1, 521 Weber, Christian 1, 615 Wengst, Klaus 2, 614 Weber, Eugen 1, 780 Werber, Jack 2, 324±5 Weber, Mark 1, 872 Werenfels, Stina 3, 470±71 Weber, Max 3, 430 Werfel, Franz 2, 351±2 Webster, Ronald Werge, Asger Dan 1, 506 Stewart W. Herman, Pastor of the American Wermuth, Max 1, 222 Church in Berlin 2, 635±49 Wershof, Max 1, 715 Wegener, Paul 3, 693±4 West, Cornel 2, 778 Wehler, Hans-Ulrich 3, 411 Westerbork 1, 528, 530, 531 Weichert, Michael 1, 315 Cohen, Dr Elie 1, 327 Weich-Shahak, Susana 3, 146 Frank, Anne 1, 284±5 Weidermann, Volker 3, 775±6 gemilat chesed and moral behaviour at 2, Weidner, John H. 2, 336 36±53 Weidt, Otto 1, 593 Hillesum, Etty 1, 399 Weil, Simone 3, 622 survivor testimony 2, 43±7 Weill, Emmanuel 1, 685 Westerweel, Joop 1, 537 Weill, Julien 1, 685 Wettstein, Fritz, von 1, 663±4 Weill, Nicolas 1, 679 Weyermann, Hans 1, 449, 451 Weill-HalleÂ, Benjamin 1, 676, 677, 683 Whyte, George Weinbaum, Alexander 1, 420 (with Sarah Nathan-Davis) RFTF, the Weinberg, H. 2, 566 commemorative concerts 3, 680±83 Weinberg, Yosel 3, 3±4 Wickham, Chris 3, 232 Weiner, S. 3, 587 Wiedergutmachung 3, 48 Index 965

Wiedmer, Caroline women, cont. spatial imagery in Swiss memory discourse 3, ghettos, prostitution in 1, 222 466±77 Holocaust experiences of 1, 228±57; 3, 568±9 Wiegand, William K. 2, 437 Holocaust writing 3, 751±68 Wielgus, Jeanne Jewish mothers and Holocaust 1, 230±47 religious cf. irreligious rescuers 2, 309±18 Judaism , role in 3, 278±9 Wiesel, Elie 1, 7, 10, 17, 251, 392, 394, 399±400, in male American Holocaust literature 3, 752±3 481, 488±9, 807, 813, 819; 2, 6, 191, 365, Ravensbruck 3, 172±88 654, 666, 669, 745, 756, 761, 776, 876; 3, in resistance movements 1, 552±69 76, 81, 110, 167±8, 168, 270±71, 327±8, in the resistance, portrayal in literature 3, 334, 394, 402, 407, 411, 438, 442, 449, 515, 761±2 567, 629, 824, 828 survivors, in RavensbruÈck 3, 172±88 Bitburg, President Reagan's visit to 3, 430 survivors, portrayal in cinema 3, 739±50 RFTF 2000, Opening Address 1, 8±11 in the Third Reich 1, 554±6 Wiesenthal, Simon 2, 725±6, 818, 828 women's orchestra, Auschwitz 3, 808 Canada, list of war criminals living in 1, 715 Women's Frontier Documentation Centre 3, 109 racism on the internet 1, 915±16 see also Simon Wiesenthal Foundation World at War (TV series) Wieviorka, Annette 1, 320, 679; 3, 109 reception, South Africa 1, 861 Wikiel, Jan 2, 341 World Church of the Creator 1, 915, 2, 534±5, Wilcox, Larry 739, 826 the Holocaust in early documentary films 3, World Health Organization 3, 72, 73 478±500 World Jewish Congress 2, 952 Wild, Stephan 1, 573 RavensbruÈck, negotiations for release of Wildmann, Daniel 1, 73 prisoners to Sweden 3, 173±5 the `second persecution': legal discourse and the World Jewish Restitution Organization 2, 877 construction of history in Switzerland' 2, Woskin, Moizis 1, 268 938±51 Wrubel, J. 2, 40 Wilkes, George Wulf, Joseph 3, 422, 610 changing attitudes to the `European-ness' of the Wurm, Bishop 2, 623 Holocaust 1, 130±52 WuÈrzburger, Siegfried 1, 414±15 Wilkomirski, Benjamin 3, 167, 211, 785 Wyler, Veit 2, 911 Wille, Bruno 1, 646 Wyman, David 2, 364, 366 Williams, H.A. 1, 401±2 Wynter, Sylvia 2, 190 Williamson, Clark 2, 685 Wyschogrod, Edith 2, 163 Willis, Aaron 1, 872 Wytwycky, Bohdan 1, 50 Willis, Robert E. 2, 182, 194, 536, 705, 720 Wilson, A.J. 2, 562 Yablonovski, Misha 3, 302 Wilson, A.N. 2, 524 Yad Vashem Wilson, Justice Bertha 2, 867±8 Archive 1, 313, 589; 3, 24, 109 Winnicott, Donald 3, 56, 120 Daghani archive, inability to accept 3, 207±8 Winrod, Gordon 1, 871 Education Department 3, 552±3 Wipperman, Wolfgang 3, 411 Holocaust denial curriculum 1, 872 Wirth, Christian 2, 59 Holocaust education 3, 521, 578±89 Wirth, Joseph 2, 469 Holocaust victims database 3, 170±71 Wirths, Eduard 1, 284, 320, 329, 755±6 Pages of Testimony 3, 169, 548 Wise, Michael 3, 837 Righteous Among the Nations 1, 15±17, 315; Wisliceny, Dieter 1, 372, 377, 378 2, 256, 345 Wistrich, Robert 1, 911; 2, 426, 428, 430, 431, Albanians 1, 22 433, 434, 669 Belarus 1, 161 Witkin, Jerome 3, 722±4, 837, 838 France 3, 7 Wittenbrink, Johannes 2, 500±501 motivation of 2, 334±46 Witts, M. 2, 43 Serbia 1, 515 Wolf, Emile 2, 956 Zwartendijk, Jan van 2, 274±5 Wolfson, Marion 1, 575±6 Yahil, Leni 1, Wollaston, Isabel Yahil, Leni 1, 145, 539 `nativizing' the Holocaust 3, 501±12 Yale University women Video Archive for Holocaust Testimonies in the camps 1, 228±57 (Fortunoff archive) 3, 189±204, 562 966 Index

Yanchiker, Rabbi Nachum 1, 390 Zaverdinos, C. 1, 865 Yarlott, G. 3, 586 Zegota Yasue, Captain Norihigo 2, 14 and rescue in Poland 2, 665 Yearley, Lee 1, 404 Zeitlin, Hillel 3, 269 yellow star Zelenka, Frantisek 1, 261 in Oxford, 1222 1, 5 Zelkowicz, Joseph 1, 340±41, 343, 345±6 deportation for not wearing 1, 593 Zhdanov, Andrei 1, 363 Jewish responses to 1, 240±41 Ziegler, Wilhelm 1, 633, 638 Yemelianov, Valerii 1, 888, 890 Ziemian, Jozef 1, 222 Yerushalmi, Eliezer 1, 490 Zilberschein, Alfred 1, 518 Yerushalmi, Yosef 1, 405; 2, 445, 821, 824; 3, Zimanas, Genrikas 1, 850 267±8 Zionism Yesner, Renate 1, 220 Catholic opposition to 2, 463 Yishuv diary writers and 1, 221 Farhud, response to 1, 578±9 Parkes, James on 2, 578±9 Yizhar, S. 3, 96 Poland, education during the Nazi Yonan, Gabriele 1, 506±7 occupation 1, 289±90 Yonover, Geri `real' cf `refugee' (Novick) 3, 312±14 return of Nazi-looted art: choice of law Theresienstadt lectures on 1, 267±8 issues 2, 952±65 United Church of Canada's attitude to 2, Yosef, Rabbi Yehiel ben 562±74 Young, James 1, 214; 2, 440±41; 3, 191, 192, 193, Zionist Rescue Committee 1, 376±9 402, 441, 504, 508, 567, 590, 591, 779, 861, Zionists 862 Bahgdad Farhud, response to 1, 578±9 Youth Aliyah child survivors' emigration to Palestine 3, 27 Switzerland, homes for refugees 2, 290, 291 European Jewry, view of 1, 139±40 Yudkin, Leon 3, 89 Hungary, rescue attempts 1, 371±88 Yugoslavia Jewish refugee children in Switzerland, call Holocaust in 1, 512±26; 3, 143 for 2, 290 Jewish property, appropriation of 1, 622±3 Zitelman, Rainer 3, 368 Yugoslav Jews fleeing the Holocaust 1, 512±26 Ziuganov, Gennady 1, 892 Yugoslavia, former Zoepf, Wilhelm 1, 531 genocide in 1, 44, 51, 59, 63 Zucker, Otto 1, 275±6 Yung, Chunlou Zuckerman, Yitzhak 1, 221, 482 (with Jolanta Ambrosewicz) teaching about ZuÈndel, Ernst 1, 773±5, 832±5, 870, 872, 920 the Holocaust in post-1989 Poland 3, ZuÈrcher, Franz 1, 500 525±44 Zuroff, Efraim We Remember, response to 2, 429 Zahn, Gordon 2, 155±6 Zvi, Ben 1, 578 Zajde, Nathalie 3, 80±81 Zwartendijk, Jan van 2, 271±80 Zaki, Yaqub 1, 866 Zweibaum, Julius 1, 281 Zambrzhitsky, Fr. Konstantin 2, 484 Zwicker, Bruno 1, 274 Zandman, Felix 2, 336 Zyklon B Zaro, Amy development of 2, 57±8 Nazi euthanasia programme and contemporary humanitarian concern and use of 2, 54±65 debates on physician-assisted suicide 2, Zylberberg, Michael 1, 483 198±213 Zywulska, Katerina 1, 222